OBJECT DETECTION USING YOLO TECHNOLOGY

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to the

FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

In partial fulfillment of the requirements For

the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

By
T.V.S.S. RAKSHITHA(20HU1A4413)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of Ms. Anusha Bondili, M.Tech

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF Computer Science and Engineering(Data Science)

R V INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Formerly CHEBROLU ENGINEERING COLLEGE)

UGC AUTONOMOUS

(Approved By AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada, A.P)

CHEBROLU (P.O&M.D), GUNTUR (Dt.), A.P.-522212
JUNE 2024
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
R V INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Formerly CHEBROLU ENGINEERING COLLEGE)
UGC AUTONOMOUS
(Approved By AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUK,
Kakinada, A.P) CHEBROLU (P.O&M.D),
GUNTUR (Dt.), A.P.-522212

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that the project report entitled “OBJECT DETECTION USING YOLO
TECHNOLOGY” is the bonafide record submitted by Ms. T.V.S.S.
Rakshitha(20HU1A4413), in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of
the Degree of Bachelor of Technology, in Computer Science and Engineering(Data
Science) from the R V INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.

Guide Head of the department

MS. Anusha Bondili MS. Anusha Bondili

M.TECH M.TECH

Assistant Professor Associate Professor

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 ABSTRACT

To improve the performance of motion detection and object detection in security monitor, a
motion based object detection method is proposed. Combining motion detection, target
detection is proposed. This method first improved the accuracy of motion detection, then
combined the result of motion detection and object detection. The experimental results show
that proposed method can effectively improve the detection of small targets, reduce the false
detection and negative detection rate, and decrease the computing cost

Detecting moving objects in a video sequence is an important problem in many vision-based

applications. In particular, detecting moving objects when the camera is moving is a difficult
problem. In this study, we propose a symmetric method for detecting moving objects in the
presence of a dynamic background. First, a background compensation method is used to
detect the proposed region of motion. Next, in order to accurately locate the moving objects,
we propose a convolutional neural network-based method called YOLOv3-SOD for detecting
all objects in the image, which is lightweight and specifically designed for small objects.
Finally, the moving objects are determined by fusing the results obtained by motion detection
and object detection. Missed detections are recalled according to the temporal and spatial
information in adjacent frames. A dataset is not currently available specifically for moving
object detection and recognition, and thus, we have released the MDR105 dataset comprising
three classes with 105 videos. Our experiments demonstrated that the proposed algorithm can
accurately detect moving objects in various scenarios with good overall performance.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my hearted thanks to Dr. R.V. Krishnaiah, Principal, for his kind permission to carry out
this project.

I wish to record my thanks to our B. Anusha, H.O.D, Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(Data Science), for his constant support, enthusiasm and motivation.

I wish to record my thanks to our Project Guide Ms. B. Anusha, Assistant Professor, Department of
Computer Science and Engineering (Data Science), for her constant support, enthusiasm and motivation.

I wish to express thanks to all the staff members in the Department of Computer Science and
Engineering (Data Science), R V INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (Formerly CHEBROLU ENGINEERING
COLLEGE) for their valuable support throughout this project. I also thank all my friends for their moral support
and suggestion for this work.

Finally, I thank one and all those who have rendered help directly or indirectly at various stages of the
project.

T.V.S.S. Rakshitha

(20HU1A4413)

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 INDEX
 Introduction
 Litrture Sery
 System Analysis
• Existing Systems
• Proposed Systems
• System Requirements
-Hardware Requirements

-Software Requirements

 System Study

• Feasibility Study

• Economical Feasibility

• Technical Feasibility

• System Design

• Software Environment

• Advantages of Python

• Disadvantages of Python

• History of python

• About Machine Learning

- Categories of ML

- Need of ML

- Challenges of ML

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 - Applications of ML

- Concepts in ML

- Types of ML

• Advantages of ML

• Disadvantages of ML

• Models used in project

• System Test

• Test Results

• conclusion

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1.Introduction

Object detection is an important research and application direction of computer vision. With the emergence of
various target detection algorithms based on deep convolution neural network [1], it is more and more widely
used in daily application. Especially in the field of security, object detection is particularly important. It can not
only replace manual work to reduce cost, but also provide various intelligent analysis means to improve
efficiency. However, there are some shortcomings in practical application, (1) object is too small, the detection
of small target away from camera has been one of the difficulties in this field; (2) reducing missed detection and
false detection, improving detection accuracy, has been the optimization goal of all kinds of detection
algorithms; (3) The consumption of computing resources.Some methods requires a large amount of computing
resources all the time. Recently, the requirement of computer hardware resources based on deep convolution
neural network increases continuously with the rise of network complexity. Motion detection [2] is a common
and important application in the field of security, which can solve many problems in unmanned environment,
and has been embedded in many cameras. However, there is a common deficiency in motion detection: high
false alarm rate, unable to determine what is the object in the detected area. Aiming at the shortcomings above,
a new motion detection method is proposed, which is based on object detection. This method includes two
steps. Firstly, the motion detection algorithm is used to extract the foreground target area, secondly, the
convolution neural network is applied to the moving area to detect object. It can effectively improve the
detection of small targets, reduce missed detection and false detection, and decrease the consumption of
computing resources.

2. LITRTURE SERY:

Moving Object Detection Methods In recent years, many promising applications have emerged for moving
object detection and recognition using a motion camera, and thus, numerous studies have investigated this
problem. These studies can be roughly assigned to three categories comprising background compensation [12–
14], trajectory classification [18–20], and object tracking [21–23]. The background compensation method
estimates the camera’s motion based on optical flow, block features [24], and point features, such as Harris
[25], the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) [26], and oriented fast and rotated brief (ORB) [27]. For
example, Adel Hafiane et al. [28] extracted a corner-based feature block to compensate for the moving
background and their approach obtained good performance with videos captured by a camera on a UAV.
Setyawan et al. [29] used the Harris corner detector to extract the feature points, and this approach was shown
to be more robust and less sensitive to noise compared with other methods. The trajectory classification method

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involves selecting an appropriate tracker to calculate the long-term trajectory of the feature points, before using
the clustering method to distinguish the trajectory belonging to the same target from others in the background.
Yin et al. [18] used optical flow to compensate for the motion of the camera and then applied principal
component analysis to reduce the number of atypical trajectories, before using the watershed transformation for
clustering. Brox et al. [19] also employed the optical flow method to obtain point trajectories in video
sequences, but using spectral clustering with spatial regularity to classify the foreground and background
trajectories. The aim of this method is different but object tracking can also be regarded as moving object
detection. Traditional object tracking uses statistical information such as colors, textures, histograms, and
gradient maps to model objects, before locating the most similar object in a video sequence. A new approach for
representing objects is the convolutional neural network (CNN), the ECO [23] algorithm proposed by Martin
Danelljan introduced a factorized convolution operator on the basis of Discriminative Correlation Filter (DCF)
to reduce the parameters of the model; it solved the computational complexity and overfitting
problems,therefore the tracking speed and performance were improved. Deep_Sort [30] is a multi-target
tracking algorithm. The algorithm firstly detects the targets of each frame by object detection model, then
predicts the motion trajectory through Kalman filter, and uses the weighted Hungarian algorithm to match
boxes, achieving a good effect in pedestrian multi-target tracking. 2.2. Object Detection Methods Deep learning
is better at extracting the characteristics of objects and representing objects, and thus, CNN has been applied in
many areas, such as object detection, semantic segmentation, and target tracking. A well-trained CNN can
extract object features in a rapid, robust, and stable manner. Many excellent CNN network structures are
available, such as Faster R-CNN [17] based on a candidate region network for real-time target detection and the
single shot multi-box detector network (SSD) [31] using multi-scale prediction. YOLOv3 [16] is recognized for
its high speed and accuracy. YOLOv3 uses Darknet-53 as the feature extraction network, and is based on the
capacity of ResNet [32] for solving the problem of degradation caused by increases in the network depth, and
thus, the feature extraction capability of YOLOv3 is high. In addition, in order to increase the accuracy of small
object detection, YOLOv3 employs multi-scale prediction to output feature maps with different fine-grained
features, as well as using similar feature pyramid networks (FPN) [33] upsampling and fusion methods. In the
present study, in addition to the moving object detection task, YOLOv3 is improved and used as an object
detector to correct candidate moving objects

3.SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM:

Motion detection [2] is a common and important application in the field of security, which can solve
many problems in unmanned environment, and has been embedded in many cameras. However, there is

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 a common deficiency in motion detection: high false alarm rate, unable to determine what is the object
in the detected area..
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM:
In this study, we propose a moving object detection method based on a combination of background
compensation and object detection, which has three modules comprising motion detection, object detection,
and object matching. The motion detection module obtains the rough motion position with the background
compensation method. YOLOv3-Small Objects Detection (SOD) is introduced in the object detection
module as an improved version of YOLOv3 for accurately detecting the locations of objects. In the object-
matching module, a moving object is determined by matching the motion detection and object detection
results,while temporal and spatial types of information from adjacent frames are used to recall the missing
detections. The proposed approach is shown in Figure 1 and we explain the proposed method in the
following..

3.3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.

• Hard Disk : 40 GB.
• Floppy Drive : 1.44 Mb.
• Monitor : 15 VGA Colour.
• Mouse : Logitech.
• Ram : 512 Mb.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Operating System: Windows

• Coding Language: Python 3.7

3.4 SYSTEM STUDY

FEASIBILITY STUDY

The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with a very
general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study of the
proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to the
company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential.

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Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY
ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the organization.
The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development of the system is limited. The
expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well within the budget and this was achieved
because most of the technologies used are freely available. Only the customized products had to be purchased.

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements of the
system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical resources. This will lead
to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands being placed on the client.
The developed system must have a modest requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for
implementing this system.

SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This includes the
process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by the system,
instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely depends on the methods that
are employed to educate the user about the system and to make him familiar with it. His level of confidence
must be raised so that he is also able to make some constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final
user of the system.

4.SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:

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Motion Detection The background compensation method involves calculating the motion parameter model
based on the coordinate relationships of the matched feature points. We compared the detection performance of
several feature point detections algorithms and selected the SIFT algorithm. The SIFT algorithm is a feature
point detection algorithm based on scale space, which exhibits good invariability with respect to image
translation, rotation, scaling, shielding, noise, and brightness changes. Figure 2 shows the detection results
obtained by the SIFT, Harris, features from the accelerated segment test (FAST) [34], and speeded up robust
features (SURF) [35] feature point detection algorithms. Table 1 shows statistics

regarding the number of feature points detected and the time required. Experiments showed that the SIFT
algorithm could extract the highest number of feature points with the greatest distribution, and the speed also
satisfied the requirements.

4.2 UML DIAGRAMS

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized general-purpose modeling
language in the field of object-oriented software engineering. The standard is managed, and was created by, the
Object Management Group.
The goal is for UML to become a common language for creating models of object oriented computer
software. In its current form UML is comprised of two major components: a Meta-model and a notation. In the
future, some form of method or process may also be added to; or associated with, UML.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying, Visualization, Constructing and
documenting the artifacts of software system, as well as for business modeling and other non-software systems.
The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have proven successful in the
modeling of large and complex systems.
The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented software and the software
development process. The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express the design of software projects.

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GOALS:
The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:
1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language so that they can develop and
exchange meaningful models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core concepts.
3. Be independent of particular programming languages and development process.
4. Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.
5. Encourage the growth of OO tools market.
6. Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations, frameworks, patterns and
components.
7. Integrate best practices.

USE CASE DIAGRAM:

A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of behavioral diagram defined
by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is to present a graphical overview of the functionality
provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals (represented as use cases), and any dependencies between
those use cases. The main purpose of a use case diagram is to show what system functions are performed for
which actor. Roles of the actors in the system can be depicted.
CLASS DIAGRAM:

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of static structure
diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or
methods), and the relationships among the classes. It explains which class contains information.

SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind of interaction diagram that shows how
processes operate with one another and in what order. It is a construct of a Message Sequence Chart. Sequence
diagrams are sometimes called event diagrams, event scenarios, and timing diagrams.

ACTIVITY DIAGRAM:

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions with support for
choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams can be used to describe
the business and operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. An activity diagram shows the
overall flow of control.

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5.SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT

What is Python :-
Below are some facts about Python.

Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming language.

Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python programs generally
are smaller than other programming languages like Java.

Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language, makes them
readable all the time.

Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google, Amazon, Facebook,
Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.

The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be used for the
following –

 Machine Learning
 GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )
 Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
 Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)
 Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)
 Test frameworks
 Multimedia

Advantages of Python :-

Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

1. Extensive Libraries

Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes like regular
expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers, threading, databases, CGI, email,
image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the complete code for that manually.

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2. Extensible

As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write some of your code in
languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in projects.

3. Embeddable

Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your Python code in your
source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us add scripting capabilities to our code in the
other language.

4. Improved Productivity

The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more productive than languages like
Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to write less and get more things done.

5. IOT Opportunities

Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future bright for the Internet
Of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real world.

6. Simple and Easy

When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But in Python, just a print
statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand, and code. This is why when people pick up
Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other more verbose languages like Java.

7. Readable

Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading English. This is the reason
why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It also does not need curly braces to define blocks,
and indentation is mandatory. This further aids the readability of the code.

8. Object-Oriented

This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms. While
functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us model the real world. A class allows
the encapsulation of data and functions into one.

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9. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download Python for free, but you
can also download its source code, make changes to it, and even distribute it. It downloads with an
extensive collection of libraries to help you with your tasks.

10. Portable

When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some changes to it if you want
to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with Python. Here, you need to code only once, and you
can run it anywhere. This is called Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA). However, you need to be
careful enough not to include any system-dependent features.

11. Interpreted

Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed one by one, debugging
is easier than in compiled languages.
Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment section.

Advantages of Python Over Other Languages

1. Less Coding

Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task is done in other languages.
Python also has an awesome standard library support, so you don’t have to search for any third-party
libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that many people suggest learning Python to beginners.

2. Affordable

Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can leverage the free available
resources to build applications. Python is popular and widely used so it gives you better community
support.

The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken Java in the most popular
programming language category.

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3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows. Programmers need to learn
different languages for different jobs but with Python, you can professionally build web apps, perform data
analysis and machine learning, automate things, do web scraping and also build games and powerful
visualizations. It is an all-rounder programming language.

Disadvantages of Python

So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it, you should be aware
of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of choosing Python over another language.

1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is interpreted, it often results
in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal point for the project. In other
words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits offered by Python are enough to distract us from its
speed limitations.

2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on the client-side. Besides
that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based applications. One such application is
called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that secure.

3. Design Restrictions

As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to declare the type of variable
while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that? Well, it just means that if it looks like a
duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the programmers during coding, it can raise run-time errors.

4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase Connectivity) and ODBC (Open
DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database access layers are a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less
often applied in huge enterprises.

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5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my example. I don’t do Java, I’m
more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple that the verbosity of Java code seems unnecessary.

This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python Programming Language.

History of Python: -

What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common? Right, both start with ABC.
If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that the programming language ABC is meant.
ABC is a general-purpose programming language and programming environment, which had been
developed in the Netherlands, Amsterdam, at the CWI (Centrum Wiskunde &Informatica). The greatest
achievement of ABC was to influence the design of Python.Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s.
Guido van Rossum worked that time in a project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed operating system.
In an interview with Bill Venners 1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the early 1980s, I worked as an
implementer on a team building a language called ABC at Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI). I
don't know how well people know ABC's influence on Python. I try to mention ABC's influence because
I'm indebted to everything I learned during that project and to the people who worked on it."Later on in the
same Interview, Guido van Rossum continued: "I remembered all my experience and some of my
frustration with ABC. I decided to try to design a simple scripting language that possessed some of ABC's
better properties, but without its problems. So I started typing. I created a simple virtual machine, a simple
parser, and a simple runtime. I made my own version of the various ABC parts that I liked. I created a basic
syntax, used indentation for statement grouping instead of curly braces or begin-end blocks, and developed
a small number of powerful data types: a hash table (or dictionary, as we call it), a list, strings, and
numbers."

What is Machine Learning: -

Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods, let's start by looking at what
machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine learning is often categorized as a subfield of artificial
intelligence, but I find that categorization can often be misleading at first brush. The study of machine
learning certainly arose from research in this context, but in the data science application of machine
learning methods, it's more helpful to think of machine learning as a means of building models of data.

Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to help understand data.
"Learning" enters the fray when we give these models tunable parameters that can be adapted to observed

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 data; in this way the program can be considered to be "learning" from the data. Once these models have
been fit to previously seen data, they can be used to predict and understand aspects of newly observed data.
I'll leave to the reader the more philosophical digression regarding the extent to which this type of
mathematical, model-based "learning" is similar to the "learning" exhibited by the human
brain.Understanding the problem setting in machine learning is essential to using these tools effectively, and
so we will start with some broad categorizations of the types of approaches we'll discuss here.

Categories Of Machine Learning:-

At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into two main types: supervised
learning and unsupervised learning.

Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship between measured features of data and
some label associated with the data; once this model is determined, it can be used to apply labels to new,
unknown data. This is further subdivided into classification tasks and regression tasks: in classification, the
labels are discrete categories, while in regression, the labels are continuous quantities. We will see examples
of both types of supervised learning in the following section.

Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without reference to any label, and is
often described as "letting the dataset speak for itself." These models include tasks such
as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering algorithms identify distinct groups of data, while
dimensionality reduction algorithms search for more succinct representations of the data. We will see
examples of both types of unsupervised learning in the following section.

Need for Machine Learning:-

Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced species on earth because they can
think, evaluate and solve complex problems. On the other side, AI is still in its initial stage and haven’t
surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then the question is that what is the need to make machine
learn? The most suitable reason for doing this is, “to make decisions, based on data, with efficiency and
scale”.

Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Machine
Learning and Deep Learning to get the key information from data to perform several real-world tasks and
solve problems. We can call it data-driven decisions taken by machines, particularly to automate the
process. These data-driven decisions can be used, instead of using programing logic, in the problems that

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 cannot be programmed inherently. The fact is that we can’t do without human intelligence, but other aspect
is that we all need to solve real-world problems with efficiency at a huge scale. That is why the need for
machine learning arises.

Challenges in Machine Learning:-

While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with cybersecurity and autonomous
cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a long way to go. The reason behind is that ML has not been able
to overcome number of challenges. The challenges that ML is facing currently are −

Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the biggest challenges. Use of
low-quality data leads to the problems related to data preprocessing and feature extraction.

Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the consumption of time especially for
data acquisition, feature extraction and retrieval.

Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy stage, availability of expert resources
is a tough job.

No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no clear objective and well-defined goal
for business problems is another key challenge for ML because this technology is not that mature yet.

Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or underfitting, it cannot be represented
well for the problem.

Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too many features of data points. This can
be a real hindrance.

Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it quite difficult to be deployed in real life.

Applications of Machine Learning:-

Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to researchers we are in the golden
year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-world complex problems which cannot be solved with
traditional approach. Following are some real-world applications of ML −

 Emotion analysis

 Sentiment analysis

 Error detection and prevention

 Weather forecasting and prediction

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 Stock market analysis and forecasting

 Speech synthesis

 Speech recognition

 Customer segmentation

 Object recognition

 Fraud detection

 Fraud prevention

 Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

How to Start Learning Machine Learning?

Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and defined it as a “Field of study that gives
computers the capability to learn without being explicitly programmed”.
And that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times, Machine Learning is one of the most
popular (if not the most!) career choices. According to Indeed, Machine Learning Engineer Is The Best Job
of 2019 with a 344% growth and an average base salary of $146,085 per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine Learning and how to start learning it? So this
article deals with the Basics of Machine Learning and also the path you can follow to eventually become a
full-fledged Machine Learning Engineer. Now let’s get started!!!

How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an insanely talented Machine Learning
Engineer. Of course, you can always modify the steps according to your needs to reach your desired end-
goal!

Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites

In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are some prerequisites that you
need to know which include Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus, Statistics, and Python. And if you don’t
know these, never fear! You don’t need a Ph.D. degree in these topics to get started but you do need a basic
understanding.

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(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus

Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine Learning. However, the extent to
which you need them depends on your role as a data scientist. If you are more focused on application heavy
machine learning, then you will not be that heavily focused on maths as there are many common libraries
available. But if you want to focus on R&D in Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear Algebra and
Multivariate Calculus is very important as you will have to implement many ML algorithms from scratch.

(b) Learn Statistics

Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your time as an ML expert will be spent
collecting and cleaning data. And statistics is a field that handles the collection, analysis, and presentation of
data. So it is no surprise that you need to learn it!!!
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical Significance, Probability
Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian Thinking is also a very important part of
ML which deals with various concepts like Conditional Probability, Priors, and Posteriors, Maximum
Likelihood, etc.

(c) Learn Python

Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and Statistics and learn them as they go
along with trial and error. But the one thing that you absolutely cannot skip is Python! While there are other
languages you can use for Machine Learning like R, Scala, etc. Python is currently the most popular
language for ML. In fact, there are many Python libraries that are specifically useful for Artificial
Intelligence and Machine Learning such as Kera ,TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc.
So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that using various online resources and
courses such as Fork Python available Free on Geeks for Geeks.

Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts

Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually learning ML (Which is the fun
part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and then move on to the more complicated stuff. Some of the basic
concepts in ML are:

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 (a) Terminologies of Machine Learning

 Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying some machine learning
algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
 Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the data. A set of numeric features can be
conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature vectors are fed as input to the model. For example, in
order to predict a fruit, there may be features like color, smell, taste, etc.
 Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our model. For the fruit example
discussed in the feature section, the label with each set of input would be the name of the fruit like apple,
orange, banana, etc.
 Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s expected outputs(labels), so after training, we
will have a model (hypothesis) that will then map new data to one of the categories trained on.
 Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it will provide a predicted
output(label).

(b) Types of Machine Learning

 Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training dataset with labeled data using classification
and regression models. This learning process continues until the required level of performance is achieved.
 Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and then finding the underlying structure in
the data in order to learn more and more about the data itself using factor and cluster analysis models.
 Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised Learning with a small
amount of labeled data. Using labeled data vastly increases the learning accuracy and is also more cost-
effective than Supervised Learning.
 Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions through trial and error. So the next action
is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current state and that will maximize the reward in the
future.
Advantages of Machine Learning:-

1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and patterns that would not
be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce website like Amazon, it serves to understand the
browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users to help cater to the right products, deals, and reminders
relevant to them. It uses the results to reveal relevant advertisements to them.

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2. No human intervention needed (automation)

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it means giving machines the
ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the algorithms on their own. A common
example of this is anti-virus software; they learn to filter new threats as they are recognized. ML is also good
at recognizing spam.

3. Continuous Improvement

As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency. This lets them make
better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the amount of data you have keeps
growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate predictions faster.

4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and multi-variety, and they
can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.

5. Wide Applications

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it does apply, it holds the
capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to customers while also targeting the right
customers.

Disadvantages of Machine Learning:-

1. Data Acquisition

Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be inclusive/unbiased, and of good
quality. There can also be times where they must wait for new data to be generated.

2. Time and Resources

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their purpose with a
considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive resources to function. This can mean
additional requirements of computer power for you.

3. Interpretation of Results

Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the algorithms. You must
also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.

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 4. High error-susceptibility

Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train an algorithm with data
sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased predictions coming from a biased training set.
This leads to irrelevant advertisements being displayed to customers. In the case of ML, such blunders can set
off a chain of errors that can go undetected for long periods of time. And when they do get noticed, it takes
quite some time to recognize the source of the issue, and even longer to correct it.

Python Development Steps : -

Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at alt.sources in February 1991.
This release included already exception handling, functions, and the core data types of list, dict, str and
others. It was also object oriented and had a module system.
Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features included in this release were the
functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce, which Guido Van Rossum never liked.Six and
a half years later in October 2000, Python 2.0 was introduced. This release included list comprehensions, a
full garbage collector and it was supporting unicode.Python flourished for another 8 years in the versions 2.x
before the next major release as Python 3.0 (also known as "Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python
3 is not backwards compatible with Python 2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had been on the removal of
duplicate programming constructs and modules, thus fulfilling or coming close to fulfilling the 13th law of
the Zen of Python: "There should be one -- and preferably only one -- obvious way to do it."Some changes in
Python 7.3:

 Print is now a function

 Views and iterators instead of lists
 The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a heterogeneous list cannot be sorted,
because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each other.
 There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.
 The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to have the "old"
behaviour.
 Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose:-

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 We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-retinal layers—even with low-
quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and different intensity ranges throughout—with the
assistance of the ANIS feature.

Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming. Created by

Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy that emphasizes code
readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports multiple
programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural, and has a large
and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to compile your
program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter directly to
write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code is part of this,
and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code. Maintainability also ties into
this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something about how much code you have to scan, read
and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with
which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key
to another area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and
several of them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python background - without
breaking.

Modules Used in Project:-

Tensor flow

TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable programming across a
range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also used for machine learning applications such
as neural networks. It is used for both research and production at Google.‍

TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was released under
the Apache 2.0 open-source license on November 9, 2015.

Numpy

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 Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-performance multidimensional
array object, and tools for working with these arrays. It is the fundamental package for scientific computing
with Python. It contains various features including these important ones:

 A powerful N-dimensional array object

 Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
 Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
 Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multi-dimensional container of
generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using Numpy which allows Numpy to seamlessly and
speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.

Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation and analysis tool
using its powerful data structures. Python was majorly used for data munging and preparation. It had very
little contribution towards data analysis. Pandas solved this problem. Using Pandas, we can accomplish five
typical steps in the processing and analysis of data, regardless of the origin of data load, prepare,
manipulate, model, and analyze. Python with Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic
and commercial domains including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.

Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a variety of
hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. Matplotlib can be used in Python scripts,
the Python and I Python shells, the Jupyter Notebook, web application servers, and four graphical user
interface toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make easy things easy and hard things possible. You can generate
plots, histograms, power spectra, bar charts, error charts, scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code. For
examples, see the sample plots and thumbnail gallery.

For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface, particularly when combined
with IPython. For the power user, you have full control of line styles, font properties, axes properties, etc,
via an object oriented interface or via a set of functions familiar to MATLAB users.

Scikit – learn

Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via a consistent interface
in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD license and is distributed under many Linux
distributions, encouraging academic and commercial use. Python

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i
 Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming. Created by
Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy that emphasizes code
readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports multiple
programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural, and has a large
and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to compile your
program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter directly to
write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code is part of this,
and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code. Maintainability also ties into
this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something about how much code you have to scan, read
and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with
which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key
to another area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and
several of them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python background - without
breaking.

Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :

Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your computer devices. Python was
first released in the year 1991 and until today it is a very popular high-level programming language. Its style
philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable use of great whitespace.
The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python enables programmers to write both
clear and logical code for projects. This software does not come pre-packaged with Windows.

How to Install Python on Windows and Mac :

There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The question is how to install Python? It
might be confusing for the beginner who is willing to start learning Python but this tutorial will solve your
query. The latest or the newest version of Python is version 3.7.4 or in other words, it is Python 3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.
Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know about your System
Requirements. Based on your system type i.e. operating system and based processor, you must download the
python version. My system type is a Windows 64-bit operating system. So the steps below are to install

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python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7 device or to install Python 3. Download the Python Cheatsheet here.The
steps on how to install Python on Windows 10, 8 and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand better.
Download the Correct version into the system
Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or any other web browser.
OR Click on the following link: https://www.python.org

Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.

Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

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Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in Yellow Color or you can scroll
further down and click on download with respective to their version. Here, we are downloading the most recent
python version for windows 3.7.4

Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.
Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.

• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three options: Windows x86
embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer or Windows x86 web-based installer.
•To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three options: Windows x86-64
embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable installer or Windows x86-64 web-based installer.
Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part regarding which version of
python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we move ahead with the second part in installing python i.e.
Installation
Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can click on the Release Note Option.

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Installation of Python
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the installation process.

Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to PATH.

Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.

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With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and correctly installed Python. Now
is the time to verify the installation.
Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.
Verify the Python Installation
Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.

Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.

Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and press Enter.

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Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4
Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must first uninstall the earlier
version and then install the new one.

Check how the Python IDLE works

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.

Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on File > Click on Save

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 Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here I have named the files as
Hey World.
Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print

6.SYSTEM TEST

The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every conceivable fault
or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality of components, sub assemblies,
assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process of exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the
Software system meets its requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner.
There are various types of test. Each test type addresses a specific testing requirement.

TYPES OF TESTS
Unit testing
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal program logic is functioning
properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All decision branches and internal code flow should be
validated. It is the testing of individual software units of the application .it is done after the completion of an
individual unit before integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction and is
invasive. Unit tests perform basic tests at component level and test a specific business process, application,
and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a business process performs accurately
to the documented specifications and contains clearly defined inputs and expected results.

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Integration testing
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to determine if they actually run as
one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned with the basic outcome of screens or fields.
Integration tests demonstrate that although the components were individually satisfaction, as shown by
successfully unit testing, the combination of components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is
specifically aimed at exposing the problems that arise from the combination of components.

Functional test
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are available as specified by the
business and technical requirements, system documentation, and user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.

Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.

Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key functions, or special
test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify Business process flows; data fields, predefined
processes, and successive processes must be considered for testing. Before functional testing is complete,
additional tests are identified and the effective value of current tests is determined.

System Test
System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets requirements. It tests a
configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of system testing is the configuration
oriented system integration test. System testing is based on process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-
driven process links and integration points.

White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has knowledge of the inner
workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose. It is purpose. It is used to test areas that
cannot be reached from a black box level.

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Black Box Testing
Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner workings,
structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds of tests, must be written
from a definitive source document, such as specification or requirements document, such as specification or
requirements document. It is a testing in which the software under test is treated, as a black box .you cannot
“see” into it. The test provides inputs and responds to outputs without considering how the software works.
Unit Test

Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test phase of the software lifecycle,
although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be conducted as two distinct phases.

Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in detail.

Test objectives

 All field entries must work properly.

 Pages must be activated from the identified link.
 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.
Features to be tested

 Verify that the entries are of the correct format

 No duplicate entries should be allowed
 All links should take the user to the correct page.

Integration Testing
Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more integrated
software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface defects.

The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications, e.g. components in a
software system or – one step up – software applications at the company level – interact without error.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.

Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant participation by the end user.
It also ensures that the system meets the functional requirements.

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Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.

7.SCREENSHOT

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8.CONCLUSION

In this study, we introduced a new method for detecting and recognizing moving objects. First, our method uses
the background compensation method to detect moving regions and this method is then combined with the
lightweight YOLOv3-SOD network with a high capacity for detecting small targets, thereby allowing the
positions of moving objects to be accurately detected. Finally, object.

Aiming at the ineffective motion detection of security monitor, a motion based object detection method is
proposed. Firstly, the background is modeled to detect the moving area, secondly, the moving area is calculated
by the convolution neural network of object detection. Finally, the object category and bounding box are
obtained. This method can effectively improve the detection of small objects, reduce the false alarm rate and
decrease computing cost

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