Contemporary India

1. Write four aims of teacher’s education

Aim of Education # 1. Knowledge Aim of Education:
Knowledge is considered as power by which things are done. So, “Knowledge is power”
was said by Bacon. It is knowledge that has enabled humanity to make progress.

Aim of Education # 2. Vocational Aim of Education:

Education with the vocational aim will prepare each individual for an occupation which
will suit to his needs, abilities, interests and attitudes.

Aim of Education # 3. Character Aim of Education:

Swami Vivekananda, Dayanand Saraswati emphasized the development of character as
the aim of education. Character, essentially, includes all the best and noble qualities
which can be better cultivated by education.

Aim of Education # 4. Cultural Aim of Education:

The aim of education is to help the individuals to inherit rich cultural heritage of past, to
preserve and enrich it through activities and transmit it to the rising generation in a
fruitful and meaningful way.

2. Describe the concept of isolation in Teacher Education

It is ironic that in a profession which is so centered around human interaction, teachers
can find themselves feeling very isolated. in their environment. Whether it is physical (ie.
living in sparsely populated areas) or environmental (ie. the only teacher of a certain
subject), isolation can affect job satisfaction and ability to perform at their best.
3. Write two objectives for UGC – University Grants Commission
i. Promoting and coordinating university education.
ii. Determining and maintaining standards of teaching, examination and research in
universities.
4. What is downward filtration theory? Who introduced it and who rejected it?
As per the downward filtration theory, the Britishers believed that if they educated only a
few upper-class Indians, then the government was paving way for educating the masses.
Then these Indians would spread the education to the masses. Through this system,
education was expected to filter downwards.
Downward Filtration Theory is a theory introduced by Lord Macaulay in his famous
Macaulay's Minutes of 1835
Wood's Despatch promoted vernacular education for the masses and rejected the
'downward filtration theory'.

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5. Write two characteristics of NEP 2020
Ensuring Universal Access at all levels of school education.
Early Childhood Care & Education with new Curricular and Pedagogical Structure.
Attaining Foundational Literacy and Numeracy.
Reforms in school curricula and pedagogy.
Multilingualism and the power of language.
Strengthening teacher training
6. Write two functions of
UGC Determining and maintaining standards of teaching, examination and
research in universities.
Monitoring developments in the field of university education;
Disbursing grants to the universities and colleges.
NAAC National Assessment Accreditation Council
To arrange for periodic assessment and accreditation of institutions of higher
education
for promotion of quality of teaching-learning and research in higher
education institutions.
NCTE to achieve planned and coordinated development of the teacher education
system throughout the country
The council administers National Eligibility Tests (NET) for teachers, which
are mandatory for those seeking to teach in government schools or colleges
in India
NCERT To undertake aid, promote and coordinate research in areas related to school
education.
to improve the quality of school education in India and to promote the use of
scientific and empirical methods in educational research and practice.
7. Point out problems of girl’s education
Barriers to girls' education – like poverty, child marriage and gender-based violence –
vary among countries and communities. Poor families often favour boys when investing
in education. In some places, schools do not meet the safety, hygiene or sanitation needs
of girls.
8. Write a note on basic education.
Basic Education, is a principle which states that knowledge and work are not separate.
Basic education is related to the basic needs and interest of the education for the
development of a child. The aim of Gandhiji's basic education was to educate the
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 students on crafts which would enable them to solve the problems of their livelihood and
at the same time develop qualities of good citizenship.
9. Central education department in pre independent India was established by Macauly
10. The responsibilities of primary education should be given to Local bodies in pre –
independent India was suggested by Hunter Education Commission
11. The chairman of secondary education commission was Dr. Lakshmanaswamy
Mudaliar
12. Right to education comes in which article of constitutions? Article 21 A
13. What is upanayana ceremony?
Upanayan also known as the 'sacred thread ceremony' is performed to mark the
commencement of formal education in the Vaidic tradition. It is an initiation process to
learn the sacred Gayatri Mantra. Upanayan ceremony includes the wearing of
Yajnopavitam (sacred thread) on the body.
14. Which commission said secondary education is the weakest link of our education
system?
The university education commission 1948-49 which was appointed under the
chairmanship of Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, remarked that “our secondary education remains
the weakest link in our educational machinery and needs urgent reform.”
15. Wardha Scheme of Education was adopted by All India Congress in which session?
New education scheme, an all India Education Conference was held in Wardha on 22nd
and 23rd October 1937. The Wardha Scheme of Basic Education (1937) provided for free
and compulsory education in the mother tongue.
16. Describe the main recommendation of Janardhan Reddy Committee of 1992?
The CABE committee was appointed under the chairmanship of Sri.Janardhana Reddy
on 31st July, 1991 to review the implementation of the various parameters of NPE
Common School system: effective measures need to be taken to implement the
provision of NPE regarding common school system. To this end, disparities between
schools should be ended as early as possible by upgrading the quality of ordinary schools
and providing amenities for achieving minimum levels of learning.
Navodaya Vidyalayas: The scheme should continue and a Navodaya Vidyalaya should
be set up in each district as originally proposed. It was felt that children with special
talent or aptitude should be provided opportunities to progress at a faster pace by making
good quality education available to them irrespective of their capacity to pay for it.
17. Who gave the idea of filtration theory? Lord Macaulay
18. What is another name for Indian Education Commission? Kothari Commission
19. When was the first National Policy Education declared and by whom?

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 The first NPE was promulgated by the Government of India by Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi in 1968, the second by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1986, and the third by
Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2020.
20. What is Pabbaja ceremony?
Pabbajja refers to when a layperson leaves home to live the life of a Buddhist renunciate
among a community of bhikkhus
Unlike the pabbajja novitiate, upasampada signals a serious resolve to pursue the path of
the Buddha's dhamma as a full-fledged monk
21. In how many parts the four report of National Knowledge commission is divided?
The 87-page report is divided into nine chapters: National Knowledge Commission
(chapter 1); Access to Knowledge (chapter 2); Knowledge Concepts (chapter 3); Creation
of Knowledge (chapter 4); Knowledge Applications (chapter 5); Delivery of Services
(chapter 6); Recommendations (chapter 7); Consultations (chapter 8)
22. Which national programme was started in 15 Aug 1995?.
The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of
the Government of India that provides financial assistance to the elderly, widows and
persons with disabilities in the form of social pensions.
23. When Right to Education Act was implemented?
The Act came into force on 1 April 2010. The Act makes education a fundamental right
of every child between the ages of 6 and 14 and specifies minimum norms in elementary
schools.

24. Aims of teachers education in india

1. Imparting an adequate knowledge of the subject- matter:
The objective of teacher education is to develop a good command of the subject matter of
the assignment given to him in the colleges.

2. Equipping the prospective teachers with necessary pedagogic skills:

The main objective of teacher education is to develop a skill to stimulate experience in
the taught, under an artificially created environment, less with material resources and
more by the creation of an emotional atmosphere.

3. Enabling the teacher to acquire understanding of child psychology:

The objective is to understand the child psychology so that the teacher is able to
appreciate the difficulties experienced by children so as to bring about new modes and
methods of achieving the goals in consonance with the reactions of the children.

4. Developing proper attitudes towards teaching:

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 One of the major objectives of teacher education is to develop proper altitudes towards
teaching as a result of which he will be able to maximize the achievements from both the
material and human resources.

5. Developing self-confidence in the teachers:

The objectives of teacher education are development of the ability to take care of himself
in terms of:
(a) Adjustment with the physical conditions,
(b) Healthy adjustment with the social environment
(c) Adjustment with himself to derive emotional satisfaction with his life.

6. Enabling teachers to understand the significance of individual differences of child and to

take appropriate steps for their optimum development:
The objective of teacher education is to know the causes of individual differences as a
result of which he will be able to develop the ability to be a child with children, an adult
with the adults, a responsible citizen among the community.

25. What is operation black board?

Operation Blackboard was launched to provide minimum essential services to all primary
schools in the country. It was instituted soon after 1986, Rajiv Gandhi’s National Policy
on Education was published and was a centrally funded initiative. The goal of the
program is to get students enrolled in primary organizations with the educational
resources and institutional hardware they need, to further their education. The Operation
Blackboard program aims to improve primary education at both qualitative and
quantitative levels. It was created under the assumption that an improved learning
environment would increase the enrollment, retention, and achievement rates of primary
school students.
26. Explain educational structure 10+2+3?
It was suggested by Kothari Commission The new pattern of education which has
become popular as the 10+2+3 scheme seeks to divide schooling into two stages of
education, instead of the integrated stage it is at present. After a child enters kindergarten
at the age of four, he will finish 10 years of schooling-the first stage of education-and
take a secondary school certificate examination at the end of it. In the second stage he
will take two more years to finish his high school certificate examination; in the third
stage he will take a bachelor's degree at the end of three years at university. This structure
was implemented just after the finalization by the National Policy of Education, 1968.
27. Calcutta university is also known as Saddler Commission which was appointed in
Michael Sadler in 1917
28. NCTE was established in 17 August 1995
29. Hansa Mehta Committee was founded in 1962 by national council for women education
for women education
30. RTE founded in 1 April 2010 in uttar Pradesh
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  Ncert formed in 1961
 National knowledge commission founded in 13 June 2005
 DIET 1988 Tamil Nadu
 Present HRD minister Dharmendra Pradhan
 First HRD minister PV Narsimha Rao
 Education minister Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad
 Oriental and accidental controversy in 1839
The Orientals prefer Indian languages like Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic as the medium of
instruction whereas, the Occidentals thought that English is the most reliable and rich
language used as the medium of instruction in educational institutions rather than other
Indian languages.
31. Teaching methods by Mudaliar Commission
1. Policy for the Spread of Secondary Education
2. Secondary education should be made vocational so that 30% of the students at the lower
secondary level and 50% of the students at the higher secondary level can get vocational
education
3. Equality of opportunities in secondary education should be emphasized, for this,
arrangements should be made to provide more and more scholarships at this level.
4. Special programs should be organized for the expansion of secondary education among
girls, scheduled castes and tribes.
5. Genuine efforts should be made for the development of talent
6. Plans should be made for the expansion of secondary education in each district and they
should be fully implemented within a period of 10 years.
7. All the new schools should complete the required education program and the standard of
the existing schools should be made high.
32. Write a note on
NIOS NIOS is "Open School" to cater to the needs of a heterogeneous group of
learners up to pre-degree level.
The National Institute of Open Schooling, formerly National Open School is
a national level board of education in India, controlled and managed by the
Government of India. It was established by the Ministry of Education of the
Government of India in 1989.

DIET DIET stands for District Institute of Educational Training. In India, the
District Institute of Education and Training (DIET) comprises various district-level
educational institutions, most notably those established in 1988. The primary
mission of District Institute for Education and Training (DIET) is to empower
educators and improve the quality of education at the grassroots level for the
success of various strategies and programmes undertaken in the areas of
elementary and adult education with special reference to Universalisation of
Primary/Elementary
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UGC The University Grants Commission (UGC) was established by an Act of
Parliament in 1956 to coordinate, determine, and maintain standards of teaching,
examination, and research in university education. Now, UGC has become an
important pillar of higher education.

Indian Council for Social Science research

ICSSR) was established in the year of 1969 by the Government of India to promote
research in social sciences in the country.ICSSR provide grants for projects, fellowships,
international collaboration, capacity building, survey, publications etc. to promote
research in social sciences in India.

Semester System
A semester system is an academic term. It is division of an academic year, the time
during which a college holds classes. It also might be applicable in the schools and
universities. Usually, a semester system divides the year in two parts or terms.

Integrated Education System of India

In 1974, the Ministry of Welfare, Central Government of India, initiated the IEDC
program to promote the integration of students with mild to moderate disabilities into
regular schools. The program was also designed to promote the retention of children with
disabilities in the regular school system. Integrated education aims to develop an
inclusive learning environment where students with different needs and backgrounds,
including those who have emotional, cognitive, or physical disabilities, may study
alongside their classmates in conventional classes.

NET The full form of NET is National Eligibility Test. For postgraduates who want
to get a PhD or would like to pursue their career as a teacher in India, NET is an
important nationwide entry examination (UGC NET or NTA-UGC-NET). NET is
the minimum requirement for technical and research teaching. The above test is
administered in several subjects, including computer science and engineering,
social science, computer application, forensic science, political science, history,
sociology, home science, anthropology, law, education, amongothers. Literatures
such as Hindi, English, Sanskrit, Gujarati, Marathi, French, Spanish, Japanese, and
much more.

SET The SET Exam, or the State Eligibility Test, is a prestigious examination
conducted in various states of India. It serves as a qualifying examination for
candidates aspiring to become Assistant Professors in universities and colleges
across the country. It is conducted by different state governments or their
respective apex bodies. The exam typically consists of two or three papers, each
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 covering different subjects or disciplines. These subjects may include humanities,
social sciences, commerce, management, sciences, languages, etc., depending on
the state’s requirements.

What do you understand by professional education? Explain its aim and objectives.
What are the problems associated with it? Give suggestion for the problems.
Professional education means education connected with a job that needs special training or
skill, and includes Engineering & Technology including Management, Information
Technology, Medical, Dental, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, Law,
Teaching, etc.
Attaining professional education helps students prepare for careers such as law,
pharmacy, medicine, and education. It is a formalized approach to specialized training in
a professional school through which participants acquire content knowledge and learn the
application of techniques.
Professional development goals are individual objectives aimed at enhancing performance in
a current role or advancing one's career.

These goals offer clarity, specificity, and alignment between employee and organisational
values.

The significance of professional development goals lies in their ability to provide greater
clarity, specificity, and alignment between employee and organisational values.

Encouraging employees to pursue these goals benefits both individuals and the company by
fostering motivated and skilled employees who contribute to organisational objectives.

These goals are instrumental in helping employees map out their career trajectories, leading
to increased engagement and, consequently, higher employee retention.

Prioritising professional development can also positively impact morale, company culture,
and productivity.

Professional development must build upon the current foundation of basic skills,
knowledge, and areas Of expertise of the educational personnel involved.
Professional development will link new knowledge and activities with what the
practitioners already know and are able to do, and will extend their Thinking.
For attaining professional education in any related subject or field, an individual is
expected to complete his/her basic Level of education so that the complexity of this
Level of education is easily dealt with. Professional education is designed in such a way
that individuals get the technical and overall necessary knowledge and information so
that they can perform professional tasks.
Challenges
Time seems to be the biggest culprit when it comes to committing to professional education.
Most working professionals find adding classes and homework to already crammed schedules
to be the main challenge.
The cost of high-quality, in-demand programs and courses is often a challenge for learners.
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Traveling to classes presented a challenge to many learners. Some found it inconvenient to drive in traffic
to get to their classes.

Solution
Managing Work While Taking Classes
Manage the situation by using their class breaks to catch up on calls and emails and evenings after class to
deal with the most pressing matters.

Be Realistic
Do not involve in too many courses at a time. Another popular solution was choosing programs with
flexible course schedules. By choosing carefully and keeping their coursework manageable, many learners
were able to manage their studies without neglecting their jobs or families.
Balancing Work, Life, and Study
Another common challenge for adult learners is balancing their personal lives with work obligations while
studying. To manage family and work responsibilities while taking rigorous programs, working
professionals have found a variety of solutions.

Tackle Homework in Small Chunks

Others recommended making use of short periods of free time throughout the week to review coursework
and complete their homework in stages. By managing their workloads in small chunks, they avoided
becoming overwhelmed.

Be Proactive
Some learners found that getting their class schedules early and planning around them before beginning
their programs helped them to prepare for the upcoming changes to their regular routines. Understanding
the course expectations early helped them to plan ahead and proactively schedule to eliminate potential
work and personal conflicts. As a result of this early planning, they were able to manage their time and
stay motivated throughout their programs.

Set Priorities
So how have some of our learners overcome these problems? The majority said they set priorities and
used their time more efficiently. For example, many placed non-essential activities on hold and made
purposeful use of time outside of work. Giving up evening and weekend leisure activities in favor of
attending classes or working on homework assignments are common examples.

Conclusion
Professional education is as important for career advancement as progressive on-the-job
experience. Challenging as it can be to add to an already busy schedule, it’s always worth the
effort. The working adults who succeed at juggling work, family, and professional development
are the ones who explore solutions until they find those that work for them.
Technical, Vocational and Professional education play a very significant role inThe
development of the individual and of the society. India, after Independence, Embarked on an
expansion of institutions offering Independence, embarked and Legal education. This was very
different from the situation that existed in the Pre-independence period.
Bridge the gap between demand and supply by increasing GER in all the sectors

 Allocate sufficient funds for infrastructural needs

 Regulate the activities of private parties involved in the sector

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 Curb the mushrooming of low quality institutes by setting the standards high

 Bring accountability and transparency related structural reforms

 Develop a sense of competiveness among institutes of professional education

 Appoint competent, dynamic and tech-savvy teachers

 Infuse advance technology in various aspects of professional education such as curriculum

development, pedagogical

Methods and training

 Concentrate not only on teaching and learning but also on research and development aspects
 Motivate youth to aspire for enrollment in professional institutes of education
 Make professional education more approachable and affordable for students
 Train the youth in such a manner that they may become able to enter, adapt and progress well
in the profession
 Attract foreign students to study in Indian professional Institutes

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