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Formulae
Modigliani and Miller Proposition 2 (with tax)
Wi Used to find Ke of a geared Co instead of CAPM
2 “UT ginserting an equity beta.
Could rearrange to find Kei for APY, but since
the CBE came in never been requested to do so.
The Capital Asset Pricing Model
EQ=R, 1 BEG) Bp
Cost of Equity = Rf + Beta(Rm - Rf)
Asoet Beta will give Kel The asset beta formula
a || ee
We also rearrange this to Vee svil- m=
find equity beta given an
asset beta
All questions to date
have stated debt beta is
‘
Dividend
The Growth Model (assuming a constant ‘g")
0.08) This is more used in FM.
Very very rarely see this in AFM.
Gordon's growth approximation
Used in business valuations maii
The weighted average cost of capital or RAWACC.
We simplify this:
((Ve x Ke) +(Vd x Kd(1-t))
ee
The Fisher formula
1id=Qindan Not seen much in AFM
Purchasing power parity and interest rate parity
1+)
2S
3 Forward Rate
spot nates
Most importantly here ‘hb’ is the inflation rate for the currency
that is being valued and is locked at 1.
Eg $1.5000/£1 then ‘hb’ is UK Inflation Rate.
£0.6667/$1 then ‘hb’ is USA Inflation Rate
10Modified Internal Rate of Return
Don't need this as we
=
ho have a spreadsheet
suse yr function.
_ ARE (=p N
Don't need this as we
have the BSOP
Calculator
li IPTO.Present Value Table
Present value of Lie, (1 =” We use this formula to compute the simple discount factors in the
spreadsheet
{= discount ate
1h = number of periods until payment
o(r) Don't need the tables
0-847 0-833 1
aris oe 2
0-609 0579 3
0493 0482004
O49 0402 6
SeowAnnuity Table
—
> Annuity Discount Factors we
Present value of an annuity of 1 i.e, Stee have a spreadsheet function
Where 1 = discount rate
rerio
Don't need the tables
6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
0935 0-926
1833 1808 1-783
2673 2-624 2-577
3465 3387 3312
2 3-993
ogi?
6 4623
8
9
10
u o787
12 10-575
13 11348
4 12-106
5 12-849
in) 12%
1 0-893
2 1-690
3 2-402
4 3-037
5 3605
ain
1s IPTO.Need only for VaR and only need three values.
90% = 1.28
95% = 1.65
90% = 23
standatd ndtinat distribution table
O01 002
00a (0,
0-0080
09-0398 0.0478
9-07 90871 O11
O1179 0.1255 01331 01368 O1sl?
1554 O1700 01736 01879
0-229
02611
02910
300-4987
This table can be used to calculate NG), the connate
cf option pricing. Ife, > 0, acd 0-5 to the relevant number
lf, < 0, subtract the relevant number above from 0-5,
End of Question Paper