JOURNAL

IN THE MAJOR COURSE

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
SUBMITTED BY
Mr. KASH SHARMA
SYDS
Roll no : SDDS050A
SEMESTER III
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
DR. SANJAY MISHRA SIR
ACADEMIC YEAR
2023 - 2024
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. KASH SHARMA of Second year

B.SC.DS Div.: A, Roll No. SDDS050A of Semester III (2023 -
2024) has successfully completed the Journal for the Major
course INFERENTIAL STATISTICS as per the guidelines of
KES’ Shroff College of Arts and Commerce, Kandivali(W),
Mumbai-400067.

Teacher In-charge Principal

DR. SANJAY MISHRA SIR Dr. L Bhushan.
 INDEX

Sr. Practical Practical Name Page No.

No. No.
1. 1 Perform One-Sample t-test using R. 4
2. 2 Perform Two-Sample t-test using R. 5
3. 3 Perform Paired t-test using R. 6
4. 4 Perform Chi-Square test using R. 7
5. 5 Perform One way ANOVA using R. 8
6. 6 Perform Two way ANOVA using R. 9
7. 7 Perform Correlation and Linear Regression using R. 10
8. 8 Perform Sign Test for One-sample data using R. 11
9. 9 Perform Median Test for Two-sample data using R. 12
10. 10 Perform Sign Test for Two-sample data using R. 13
Practical No. 1:
Aim: Perform One-Sample t-test using R.
The one sample t test is a statistical hypothesis test that compares the mean of a sample to a
known value. It's also known as a single sample t test.
The one sample t test determines whether the mean of a population is statistically different
from a known or hypothesized value. For example, you might want to know how your sample
mean compares to the population mean.
Question:
A local bakery claims that their average muffin weight is 150 grams. To test this claim, you
randomly select 10 muffins and weigh them. The weights (in grams) are as follows: 155, 148,
152, 147, 150, 153, 149, 151, 156, and 154. Can you determine if the bakery's claim is
accurate using a one-sample t-test in R?
Code:

Output:

4|Inferential Statistics Roll No.: SDDS050A

Practical No. 2:
Aim: Perform Two-Sample t-test using R.
A two-sample t-test is a statistical test that compares the means of two different samples to
determine if there is a significant difference between them. It's also known as an independent
t-test.
The test is based on the assumption that the samples are drawn from populations with normal
distributions. It's used when the two small samples (n< 30) are taken from two different
populations and compared..
Question:
Two different ice cream shops, Shop One and Shop Two, are known for their ice cream scoop
sizes. Shop One claims that their average scoop size is 140 grams, while Shop Two claims
that their average scoop size is 150 grams. To investigate these claims, a random sample of
50 scoops was taken from each shop, and their weights were measured. Using the data
provided, can you determine if there is a significant difference in the average scoop sizes
between the two ice cream shops, assuming equal variances?
Code:

Output:

5|Inferential Statistics Roll No.: SDDS050A

Practical No. 3:
Aim: Perform Paired t-test using R.
A paired t-test is a statistical test that compares the averages and standard deviations of two
related groups. It's also known as a dependent or correlated t-test.
The test determines if there's a significant difference between the two groups. It's used when
you have two samples where observations in one sample can be paired with observations in
the other sample.
Question:
Which bakery, Sweet One or Sweet Two, has more consistent chocolate truffle weights based
on a sample of 100 truffles each, where Sweet One's truffles have an average weight of 14g
(SD = 0.3g) and Sweet Two's truffles have an average weight of 13g (SD = 0.2g), using a
paired t-test in R?
Code:

Output:

6|Inferential Statistics Roll No.: SDDS050A

Practical No. 4:
Aim: Perform Chi-Square test using R.
The chi-square test is a statistical tool that compares two categorical variables to determine if
they are related or independent. The test is based on the differences between the observed
values and those that would be expected if the variables were independent. Small differences
indicate little dependence between the variables, while large differences indicate a
dependence.
Question:
Researchers collected data on the number of occurrences of events X and Y in two categories,
Category A and Category B. In Category A, there were 30 occurrences of event X and 20
occurrences of event Y. In Category B, there were 15 occurrences of event X and 25
occurrences of event Y. Using a chi-squared test in R, can you determine if there is a
significant association between the categories and the occurrences of X and Y?
Code:

Output:

7|Inferential Statistics Roll No.: SDDS050A

Practical No. 5:
Aim: Perform One way ANOVA using R.
One-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) is a statistical test that compares the means of two
or more independent groups. It's also known as One-Factor ANOVA.
One-way ANOVA compares the variance in the group means within a sample. It tests the null
hypothesis (H0) that three or more population means are equal vs. the alternative hypothesis
(H1) that at least one mean is different.
Question:
In a study comparing three different groups (A, B, C), researchers collected data on a specific
variable. Group A had values {25, 28, 30, 32, 27}, Group B had values {22, 26, 24, 30, 28},
and Group C had values {18, 20, 19, 22, 21}. Using a one-way ANOVA in R, can you
determine if there are any statistically significant differences in the variable among these
groups, and provide a summary of the ANOVA result?
Code:

Output:

8|Inferential Statistics Roll No.: SDDS050A

Practical No. 6:
Aim: Perform Two way ANOVA using R.
A two-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) is a statistical test that determines whether there is
a statistically significant difference between the means of three or more independent groups
that have been split on two variables. It can also be used to test for interaction between the
two independent variables.
Question:
In a study comparing three different groups (A, B, C), researchers collected data on a specific
variable. Group A had values {25, 28, 30, 32, 27}, Group B had values {22, 26, 24, 30, 28},
and Group C had values {18, 20, 19, 22, 21}. Using a one-way ANOVA in R, can you
determine if there are any statistically significant differences in the variable among these
groups, and provide a summary of the ANOVA result?
Code:

Output:

9|Inferential Statistics Roll No.: SDDS050A

Practical No. 7:
Aim: Perform Correlation and Linear Regression using R.
Correlation is a statistical measure that describes the relationship between two variables. It
measures the extent to which two variables are linearly related, meaning they change together
at a constant rate. Correlation is a common tool for describing simple relationships without
making a statement about cause and effect.
Linear regression is a statistical method used in data science and machine learning to predict
the relationship between two variables. It assumes a linear relationship between the
independent variable and the dependent variable. The goal is to find the best-fitting line that
describes the relationship.
Question:
Suppose you are analyzing the relationship between the number of hours spent studying
(variable x) and the exam scores achieved (variable y) for a group of students. Using R, can
you determine the strength and direction of the relationship between study hours and exam
scores by calculating the correlation coefficient (Pearson's) and performing a linear
regression analysis?
Code:

Output:

10 | I n f e r e n t i a l S t a t i s t i c s Roll No.: SDDS050A

Practical No. 8:
Aim: Perform Sign Test for One-sample data using R.
The one-sample sign test is a non-parametric hypothesis test that determines if there is a
statistically significant difference between the median of a non-normally distributed
continuous data set and a standard.
Question:
In statistical analysis, determining whether a dataset's positive and negative values are
balanced is a crucial step. You have a dataset with values: [-1, 2, -3, 4, -5, 6, -7, 8]. Using the
binomial test in R, can you assess whether the number of positive values differs significantly
from the number of negative values with a null hypothesis of equal proportions? Please
present the results of the binomial test and your interpretation.
Code:

Output:

11 | I n f e r e n t i a l S t a t i s t i c s Roll No.: SDDS050A

Practical No. 9:
Aim: Perform Median Test for Two-sample data using R.
The median test is a nonparametric test that determines if two independent samples were
drawn from populations with the same median.
Question:
Using the provided data for Group 1 and Group 2, Median Test to assess if their medians
significantly differ.
Code:

Output:

12 | I n f e r e n t i a l S t a t i s t i c s Roll No.: SDDS050A

Practical No. 10:
Aim: Perform Sign Test for Two-sample data using R.
The two-sample paired sign test is a nonparametric test that assesses the number of
observations in one group that are greater than paired observations in the other group. The
test is based on the direction of the plus and minus sign of the observation, and not on their
numerical magnitude.
Question:
Given paired datasets 'before' and 'after' representing symptom scores of patients before and
after taking a new medication, perform a Sign Test to ascertain if there's a statistically
significant reduction in symptoms due to the medication?
Code:

Output:

13 | I n f e r e n t i a l S t a t i s t i c s Roll No.: SDDS050A