(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,

Vol. 11, No. 2, 2020

Testing different Channel Estimation Techniques in

Real-Time Software Defined Radio Environment
Ponnaluru Sowjanya1 , Penke Satyanarayana2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Koneru Lakshmaiah Educational Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract—In modern wireless communication to maximize which are modulated progressively, and which have very close
spectral efficiency and to minimize the bit error rate OFDM connections for high data transmission rates is OFDM. This
(Orthogonal frequency-domain multiplexing) is used. OFDM is method eliminates the frequency-selective loss signal. OFDM
used broadly in networks using various protocols, including generates several non-selective parallel frequency streams, thus
wireless vehicular environment IEEE 802.11p, IEEE 802.16d/e reducing inter-symbol interference (ISI). The decoder process
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks, Long-Term Evolution is utilized to gain information on the channel state Information
3GPP networks and IEEE 802.11a/g/n Wireless Local Area (CSI) and to account for channel effects such as delay spread
Networks. The main challenges involved when using OFDM for and lower Doppler distribution and this process makes the
wireless communications are short channel-coherence bandwidth
OFDM system reliable.
and the narrow coherence time, and both have a major effect on
the reliability and latency of data packet communication. These SDR may provide flexible, upgradeable and longer lifetime
properties increase the difficulty of channel equalization because radio equipment for the military and for civilian wireless
the channel may change drastically over the period of a single communications infrastructure as shown in Fig. 1. SDR may
packet. Spectral Temporal Averaging is an enhanced decision- also provide more flexible and possibly cheaper multi-
directed channel equalization technique that improves standard-terminals for end users. It is also important as a
communication performance (as far as the frame delivery ratio convenient base technology for the future context-sensitive,
(FDR) and throughput) in typical channel conditions. This paper adaptive and learning radio units referred to as cognitive
reports tests of Spectral Temporal Averaging channel
radios. SDR also poses many challenges, however, some of
equalization in an IEEE 802.11a network, compared with other
channel equalization techniques in terms of the FDR in a real-
them causing SDR to evolve slower than otherwise anticipated.
time environment. Herein, a software defined Radio (SDR) Transceiver development challenges include size, weight and
platform was used for estimating the channel. This proves that power issues such as the required computing capacity, but also
the system can provide over 90% of delivery ratio at 25 db of software architectural challenges such as waveform application
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) for various digital modulation portability. SDR has demanding implications for regulators,
techniques. For this purpose, an experimental setup consisting of security organizations and business developers. In a
software-defined radio, Universal Software Radio Peripheral multicarrier technology such as OFDM, it is crucial to maintain
(USRP) N210 along with wide bandwidth daughter board as orthogonality among all the subcarriers to prevent the Inter
hardware and GNU radio is used. Carrier Interference (ICI) which if not done leads to significant
performance degradation. In a high mobility environment, such
Keywords—Channel Estimation; GNU Radio Companion as aerial vehicle communication, multi carrier transmission
(GRC); Orthogonal frequency-domain multiplexing (OFDM); leads to severe ICI due to Doppler shift.
software-defined radio (SDR); Spectral Temporal Averaging
(STA); Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP)
Software
I. INTRODUCTION Routines
ASICs
The latest developments in wireless communications like (PHY)
phones, protocols and applications are impressive. For large
data high data rates applications and low energy usage are Programmable
important for upcoming wireless technologies. [1]. When the Hardware
number of users with common Mobile Bandwidths expands,
traffic congestion will be a harder task, and increased Fig. 1. Software Defined Radio.
flexibility in the requirements of transmission will be required
if multiple access contention is to be handled. Such problems II. LITERATURE REVIEW
are often faced by wireless communication protocols. The new
Several authors have tried to use several channel
mobile technology Standard Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
estimations schemes to implement OFDM in real-time. with
focuses a lot on experimental and evaluation of wireless
an emphasis on the Least Square (LS) channel estimation
protocols.
scheme and signal capture they, experimentally investigated
A widely used modulation technique by means of which the preamble detection, transmitter sensing and physical layer-
the flow of symbol is split in several narrowband subcarriers capture effect [2]. Another team developed and evaluated a

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Vol. 11, No. 2, 2020

channel estimation system for pilot subcarriers with limited instead of channel condition maintaining that energy-
complexity, high precision, little pilot bandwidth and buffer- constrained systems scale down their sampling levels is called
free data flow [3], and Great strength [4]. Using Field- Sampless Wi-Fi. GRC / USRP was used to test their SDR
Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), that require changeable- system. In [19] and [20], the anti-jamming strategy was
power loading system of three levels, such experiments have suggested in various methods and their approach was tested
been executed in real-time OFDM transceivers. To this end, a using GRC. In [21], The author has created a mechanism called
high-performance, radio-based software platform (CuSora) was TREKS to facilitate communication with Spread Spectrum
developed as a modern processor for GPuS high-speed signal without pre-shared information. They used a GRC and USRP
processing [5]. This software supports development of test bed to evaluate this process. In [22], To research OFDM
different protocols using an entire hardware and software quality in the 802.11 standard, they built an SDR-based test
framework. Signal processing components for the 802.11a and bed. Consequently, GRC / USRP was chosen as their perfect
802.16 protocols were tested in CuSora, and 2-dimensional platform. In [23], Two separate graphics processing unit
linear interpolation was implemented for channel estimation in implementation methods in a Software Defined Radio set-up
these tests. This simple algorithm modulates signals along both were evaluated and it was found that only one proposed
the frequency axis (FA) and the time axis (TA). Along the FA, method was environmentally friendly. In [24], A new PHY /
the major technique is the evaluation of received samples and MAC protocol, known as Diversity-aware Wi-Fi, is developed
pilots within the frequency period between two adjacent pilot and tested using USRP / GRC platform, and compared to
packets. Along the TA, the main determinant of transmission existing methods. Despite this variety of features, GRC can be
performance is channel estimation. Armour et al. discussed the considered to be one of the strongest SDR apps [25].
potential trade-offs between efficiency and complexity when
In this paper, understanding the challenges of, dynamically
using the decision directed Least Mean Square (LMS)
algorithm with the Hiperlan E and IEEE P802.1la standards changing channels, however, will have serious problems with
Doppler and delay spread, which cause multipath fading
[6].
channel effects. Therefore, we implemented a decision-directed
SDR is an ideal solution for rapid prototyping and testing spectral temporal averaging (STA) channel estimator [26] in
of wireless communication protocols [7][8]. The tools included real-time data transmissions considering the IEEE 802.11a
in SDR platforms allow for easy reconfiguration of transceiver protocol. We compared the STA scheme with LS, LMS, and
devices to quickly implement standards and protocols. SDR comb-pilot linear interpolation schemes. We prepared a custom
solutions can be used to test wireless sensor networks [9], testbed for this study comprising GRC/USRP as their software
satellite communications [10], and many other applications. and frontend.
Currently, research on implementing different systems using
SDR technology is being conducted. In [11], the authors We designed and tested an IEEE 802.11a transceiver with a
integrated their design of a joint DA-ML estimator using SDR selection of channel-estimation methods in real-time
combined with FPGA. And finally, they tested their prototype environment. The results show that the STA channel-
in a real-time environment. In [12], the author used USRP estimation scheme achieves the best frame data rate of the
techniques that we tested. Here, real-time signal constellations
N200/N210 as a frontend and proved that the experimentation
is possible at 60 GHz using SDR. In [13], using SDR platform, are also observed to find the effect of multipath propagation of
signals through flat fading channels. Both medium access
the authors designed, implemented, and evaluated a MIMO
control (MAC) and physical (PHY) layers were implemented
system with eight antennas. They chose LTE parameters as
their system parameters. In [14], the authors detected the in the SDR platform for testing. A known stream of data was
transmitted and received using various modulation schemes,
human activity using SDR platform. They extracted the
channel state information using two USRPs as transmitter and and the FDR performance was analyzed for comparison.
receiver using 64-FFT point’s OFDM modulation technique. In The remaining document is as follows:
[15], the author implemented some of the communication
features like pulse shaping, demodulation, and synchronization Section 2 contains information on the testing of channel
in a real=time environment; therefore, they have chosen the estimation schemes.
SDR platform and USRPs are used as SDR front end. Through Section 3 explains how we used the GRC platform and
these references, it can be concluded that SDR is a present USRPs to implement this network in a real-time environment.
trending technology.
Section 4 introduces the channel-estimation techniques that
For signal processing GRC is an open source platform. On we tested for comparison against the STA technique.
a regular PC, this allows for the installation of a general-
purpose processor. To support device networking, it is one of Section 5 describes the outcomes of tests and compares the
the best tools for SDR. This offers several projects to make a outputs of the different channel estimates and Section 6
flexible software radio system utilizing various software includes our conclusions.
libraries. In [16], The researcher received a 3-30MHz
III. CHANNEL ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES
frequency band experimental SDR receiver with the aid of
GRC / FPGA programmable hardware. In [17], Writer Channel approximation is the analysis of a predetermined
suggested a wide-band frame-level adaptation that can be mathematical model of communication channels.The two
simply implemented in various protocols. They showed their variables that define the computational network design are
viability with GRC / SDR platform. In [18], Compatible range, short-term CSI / instant CSI and long-term CSI / statistical CSI.

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The CSI provided statistical data for the long term, including In our study, data were transmitted and received in real
statistical distribution and average channel gain. The only time to allow testing of channel-estimation techniques in a
element used in the short-term CSI is channel impulse realistic context. We assumed that the channels are positioned
response. In OFDM systems the channel impulses were dynamically. We tested four channel-estimation techniques:
detected by the time / domain signal and channel frequency LS, LMS, comb-pilot linear interpolation, and STA. Of these,
response, respectively, before and after DFT transmission, and LMS and STA are decision-directed interpolation schemes.
they had been defined by frequency / domain channel
estimation.[27]. Three methods can be used to approximate a A. Least Squares Equalizer
channel: pilot-assisted, blind stream and Decision Directed In modern hardware implementations, the basic LS
Channel Estimation (DDCE). equalizer algorithm is frequently used as a regular method [28].
For estimating the channel, in IEEE 802.11p the long training
The pilot-aided channel approach is one of the most sequence is treated as block pilots. Let us say that after the start
standard way of calculating channels. A sender transfers in this of the frame the two long-term preambles are referred to as
system well-known pilot data used by both sender and recipient
as proof. Pilot symbols are computationally somewhat ⏟[ ] [ ] ⏟[ ] [ ]
complicated, but they are used in every wireless
communication device. That method, though, decreases the bit
rate since some symbols are used instead of information for And they're named T1 and T2. T1[n] and T2[n] are the time
pilots and the network space is lost. Even if the number of domain symbols for approximation of LS channels are derived
pilots has decreased, it is a challenge to estimate the channel from these two LPs. Instead they measure their N-point DFTs
precisely. As shown in Fig. 1, using blocks or combs for pilot are represented below:
assignment. A pilot block model is ideal for a slow fading
stream, where the signal moves slowly. A comb pilot ∑ (3)
distribution is therefore suitable for the quick fading flow,
since the pilots are arranged equally throughout the symbol ∑ (4)
sequence. To decide the channel response of the information The N-points between two learning symbols are the same,
symbols and consider this more vulnerable method to i.e. X1(k)= X2(k)= X(k). The estimate of the LS for H(k) is as
frequency-selective channels, interpolation between frequency- follows:
domain is required.
The structure of the block pilot is shown in Fig. 2. At the ̂ (5)
start of each subcarrier, a pilot data is there in the OFDM
symbol. The time-domain interpolations are used to approximate The data in the packet will be equalized after channel
the channel using these pilots. Since the opposite of the estimation is completed. The obtained signal's DFT is defined
Doppler rate, in the channel provides continuity time, the as Y(k). Through equalizing the obtained DFT function, the
pilot symbol duration will comply with the following variation: transmitted information is calculated.

(1) ̂ (6)

The comb-pilot's design is also shown in Fig. 4. Frequency-

domain interpolation stream pilot tones are incorporated in
every OFDM symbol between subcarriers on a regular basis.
Since the bandwidth of coherence of the reverse of the delay
spread . maximum, the pilot symbol duration should
satisfy the below change:
(2)

Estimation of the blind channel does not require pilot

symbols and relies instead on intrinsic data received from
symbols. Although no bandwidth of the signal is consumed by Fig. 2. Types of Pilot Assignments.
this approximation method, the computations are much more
complicated and lead to higher bandwidth. For illustration, to
estimate one channel coefficient, almost 100 symbols are
needed. For this reason, this blind channel estimation method is
seldom used in real-world wireless communication systems.
DDCE, which is our subject below, uses both observed
channel approximation information symbols and pilot symbols.
The estimated values are updated as diagrammed in Fig. 3.
Thus, DDCE offers superior performance than pilot-aided
channel estimation. Fig. 3. Decision-Directed Channel Estimation.

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A basic one-taps equalizer approach is used by each packet goes through this primary estimation. After completion
subcarrier in the frequency domain. The least square equalizer of this symbol demodulation a channel estimate is framed:
fits all the symbols in the packet. We cannot accurately
represent the channel estimate H(k), if the channel drastically (10)
varies over the period of a packet. Also, equalization could
falsify the received signal rather than making correction. So, a At symbol i, , and are the decided constellation
perfect and effective means of tracing the channel is needed. point, demodulated subcarrier values, and the resulting
estimate respectively. This estimation will then be determined
B. Least Mean Squares on average over the symbol frequencies as a standard moving
The LMS algorithm disables this constraint in channel average so that the approximation at subcarrier λ is
tracing by acclimating the channel estimates while the signal is
received. The original channel estimate is automatically ∑ (11)
adjusted to the time-variant properties of the communication
channel by the LMS algorithm. The mean square error among where β is an integer that determines the number of terms
the desired equalizer output and the actual equalizer output will involved in the average and ∑ = 1. From this
be minimized using this algorithm. As the LS equalizer, averaging operation, absent subcarriers (subcarriers that do not
beginning with a similar introductory decision after the ith contain data) are omitted. For example, subcarrier 26 and β =
OFDM symbol update the channel utilizing the constellation 3, the only used average subcarriers are 26, 25, 24, and 23, and
point ̂ onto where the obtained symbol Yi was deallocated: the weights are corrected consequently. Since the information
on the null subcarrier is not transmitted, the value of (0) is
̂ ̂ (7) substituted with the average of subcarrier −1 ( (−1)) and
̂
subcarrier 1 ( (1)). For all 52 subcarriers, the frequency
To average the coefficients of the time-domain channel that averaging is be performed, and subsequently, the channel
finds α, a low-pass filter is used. Within the equalizer filter estimate is restructured using the following equation:
length constraints, the signal-to-distortion ratio at its output is
maximized in LMS equalizer. This approach is constrained ( ) ( ) (12)
because if the signal obtained is longer than the propagation
time, the equalizer cannot decrease this distortion. Where α defines the time-domain parameter of the moving
average. defines the initial estimate of the channel
C. Comb-Pilot Interpolation obtained during the estimation of the preamble. For equalizing
None of the LS or LMS algorithms average symbols across the next symbol, the estimate is applied, and the whole packet
the frequency domain but consider each subcarrier individually is demodulated by iterating the process. In the present study, by
instead. The received values from each pilot sub-carrier are observing we get the best performance by selecting the
initially obtained in a comb-pilot interpolation in the frequency parameters α and β as 0.5 and 2, respectively. In LMS
domain and each symbol then demodulated. [29]. The four- equalizer, the same value of α was used to facilitate easy
element vector is used to choose these values. The protocol comparison.
defines DFT values for known sent pilots in these subcarriers
from the four-element matrix, . At every pilot subcarrier the IV. METHODOLOGY
LS estimate is designed as GRC is a technology framework open source that offers
signal processing frames to radio applications. It can be used
(8) with a wide variety of hardware components compared to other
SDR frameworks. GRC is not a fixed application-oriented
The above equation represents a four-element vector which environment, so it provides a solid foundation for the use of
denotes the regularly spaced channel estimations. The end nearly any hardware components. The setup of the system used
points are attached to the vector to obtain the estimates as in this research is illustrated in Fig. 4.
follows:
For the transmitter and receiver attached to the GRC
* + (9) program, we created a SDR with N210 USRPs in real time
(Fig. 5). Here we find a space indoors in which no signals of
where is the mean of . Instead of extrapolation Wi-Fi are being sent, and the transmitter and the receiver are
from the subcarriers −21 and 21, this mean is used for the roughly 1 meter away. The SDR architecture comprises three
endpoints because the actual channel response at the edge sections of the baseband, Intermediate Frequency (IF) and
frequencies cannot be resolved. For every OFDM symbol, this Radio Frequency (RF). The RF signal is sent to the USRP,
interpolation is done. In the time domain of sorting, a low-pass which includes the daughterboard, Analog to Digital converter
filter such as formula (7) can be used. (ADC)/Digital to Analog Converter (DAC), Field
Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)s, Digital Signal Processing
D. Spectral Temporal Averaging (DSP) and Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)s by
The STA channel-estimation scheme is detailed below. an intelligently designed antenna. For versatile baseband signal
From the training preamble as in equation (5), the initial processing GRC modules are used [30].
estimate of the channel is first obtained. The first symbol in the

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Fig. 4. Experimental Setup.

Fig. 5. Image of the Test Set-up for a Real-Time Radio System.

In order to implement the real-time radio system, two PCs TABLE. I. PC COMPONENTS USED IN THE SETUP
were used to operate the SDR program. The used components
of software and hardware are included in Table I and Table II. PC Component Type
The PHY and MAC layers are both implemented in GRC CPU Intel core i7-8550U
modules, which allow us to change the layers according to RAM 16 GB
specific requirements and easily analyze the results. The USRP
Operating system 16.04 LTS
hardware driver (UHD) is required for connecting the USRP
frontends to the PCs. UHD provides common transmitting and Software Ubuntu-Version 3.7
receiving interfaces for the two USRP devices detailed in UHD Version Version 003 011 000 000
Fig. 6 and 7.
TABLE. II. HARDWARE MODULES MENTIONED IN OUR IMPLEMENTATION
A. Transmitter
To implement an IEEE 802.11a LAN in GRC, an Out-Of- Hardware Component Type
Tree (OOT) was used [29]. OOT modules are extended custom SDR USRP N210
software blocks that are used for implementing application- Daughter Board WBX
specific functionalities. The transmitter implementation in Transmitting Antenna VERT 400
GRC is shown in Fig. 8. Table III details the used parameters
of IEEE 802.11a PHY. Receiving Antenna Dipole Antenna
SNR 0-30 dB

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supports instantaneous contact without setting up a previous

link and An Modified Physical Layer (PHY) focused on
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM), close
to IEEE 802.11a but doubled with all timings. It switches
converts the IEEE 802.11a's 20MHz signal into the new
10MHz signal for vehicular applications. The change to
10MHz, in a nutshell, renders the signal better for delay
propagation but more responsive to Doppler simultaneously
Fig. 6. Transmitting Block in UHD. and channel period variations. It indicates the transition has
was not clearly improved. It simply the trade-off was
rebalanced and was not without any question. The receiver
implementation in GRC using IEEE 802.11 OOT modules is
illustrated in Fig. 9. OFDM receiver has synchronization and
channel-estimation modules that help with data recovery.
These modules rely on the preamble data that are appended to
every frame. For this purpose, we use equations (13), (14), and
(15) to detect the beginning of a frame, and the equations are
related as the block diagram in Fig. 10 illustrates.
Fig. 7. Receiving Block in UHD.
a[n] =∑ ̅̅̅ (13)
TABLE. III. PHY VARIABLES USED IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF OFDM
p[n]=∑ ̅̅̅ (14)
Parameter Measurement
Bandwidth 10 MHz c(n)= (15)
OFDM subcarrier 64
Subcarrier Spacing 312 KHz Equation (15) is used for detecting the beginning of the
OFDM Symbol time 4 µs frame. The modules “WiFi Sync Short” and “WiFi Sync Long”
Guard time 1.6 µs
handle frame detection, frequency offset correction, and
channel estimation. While moving from “WiFi Sync Short” to
Comb-pilot spacing 4.4 MHz
“WiFi Sync Long,” only long-preamble data were transferred,
Center frequency 2.2 GHz and short-preamble data were detected and discarded in the
B. Receiver “WiFi Sync Short” block. The decoded data were collected by
the “Wireshark connector” module and displayed in Wireshark,
The standard IEEE 802.11 has been extended to support which gives various information about the signal. This output
typical channel propagation with a latest operating model that is shown in Fig. 11.

Fig. 8. OFDM Transmitter using GRC.

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Fig. 9. OFDM Receiver using GRC.

Fig. 10. Detection of Frame Starting.

Fig. 11. Wireshark Connector Output.

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V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION conditions in specific SNRs. When we found in each situation
in the constellation diagrams, the received symbols form into
We tested four different channel-estimation techniques in a clusters, each of which has its ideal point when the SNR is at
real-time implementation of the IEEE 802.11a standard [31]. 30dB but at 0dB, the received symbols scatter randomly over
This section gives constellation plots as measured from the the constellation diagram. Therefore, the optimal points for the
various modulation schemes at different transmitting powers, obtained signs are difficult to identify, and demodulation errors
along with the FDR results. We highlight the systems may occur frequently. These plots show that the BPSK
applicability for real-time environment by determining the modulation performs the best, irrespective of the encoding rate.
frame delivery ratio. This gives the percentage of successfully All the results shown in this section were recorded when using
delivered frames by transmitted frames. In this comparison test the STA channel-estimation technique and the Schmidl-cox
between different channel estimations we considered 100 synchronization technique. Here we considered 100 frames per
frames per run for each transmitting power from 0dB to 30dB. run for each transmitting power. Observing these results, we
After testing different system factors (i.e., α, and β, as can conclude that for typical channel conditions we can get
applicable) we select the best performing scheme and the best results at BPSK.
results are generated from that system.
B. Comparison of FDR for different Channel-Estimation
We trust that on-road situations can be reflected by this
Techniques
evaluation procedure. This structural proof uses genuine
experimental data that are gathered from field measurements. To compare the channel-estimation techniques in real-time
The accuracy of the channel models is undoubted in this transmissions, data were sent repeatedly in the form of frames,
process. This method permits us to compare various and the FDR was observed at the receiver using the ratio of
equalization methods. This approach is faithful, easy to use, received frames and transmitted frames. Among the four
and repeatable. channel estimation methods we tried, these outcomes show that
the STA channel estimator offers the best execution. The
We extended our tests by comparing different modulation difference in the algorithms’ performance is small in general,
schemes using their constellation plots at the receiver. Here we but under dynamic channel conditions, STA will perform the
see the pilot information as the learning signals that enable us best. In this case the receiver and transmitter are in Line of
to measure the changes in the frequency-domain channel for a Sight (LOS). But fading may happen even there is a presence
given test package in each subcarrier. We can generate the of a LOS due to the reflection, scattering etc. of the transmitted
802.11a waveforms using the stored frequency-time channel signal from the ground and surrounding area objects. The
response. The performance of 802.11a at each 100 frames is receiving antenna receives a signal which depends on the
done using this method. Results of this study are shown below. frequency and bandwidth of the transmission signal
A. Comparison of Frame Delivery Ratio (FDR) for different propagation, and which can vary widely either in amplitude or
Modulation Schemes even phase. This estimation technique is generally used in
IEEE 802.11p protocols, since with vehicle-to-vehicle
Simulations show that noise and interference in network communications, the relative positions of the transmitter and
simulators could be treated similarly. To provide evidence for receiver can change very quickly, which leads to Doppler
these findings through measurements, we installed radio spread and delay that can exacerbate fading effects. Under such
transceivers in our laboratory. Below, the FDR results from all channel conditions, a DDCE-based adaptive channel equalizer
four modulation schemes are plotted for several SNRs in dB. must be used.
Constellation plots and FDR results for different modulations
and different coding rates in the real-time testbed environment In Fig. 18, one can see the difference between the
are shown in Fig. 12, Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 15, and Fig. 16 and constellation’s plots measured with different channel-
Fig. 17 respectively. Our results show that technological estimation techniques in our real-time environment. These four
considerations such as system parameters have a lesser impact constellation plots were measured with transmissions using
on the signal than the transmission of multipaths. Under BPSK (1/2) modulation, transmitting power of 30 dB, and
practical propagation conditions, such a learning environment receiving power of 20dB. Fig. 19 shows FDR plots of data
allows us to determine the importance of the evaluated transmitted using the four channel-estimation techniques.
variables to a localization process. We demonstrate that These data also show that the STA channel estimator offers the
propagation conditions vary even in LOS conditions in each best FDR at low SNR and that it reaches the highest FDR of all
SNR and that the radio signals undergo distinct propagation channel estimators that we tested.

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AT 0dB SNR. AT 5dB SNR.

AT 10dB SNR. AT 15dB SNR.

AT 20dB SNR. AT 25dB SNR.

AT 30dB SNR.
Fig. 12. Constellation Plots for BPSK of SNR from 0 to 30 dB.

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AT 0dB SNR. AT 5dB SNR.

AT 10dB SNR. AT 15dB SNR.

AT 20dB SNR. AT 25dB SNR.

AT 30dB SNR.
Fig. 13. Constellation Plots for QPSK of SNR from 0 to 30 dB.

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AT 0dB SNR AT 5dB SNR

AT 10dB SNR. AT 15dB SNR.

AT 20dB SNR. AT 25dB SNR.

AT 30dB SNR.
Fig. 14. Constellation Plots for 16QAM of SNR from 0 to 30 dB.

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AT 0dB SNR. AT 5dB SNR.

AT 10dB SNR. AT 15dB SNR.

AT 20dB SNR. AT 25dB SNR.

AT 30dB SNR.
Fig. 15. Constellation Plots for 64QAM of SNR from 0 to 30 dB .

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Fig. 16. SNR vs FDR for BPSK (1/2), QPSK (1/2), 16 QAM (1/2), and 64 QAM (2/3) Coding rate.

Fig. 17. SNR vs FDR for BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM, and 64 QAM at ¾ Coding rate.

LS Channel Estimation. Linear Comb Channel Estimation.

LMS Channel Estimation. STA Channel Estimation.

Fig. 18. Constellation Plots for different Channel-Estimation Techniques.

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 (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,
Vol. 11, No. 2, 2020

[25] Ponnaluru Sowjanya, Penke Satyanarayana, “Real-Time Data Transfer AUTHOR’S PROFILE
Based on Software Defined Radio Technique using Gnu radio/USRP”, Ponnaluru Sowjanya completed her B.Tech (Electronics and
International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Vol. 9, Communication Engineering) in Sri Mittaplli Institute of Technology for
No. 1, pp. 279-288, October 2019. Women, Tummalapalem, Guntur, India; M.Tech (Embedded Systems) in
[26] Fernandez JA, Stancil DD, Bai F, “Dynamic Channel Equalization for Nalanda Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kantepudi, Satenepalli,
IEEE 802.11p Waveforms in the Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channel”. In 48th India. At present, she is pursuing a Ph.D. in Electronics and Communication
Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Engineering at Koneru Lakshmaiah Educational Foundation, Vaddeswaram,
Computing (Allerton), Monticello, IEEE, 542-551 2010. India. Her research interest includes Wireless Communication and Signal
[27] Kim H. Wireless Communications Systems Design. John Wiley & Sons; processing.
2015. Dr. Penke Satyanarayana received a B.Tech in Electronics and
[28] Van Nee R, Prasad R. OFDM wireless multimedia communications. Communication Engineering (ECE) from Koneru Lakshmaiah College of
Boston: Artech House; 2000. Engineering, Vaddeswaram, Vijayawada, India; M.Tech in Computers and
[29] Bloessl B, Segata M, Sommer C, Dressler F, “Performance assessment Communications Systems from JNTU, Hyderabad, India; and Ph.D. in ECE
of IEEE 802.11p with an open-source SDR-based prototype”, IEEE from JNTU, Kakinada, India. He is working as a Professor in the Department
Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol. 17, No.5, pp. 1162-1175, May of ECE, K L E F, Guntur, India. He has published over 20 research papers in
reputed international and national journals and conferences. He is a member
2018.
in Indian Society of Technical Education (ISTE). His research interests
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systems”, IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, Vol. 9, No.2, and VLSI.
pp. 18-48, June 2007.
[31] IEEE, “Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
Layer (PHY) Specifications,” IEEE, STD 802.11-2016, Dec. 2016.

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