BARATON COLLEGE – ELDORET CAMPUS

FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE

P.O. BOX 10772- 30100, ELDORET. TEL.: 0714486039, 0734349500
Email: info@baratoncollege.ac.ke Website : www.baratoncollege.ac.ke

STANDARD LECTURE NOTES SOCIAL

POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION
FOR
CERTIFICATE IN SOCIAL WORK
AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

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SOCIAL POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION

Topic Outline
1. Introduction and General Objective
a) Definition
b) Concept of Social Policy------------------------------------------------------1-4
c) Historical Development-------------------------------------------------------5-5
 Origin
 Development
d) Formulation of Various social policies -------------------------------------6-8
 Decision making process
 Decision making models
e) Policy making process--------------------------------------------------------8-12
 Problem of the government
 Action in the government
 Government to problem
 Policy to the government
 Problem resolution and or change
f) Factors influencing policy--------------------------------------------------12-12
g) Role of social policy in social development ----------------------------13-13

2. Policy administration ------------------------------------------------------14-15

a) Concept of policy and administration
b) Who involved
c) Organization of implementing agencies---------------------------------15-15
 Categorization
a) Implementation process---------------------------------------------------16-18
 Implementation activities
 Modes of policy implementing process
b) Factors influencing success
c) Factors influencing success

3. Evaluation ------------------------------------------------------------------19-21
a) Definition
b) Importance
c) Evaluation techniques
d) Determination of effectiveness

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 CHAPTER ONE
SOCIAL POLICY AND ADMINISRATION
INTRODUCTION
Specific Objectives
At the end of this topic the trainee should be able to:
1) Understand what social policy is, its development, its role in social
development work.
2) Describe and explain how policies translate programmes.
3) Gain sufficient knowledge about programme evaluation.
4) Acquire sufficient knowledge and skills in social policy and
administration.

Meaning of social policy

Social policy is an activity that tries to formulate, implement a solution to
solve social problem. The propose of teaching their subject is to equip trainees
with knowledge, skills and attitude to enable them understand know how social
policies are made and administered for one achievement of goal, it also help to
examine organization structure and involve themselves in implementing policy
into programme and access their effectiveness.

CONCEPT OF SOCIAL POLICY

Social aspect
Anything concern with man in society

A policy –this is a principle that governs action directed towards a given end or
set problems. The concept denotes action to bring about change in terms
solving social problems.
Social policy
It is a statement of ideas aim and purpose of plans of action made by the
government or NGO’s how services have to be organized
Social policy defines direction trends of social work and how they have to be
administered or implemented. It is concern with how the society should
organize its resources to meet the set aims or goals.
N/B – social policy are formulated only if there is any social problem in
the society. There must be embedded in a written document and rectified by
legitimate authorities to term as guideline to obtain action.

Characteristics of a Social Policy

 Have to be written down to form the basis of commitment i.e. verbal
policies are not applicable.

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  They must be ratified and legitimized by authorities concern i.e.
ratification is done by executive bodies e.g. parliament, local authorities
and board of governors.
 They must be voluntarily accepted is used for force is not encouraged
 It involves choice making process that it sets objective and methodology
to be utilized. e.g. free primary education
 They are either micro or macro has to do with provision of service at
national level and micro has to do with provincial of service e.g. family
and community level.
Sources of Social Policy
 Government through the parliament
 Non government organization
 International donor community
 Community base organization

Aims of social Policy

 To solve problem that will help to improve the quality of life of people
and protect the weak in the society.
 Allocation of social justice – it has do with distribution of resources
 It enhances economic growth and development – this should try to
eliminate poverty and other social problems
 It clarifies the intension of an organization government that what or why
organization is involved in provision of social services. It gives
justification
 It ensures social stability – social services are provided to maximize
social stability thus maintaining social cohesion or togetherness. Once
people have basic necessities they become peacefully quite wiling to
work
 Are concern with alleviation of social problems in the society through
formulation of effective strategies such problems include illiteracy,
poverty diseases and unemployment.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPEMNT:
Origin and Historical Development of Social Policy in Kenya
They can be traced back to the tomes of forefathers and it can be said to be as
old as society, for this reason it has been observed for a long time the society
provided its members with the basic needs e.g. food, clothing and shelter.

The African society be it a clan, community or a tribe provided this services as

a whole. The British government organized some form of social policy which
grew and slowly spread to the other parts of the world.
During this period social policy were made by British council for the relies for
those with social problems and this was sought from church and the family.
This is in accordance with the poor legislation which restricted the poor to an
extend that it should pay was to be distinguished.

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The industrial revolution did speed up the department of social policy because
of the social cost associated with industrialization of development of slums
unemployment and state of economic change

Social policy and administration come up around the

Second World War due to crisis of providing housing
education, nutrition employment e.t.c
Social administration came up to adopt a welfare
service with the needs of its citizens free of charge
with the development of sociology, social
administration grew and advanced hence emphasize
was put on the things easily observed and measure.
There was a lot of excitement because people
thought they could be eliminated.
Social policy is developing countries were laid down
by former colonies after independence and even
today most policies currently applied were involved
in the provision of social services during the time
missionaries believed African deserved those right
and on the other hand the colonizers argued that
they had to work together which was a major
criteria.
Hospitals and educational institutions were built and
were never opened but voluntary organization e.g.
lottery clubs came up to supplement this service i.e.
try to reach anyone.
After independence others were delegated to
the government this was based on the universal
criteria and interacted towards economic production
e.g. wealth Kenya utilized its wealth to get best
services. In 1995 the selected criteria started with
focusing on vulnerable group.
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Little evidence occupation was seen in schools and
the government subsidies salaries and other
equipment drugs were partly paid by individuals
during this time the individuals the NGO sector
become up to supplement social services. This past
independent period has focused and emphasis levied
on the private sector.
NGO has led to the provision of welfare services
from the stand pressure has been on the government
to adopt the revaluation of the economy e.g. World
Bank, this has ensured that social services are
offered without corruption but corruption has been
the main obstacle.

FORMULATION OF VARIOUS SOCIAL POLICIES

Decision Making Process
It is the act of selecting a particular alternative of
solving problem. Also is a conscious choice analyzed
by someone followed by the action to implement the
choice

Principles in Decision making

 Problem should be clearly defined and identified
it must be understand to its full context.
 Check on the causes and symptoms by solving
details analyzed of problems including a number
of people affected by problems.
 list the alternatives and look for the cost
effectiveness
 or where they can reap maximum benefit with
minimum cost.
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  Maximum choice of alternative is then done.

Steps to be followed in decision making process

 Identify the decision to be made
 Sour awareness of the need for decision may be
brought about by the number of the factors such
as senses dissatisfaction then go through
internal process of trying to define clearly
nature and decision to make.
 Gathering relevant information
 All background information should be obtained
and all available factors have to be collected
 Identifying alternative
 Through the process of collecting information
you will be able to identify two or more mean of
action used possible alternative must be subject
to searching details
 Rating alternative – after identifying the rate by
drawing information or awareness e.g. what will
be like if you carry out each of the information
to the end.
 Choosing among the alternative by choosing the
best suited alternative details
 TAKING ACTION – put in action the decision you
have made
 Reviewing the decision and the target group.
 Testing – if its cause efficiently.
Decision Making Models
This is representation of something with a copy
which can be based on because it is extremely good.
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In decision making several models can be followed;

At community level
At this level the problem is experienced by
individual and not the government informal groups
come which can be inform of social advocate, thus
the members of a community felt something must be
done to solve the existing problem
The people who are professional or elite group may
intervene to assist the community and lobby to
relevant authorities until something is done

Ministry of department
Offices concerned collect information through
research method analyze and present to relevant
authorities for policy formulation. It is through
contribution of employees at the grass root level
they are able to know weight of the problem on the
ground and come up to formulate relevant polices
and hence government knows through provincial
administration chief and local leaders.

International organization
Many countries derive their policies from
international bodies e.g. UN especially policies like
human rights, environmental and employees. The
countries who are members of this body sign
declaration committing themselves to implement
recommendations of convention.

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Political parties
Many parties in other countries are of manifesto.
E.g. in Kenya free primary education was in NARC
which was not there in KANU error.- decision making
by government.

Scholars’ research
The scholars may come up and conduct research on
social problem and their recommendation are mostly
adopted by policy makers. Students who are at their
masters level may conduct research especially on
their product and services, students come up with
shares with them data to make policies on how to
improve their product be it ht rough marketing and
production.

Other countries
Other country policies may form a basic for another
country especially on economic policies like
preferential trade, workable education policies like
PTA in Kenya banks like Equity may borrow money
from India and implement so well that they manage
to implement so well such that the highest number
of customers, also the 8-4-4 system was borrowed
from Canada

Disaster

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Whenever the disaster occurs e.g. food lightening,
land eruption which pause displacement of people
and destruction. The government came up with a
policy to guide them for future protection like house
collapse, terrorism etc so they try to come up and
implement policies deal with it.

National philosophers
Philosophy is an internalized attitude, idea, thinking
way of life or a belief e.g. nyayo was advocated by
Kenyatta in order to finish social crisis in community
suffering and harambee introduced by Moi to fight
disease and poverty because he saw the people must
join in hand together has nation this resulted the
community to put more efforts to assist the
government in development planning and as a result
may scholars may distribute and local community
distributes in collaboration with the government

POLICY MAKING PROCESS

Social policy making process refers to a situation
whereby decision are made on the type of change of
development required. A policy is not just made but
it involves a lot of effort whereby a number of
people are involved and several factors are considered. Policy
making process implies the intervention of diverse ideas and it’s a way through
which tackling of a particular problem at a micro level are arrived at.
Social policy process uses several models.

The System Model Theory

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This model assumes that policy making is a continuous interaction between the
government system and community system. The modes pass the following
stages;

i. Presentation of the problem to the government

There must be existing problem of situation in the community which present
itself as a problem or a need and requires immediate solution. The community
uses perceived problem to come up with definition of the problem e.g.
increase of poverty, the following question can be answered;
a) What is the magnitude of the problem or the number of people
being affected?
b) What are the cause of the problem e.g. illiteracy
c) Who is affected by the problem e.g. women and children

After the definition the community is allowed to send their complaint from the
community to the government system for appropriate action, this is done
through community leaders and the government is aware.

ii. Action of the government to the problem

In order to solve the problem the government comes up with the policy output
and this manifest themselves in the form of real action of provision of goods
and services or establishment of the project.

iii. Policy to the government

After the provision of the service the government finds out whether the policy
has served the intended purpose. The government received the feedback from
the community leader

iv. Problem of resolution earn or change

If the evaluation establishes that the problem has been solved the service must
be terminated, but if the policy was not effective then new resolution can be
made.

Institutional / redistribute model

This model view social welfare service as a basic right you should be provided
universary. Social welfare services are not seen as a last resort but very vital in
getting cohesiveness or unity in the society.
One is not suppose to subject to her criteria test before receiving the service,
even emphasize equality is provision of social service to achieve this the
government taxes all, people which reduces the gap between the poor and the
rich

NB this model advocate for universal services for all people e.g. in Kenya there
are free and compulsory primary education. Subsidies medical services in
government hospital and other selective services for the handicapped e.g.
bursaries.

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Advantage of institutional models
 It promotes the value of solidarity i.e. cohesiveness and citizenship
 It caters for universal needs they cannot be made by the family or the
private sector
 It assists the poor in the society
 The model is helpful in the situation that cannot be made by the family
and the private sector

Disadvantages
 It is costly or expensive to the economy of the country i.e. many
countries find it difficult to offer them to the people
 There are people in the community whom doesn’t need these services
and sometimes they may hijack
 The quality of these services might be poor because of the high expenses
involved
 Wastage of resources especially yon those people who do not require
them
 There is lack of choice, quality and variety
 It encourages laziness because there is no regard and record for hard
work
 There is over centralization of services and decision making in the
society

Residual Model
The proponent of these models believes that there are only two natural
channels through which individual needs are meet i.e. the family and the social
welfare maker. It is only when these two fail to meet an individual needs and
welfare service should only be temporary carried into an operation only at the
certain time and not continuous exercise.
Residual argues that only the weakest in the society should be held by selecting
concentrating resources. Social welfare services is provided as a charity of
certain period of time e.g. famine and social clashes when family has broken
down
Residual also see the provision of social welfare services as they start as burden
to tax payers i.e. it considers unfair for the start to spend public money on
the poor who are un productive more of the society
They also believe that the society grow or develop the role of the state should
gradually diminish e.g. people become self reliant and able to enter for them
selves the productive society will not have any incentives to work hard because
their tax are being freely given to others.

Advantage of this model

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  It offers services to those in need e.g. the sick, disaster victims, disabled
e.t.c
 Limited resources are being concentrated on small sector where most
felt need is prioritized.
 It encourages people to work hard and be self reliant
 It makes it possible for some people to attain some amount of equality
e.g. the poor and the rich
 It removes state monopoly in the provision of social welfare resources
thus increasing choice equality and variety offered to the people by the
free market.
 It encourages creativity, innovativeness, efficiency and productivity.

Disadvantages
 It introduce certain stigma to the beneficiaries which one has to be
provided , this shows shame and embarrassing for example waving
medical in government hospital
 The service provided tend to be inferior in quality e.g. second hand
clothing
 There is always mismanagement through bribery, nepotism and tribalism
 It is too expensive to determine the eligible people to be given more
service
 Welfare service are always on short supply and limited i.e. not enough
for the clients needs
 It brings about some socially economic stratification based on social
status, ethnicity and education.
 The service are temporary aid and might not enable self sustainability

The Value of Residual Model

The value, liberty and freedom of people in the payment of taxes e.g. these
should be no forces harambee or fundraising. Individualism whereby each
person strive to maximize his or her own inferior in the private market. This
would lead to the enhancement of commitment on the part of society at large
and it would also lead to increase in choice of variety and quality of service.
Inequality is justified or recognized i.e. inequality is necessary both as an
incentive for people to work hard and partly because it cannot be completely
eliminated
The state should have a very marginal role on the provision of social welfare
i.e. should only provide basic utility services such as defense

NB – in the contemporary times residuals is seen in terms of market

liberalization and structural adjustment process which have the origin in west
Europe and USA whose economy are capitalist in nature and in their structural
arrangement.

Industrial Achievement / performance model

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The proponent of these models argues that the government and private sector
should in hand in provide social welfare services to people.
They argue that the market can have the negative role in providing of welfare
service to the citizens. The state and the free market and the family therefore
are seen as playing complementary role in provision of social welfare service.
They see capitalism as being unfair for the promotion of equality through the
reforms society and redistribution of society from the better to the less well
of. The harder you work more you should be rewarded and the higher position
the greater the service and privileged through this incentives one is motivated
to work harder and become more productive.
They also see that the market transaction as wasteful since they cannot solve
the poverty problem of the people. The need for this model should not be seen
in the context of highly valued or praised any individual thus important to
sustain economic growth and development.
The model also assumes that everybody is working and as an occupation
consequently important for industrialization which is sustained by economic
growth and development. Thus employed in the society in the society should
not receive in the social service since they do not contribute to
industrialization. This model also values liberty whereby people should be free
from negative condition of the market. The degrading tendency from negative
condition of the market. The degrading tendencies which donor eliminates
poverty also value inequality which is incentives to hard work in the model.

The government has the following roles;

 To tackle manifest social problems e.g. poverty illiteracy crime e.t.c.
 To try to solve social imbalance which would lead to social injustice and
abuse of human rights
 To set up priorities in terms of needs e.g. education and infrastructure
 The state should stimulate private enterprise through a system of reward
 The state should co-ordinate social welfare planning with economic
planning.

Advantages of industrial achievement

 It encourages people to work hard
 It creates social economic equality at least lessen inequality
 Eliminates social ill in the society e.g. diseases
 It discourages laziness
 It enhances economic growing and development

Disadvantages
 It assumes that everyone in the society is working in an occupation
which may not be true
 It prolongs the status in the society since it does little to help the
disadvantaged members
 It creates socio economic inequality because it values where service
occur to those in position

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  Because of the assumption that everyone has a job those who are not
working lack social welfare services e.g. NHIF, NSSF
 It does not cater for the most efficient services e.g. family relief in case
of an accident
 The model creates class alienation and discrimination in the society
 It can lead to conflict in the society because it leads to alienate
individuals

FACTORS INFLUENCING SOCIAL POLICY PROCESS

There are several factors influencing the social making process
a) Norms and culture of the members of the society
The cultural factors of the community must be put into consideration in the
formulation of policies that is the culture of the community may make a policy
to be rejected thus provision of social policy hinders it. A provision of social
policy should not go against the believers and the wishes of the people
concern.

b) Political set up
In many countries social policies are largely political decision the prospect of
successes of social welfare provision to largely depend on political or the
minister concern in the ministry. The parliament which is the government
should always put in consideration also NGO policies should always be in line
with what has been pas in parliament by politicians.

c) The present of the pressure group

Pressure groups are organization than pressure for social changes in the
society. They influence the adoption of various policies to protect the welfare
of various members in the society e.g. the Amnesty international group which
deal with human rights and rightly against torture.

d) Economic factors
Social policy making in any country in legally constitution by the extend of its
economic resources. For any social policy implementation and formulation to
succeed financial support is necessary. Availability of resources is necessary
during the process of social policy making in any country.
e) Influence from international donor community
The donor community through some of the international companies and
organization such as IMF give with string attached i.e. constitution to be made
by the receiving countries these donors seek to dominate the policies of the
third world using aid given to them. As a consultant and in most cases the
opinions are always in the conflict with the opinion of the third world leaders.

ROLES OF SOCIAL POLICY IN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT WORK

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 a) Solutions to the social problems for which it was design.
Social policy are formulated in order to alleviate social problems in the society
therefore policy are tools used in social development work or activities

b) Creation of awareness
Social policy include explanation of the nature of problems and measured st to
solve the problem before social policies are help the members of the society to
become more aware of the problems in their community

c) It brings about social changes: It aims to bring about change hence living
standards are changed through employment or education. This is to bring an
improvement in the members of the society the change is the overall goal of
social development work. Social changes is seen in terms of a shift from one
situation themselves in procuring the needs. The programme started through
the social policies should become an on going activity of the members of the
society thus has it continued to exist in gradually takes over a life of its own

b) It helps to improve the quality of use of people and protect the

weak.
c) It helps in development in human resources through trainings.

REVISION QUESTIONS
1. What is social policy?
2. Explain the roles of social policy in its development work.
3. Identify the various models of social policy?
4. Explain the main stages in social policy making process?
5. Explain how various social policies are made.

DSWD21M3

SOCIAL POLICY ADMINISTRATION

Specific Objectives

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At the end of this topic the trainee should be
able to:
1.Explain the relationship between policy
making and policy administration.
2.Identify and describe the characteristics of
the various agencies that are involved in
the implementation of different policies.
3.Compare the various factors that
contribute to the success and failure of
social policy administration.
4.Explain the importance of policies in social
development

Administration
It is the process through which social policy is
implemented or executed.
It is a process through which the total activities
of an organization or a country are directed
towards goals and objectives. Also a process of
organizing resources to get the work done in
relation to the set aims and objectives

Key players in policy administration / who is

involved
a) Legislators
In Kenya a parliament is made up of the
president and the national assembly. The

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 parliament has legislative powers of the
state. They have the power to formulate
and administer social policy through
provision of resources and laying down the
necessary plans.
b) Executive
In Kenya it is made up of the president and
the provision administration arm of the
government. In the minister of that
ministry the civil servant implements
policies which have been formulated by the
government and there is no way they can
change those policies.
c)Judiciary
It include judges of court and officials such
as magistrate who are specialized. They are
mainly concern with enforcement of law
through a medium court. It needs to be just
so that the implementation of the law is
implemented in the line with the other
law.
d) Bureaucrats
Policies are administered through various
organization e.g. private sectors, NGO and
missionary organization.
e) Pressure group

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 They act as watchdog of policy implement
that use all ways means i.e. lobbying,
advocacy and rallies to compel the concern
to administer policies as they are supported
NB – the pressure group may complain on
behalf of the citizens in case the
government is reluctant to carry out its
obligation in the provision of social
services.

ORGANIZATION OF IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES

The categorization of the implementing
agencies is important in the implementation of
social polices. Organization can be categorized
into different groups in which are formal in
nature. It includes;
Normative Organization
This organization is controlled by norms and
values and people join them because they have
similar goals to this they believe in this
organization have voluntary membership and
highly concerned and committed to the purpose
and objectives. Policies are implemented
though such formal organization and social unit
like human are deliberately constructed and
reconstructed to seek specific goals.

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Cohesive organization
They use forces to control those of the bottom
structure; people join them because they have
no choice force them physically. They do not
submit to the rules and obey them they are
punished. Members of the society are highly
alienated from such organization they include
the police system and criminal justice system.

Private sector
They are small organization of the group of
people they seek to implement policies that fit
their interest e.g. on micro financing of small
groups people join this organization voluntarily
because they receive benefits from doing this,
this organization uses money to control people
and they do what the organization expect from
them to do so because they have been paid for
it, they include co-operative societies and
private companies.

Government organization
They include the executive legislative and the
judiciary they play a key role in the
implementation of policies and their focus in
political.

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The Non Governmental Organization
Also known as welfare organization, they
produce service and technical staff and give
specific service to particular category of
people.
The organization stated by individual mostly to
substitute government efforts in the provision
of welfare services. Most of them are
international organization, world vision, all
work hand in hand with the government to give
their services.
IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS
This process is the stage which involves
translating of guidelines or putting policies into
practice, it involves real action and
establishment of project for the provision of
goods and services
Implementation activities
There are three main activities involves in the
implementation process;
1. Interpretation
Under this activity the following factors should
be considered
a) The nature of the problem
Extends and sovereignty of the problem
It involves summarizing the policy and getting
through understanding of the policy which

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about to be implemented and qualified
personnel is required to interpret the policy
which is about to be implemented and qualified
personnel is required to interpret the policy
b) Organization and administration
The administrations have formal duties to
control the subordinate by means of rules and
laws enforcement. The policy implementer are
the administrator they can be looked in
elsewhere if they are not available in the
country thus there must be enough to allow
smooth implementation of policy
c) Application
This is the putting policy into effect. Policies
that are implemented have unique factors but
there are some common elements that demand
attention.
The basic qualities of application include
authority and powered to make implement
decision also performance indicator is another
quality
It involves establishing procedure so as to
access progress of your policy.

MODEL OF POLICY IMPLEMENTING PROCESS

Types of models

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 i. Elite model – policy is a reflection of the
interest of these people within society that
have the most powerful rather than
demand of the masses
ii. Group model – the political system role is
to establish and enforce compromise
between various conflicting interests in the
society
iii. Rational model – policy is intended to
achieve maximum social goals rationally,
the policy that maximize benefits while
maximizing cost is the best policy
iv. Institutional model – public policy is
determined by political institution which
gives policy legitimacy; government
universally applies approach to the citizens
of society and no monopolies or use of
force in applying policy

Factors influencing success of social policy

implementation
i. Participation level of decision making
process
Here every person must be involved in
decision making especially the beneficiaries,
the implementer, the beneficiaries’
makers’ .While the need assessment the

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 beneficiaries are to state clearly in terms of
priority. What needs are and what they
want .done with these needs if they are not
involved, there will be problems in
implementation because they may not
support the programs.
ii. Simplicity of the programs For the
program to succeed, the process used must
be simple, clear and easily understood if
the process is complex then even
implementers may not be able to do their
work properly.

Participation level of decision making

It should be bottom up in approach problem
identification and formulation of policy should
be involved participation of community
members. They should also be involved in
listing of alternative thus participating is an
active process whereby individual have the
right to make their choice. Thus beneficiaries’
implements and policy makers involve in
decision making.

The process of implementation

If it is followed effectively the success of the
policy implementation is assured. All decision

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and plan should follow correct procedure
without skipping others.

Factors influencing failures in policy

implementation
i. Limited resources
It involves resources in term of finance,
personal expertise and material resources. The
resources can be provided by the government
NGO and other donor, if resources are lacking
the policy programme will not take off.
ii. Misuse of available resources
Mismanagement or improper use of resources
can lead to the failure of implementation of
process due to shortage of the resources. It will
also lead to demoralization of the personnel
iii. Environmental factors
These include drought, food, diseases e.t.c this
will harbor the process of implementation to a
great extend by causing displacement of people
and making some areas in accessible
iv. The community apathy
Lack of concern or interest in the present due
to cultural values of difference, community
may be concern in the process of implementing
policies due to several reasons, such as lack of
consultant with the government or NGO

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involved in the administration of the policy.
Also may lack interest due to difference in
cultural beliefs
v. Lack of effective participation and
coordination
When people at the grass root level didn’t
include in the decision making they refuse to
participate in such implementation. So the
community should come together and join hand
in hand for the achievement of the intended
tasks.

vi. Implementation process

This could lead to the failure if not followed
closely or if some stages or activities are
skipped. Thus it should be clear and simple in
procedure for easy application.

vii) Delay
This will lead to the failure of the
implementation process because the resources
might be utilized elsewhere and people will be
seeking for alternation solution to the problems
Delay can be due to natural and human factors
such as floods leading to collapsing of bridges.
Delay can also be due to administrative and
budget difficulties

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REVISION QUESTIONS
1.Explain the relationship between policy
making and policy administration?
2.Identify and describe the various stages of
policy implementation?
3.Relate the various factors that contribute
to the success and failure of social policy
administration.

CHAPTER THREE

EVALUATION
Specific Objectives
At the end of this topic, the trainee will be able to:
a. Define evaluation
b. Explain the importance of evaluation.
c. Understand and explain the basic techniques of
proramme evaluation.
d. Explain how programmes are evaluated.
Meaning of evaluation

 It refers to assessment appraisal, examination and

judgement.
 It is a process which asses for to determine and
systematically and objecting as possible that
effectiveness, efficiency an impact of the activity.

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 Therefore to evaluate, to drive, productive efficiency
to meet specific objective.
 During the policy implementation process at the end
of the implementation evaluation take place,
evaluation is an important process without which
policy implementer may not know if they are assisting
the target group to solve the problem that also set for
or not
Importance of evaluation
 It creates a sense of confidence in donors especially
when evaluation results are positive
 To be able to determine the effectiveness of policy
that is did the policy achieved and objectives or
purpose.
 To be able to determine the efficiency of a policy that
is determined whether the policy was caused effective
in terms of bringing about more advantages or
benefits than disadvantages
 It leads to creation of good relation between
implementing agencies and the members of the public
 It helps in determining the factor that lead to either
success or failure of a given program

Evaluation Technique
Cost effective analysis
Cost refers to: the price, the value, the amount e.t.c. To
be effective is to be competent, Qualifies able e.t.c,To
analyze is to get a breakdown a subdivision or a separation
generally,cost effectiveness is method of evaluation
whereby we draw a graph or a table and compare the cost
value of our activity and the benefit or effectiveness of
that activity.

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There are two types of evaluation
a. Ongoing evaluation / process evaluation
b. Product evaluation / end evaluation

a. Ongoing evaluation
This involves assessing social policies during the process of
implementation

b. Product evaluation
This technique carried out at the end of the programme

Other technique styles

a. Project profile – this is the outline or the model of
the project from the beginning to the end to evaluate
each stage i.e. felting per requirement of the model

b. Stamping evaluation – those committee appointed by

management by whom they meet frequently at regular
interval the members and specialists in their work.
They identify the problem which require urgent
attention they look at alternative solution and suggest
the way forward to manage

c. Formal or informal periodical report

Informal report are casual, unofficial or mostly not written
formal and submitted at specific period of time are highly
applied upon for purpose of evaluation

d. Post benefit analysis

It refers to the price value or amount of resources incur in
the implementation of a policy. If the cost is more that the
benefit it is not working as to implement such policies

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 e. System analysis
This involves checking the level of community participation
in the process of implementing agencies must work in
collaboration with the community members

DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVENESS
There are several ways of determining the effectiveness of
policy. This can be done by looking the following factors;

i. Achievement of setting goals or objectives

This tries to find out if the goals that were set to be
achieved have been achieved. If yes we sat the policy was
effective and if no it was not effective.

ii. Participation of community members and sustainace

of programmes
We try to find out if the target group participated in the
programme and if the project can be left beyond who
initiated in that it can survive on it. Own and if yes that
project was effective
iii. Clientele satisfaction
This are customer user programme we try to find out if
their need were met through our programme, if yes the
process was effective and vise versa

iv. By checking extent to which the problem is solved

We try to find out how far the difficulty or problem was
tended to it or sorted out in that extent .it shows that
programme was effective.

REVISION QUESTIONS

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1. Define the term evaluation?
2. Explain the importance of evaluation?
3. State and explain the evaluation techniques.

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