BY

SITI NOR FAIZAH BINTI AB MALEK

 BS 8004: 1986 divides piles into 3 main
groups depending on their effect on the
surrounding soil.
 Displacement pile
 Replacement pile
 Composite pile
 TYPES & SELECTION
 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION /
INSTALLATION
 ADVANTAGES / DISADVANTAGES
 PLANT & EQUIPMENT
 Displacement piles are often called driven piles since
they are usually driven into the ground displacing the
earth around the pile shaft.
 These piles can be either preformed or partially
preformed if they are not cast in-situ and are available
in a wide variety of types and materials.
 The pile or forming tube is driven into the required
position to a predetermined depth or to the required
set which is a measure of the subsoil resistance to the
penetration of the pile.
 Hence, the pile bearing capacity is determined by
noting the amount of penetration obtained by a fixed
number of hammer blows.
 DISPLACEMENT PILES

CAST IN-SITU PRE-FORMED

PERMANENT CASING PRECAST CONCRETE

TEMPORARY CASING STEEL PILES

TIMBER PILES
 This includes all types of pile including timber,
precast concrete and steel pile.
 General term applied to piles which are driven,
thus displacing the soil and includes those which
are preformed, partially preformed or are driven
in-situ piles.
 Commonly used in building work.
 Most suitable for open sites where the length
required will be constant and where is ample
headroom for the driving frames.
 Considerable vibration and noise is set up during
driving.
 Excavation
 The subsoil of the site is excavated to reduce level for the
construction of pilecap
 The excavated material is disposed off site by lorries
 Lifting the pile
 The pile is tied on its lifting lug
 Lifting the pile
 The pile is strengthened and ready for hammering
 Hammering process
 The pile is driven into the ground by using a drop hammer
 The subsoil around the pile shaft is displaced
 The pile is hammered into the ground until it cannot be
driven into the soil any further to certain depth
 Cutting off the pile head
 The concrete is crushed by Pneumatic Hammer
 The reinforcement in the pile is cut by cutter
 The pile cut is lifted off and disposed
 Construction of pilecap
 The formwork is build by using plywood
 The reinforcement is inserted into the formwork
 Then, the concrete is poured into the formwork
and vibrated it
 Advantages: -
 Material forming pile can be inspected for quality
before driving.
 Not liable to squeezing and necking.
 Construction operation not effected by ground water.
 Can be driven under water.
 Can immediately used after driving.
 Not effected by chemical action of ground soil
(because of the used of steel tube).
 Mass production (more economic than replacement
pile).
 It does not consume much time to install the pile.
 Disadvantages: -
 May break during driving.
 Noise and vibration may be unacceptable.
 Cannot be driven in condition of low headroom.
 Very heavy (difficult to handle and transport).
 Length of pile depends on the mode of transportation.
 Wastage – the pile that been cut cannot be used again.
 Need special design (for shoe and head).
 Restriction by local authority especially in city center or
congested area.
 Underground services can cause crack of water pipe or
disruption of electricity or internet cable due to piling
activities.
DISPLACEMENT PILE a.k.a. DRIVEN PILE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Materials of pile can be inspected before it goes • May break during hard driving causing delays
into the ground. and replacement charges, or worse still may
• Stable in squeezing ground. suffer unseen damage in hard driving condition.
• Not damage by ground heave when driving • Uneconomical if amount of material in pile is
adjacent piles. governed by handling and driving stresses
• Construction procedure unaffected by ground rather than by stresses from permanent
water. loading.
• Can be readily carried above ground level, • Noise and vibration during driving may cause
especially in marine structure. nuisance and damage.
• Can be driven in very long length. • Displacement of soil during driving piles in
• Does not produce surplus soil. groups may damage adjacent structures or
causing lifting by ground heave of adjacent
piles.
• Cannot be driven in condition of low headroom.
 Reinforced concrete was developed in late
19th century to largely replaced timber for
high capacity piling.
 Concrete piles can be either precast or cast
in-situ.
 Adaptable for a wide range of types, shapes
or sizes.
 Durable for most soil and immersion
condition.
 Liable to damage in hard driving conditions.
 Suitable for all ranges of loading.
 Concrete can be designed to suit corrosive soil
conditions.
 Disadvantages:
 Additional reinforcement must be provided for handling
and driving stresses.
 Liable to unseen damage under heavy or hard driving.
 Delay between casting and driving.
 Piles are manufactures off site under factory
conditions using high strength concrete and fully
reinforces with high yield steel to resists
handling and driving stresses.
 Length up to 18 meter with section size ranging
from 250 mm x 250 mm to 450 mm x 450 mm,
carrying loading up to 1000kN.
 May be square, hexagonal or circular in section
and may be solid or hollow.
 The toe of the pile is usually fitted with cast iron
or steel protective shoe and the top is protected
during driving by a steel cap or helmet in order
to prevent cracking.
 Shoes are not essential in soft ground but special shoes
are provided for entering rock.
 Design to resists the stresses set up in transport and
slinging and driving as well as those set up by the working
load.
 Problems can be encountered when using this form of pile
in urban area due to: -
 Transporting the complete length of pile through narrow and or
congested area / streets.
 The driving process, which is generally percussion, can set up
unacceptable noise and vibration.
 Many urban sites are in themselves restricted or congested
area.
 Joints usually used mild steel plate an dowel bar – weld all
round the pile.
 Commonly used for structures such as wharves and jetties.
 Welded – steel plates with attached rebar cast into the
pile ends are field welded together.
 Dowel – holes are cast or field drilled into the top of
the bottom pile section. The top pile segment with
rebar dowels protruding 1-2 meters from the end is
guided into place and the grout or epoxy in the holes
cures around the dowels.
 Sleeve – a “can” of steel 2-3 meter long with a stop in
the middle. It slides over the driven section and the
top pile section is then lowered into it and driving
resumes. The splice is relatively economical and easy
to use, but has very little bending and no tensile
capacity.
 Connector ring – a short length of pipe is cast onto each
end of the usually square pile. A pipe pile splice is set on
the driven section and the top pile segment is set into the
sleeve. Intermittent fillet weld can be used to increase the
limited tensile strength of the joint.
 Mechanical – steel plates or castings with attached rebar
anchors approximately 2 meter long are precast into the
pile ends. Steel bars or wedges are inserted into the
mating surfaces when the top pile segment is aligned on
the driven section.
 Wedge – this method is generally used with precast piles
which utilizes a wedges driven on plates attached to the
pile ends. This puts the connection at the corners to
develop resistance at the extreme fibre.
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE PILES AND POST-
STRESSED CONCRETE PILES
 Pre-tensioning – in which stress is applied to the
wires before the casting of concrete.
 Post-tensioning – in which the wires are stressed
against a shell of concrete previously poured.
 Pre-stressed concrete piles require higher
quality concrete.
 Good durability in corrosive soil or in marine
work.
 Usually made by pre-tensioning process.
 It is a pre-stressed hollow-section circular piles, 12m in
length and in size between 400mm to 600mm. Pile
sections are usually welded together using steel end plate.
 Features of spun pile:
 Hollow section to reduce weight (formed by spinning).
 Maximum allowable loads up to 3000 kNper pile.
 Piles made of high strength concrete up to 75 Mpa.
 Easy to connect by welding the embedded steel end plate to
lengthen pile to reach required depth.
 Relatively reliable if handle and drive properly.
 However, smoothness of the pile surface may reduce skin
friction, as well as creating noise and vibration during driving.
 More expensive, easy to handle and able to
withstand hard driving.
 Since they have good resistance to lateral
forces (side forces), they are widely used as
sheet pile.
 Strength in bending.
 They are also used in great extent as bearing
pile.
 High carrying capacity if driven on hard
stratum.
 These are used mainly in conjunction with marine
structures and where overlying soils are very weak.
 Two forms are encountered:
 Hollow box pile – welded rolled steel section to BS 4848.
 H-section – universal bearing pile to BS 4444.
 Steel rail pile.
 Tube steel pile.
 Easy to handle and driving.
 Splicing can be carried out by site welding to form pile
up to 15 meter long with load bearing capacities up to
600 kN.
 Need to apply a protective coating to the pile to guard
against corrosion. Treatment include:
 Special painting coating.
 Chatodic protection (scientific / flow of current).
 Advantages compare to other type of piles:
 High carrying capacity if driven in hard stratum.
 Can withstand hard driving without damage.
 Can easily be extended by welding / coupling on extended
length to provide deeper penetration.
 Extra length can be easily cut-off and have scrap value.
 Have a high resistance to lateral forces and buckling.
 They out stand other pile type because they: -
 Can be driven to give small displacement of soil onto
which they are driven.
 Can be readily lengthened by welding, thus permitting
deep penetrations without the need for a tall pile frame.
 Can be readily cut down if not driven to their full
penetration and cut-off portion have value as scrap.
 Can be roughly handle without damage.
 Suitable for all ranges of loading.
 Structural steel bracing can be readily welded or
bolted on.
 Resilience (flexibility) makes it suitable for jetty
structures.
 Disadvantages:
 Subject to corrosion above the soil line in marine
structures and requires elaborate paint treatment.
 Long and slender piles liable to go off line during driving.
 The ‘H’ section piles are cut from standard rolled
sections.
 These piles are percussion driven and are used
mainly in connection with marine structures.
 ‘H’ piles used mainly as bearing piles.
 When H-piles bearing in rock, it acts as a
column.
 Steel H-piles are useful when up heaval of
surrounding soil would damage adjoining
property or when deep penetration is required.
 Can be driven with open ends.
 Standard universal sections are used as pile with
the load taken up both by skin friction and end-
bearing.
 The installation and equipment requirements
are relatively simple, but the noise and vibration
generated have restricted its use in urban areas.
 In case of boulders, pre-drilling can be carried
out before the insertion of the pile.
 This method is economical and effective for
taking load up to 3000 kN per pile.
Features of H-pile:
 Variety of standard pile sizes to fit different
loading requirement
 Guaranteed integrity of pile
 Ease of handling & driving (12m long, about 2.5
tons per pile)
 Easy to connect piles by site welding
 Able to penetrate small boulders (certain
deflection may occur)
 Allow for buckling if driven to greater depth
 Steel sheet piling is the most common form of
sheet piling which can be used in temporary
works such as timbering to excavations in soft
and/or waterlogged soils.
 These piles also can also be used to form
permanent retaining walls especially those used
for river bank strengthening and in jetties
construction.
 May be driven to the required set using
percussion hammers or hydraulic drivers.
 Three popular types – Larssen, Frodingham and
straight-web piles, all of which have an
interlocking joint to form a water seal.
 To erect and install a series of sheet piles and
keep them vertical in all directions usually
requires a guide frame or trestle constructed
from large sections timbers.
 The piles are pitched or lifted by means of a
crane, using lifting holes sited near the top of
each length, and positioning them between the
guide walings of the trestle.
 Correct driving methods will help to eliminate this tendency and
the generally accepted method is to install the piles in panels in
the following manner:
 A pair of piles are pitched and driven until approximately one-third of
their length remains above ground level to act as anchor piles to stop
the remainder of the piles in the panel from leaning or creeping while
being driven. It is essential that this first pair of piles are driven
accurately and plumb in all directions.
 Pitch a series of piles in pairs adjacent to the anchor piles to form a
panel of 10 – 12 pairs of piles.
 Partially drive the last pair of piles to the same depth as the anchor
piles.
 Drive the remaining piles in pairs including the anchor piles to their
final set.
 Last pair of piles remain projecting, for about one-third of their length,
above the ground level to act as guide piles to the next panel.
 Used on small to medium size contract for
marine structures and foundations in soft
subsoil over a suitable bearing strata.
 Tube piles are usually bottom driven with an
internal drop hammer.
 The loading can be carried by the tube alone
but it is usual to fill the tube with mass
concrete to form a composite pile.
 Reinforcement except for pile cap bonding
bars is not normally required.
 Steel tube piles are fitted with a welded flat
plate shoe and are driven by means of a drop
hammer striking on a plug of earth dry
concrete.
 Reinforcement is not normally required for
this type of piling, since the tube remains in
the ground as a permanent casing.
Recommend the most suitable pile to be used for a
jetty in a fishing village and explain two (2) reasons
to support your choice.

 Recommend: Bakau Pile

 Reasons:
 Suitable for light load (fishing village jetty is expected
not to be used as heavy load structure like Port Klang
Jetty.
 The installation of Bakau Pile is not affected by the
presence of water table.
Recommend the most suitable pile to be used for a
congested site which located very close to existing
building and explain two (2) reasons to support
your choice.
 Recommend: Bored Pile
 Reasons:
 It can reduce vibration and noise (close proximity to
other building).
 Can be installed in a very low headroom.
 Transportation problem can be eliminated.
Recommend the most suitable pile to be used for a
double-storey link houses located on the ex-mining land
and explain two (2) reasons to support your choice.

 Recommend: Precast concrete pile

 Reasons:
 Ex-mining (tanah lombong) comprises of loose sandy / loose
sandy filled with water. The volume of the pile will displace
the soil to make it more compact which helps to increase the
bearing capacity of the soil through friction force.
 The installation of precast concrete pile is not effected by the
presence of water table.
END OF DISPLACEMENT PILE

THANK YOU
ANY QUESTIONS?
J