MONOTONOCITY

EXERCISE - 01 CHECK YOUR GRASP

4. f(x) = x3 + 6x2 + (9 + 2k)x + 1 11. n(1 + x) – x  0
f'(x) = 3x2 + 12x + (9 + 2k) Let f(x) = n (1 + x) – x, {Domain is (–1, )}
 3x2 + 12x + (9 + 2k)  0  x  R D0 1 –x + –
 12.12 – 12 (9 + 2k)  0 f'(x) = 1 =
x 1 x 1 –1 0
3  f(x)  f(0)  x  (–1, )  f(x) < 0  x  (–1, ).
3 – 2k  0  k .
2 13. f(x) = 3tanx + x3 – 2, f'(x) = 3 (sec2 x + x2) > 0
6. f(x) = sin x – cos x – ax + b  f(x) is increasing in  x  (0, /4)
f'(x) = cos x + sin x – a  0  x  R

f(0) < 0 & f   > 0
 a  cos x + sinx  x  R 4
 a 2  
 f(x) =0 has exactly one root in  0,  .
4
 (2  x ) (2  x ) 15. f(–2) = f(3) = 0
 , 0x4
 (2  x ) f(x) is continuous in [–2, 3] & derivable in (–2, 3) so
9. f(x) = 
4 , x4 Rolle's theorem is applicable.
 16  3x , 4x6 so  c  ( 2, 3) such that f'(c) = 0

2  x , 0  x  4 2c 3  5c 2  4c  1
  0  c = 1/2
 f(x) =  4 , x4 (c  1)2
 18. Using LMVT in [2, 4]
16  3x , 4  x  6
f(4)  f(2) f(4)  4
4 f'(c) = 
4 2 2
(0,2)
6 f(4)  4
0 4 f'(x)  6  6  f(4)  8
2
–2 + – +
22. f'(x) = e x(x – 1)(x – 2)
So f(x) is continuous only 1 2
f(x) is increasing in (–, –2) & (–2, –1) & (2, )

EXERCISE - 02 BRAIN TEASERS

2(x  2)  3  f'(c1) = 0 for atleast one c1  (0, 1)

2. y = similarly,  f(1) = f(2)
x 2
3  f'(c2) = 0 for atleast one c2  (1, 2)
y = 2 +  f'(c1) = f'(c2)
(x  2)
 f"(c) = 0 for atleast one c  (c1, c2)
dy 3 4. f(x) is continuous in [0, 1] & derivable in (0, 1)
= < 0
dx (x  2) 2  1
 y decreases   x  R Consider the interval 0,  where n  I+
 n
2y  1 1
Now, x = f(0) = f  
y 2 n
xy – 2x = 2y – 1  1
y(x – 2) = 2x – 1  f'(c) = 0 for atleast one c   0, 
n
2x  1 we can have such infinite number of points.
y= = f–1(x) [Also, y  R – {1}]
x 2 5. (x) = f3 (x) – 3f2 (x) + 4f(x) + 5x + 3sin x + 4 cos x
3. '(x)= (3f 2(x)–6f(x)+4)f'(x) + 5 + 3cos x – 4sin x ..(i)
0 1 2
3cos x – 4sin x  – 5
 f(0) = f(1) & 'f' is continuous in [0, 1] &
5 + (3 cos x – 4 sin x)  0
derivable in (0, 1)
 also 3f2(x) – 6f(x) + 4 > 0      D < 0 14. x2 e2–|x| – 1 = 0
'(x) > 0  f'(x) > 0 e2 x 2
f(x) = 1  x  0
Now let f'(x) = – 11 ex
'(x) = –11(3f2(x) – 6f(x) + 4) + 5 + 3cos x – 4sin x {2xe x  x 2 e x } e 2 .x(2  x) + –
2
f'(x) = e = 0
No w 3f2(x) – 6f(x) + 4  1 e2x ex 2
 f increases in (0, 2), f decreases in (2, )
 – 11 (3f2 (x) – 6f(x) + 4)  – 11 –– (ii)
Also f(0) < 0 & f(2) > 0  Exactly one root in (0, 2)
3cos x – 4sin x  5
Lim f(x) < 0
 5 + (3cos x – 4sin x)  10 –– (iii) x 

(ii)+(iii)  exactly one root in (2, )

 exactly 2 roots in (0, )
 –11(3f 2(x)–6f(x)+4)+5+(3cosx–4sinx)–1
 equation has exactly 4 roots
'(x)  –1
 f(x) is even function.
dx –2 t dy –(1  3t 2 )
8. = , = 1
dt (1  t 2 ) 2 dt t 2 (1  t 2 ) 2 15. f(x) = – 3x + sin x
(x  1) 3
2
dy 1  3t dy Domain of 'f' is (–, –1)  (–1, )
= 3
 >0t>0
dx 2t dx
 1 
1 f'(x) = –3  4
 1  + cos x.
Now, x =  (x  1) 
1  t2
t > 0  x  (0, 1)  f'(x) < 0  f is decreasing

9. Lim f(x)   Lim f(x)  –

1 2 4 x  –1  x  –1 –

Applying LMVT in [1, 2] Lim f(x)  – Lim f(x)  

x  x – 
f(2)  f(1)
= f'(c1)  c1  (1, 2)
2 1
f(2) – 2  2 { f' (x)  2}  f(2)  4 ... (1)
Similarly applying LMVT in [2, 4] x=–1 O

f(4 )  f(2)
= f' (c2)c2  (2, 4)
4 2   f(x) = 0 has exactly two roots.
8  f(2)
 2  f(2)  4 ... (2)  p4 
2 16. f(x) =  1  p  1 x5 – 3x + n 5
from (1) & (2) f(2) = 4  

 1  p4 
11. 3x2 – 2x3 = log2  x   , x > 0 f'(x) =  1  p  1 5x4 – 3 < 0  x  R
 x  
f(x) = 3x2 – 2x3
f'(x) = 6x– 6x2 p4
 1  0
– + – 1p
= 6x (1 – x)
0 1 If – 4  p < 1 then
f(x)  f(1)
f(x)  1  p  4  1– p p + 4  1 – 2p + p2
 LHS  1 & RHS  1  p2 – 3p – 3  0
LHS = RHS = 1 for x = 1
 equation has exactly one solution 3  21 3  21
 p < or < p
2 2
13. (n a) h(x) =  n a
a |x|
sgn x  +  n a a |x|
sgn x 
 3  21 
a>1  p   4, 
(n a) h(x) = a |x|

sgn x   a sgn x   n a
|x|
  2 
(n a) h(x) = (a|x| sgn x) (n a)
If p > 1 then p4  1 – p
 h(x) = a|x| sgn (x)
If a > 1  'h' is odd & increasing 0<a<1  Always true for p > 1
0 < a < 1  'h' is odd but neither increasing nor  3  21 
 p   4,   (1, )
decreasing.  2 
EXERCISE - 03 MISCELLANEOUS TYPE QUESTIONS
Match the Column : 3. Consider f(x) = x1/x
1. ( A ) x log x = 3 – x + –

x
1  n x

x lo g
f'(x) = x1/x   x>0 0 e
y = x log x  x 2 

y=
y' = 1 + log x 1/e y=3–x  at x = e, f(x) has absolute maximum value.
(3,0)
– + –1/e (1,0)
31/3 > 4 1/4 = 2 1/2.
0 1/e
Hence both statements are true & statement-II
log x 1/ x
lim = xlim
0 
= 0 explains statements I.
x 0  1
x 1 / x 2
Comprehension # 1 :
Lim xlogx 
x  f(x) = tan–1(n x)
There is exactly one root of the equation 1.  tan–1(x) & n x are increasing functions.
in (1, 3).  f(x) is also increasing function.
( B ) Let g(x) = (4ax3 + 3bx2 + 2cx + d) dx 
 g(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + K 2. lim tan–1(n x)  –
x 0 2
 g(0) = g(3) = K    
lim tan–1 (n x)   range of 'f' is  , .
{ 27a + 9b + 3c + d = 0} x 
2  2 2 
 By Rolle's Theorem g'(x) = 0 has atleast
one root in (0, 3). /2
( C ) Let the required inteval be (a, b). 1 y=g(x)
x1 x2 x3
By LMVT 0 (1,0)
–1
f(b)  f(a)
= f'(c) –/2
ba
1 1 3. From graph, g(x) is discontinuous at x = x1, x2, x3
b a
 b a =1– 1
c2 tan–1(n x1) = –1; tan–1(n x2) = 0; tan–1(n x3) = 1
ba
1 1 1
 1– =1–  ab = 3  x 1= tan 1
; x2 = 1 ; x3 = e tan1
ab 3 e
f(b)  f(a) 1
(D) = f'(c) x1 + x2 + x3 = etan1 + + 1 > 3.
ba e tan 1

(2b  b 2 )  (2a  a 2 ) Comprehension # 2 :

 = 2(1 – c)
ba f(x) = 3x4 – 4x3 – 12x2 + 5
2(b  a )  (b 2  a 2 ) f'(x) = 12x3 – 12x2 – 24x
 =1
ba = 12x (x – 2) (x + 1)
 2 – (b + a) = 1  (b + a) = 1
 a1 =–1, a2 = 0 & a3 = 2.
Assertion and Reason :
– + – +
1. Statement-II : –1 0 2
 f(x) is continuous, derivable & f(1) = f(2) = 0
 f'(x) = 0 has atleast one root in (1, 2).
 e10x (2x – 3) + 10 e10x(x2 – 3x + 2) = 0 –1 2
X
A O B
has atleast one root in (1, 2).
D C
 10x2 –28x+17 = 0 has at least one root in (1, 2).
Statement-I is true & statement-II explains statement-I. on the basis of above graph, the given questions
can be solved.
EXERCISE - 04 [A] CONCEPTUAL SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE
ex 11. x2 – 1 > 2x n x > 4 (x – 1) – 2 n x, x > 1
1. (b) f(x) = {Domain of 'f' is R – {0}}
x (a) Consider f(x) = x2 – 1 – 2x n x
x.e x  e x e x (x  1) – – + f'(x) = 2 {x – 1 – n x}
f'(x)= 2
= 2
x x 0 1
 1
x x f"(x) = 2 1  
e e  x
lim  lim 
x 0 
x x  x f"(x) > 0  x > 1
x x
e e  f'(x) is increasing  x > 1
lim – lim =0
x 0 – x x–  x  f'(x) > f'(1)  f'(x) > 0  x > 1
 f(x) is increasing  x > 1
e
 f(x) > f(1)  f(x) > 0  x > 1
O 1 (b) Consider,
g(x) = 2x n x + 2n x – 4 (x – 1)

2. 1 – f(x) – f3(x) > f(1 – 5x) 2

g'(x) = 2(1 + n x) + – 4
 f'(x) = –1 – 3x2 < 0  f is decreasing x
Now f(f(x)) > f(1 – 5x) 2 2
g"(x) = 
 f(x) < 1 – 5x { f is decreasing } x x2
1 – x – x3 < 1 – 5x. 2(x  1)
g"(x) = > 0  x > 1
8. For a = 1 x2
f(x) = 2x + 1  f is monotonic increasing  g'(x) is increasing  x > 1
If a  1  g'(x) > g'(1)  g'(x) > 0  x > 1
f'(x) = (a2 – 1)x2 + 2(a – 1) x + 2  g(x) is increasing   x > 1
f'(x)  0 ( 'f' is monotonic increasing.)
 g(x) > g(1)  x > 1
D0 & a2 – 1 > 0
 g(x) > 0  x > 1.
4(a – 1)2 – 8(a – 1) (a + 1)  0
15. f(x) = (x – a)m (x – b)n
(a – 1) {a – 1 – 2a – 2}  0  (a – 1) (–a – 3)  0
 'f' is continuous & derivable in [a, b].
 (a – 1) (a + 3)  0  a  (–, –3]  [1, ).
& f(a) = f(b)
9. f(x) = sin2x – 8(a + 1) sin x + (4a2 + 8a – 14)x
 according to Rolle's theorem,
f'(x) = 2 cos2x – 8(a + 1) cos x + (4a2 + 8a – 14)
f'(x) = 2(2cos2 x – 1) –8(a + 1) cos x + 4a2 + 8a–14 there must be atleast one root of the equation

= 4{cos2x – 2(a + 1) cos x} + 4a2 + 8a –16 f'(x) = 0 in (a, b)

= 4{cos x – (a + 1)}2 – 20 > 0 consider f'(x) = 0

m (x – a)m–1 (x – b)n + n(x – b)n–1 (x – a)m = 0
= {cos x – (a + 1)}2 – ( 5 )2 > 0
(x – a)m–1 (x – b)n–1 {m x – mb + nx – na} = 0
f'(x) = {cosx – (a + 1) – 5 } {cos x – (a + 1) + 5 }>0
mb  na
 x=  (a, b).
 cos x > a + 1 + 5 or cos x < (a + 1) – 5 m n
xR
f(a) f(b) f(x)
a + 1 + 5 < –1 or (a + 1) – 5 > 1
20. Consider g(x) = (a) (b) (x)
a < –2 – 5 or a> 5  (a)  (b)  (x)

a  (–, –2 – 5 )  ( 5 , ) Apply LMVT in g(x) in [a, b]

25. (i) n = 2m (even) (ii) n = 2m – 1 (odd)
f(x) = x 2m
+ px + q f(x) = x2m – 1 + px + q
f'(x) = 2mx2m – 1 + p = 0 f'(x) = (2m–1)x2m – 2 + p
 f'(x) can have exactly one point If p > 0  no real root of f'(x)
of local minima or maxima. p < 0  2 real roots of f'(x)
 f(x) can not have more than two real  f'(x) can have one maxima & one minima.
roots.  f(x) cannot have more than 3 real roots.

EXERCISE - 04 [B] BRAIN STORMING SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE

1. a + b = 4 Also 'g' is derivable in [a, b].

b – a = t (say)  g'(x) = 0 for atleast one x  (a, b) {Rolle's theorm}.
ex . f'(x) + exf(x) = 0
4t 4t
 b= ; a =  f'(x) + f(x) = 0
2 2
 a  b
4t 4t 4. By LMVT in a,
2 2  2 
Let h(t) = 
0
g(x)dx  0
g(x)dx
 a  b
f  f(a)
 2   a  b
= f' (c1), c1   a, ..... (i)
1 g  4  t   g  4  t   ab 2 
h'(t) =     2   a
2   2   2

Now a < 2
a  b 
By LMVT in  , b
4t  2 
 <2 t>0
2

 4  t  4  t  a  b
f(b)  f 
   >   h' (t) > 0  2  a  b 
2  2  = f' (c2), c2   , b  .....(ii)
ab 2 
b
( g is an increasing function.) 2
 h increases as t (i.e. b – a) increases.
(i) + (ii)  f'(c1) + f'(c2) = 2
2. f(x) = 8ax – a sin 6x – 7x – sin 5x
7. Let x  [–2, 4]
f'(x) = 8a – 6a cos 6x – 7 – 5cos 5x > 0  x  R
consider the interval [–2, x]
7  5 cos 5x By LMVT
a> xR
8  6 cos 6x
f(x)  f(–2)
 RHS assumes maximum value for x = 0. = f'(c), c  (–2, 4)
x  (–2)
75
a> a>6 f(x)  1
8 6
–5  5 { |f'(x)|  5}
x 2
3. Consider g(x) = exf(x)
Now g(a) = g(b) = 0.  –5x – 10  f(x) – 1  5x + 10
–5x – 9  f(x)  5x + 11.
EXERCISE - 05 [A] JEE-[MAIN] : PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

3. Check the option one by one D  0

third option f(x) = 3x2 – 2x + 1
1 – 8y 2  0
f'(x) = 6x – 2  0 x  1/3 it is incorrect
4. –1
f(x) = tan (sinx + cosx)  1 1 
 8y 2 – 1  0  y   , 
2 2 2 2 
1  (cos x  sin x) but y > 0
f'(x) = > 0
1  (sin x  cos x)2  1 
 y   0,
cosx – sinx > 0 cosx > sinx  2 2 
sinx < cosx tanx < 1 1
 f(0) =
3
   
x < x  ,  1
4  2 4  f(c) = (c  R)
3
1 So Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ;
5. f (x)  Statement–2 is a correct explanation for
e  2e x
x

Statement–1.
1
y x Let e x = t  (0, )
e  2e  x
1 t
y y 2  t 2 y – t + 2y = 0
2 t  2
t
t

EXERCISE - 05 [B] JEE-[ADVANCED] : PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

4. f(x) = 4x3 – 3x – p x2
6. (a) cosx – 1 >  (given) ........(i)
2
 1
f   = – (p + 1) consider f(x) = sin(tanx) – x
 2
f' (x) = cos(tanx) (1 + tan2x) – 1
f(1) = (1 – p)
= (tan2x)cos(tanx) + cos(tanx) – 1
 1
f(1) . f   = – (1 – p2)  0  p  [–1, 1]
 2 tan 2 x
cos(tanx) – 1 >  from (i)
2
1 
 f(x) = 0 has atleast one root in  ,1 
2  (tan2x)cos(tanx) + cos(tanx) – 1

f'(x) = 3 (2x – 1) (2x + 1)

1
> tan2x {cos(tanx) – }
1 2
 f'(x) > 0  x >
2
1
 f' (x) > tan2x {cos(tanx) – }
1  2
 f(x) = 0 has exactly one root in  ,1 
2 

Let the root be x = cos  0  tanx  1 { 0  x  }
4
 4 cos3 – 3 cos  = p
1
cos 3  = p  cos(tanx) >
2
1 1 1 
  = cos–1 (p)  x = cos  cos (p)   f'(x) > 0  f(x) f(0)  f(x) 0
3 3 
 x2
11. Consider g(x) = x2 – f(x)
(b) (ii) Consider g(x) =  f(t)dt
0
0 1 2
'g' is continuous-derivable
g(1) – g(0)
 By Rolle's theorem
= g'(),  (0, 1) {by LMVT in [0,1]}.......(i)
g(2) – g(1) g(1) = g(2)  g' (c1) = 0 for atleast one c1  (1, 2)

= g'(),  (1, 2) {by LMVT in [1,2]}.......(ii) g(2) = g(3)  g' (c2) = 0 for atleast one c2  (2, 3)

(i) + (ii)   g(2) – g(0) = g'() + g'() g'(c1) = g'(c 2)

4
2
)  f(2 )}  g"(c) = 0 for atleast one c (c1, c2).
  f(t)dt  2{f(
0
 2 – f"(c) = 0
8. Let g(x) =  p(x ) dx + K
 f"(c) = 2

x 102 45 x 2 x
g(x) =
2
– 23 x101 –
2
+ 1035x + K 20. f(x) = nx   1  sin t dt
0

x 102  46 x 101  45 x 2  2070x 1

= K f '(x)   1  sin x
2 x
1 x 
x(x 100  45)(x  46 ) f '(x )   2 cos   
= K x 2 4 
2
x 
g(45 1/100) = g(46)  cos    is non-derivable
2 4 
 g'(x) = 0 has exactly one root in (451/100, 46)  f '(x) is non-derivable but continuous.
hence option (A) is incorrect & option (B) is correct.
3x 2  3x
9. Let f(x) = sinx + 2x & g(x) = For option C

x

f '(x) = cos x + 2 g'(x) =

6x  3 f(x) = (nx) + 
0

1  sin x dx

since f(x) is positive increasing function for
6 all x > 1
f "(x) = – sin x g"(x) =  |f(x)| = f(x) & |f'(x)|= f'(x)

Let f(x) = y
 
 'f' is increasing & concave down in 0,  1 x
 2 f'(x) – f(x)   nx  1  sin x   1  sin t dt
x 0

 
and 'g' is increasing & concave up in 0,  1
x
 t 
 2 f '(x)  f(x)   nx  1  sin x  2  cos    dt
x 0 2 4 
 
& f   > g  . 1
2  2   nx  0  when  > e
x
)
f(x 0  1  sin x  2 .
y= )
= g(x
y x
t  3
O /2  cos  2  4  dt 
0
2  
2
 
from the graph f(x)  g(x)  x  0,  3
 2  f'(x) – f(x) < 0    > 1
2
 Hence option (C) is correct. 22. Ans. 2
4 3 2
For option (D) |f(x)| + |f'(x)|   Let ƒ(x) = x – 4x + 12x + x – 1
when x  . 3 2
ƒ '(x) = 4x – 12x + 24x
Therefore option (D) is incorrect. 2
ƒ "(x) = 12x – 24x + 24
Alternate : 2
= 12(x – 2x + 2) > 0
x
f(x) = nx +  ƒ '(x) is strictly increasing function
 1  sin tdt
0  ƒ '(x) is cubic polynomial
1 hence number of roots of ƒ '(x) = 0 is 1
f'(x) =  1  sin x ........(i)
x
 Number of maximum roots of ƒ (x) = 0 are 2
for x > 1
Now ƒ(0) = –1, ƒ(1) = 9, ƒ(–1) = 15
1  ƒ(x) has exactly 2 distinct real roots.
 1  sin x  1  2
x
23. ƒ(x) = (1 – x)2 sin2x + x2
x
but nx +  1  sin t dt will always be more than P : ƒ(x) + 2x = 2(1 + x2)
0
 (1 – x)2 sin2x + x2 + 2x = 2 + 2x2
1  2 for some  > 1
 (1 – x)2 sin2x – x2 + 2x – 2 = 0
x
(1 – x)2cos2x + 1 = 0
  1  sin t  0 & nx is increasing in (1, )
0 which is not possible.
 f(x) > f'(x)   > 1  P is false.
 (C) is correct Q : 2ƒ(x) + 1 = 2x(1 + x)

1 cos x 2x2 + 2(1 –x)2sin2x + 1 = 2x2 + 2x

f''(x) =  
x 2 2 1  sin x 2(1 – x)2 sin2x – 2x + 1 = 0.

 f' is not derivable on (0, ) Let h(x) = 2(1 – x)2sin2x – 2x + 1,

3  7 clearly h(1) = –1
at ,
2 2 and h(x) = 2(x2 – 2x + 1)sin2x – 2x + 1
 (B) is also correct
  2 1  2 1 
 x 2 2  1   2 2
 .sin x  x  2 
f(x) is unbounded near x = 0 in (0, 1) hence |f(x)|   x x  x 
can never be made less than a finite number hence
 h(x)   as x  
|f(x)|+|f'(x)| can never be less than .
 By intermediate value theorem
21. Ans. (A)
ƒ : (0,1)  R h(x) = 0 has a root which is greater than 1.

bx Hence Q is true.

ƒ(x )  b  (0,1)
1  bx
x
 2  t  1 
b2  1 g x    nt  ƒ(t)dt
 ƒ '(x)  24.  t  1 
(bx  1) 2 1  
 ƒ '(x) < 0  x  (0, 1)
hence ƒ(x) is decreasing function  2(x  1) 
g 'x     nx  ƒ(x)
hence its range (–1, b)  x 1 
 co-domain  range
ƒ(x) > 0  xR
 ƒ(x) is non-invertible function
 Suppose. 26. ƒ(x) = x2 – x sinx – cosx
ƒ'(x) = 2x – xcosx – sinx + sinx
2(x  1)
h(x)   nx = x (2 – cosx)
x 1
– +
 4  0
h(x) = 2    nx   graph of ƒ(x) will be
 x  1 

4 1
h'(x) = 2

(x  1) x

2
x  1
h ' x   
x x  1
2  ƒ (x) is zero for 2 values of x
 (c)
h'(x) < 0 27. ƒ'(x) = sinx + x cos x = 0
tan x = –x
So h(x) is decreasing y = tanx & y = –x
so h(x) < h(1). x>1
h(x) < 0 x>1
So g'(x) = h(x) ƒ(x)
0 1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3 7/2
g'(x) < 0  x > 1
g(x) is decreasing in (1, ).
x
2
t
25. ƒ(x) =  e (t  2)(t  3)dt intersection point lies in
0
+ – + 1  3  5 
2 3
 2 ,1    2 ,2    2 ,3  ...
     
2
 ƒ '(x) = e x (x  2)(x  3)
 1 
option (B) is correct for  n  , n 
 ƒ '(2) = ƒ'(3) = 0  2 

 ƒ ''(c) = 0 for same c  (2,3) (by Rolle's theorem) as well (n, (n + 1)) because root lies in
 0,1   1,2   2,3 