PAPER 1

1. ORIGINS OF MANKIND 2009

a) State any four technological developments of the Late Stone
2011 Age. [4]
Explain the weaknesses of the cultural explanations of the origins b) Explain the impact of agriculture on the social welfare of the
of humankind. [6] people of Domboshaba. [6]
c) Was one of the following factors more important than the others
2009 in the development of the people of Toutswemogala:
a) Describe any one cultural myth on the origins of humankind.[4] i) mining;
b) Explain how the increased brain size affected the development ii) hunting;
of the Homo erectus. [6] iii) trade?
c) ‘Humankind originated in Africa.’ How far do you agree with Explain your answer, referring to i), ii) and iii) above. [10]
this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
2008
2008 a) State any four characteristics of the Iron Age period. [4]
Explain how the increased brain size of the Homo erectus b) Explain how the Iron Age technology improved the social
influenced their lifestyle. [6] welfare of the people of Toutswemogala before the 14th century.
[6]
2004 c) Was one of the following factors more important than the others
a) State four important points from Charles Darwin’s ‘Theory of in the development of Toutswemogala settlement:
Evolution’. [4] i) trade;
b) Explain how environmental changes affected the physical ii) agriculture;
development of Australopithecus. [6] iii) hunting and gathering?
c) ‘Africa is the original place of human beings’. Do you agree Explain your answer referring to i), ii) and iii) above. [10]
with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
2007
2002 Explain why the Toutswemogala settlement collapsed. [6]
a) Describe the process of ‘Natural Selection’. [4]
b) Explain why Africa is regarded as the home of humankind. [6] 2005
c) How far is the theory of evolution a convincing explanation of a) Describe the technological development of the Late Stone Age
the origins of humankind? Explain your answer. [10] people. [4]
b) Explain how arable farming contributed to the development of
2000 the lives of people at Domboshaba. [6]
a) Briefly describe the main stages in the early development of c) The emergence of Mapungubwe was the only cause for the
humankind. [4] decline of Toutswemogala’. How far do you agree with this
b) Explain two different African cultural beliefs about the origins statement? Explain your answer. [10]
of humankind. [6]
c) ‘Humankind originated in Africa and spread to other parts of the 2003
world.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain a) What was the Iron Age? [4]
your answer. [10] b) Explain how Iron Age technology led to the improvement of
arable farming. [6]
c) Pastoral farming was the most important activity in the
2. TRANSFORMATION FROM STONE AGE TO IRON development of the lives of the Toutswe people. How far do you
AGE AND THE EVOLUTION OF LATE IRON AGE agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
CIVILIZATIONS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA UP TO 1800

2012 3. SHONA, SOTHO-TSWANA, SOUTH-CENTRAL BANTU

a) State any four early Iron Age sites in Botswana. [4] AND KHOISAN COMMUNITIES UP TO 1800
b) Explain the social organisation of the Herero up to 1830. [6]
c) Was one of the following factors more important than the others 2012
in the development of the Shona before 1800: Explain the role played by cattle in the lives of the Khoikhoi before
i) iron technology; 1800. [4]
ii) agriculture;
iii) trade? 2011
Explain your answer. [10] a) Name any four South Central Bantu groups in Southern Africa
before 1800. [4]
2010 b) Explain the social organisation of the Sotho-Tswana before
a) What were the features of the Stone Age? [4] 1800. [6]
b) Explain how agriculture influenced the lifestyle of the c) ‘Trade was the most important factor in the development of
Toutswemogala people. [6] the Shona.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
c) Was one of the following factors more important than the others your answer. [10]
in the collapse of Toutswemogala:
i) the rise of Mapungubwe; 2010
ii) drought; Explain how the social organization of the San differed from that
iii) diminishing natural resources? of the Khoikhoi. [6]
Explain your answer, referring to i), ii) and iii) above. [10]
2008 4. COLONIALISM
Explain the effects of the Sotho-Tswana activities on the economic
organization of the Khoisan before 1800. [6]
5. PORTUGUESE COLONISATION OF ANGOLA
2007
a) Describe the political organization of the Sotho-Tswana. [4] 2011
b) Explain the differences between the social organization of the a) Describe the main features of the Portuguese policy in the
South-Central Bantu and the Khoikhoi before 1800. [6] Kongo Kingdom during early years of contact. [4]
c) Was one of the following factors more important than the others b) Explain the role played by Queen Ndzinge in the resistance to
in the development of the Sotho-Tswana before 1800: Portuguese colonization of Angola. [6]
i) agriculture c) ‘Portuguese colonization had mainly negative effects on the
ii) trade people of Angola.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
iii) mining? Explain your answer. [10]
Explain your answer referring to (i), (ii) and (iii) above. [10]
2010
2006 a) Describe any two aspects of the Regimento. [4]
a) describe the religious organisation of the Shona before 1800. [4] b) Explain why the westernization of the Kongo Kingdom failed.
b) Explain the differences between the political organisations of [6]
the Sotho-Tswana and the san before 1800. [6] c) ‘The slave trade benefitted the people of Angola.’ How far do
c) ‘The arrival of the Sotho-Tswana in Southern Africa before you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
1800 brought only negative effects on the san.’ How far do you
agree with this statement explain your answer. []10] 2009
Explain the reasons why Queen Nzinge failed to prevent the
2004 colonisation of Angola by the Portuguese. [6]
a) Outline any four political activities of the Shona before 1800.
[4] 2008
b) Explain how the religious organization of the Shona differed a) State four factors that led to the European colonization of
from that of the Sotho-Tswana before 1800. [6] Southern Africa before 1830. [4]
c) ‘The following were all equally important in the development of b) Explain the reasons for the Portuguese failure to westernize the
the Shona: Bakongo Kingdom. [6]
i) agriculture; c) ‘Slave trade benefitted the people of Angola.’ How far do you
ii) trade; agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
iii) mining’.
Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer 2007
referring to (i), (ii) and (iii) above. [10] a) Describe the early relations between the Portuguese and the
Bakongo in the late fifteenth century. [4]
b) Explain how Afonso I benefitted from his alliance with the
Portuguese between 1505 and 1543. [6]
2002 c) Was one of the following factors more important than the others
Explain the differences between the political organization of the in contributing to the collapse of the Kongo Kingdom:
Khoikhoi and that of the San before 1800. [4] i) succession disputes
ii) slave trade
iii) Jaga invasion of 1568?
2000 Explain your answer, referring to (i), (ii) and (iii) above. [10]
a) Briefly describe the economic way of life of the San. [4]
b) How far did the San’s political structure differ from that of the 2004
Bantu speakers? Explain your answer. [6] a) State any four factors that led to the Scramble of Africa. [4]
c) ‘Contact with the Bantu brought only benefits to the San.’ How b) Explain the career of Queen Ndzinge in Angola. [6]
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. c) ‘The colonization of Angola benefitted the people of Angola.’
[10] How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer. [10]
[
2003 1
a) What factors led to colonization of Angola0by the Portuguese?
] [4]
a) What were the main social activities of the Iron Age Shona? b) Explain the effects of slave trade on the people of Angola up to
[4] 1800. [6]
b) Explain how the uses of iron affected the way of life of the Iron c) ‘The following were equally important for the failure of the
Age Shona. [6] Portuguese to westernize the Kongo:
c) ‘The following were all equally important in the development of i) the Regimento;
the lives of the Iron Age ii) the attitude of Bakongo;
Shona: iii) the lack of Portuguese official support’.
i) trade; Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer with
ii) agriculture reference to i), ii) and iii) above. [10]
iii) mining.’
Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer referring 2002
to i), ii) and iii) above. [10] a) Discribe the Portuguese policy in the Kongo Kingdom during
the early years of contact. [4]
b) Explain the role played by Queen Ndzinge in the resistance to
Portuguese colonization of Angola. [6]
c) ‘Portuguese colonization had both negative and positive effects ii) Simon van der Stel
on the people of Angola.’ Do you agree with this statement? iii) the loan farm system’.
Explain your answer. [10] Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer referring
to (i), (ii) and (iii) above. [10]

2003
a) What were the reasons for the Dutch settlement at the cape in
6. DUTCH AT THE CAPE UP TO 1800 1652? [4]
b) Explain the impact of the Dutch expansion on the indigenous
2012 people of the Cape. [6]
a) State any four motive for the Dutch settling at the Cape in 1652. c) ‘The following were all equally important reasons for the Boer
[4] Trek in 1835:
b) Explain relations between the Dutch and the Khoisan from 1652 i) the establishment of the circuit Courts in 1811;
to 1854. [6] ii) the introduction of English as the official language in 1828;
c) ‘The arrival of the French Huguenots in 1688 was the most iii) the 50th Ordinance of 1828.’
important factor in the development of the Cape.’ How far do Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer referring
you agree with this statement. Explain your answer. [10] to i), ii) and iii). [10]

2010
a) Explain the problems encountered by Jan van Riebeeck when he 2002
was setting up the half way station at the Cape from 1652 to a) Describe the relations between the Dutch and the Khoikhoi at
1657. [4] the Cape up to 1659. [4]
b) Explain how Simon van der Stel contributed to the development b) Explain the contribution of slaves to the development of the
of the Cape Colony from 1679 to 1699. [6] Cape during the period1652-1806. [6]
c) How far did the indigenous people benefit from the Dutch c) ‘The following were equally important reasons for the European
settlement at the Cape from 1652 to 1800? Explain your colonization of South Africa before 1830:
answer. [10] i) strategic reasons;
ii) need for raw materials;
2009 iii) need for slaves.’
a) State four reasons for the establishment of the Dutch settlement Do you agree with the statement? Explain your answer referring
at the Cape in 1652. [4] to i), ii) and iii) above. [10]
b) Explain the effects of the Dutch colonisation of the Cape on the
Khoikhoi between 1652 and 1800. [6]
c) Was one of the following factors more important than the others 7. BRITISH COLONISATION OF THE CAPE UP TO 1835
in causing the rapid expansion of the Cape Colony between
1652 and 1800: 2011
i) immigration policies of governors; Explain any three British reforms at the Cape from 1806 to 1835.
ii) the rise of the Free Burghers; [6]
iii) the emergence of Trekboers?
Explain your answer, referring to i), ii) and iii) above. [10] a) Describe the factors which led to the British occupation of the
Cape in 1806. [4]
2008 b) Explain the factors that led to the Boer Trek (other than the
a) State any four instructions that were given to Jan van Riebeeck British reforms at the Cape). [6]
by the Dutch East India Company when he was sent to the Cape c) How far were the indigenous groups of Southern Africa affected
in 1652. [4] by the Boer Trek up to 1854? Explain your answer. [10]
b) Explain any three factors which led to the expansion of the Cape
Colony between 1652 and1800. [6] 2009
c) ‘The Dutch occupation of the Cape had both negative and a) Describe the changes that were introduced by the British at the
position effects on the indigenous people.’ How far do you Cape in the judiciary system between 1807 and 1828. [4]
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] b) Explain how the Pass Ordinance of 1809 affected the lives of
the Khoikhoi. [6]
2006 c) Was one of the following factors more important than the others
a) State any four reasons for choosing the Cape as a refreshment in causing the Boer Trek:
station by the Dutch East India Company in 1652. [4] i) Land reforms of 1813;
b) Explain how Jan van Riebeeck and Simon van der Stel ii) Fiftieth Ordinance of 1828;
contributed towards the expansion of the cape Colony between iii) Abolition of slavery of 1833-4?
1652 and 1700. [6] Explain your answer, referring to i), ii) and iii) above. [10]
c) ‘The British legal and administrative reforms were the most
important causes of the Boer Trek.’ How far do you agree with 2004
this statement? Explain your answer. [10] a) State any four factors which led to the British occupation of the
Cape in 1806. [4]
2005 b) Explain how the Circuit Courts (1811) and the 50th Ordinance
a) State four factors which influenced the Dutch to settle at the (1828) improved the life of the non-whites at the Cape. [6]
Cape in 1652. [4] c) ‘The Boer Trek was mainly caused by the British reforms
b) Explain the importance of slave labour in the development of introduced at the Cape’. How far do you agree with the
the Cape Colony from 1657 to 1800. [6] statement? Explain your answer. [10]
c) ‘The following were all equally important in the expansion of
the Cape Colony between 1652 and 1800: 2000
i) the free burghers a) Briefly describe the British legal reforms of the 1820s in the
 Cape Colony. [4] the Zulu Kingdom. [6]
b) How far was the Slagters Nek incident of 1815 a reaction to the c) ‘Mfecane wars benefitted Southern African Bantu groups.’ How
British changes at the Cape? [6] far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
c) To what extent did the British reforms listed below benefit the [10]
Africans at the Cape? 2006
i) 1811 Circuit Courts; a) Name any four Nguni kingdoms which were involved in the
ii) 1828 50th Ordinance; Mfecane Wars. [4]
iii) 1833/4 Abolition of Slavery. [10] b) Explain how Moshoeshoe built the Basotho Kingdom at Thaba
Bosiu. [6]
8. BOER TREK c) ‘Population explosion was the most important cause of Mfecane
Wars.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
2012 answer. [10]
a) Describe the routes followed by any two Boer leaders during the
Boer Trek. [4] 2005
b) Explain how the Boer Trek benefitted the Boers up to 1854. [6] a) State any four causes of the Mfecane wars. [4]
c) To what extent was the Boer Trek a culmination of Boer protest b) Explain the economic reforms introduced by Sebetwane to
against equality between the Blacks and Whites? Explain your create a stable economy for the Kololo Kingdom. [6]
answer. [10] c) ‘The Mfecane wars brought more good than harm to the people
of Southern Africa.’ How far do you agree with this
2007 statement? Explain your answer. [10]
a) Name any four Boer leaders during the Boer Trek. [4]
b) Explain the reasons why the Boer Trek took place [6] 2004
c) ‘The Boer Trek had both negative and positive effects on the a) Explain the concept of ‘Mfecane/Difaqane.’ [4]
economic life of the Sotho-Tswana.’ How far do you agree b) Explain the political reforms introduced by Sebetwane after
with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] settling in Western Zambia. [6]
c) ‘The following were equally important in causing the Mfecane
2006 Wars:
Explain how the ‘Great Trek’ affected the economic organization i) population expansion;
of African communities in the interior of Southern Africa up to the ii) competition for trade;
1860s. [6] iii) Mhlatuze drought’.
Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer referring
2005 j0[‘ to i), ii) and iii) above. [10]
a) What was the ‘Great Trek’? [4]
b) Explain how any two reforms introduced by the British helped 2003
to cause the ‘Great Trek’. [6] a) What were Mzilikazi’s aims as the King of the Ndebele? [4]
c) ‘The ‘Great Trek’ disrupted the economic activities of the b) Explain two aspects of Ndebele’s social organization under
African communities in the interior of the present day South Mzilikazi in Zimbabwe. [6]
Africa’. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your c) ‘The following were equally important in the building of the
answer. [10] Ndebele Kingdom:
i) Mzilikazi’s character ;
9. MFECANE ii) raids on Sotho-Tswana groups;
iii) tribute.’
2012 Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer
Explain how Sebetwane unified the Kololo and the Lozi in Zambia referring to i), ii) and iii) above. [10]
up to 1851.
[6] 2002
How did the Difaqane affect different peoples of Southern Africa
2011 between 1822 and 1835? [6]
a) Name any four Nguni leaders before the outbreak of Mfecane
wars. [4] 10. NINETEENTH CENTURY BOTSWANA 1840-1880s
b) Explain the factors that led to the Mfecane wars. [6]
c) ‘Mfecane wars brought mainly negative results to the people of 2012
Southern Africa.’ How far do you agree with this statement? a) Name four Batswana Chiefs who contributed to the rebuilding
Explain your answer. [10] of their states after the Difaqane Wars up to 1800. [4]
b) Explain how the Tswana states were reconstructed after the
2010 Difaqane Wars up to 1800. [6]
Explain any three of Shaka’s military reforms. [6] c) To what extent did the Cape trade of the nineteenth Century
affect Batswana in the following areas:
2009 i) local industry;
a) State four reasons for population increase in the Nguniland ii) wildlife;
before 1800. [4] iii) the power of Chiefs?
b) Explain any three measures used by Moshoeshoe I to build Explain your answer, referring to i), ii) and iii) above. [10]
Basotho into a powerful kingdom. [6]
c) ‘The rise of the Zulu Kingdom depended only on Shaka’s 2010
military reforms.’ How far do you agree with the statement? a) Describe the Kgamenlo system as a method of state
Explain your answer. [10] reconstruction in the post Mfecane period. [4]
b) Explain the impact of the missionaries on the lives of Batswana
2007 during the nineteenth century. [6]
a) State any four of Shaka’s aims when he came to power. [4] c) ‘Batswana benefitted greatly from the nineteenth century Cape
b) Explain the political reforms introduced by Shaka in building trade.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
 answer. [10] to the failure of Lord Carnarvon’s federation plan.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
2006
a) State any four motives of the European traders who came to the 2006
land of Batswana after 1840. [4] Explain the effects of the migrant labour system on Botswana’s
b) Explain how the Batswana chiefs rebuilt their states between economy up to 1910. [6]
1820 and 1880. [6]
c) To what extent did the cape trade of the nineteenth century 2005
affect Batswana in the following areas: a) What were the Uitlanders’ grievances in Transvaal during the
i. Local industry Mineral Revolution? [4]
ii. Wildlife b) Explain the economic effects of migrant labour system on
iii. The power of the chiefs? Botswana up to 1910. [6]
Explain your answer, referring to i), ii) and iii) above. [10] c) The following were equally important in the failure of Lord
Carnarvon’s federation scheme:
i) the annexation of Transvaal
11. MINERAL REVOLUTION ii) the Keate Award
iii) the attitude of the Cape Government.’
2012 Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
a) What was the Mineral Revolution? [4]
b) Explain measures taken by Paul Kruger’s government to deny 2003
the Uitlanders rights in the Tranvaal Republic. [6] Explain the political results of mineral revolution in Southern
c) ‘The discovery of minerals brought only benefits to Southern Africa. [6]
Africa up to 1910.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10] a) What were the social results of the mineral revolution? [4]
b) Explain the effects of the migrant labour system on African
2011 women in Southern Africa. [6]
a) Describe two economic results of the Mineral Revolution. [4] c) ‘The Jameson Raid was the most important cause of the South
b) Explain the effects of migrant labour on Southern African states. African War of 1899-1902.’ Do you agree with the statement?
[6] Explain your answer. [10]
c) Was one of the followingfactors more important than the others
in causing the South African War of 1899 to 1902: 2002
i. the Uitlander Question; a) Name any four groups which claimed the diamond fields of
ii. the Jameson Raid; Kimberley between 1867 and 1871. [4]
iii. Milner’s Policy? b) Explain the factors that led to the emergence of large scale-scale
Explain your answer, referring to i), ii) and iii) above. [10] mining in Southern Africa during the mineral revolution. [6]
c) ‘The mineral revolution brought negative and positive results to
2010 the people of Southern Africa. Do you agree with this
a) Describe the Uitlander’s grievances in the Transvaal during the statement? Explain your answer. [10]
Mineral Revolution. [4]
b) Explain the causes of the migrant labour system in Southern
Africa. [6] 2000
c) To what extent were women in Soithern Africa disadvantaged a) What were the economic results of the mineral revolution in
by the Mineral Revolution? Explain your answer. [10] South Africa? [4]
b) Explain the effects of the migrant labour on Botswana. [6]
2009 c) ‘The following were all equally important causes of the South
Explain how the Jameson Raid of 1895 affected the relations African War of 1899-1902:
between the British and the Boers. [6] i) the Uitlander question;
ii) the Jameson Raid;
2008 iii) Milner’s Policy.’
a) Name any four groups which quarreled over the diamond fields Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer with
of Kimberley between 1867 and 1871. [4] particular reference to i), ii) and iii) above. [10]
b) Explain the economic results of the mineral revolution in
Southern Africa from 1867 to 1910. [6] 12. COLONIAL ERA FROM 1850
c) ‘The following equally supported the federation of Southern
African states: 2012
i) George Grey; a) State four requests presented by Tswana Chiefs to the Queen of
ii) Lord Carnarvon; England in 1895. [4]
iii) Cecil John Rhodes.’ b) Explain the impact of Hut Tax on Batswana during the Colonial
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer period. [6]
referring to i), ii) and iii) above. [10] c) ‘The African Advisory Council paved the way for self rule in
Bechuanaland.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
2007 Explain your answer. [10]
Explain effects of the Hut Tax on Batswana during the colonial
period. [6] 2010
a) Describe any two factors that led to the Scramble for Africa. [4]
a) Name the four states which were to form the federation of South b) Explain why the British adopted the system of Indirect Rule in
Africa. [4] Bechuanaland. [6]
b) Explain why Lord Carnarvon wanted to form the federation of c) ‘Colonial rule brought both advantages and disadvantages to the
South Africa. [6] lives of Batswana.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
c) ‘The attitude of the Boers was the most important factor that led Explain your answer. [10]
 this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
2009
a) Describe any two methods that were used by the Europeans to
colonise Africa. [4] 2002
b) Explain the reasons why Batswana opposed the handing-over of a) Describe the system of indirect rule. [4]
the Protectorate to the British South Africa Company (BSA).[6] b) Explain how the policy of indirect rule affected the powers of
c) ‘The respect for Tswana laws and customs was the most the traditional rule in Bechuanaland Protectorate. [6]
important reason why the British adopted indirect rule in c) ‘Bechuanaland Protectorate largely benefitted from British
Bechuanaland.’ How far do you agree with this statement? colonial rule.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10] Explain your answer. [10]

2008
a) Describe any two methods used to colonize Southern Africa 13. POST INDEPENDENCE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
before 1900. [4]
b) Explain any three reasons why the British declared a 2011
protectorate over Bechuanaland in 1885. [6] a) Name any four political parties that were formed in Botswana
c) ‘The participation of Batswana in World War II had both since independence. [4]
positive and negative effects on Batswana.’ How far do you b) Explain the problems that have affected the economic
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] development of Botswana since independence. [6]
c) How far did either Zimbabwe or Zambia benefit from the
following organizations:
2006 i. Front Line States;
a) What was meant by Imperialism? [4] ii. Southern African Development Community
b) Explain reasons for the adoption of Indirect Rule in (SADC);
Bechuanaland by the British Government in 1891. [6] iii. Organisation of African Unity (OAU)?
c) ‘The following were equally important reasons which led to the Explain your answer, referring to i), ii) and iii) above. [10]
imposition of colonial rule in Bechuanaland by the British:
i. Missionary influence; 2006
ii. German presence in Namibia; a) Describe the changes made by the Government in the education
iii. The protection of the road to the North.’ and health sectors in either Zimbabwe or Zambia since
Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] independence [4]
b) Explain the problems that have slowed down the economic
2007 development in either Zimbabwe or Zambia since
a) State any four issues that were discussed at the Kopong independence. [6]
Conference of 1889. [4] c) To what extent did either Zimbabwe or Zambia benefit from the
b) Explain how the colonial administration improved education in following organisations:
Bechuanaland Protectorate. [6] i. Front Line States;
c) How far do the post-independence problems in Botswana a ii. Southern African Development Community (SADC);
result of colonial rule? [10] iii. Organisation of African Unity?
Explain your answer, referring to i) ii) and iii) above. [10]

2004 2005
a) State any four benefits of the British policy of indirect rule in a) Name any four political parties which have emerged in
Bechuanaland. [4] Botswana between 1965 and 1990. [4]
b) Explain the reaction of Botswana to the declaration of a b) Explain the social changes that have taken place in Botswana
protectorate. [6] since independence. [6]
c) How far did the political development in the South Africa c) To what extent did Botswana benefit from the following
influence the formation of political parties in Bechuanaland? organizations?
Explain your answer. [10] i) Southern African Development Community (SADC);
ii) Frontline States;
iii) Organisation of African Unity (OAU).
2003 Explain your answer, referring to (i), (ii) and (iii) above. [10]
a) What were the causes of the Scramble for Africa? [4]
b) Explain the role of chiefs in colonial Botswana. [6]
c) ‘The following were equally important in bringing independence 2003
to Botswana: Explain the social effects of British colonial rule on Botswana.[6]
i) the legislative council;
ii) the influence of South African politics;
iii) the independence of other African states’. 2002
Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer with
reference to i),ii) and iii) above. [10] a) Describe the aims of the Frontline States at its formation. [4]
b) Explain the foreign policy of either Zambia or Zimbabwe in
a) Describe the reaction of Batswana chiefs to loss of power during relation to the SADC region. [6]
colonial rule. [4] c) Choose either Zambia or Zimbabwe and explain how far the
b) Explain the political factors that led to the formation of political post-independence economic problems in that country are a
parties in Bechuanaland. [6] result of colonial rule. [10]
c) ‘Colonial rule benefitted Batswana’. How far do you agree with
 2006
PAPER 2 a) Describe any four alliances which contributed to the outbreak of
the First World War. [8]
b) Explain three factors that contributed to the outbreak of the First
SECTION A (SOURCES)
World War other than the Alliance System. [12]
2012
2005
League of Nations
a) Describe the events of the Moroccan Crisis of 1905. [8]
b) Explain how events in the Balkans from 1908 led to the
2011
outbreak of the First War. [12]
Causes of WWI

2010
2002
Causes of the WWII
a) Outline the main features of the Schlieffen Plan. [8]
b) Explain how conflict between Serbia and Austria-Hungary made
2009
war in Europe more likely. [12]
Versailles Treaty
THE PARIS PEACE TREATIES AND THEIR EFFECTS e.g.
2008
The Versailles
League of Nations
2008
2007
a) Outline four territorial terms of the Versailles Treaty. [8]
Causes of WWI
b) Explain why the Germans regards the Versailles Treaty as
unfair. [12]
2006
United Nations
2006
a) Name two treaties signed with the Central Powers other than
2005
Germany. Outline the terms of these treaties. [8]
Causes of WWII
b) Why did the Germans object strongly to the terms of the
Versailles Treaty? [12]
2004
Versailles Treaty
2003
2003
a) Describe the views of the ‘Big Three’ at the Paris Peace
Causes of WWI
Conference. [8]
b) Explain the effects of the non-territorial terms of the Versailles
2002
Treaty on Germany. [12]
Paris Peace Conference/Treaties

2001
2001
League Nations
a) Outline the non-territorial terms of the Versailles Treaty of
1919. [8]
2000
b) Explain the effects if the Versailles Treaty on Germany.[12]
The Versailles

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

SECTION B
2010
a) Outline the success of the League of Nations in the 1920s.[8]
UNIT 7.1 WARS AND PEACE SETTLEMENTS
b) Explain why the League of Nations was a failure in the 1930s.
[12]
CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I
2009
2010
a) Describe the functions of four minor organs (Commissions and
a) Describe the Schlieffen Plan of 1905. [8]
Committees) of the League of Nations. [8]
b) Explain how the conflict between Austria and Serbia from 1908
b) Why did the League of Nations fail to maintain peace in the
contributed to the outbreak of the First World War. [12]
1930s? [12]
2009
a) Describe the naval rivalry between Germany and Britain in the
2007
years leading to the outbreak of the First World War. [8]
a) Outline any four of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.[8]
b) Explain how the events of the Balkans from 1908 contributed to
b) Explain how the weaknesses of the League of Nations
the outbreak of the First World War. [12]
contributed to the outbreak of the WWII. [12]
3yg3rbeu
2008
2004
a) Describe the Bosnia Crisis of 1908. [8]
a) Describe the functions of the main organs of the League of
b) Explain how the Alliance System led to the outbreak of the First
Nations. [8]
World War. [12]
b) How far did the League of Nations manage to maintain peace
between 1920 and 1939? [12]
a) Describe the functions of four main organs of the League of 2008
Nations. [8] a) Outline ways in which Hitler organized the German economy.
b) Why did the League of Nations fail to keep peace in the 1930s? [8]
[12] b) Explain how Hitler reversed the Versailles Treaty. [12]

2000
a) Outline the aims and structure of the League of Nations.[8] 2007
b) Explain how the weaknesses of the League of Nations led to the a) Describe the political problems faced by the Weimar Republic.
outbreak of the Second World War. [12] [8]
b) How was Adolf Hitler able to control Germany between 1933
and 1939? [12]

THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II

2006
2007 a) Describe the steps taken by Hitler to rise to power in Germany
a) Outline any four of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.[8] by 1933. [8]
b) Explain how the weaknesses of the League of Nations b) How did Hitler’s domestic policy enable him to stay in power in
contributed to the outbreak of the Second World War. [12] Germany by 1933? [12]

2003
a) Outline any four causes of the Second World War. [8] 2005
b) How did Hitler’s foreign policy contribute to the outbreak of the a) Outline the main features of the Nazi totalitarian state. [8]
Second World War? [12] b) Why did Germany embark on an expansionist policy from 1933-
1941? [12]

THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION 2004

a) Outline the aims of Hitler’s foreign policy. [8]
2007 b) How far did the problems of the Weimar Republic help Hitler
a) Describe the origins of the United Nations Organisation.[8] rise to power? [12]
b) Explain the role played by the United Nations Organisation in
the Korean War of 1950-1953 and the Suez Crisis of 1956. [12]
2002
2004 a) Describe the factors which led to the rise to power of Hitler in
a) Outline the achievements of the United Nations Organisation Germany. [8]
from 1960 to 1995. [8] b) How was Hitler able to consolidate his power in Germany up to
b) Explain the problems faced by the United Nations Organisation 1934? [12]
since its formation. [12]

2002
a) Describe the functions of the main organs of the United Nations 2001
Organisation. [8] a) Describe the events that led to the fall of the Weimar Republic.
b) Explain the role played by the United Nations in any two peace- [8]
keeping operations. [12] b) Explain why Hitler rose to power by 1933. [12]

2001 2000
a) Describe the functions of four of the United Nations’ specialized a) Outline the problems of the Weimar Republic. [8]
agencies. [8] b) Why did Hitler follow an aggressive foreign policy after 1933?
b) How successful has the United Nations been in keeping peace? [12]
[12]

2000
a) Describe the aims of the United Nations Organisation.
[8]
b) Explain why the United Nations Organisation had some
successes in its peace-keeping activities from 1945 to 1966.[12]

UNIT 7.2

GERMANY (1919 – 39)

2009
a) Outline the main features of Nazism. [8]
b) How did the problems of the Weimar Republic from 1919 1933
lead to its decline? [12]