2.

Divided Differences
Interpolation:
**Newton’s Divided Difference Interpolating Polynomial:
 The zeroth divided difference of the function with
respect to , denoted [ ], is simply the value of at :
[ ] ( )

 The first divided difference of with respect to and

is denoted [ ] and defined as
[ ] [ ]
[ ]

 The second divided difference, [ ], is defined

as

[ ] [ ]
[ ]

 Have been determined, the kth divided difference relative

to is

[ ]
[ ] [ ]

 The process ends with the single nth divided difference,

[ ] [ ]
[ ]
 Divided Difference Table

Hence, the interpolating polynomial is

( ) [ ] [ ]( )
[ ]( )( )
[ ]( )( ) ( )
(Chapter 3) Divided Differences: A B
So ( ) can be rewritten in a form called Newton’s Divided-
Difference or (corresponding Collocation Polynomial):

( ) [ ]

∑ [ ]( )( ) ( )

Example 1:
Consider the data in the following table:
0 1 3 6 10
( ) 1 -6 4 169 921
Newton’s Divided Difference Formula
First, we construct the divided-difference table from this data.
The divided differences in the table are computed as follows:
The zeroth divided difference
[ ] ( )
[ ] ( )
[ ] ( )
[ ] ( )
[ ] ( )
The first divided difference
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ] ( )
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
The second divided difference
[ ] [ ] ( )
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
The third divided difference
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
The forth divided difference
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
Second, The resulting divided-difference table is

( )
0 1
-7
1 -6 4
5 1
3 4 10 0
55 1
6 169 19
188
10 921

Third, It follows that the interpolating polynomial ( )can be

obtained using the Newton divided-difference formula as
follows:
( ) [ ] [ ]( )
[ ]( )( )
[ ]( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( )( )( )
( )( )( )( )( )
( )
( )

To find ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Example 2:
Use Newton’s divided difference formula to show that an
interpolation for √ from the points
( )( )( )( )( ), on ( ) √ is quite
invalid.
Solution:
[ ] ( )
[ ] ( )
[ ] ( )
[ ] ( )
[ ] ( )

[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ]

[ ] [ ]
[ ]

[ ] [ ]
[ ]

[ ] [ ]
[ ]

[ ] [ ]
[ ]
( )
 [ ] [ ]
[ ]
( )

[ ] [ ]
[ ]

( )
0 0
1
1 1
0.142857 0.00384
8 2
0.052632 0.000048
27 3
0.027027
64 4

To find ( ), let

( ) [ ] [ ]( )
[ ]( )( )
[ ]( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( )( )( )
( )( )( )( )( )
 ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( )( )( )
( )( )( )( )( )

Please complete the solution…

-1 0 1 2
Example 3:
Consider the data in the following table ( ) 3 -4 5 -6

use Newton's divided difference to estimate ( ).

Solution:
[ ] ( )
[ ] ( )
[ ] ( )
[ ] ( )

[ ] [ ]
[ ]
( )
[ ] [ ] ( )
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ]

[ ] [ ] ( )
[ ]
( )
[ ] [ ]
[ ]

[ ] [ ]
[ ]
( )
 ( )
-1 3

0
9
1 5

To find ( ), let

( ) [ ] [ ]( )
[ ]( )( )
[ ]( )( ) ( )

( ) ( )( ( )) ( )( ( ) )( )
( )( ( ))( )( )

( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Please complete the solution…

Home work1: (H.W. 1):

Given that
 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ,
compute ( ) by Newton’s divided difference formula.

Home work2: (H.W. 2):

(1) Complete the following divided difference table.
(2) Find the interpolating polynomial.