Drag of Axisymmetric and 3D Bodies http://edugen.wiley.com/edugen/courses/crs2436/crowe9771/crowe9771...

Type of Body Length Ratio Re CD

Hemispherical shell >104 1.40

Cube >104 1.10

Cube >104 0.81

Cone—60° vertex >104 0.49

Parachute ≈3 × 107 1.20

Sources: Brevoort and Joyner 10, Lindsey 6, Morrison 16, Roberson et al. 17, Rouse 12, and Scher and
Gale 18.

To find the drag force on an object, find or estimate the coefficient of drag and then apply the drag force
equation. This approach is illustrated by Example 11.2.

EXAMPLE 11.2 DRAG O- A SPHERE

What is the drag of a 12 mm sphere that drops at a rate of 8 cm/s in oil (µ = 10-1 N · s/m2, S = 0.85)?

Problem Definition

Situation:

1. A sphere (d = 0.012 m) is falling in oil.

2. Speed of the sphere is V = 0.08 m/s.

Find: Drag force (in newtons) on the sphere.

Assumptions: Sphere is moving at a steady speed (terminal velocity).

Properties:

Oil: µ = 10-1 N · s/m2,S = 0.85, ρ = 850 kg/m3.

Plan
1. Calculate the Reynolds number.
2. Find the coefficient of drag using Fig. 11.8.

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3. Calculate drag force using Eq. (11.5).

Solution

1. Reynolds number

2. Coefficient of drag (from Fig. 11.8) is CD = 5.3.

3. Drag force

Power and Rolling Resistance

When power is involved in a problem, the power equation from Chapter 7 is applied. For example, consider a
car moving at a steady speed on a level road. Because the car in not accelerating, the horizontal forces are
balanced as shown in Fig. 11.9. Force equilibrium gives

Figure 11.9 Horizontal forces acting on car that is moving at a steady speed.

The driving force (FDrive) is the frictional force between the driving wheels and the road. The drag force is the
resistance of the air on the car. The rolling resistance is the frictional force that occurs when an object such as a
ball or tire rolls. It is related to the deformation and types of the materials that are in contact. For example, a
rubber tire on asphalt will have a larger rolling resistance than a steel train wheel on a steel rail. The rolling
resistance is calculated using

(11.10)

where Cr is the coefficient of rolling resistance and , is the normal force.

The power required to move the car shown in Fig. 11.9 at a constant speed is given by Eq. 7.2a

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11.4 Terminal velocity

Another common application of the drag force equation is finding the steady-state speed of a body that is falling
through a fluid. When a body is dropped, it accelerates under the action of gravity. As the speed of the falling
body increases, the drag increases until the upward force (drag) equals the net downward force (weight minus
buoyant force). Once the forces are balanced, the body moves at a constant speed called the terminal velocity,
which is identified as the maximum velocity attained by a falling body.

To find terminal velocity, balance the forces acting on the object, and then solve the resulting equation. In
general this process is iterative as illustrated by Example 11.4.

EXAMPLE 11.4 TERMIAL VELOCITY OF A SPHERE I

WATER
A 20 mm plastic Sphere (S = 1.3) is dropped in water. Determine its terminal velocity. Assume
T = 20°C.

Problem Definition

Situation: A smooth sphere (D = 0.02 m, S = 1.3) is falling in water.

Find: Terminal velocity (m/s) of the sphere.

Properties: Water (20°C), Table A.5, ν = 1 × 10-6 m2/s, ρ = 998 kg/m3, and γ = 9790 N/m3.

Plan

This problem requires an iterative solution because the terminal velocity equation is implicit.

1. Apply force equilibrium.

2. Develop an equation for terminal velocity.
3. To solve the terminal velocity equation, set up a procedure for iteration.
4. To implement the iterative solution, build a table in a spreadsheet program.

Solution

1. Force equilibrium

· Sketch a free-body diagram.

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· Apply force equilibrium (vertical direction):

2. Terminal velocity equation

· Analyze terms in the equilibrium equation:

· Solve for V0

3. Iteration 1

· Initial guess: V0 = 1.0 m/s

· Calculate Re:

· Calculate CD using Eq. (11.9):

· Find new value of V0 (use equation from step 2):

4. Iterative solution

· As shown, use a spread sheet program to build a table. The first row shows the results of
iteration 1.

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· The terminal velocity from iteration 1 V0 = 0.413 m/s is used as the initial velocity for
iteration 2.
· The iteration process is repeated until the terminal velocity reaches a constant value of
V0 = 0.44 m/s. Notice that convergence is reached in two iterations.

Iteration # Initial V0 Re CD ew V0

(m/s) (m/s)
1 1.000 20000 0.456 0.413
2 0.413 8264 0.406 0.438
3 0.438 8752 0.409 0.436
4 0.436 8721 0.409 0.436
5 0.436 8723 0.409 0.436
6 0.436 8722 0.409 0.436

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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A graph showing CL and CD versus α is given in Fig. 11.24. Note in this graph that CD is separated into the
induced-drag coefficient CDi and the form drag coefficient CD0.

Figure 11.24 Coefficients of lift and drag for a wing with an aspect ratio of 5. [After Prandtl 23.]

EXAMPLE 11.8 TAKEOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF A$

AIRPLA$E
A light plane (weight = 10 kN) has a wingspan of 10 m and a chord length of 1.5 m. If the lift
characteristics of the wing are like those given in Fig. 11.23, what must be the angle of attack for a
takeoff speed of 140 km/h? What is the stall speed? Assume two passengers at 800 N each and
standard atmospheric conditions.

Problem Definition

Situation:

1. An airplane (W = 10 kN) with two passengers W = 1.6 kN is taking off.

2. Wing span is b = 10 m, and chord length is c = 1.5 m.
3. Lift coefficient information is given by Fig. 11.23.
4. Takeoff speed is V0 = 140 km/h.

Find:

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1. Angle of attack (in degrees).

2. Stall speed (in km/h).

Assumptions:

1. Ground effects can be neglected.

2. Standard atmospheric conditions prevail.

Properties: Air: ρ = 1.2 kg/m3.

Plan
1. Find the lift by applying force equilibrium.
2. Calculate the coefficient of lift using Eq. (11.20).
3. Find the angle of attack α from Fig. 11.23.
4. Read the maximum angle of attack from Fig. 11.23, and then calculate the correspoding stall
speed using the lift force equation (11.17).

Solution

Force equilibrium (y direction), so lift = weight = 11.6 kN. Thus,

The aspect ratio is

From Fig. 11.23, the angle of attack is

From Fig. 11.23, stall will occur when

Applying the lift force force equation gives

Review

Notice that the stall speed (119 km/h) is less than the takeoff speed (140 km/h).

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102 CHAPTER 11. DRAG AND LIFT

Problem 11.2
Air with a speed of 30 m/s and a density of 1.25 kg/m3 ßows normal to a rec-
tangular sign of dimension 5.5 m by 7.5 m. Find the force of the air on the sign.

Solution

The drag force is

&!!2
$$ = "$ %"
2 ³ ´¡ ¢
¡ ¢ 1#25 kg/m3 302 m2 's2
2
= "$ 5#5 × 7#5 m
2
= "$ (23#2 kN)

The coe!cient of drag from Table 11.1 with (') = 7#5'5#5 ! 1#0 is 1.18. Thus

$$ = 1#18 (23#2 kN)

= 27#4 kN
104 CHAPTER 11. DRAG AND LIFT

Problem 11.4
For a bicycle racer who races on the road, a typical speed is 40 kph, the coe!-
cient of drag is about 0.88, and the frontal area is about 0.36 m2 # Determine the
power required to overcome wind drag when there is (a) no headwind and (b) a
headwind of 15 kph.

Solution

Power is the product of drag force and speed of the cyclist

* = $$ !'

The speed of the cyclist is

µ ¶µ ¶
1000 m 1 hr
!' = (40 kph)
1 km 3600 s
= 11#1 m/s

With no headwind, the drag force is

&!!2
$$ = "$ %"
2 ³ ´³ ´
3 2 2 2
¡ ¢ 1#2 kg/m 11#1 m /s
= 0#88 0#36 m2
2
= 23#4 N

The power is

* = $$ !'
= (23#4 N) (11#1 m/s)
= 260 + (no headwind)

When there is a headwind, the drag force changes because the velocity term repre-
sents the speed of the wind relative to the cyclist. The wind speed is
µ ¶µ ¶
1000 m 1 hr
!wind = (15 kph)
1 km 3600 s
= 4#17 m/s

The air speed relative to the cyclist is

!! = !' + !wind
= (11#1 + 4#17) m/s
= 15#3 m/s
 105

The drag force with the headwind present is

&!!2
$$ = "$ %"
2 ³ ´³ ´
¡ ¢ 1#2 kg/m3 15#32 m2 /s2
= 0#88 0#36 m2
2
= 44#5 N

The power with the headwind present is

* = $$ !'
= (44#5 N) (11#1 m/s)
= 494 W (with headwind)

Problem 11.5
During the preliminary design of a submarine, a designer assumes that the drag
force will be equal to the drag on a streamlined body that has a diameter of 1.5
m and a length of 8 m. The design speed is 10 m/s, the submarine will operate
in 10 ! C water (kinematic viscosity is , = 1#31 × 10!6 m2 's), and the sub will be
powered by an electric motor with an e!ciency of 90%. Determine the power that
will be consumed by the motor.

Solution

Power is the product of drag force and speed of the submarine

* = $$ !(

The power that will be consumed by the electric motor is increased because of the
e!ciency rating (-)#
$$ !(
* =
-
To Þnd drag force, the Reynolds number is needed.

!( .
Re =
,
(10 m/s) (1.5 m)
=
(1#31 × 10!6 m2 /s)
= 11#5 × 106

Fig. 11.11 hows the coe!cient of drag for a streamlined body with /'0 = 5. Since
the aspect ratio of the submarine is /'0 = 8'1#5 = 5#33, Fig. 11.11 provides a good
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11–1. Determine the distance x = xcr over the flat plate to 4 ft!s
where the boundary layer for kerosene at T = 68°F begins
to transition from laminar to turbulent flow.

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady, and the kerosene as incompressible. From the
table in Appendix A, rke = 1.58 slug>ft3 and vke = 25.4(10-6) ft2 >s for kerosene
at T = 68°F. The transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layers occurs at
critical Reynolds number of 1Rex2 cr = 51105 2.

Uxcr 14 ft>s2xcr
1Rex2 cr = ; 51105 2 =
vke 25.4110-6 2 ft2 >s
xcr = 3.175 ft Ans.

Ans:
xcr = 3.175 ft

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11–2. The boundary layer for wind blowing over rough terrain 10 m!s
can be approximated by the equation u>U = 3y> 1y + 0.0224,
where y is in meters. If the free-stream velocity of the wind is
10 m>s, determine the velocity at y = 0.2 m and at y = 0.4 m
from the ground.
y

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow steady, and air as incompressible.
Here,
u y
=
U y + 0.02
y 10y
u = a bU = a b m>s
y + 0.02 y + 0.02
At y = 0.2 m,
1010.22
u "y = 0.2 m = c d m>s = 9.09 m>s Ans.
0.2 + 0.02
At y = 0.4 m,
1010.42
u "y = 0.4 m = c d m>s = 9.52 m>s Ans.
0.4 + 0.02

Ans:
u " y = 0.2 m = 9.09 m>s
u " y = 0.4 m = 9.52 m>s

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11–3. Water at 60°F flows over the top surface of the plate. 2 ft
If the free-stream velocity is 1.5 ft>s, determine the boundary
layer disturbance thickness and momentum thickness at the
back end of the plate.
4 ft

1.5 ft!s

SOLUTION
The flow is steady, and the water is incompressible. The transition from
laminar to turbulent boundary layer occurs at the critical Reynolds number of
1Rex2 cr = 51105 2. From the table in Appendix A, vke = 12.2110-6 2 ft2 >s for water
at 60°F.

Uxcr 11.5 ft>s2xcr

1Rex2 cr = ; 51105 2 =
vw 12.2110-6 2 ft2 >s
xcr = 4.067 ft

Since xcr 7 L = 4 ft, the boundary layer is laminar over the entire length of the
plate. At the end of the plate, x = L = 4 ft. The Reynolds number at this point is
Ux 11.5 ft>s2(4 ft)
Rex = = = 4.9181105 2
v 12.2110 - 6 2 ft2 >s
Then the boundary layer disturbance thickness at the end of the plate can be
determined.
5.0x 5.014 ft2 12 in.
d = = 5
= 10.02852 ft2a b = 0.342 in. Ans.
2Rex 4.918110 2 1 ft
And the momentum thickness of the boundary layer can be determined.

0.664x 0.66414 ft2 12 in.

Θ = = = 33.787110-3 2 ft4 a b = 0.0454 in. Ans.
2Rex 24.918110 25 1 ft

Ans:
d = 0.342 in.
Θ = 0.0454 in.

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11–5. Wind flows along the side of the rectangular sign. If 12 ft

the air is at a temperature of 60°F and has a free-stream
velocity of 6 ft>s, determine the friction drag on the front
surface of the sign.
6 ft!s 6 ft

SOLUTION
The air is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady. From Appendix A,
r = 0.00237 slug>ft2 and n = 0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft2 >s. The transition from a laminar
boundary layer occurs at a critical Reynolds number of ( Rex ) cr = 5 ( 105 ) .
Uxcr
( Rex) cr =
n
( 6 ft>s ) x cr
5 ( 105 ) =
0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft2 >s
xcr = 13.17 ft

Since xcr 7 L = 12 ft, the boundary layer for the entire length of the signboard is
laminar. Here, the Reynolds number at x = L = 12 ft is
UL ( 6 ft>s ) (12 ft)
ReL = = = 4.557 ( 105 )
n 0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft2 >s
Then,
0.664brU 2L 0.664(6 ft) ( 0.00237 slug>ft3 )( 6 ft>s ) 2(12 ft)
FD = =
2Re L 24.557 ( 105 )
= 0.00604 lb Ans.

Ans:
FD = 0.00604 lb

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11–6. If the disturbance thickness of a laminar boundary

layer of oil at a distance of 0.75 m from a plate’s front edge
is 10 mm, determine the free-stream velocity of the oil. Take
no = 40110-6 2 m2 >s.

SOLUTION
The flow is steady and the oil is incompressible. The Reynolds number at x = 0.75 m is
Ux U10.75 m2
Rex = = = 18.751103 2U
no 40110-6 2 m2 >s
Using the laminar disturbance thickness gives
5.0x 5.010.75 m2
d = ; 0.01 m =
2Rex 218.751103 2U
U = 7.50 m>s Ans.
3 5 5
In this case, Rex = 18.75110 217.502 = 1.41110 2 6 5110 2. Therefore, at x = 0.75 m,
the flow is indeed laminar.

Ans:
U = 7.50 m>s

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11–7. Determine the maximum free-stream velocity of oil

so that if it flows over a plate having a length of 3 m it
maintains a laminar boundary layer for the entire length.
Take no = 40110-6 2 m2 >s.

SOLUTION
The flow is steady and the oil is incompressible. The transition from laminar to
turbulent boundary layer occurs at the critical Reynolds number of 1Rex2 cr = 51105 2.
Here, xcr = L = 3 m.

Uxcr U max 13 m2
1Rex2 cr = ; 51105 2 =
no 40110-6 2 m2 >s
U max = 6.67 m>s Ans.

Ans:
Umax = 6.67 m>s

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6 m!s
11–10. A fluid has laminar flow and passes over the flat
plate. If the disturbance thickness of the boundary layer at a
distance of x = 0.5 m from the plate’s edge is 10 mm,
determine the disturbance thickness at a distance of x = 1 m.
10 mm

SOLUTION
The fluid is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
The Reynolds number at x = 0.5 m and 1 m can be determined using
Ux U(0.5 m) 0.5U
Rex " x = 0.5 m = = =
n n n
and
Ux U(1 m) U
Rex " x = 1 m = = =
n n n

At x = 0.5 m, d = 0.01 m. Thus,

5.0x 5.0(0.5 m)
d = ; 0.01 m =
2Rex 0.5U
A n
U
= 125 000
n

U
Thus, at x = 1 m, Rex = = 125 000. Then,
n
5.0x 5.0(1 m)
d = = = 0.01414 m = 14.1 mm Ans.
2Rex 2125 000

Ans:
d = 14.1 mm

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11–15. Air at a temperature of 60°F flows at 1.2 ft>s over 1.2 ft!s
the plate. Determine the distance x where the disturbance
thickness of the boundary layer becomes 0.75 in.
3 in.

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow steady and air as incompressible. From the table in
Appendix A, va = 0.158110-3 2 ft2 >s for air at T = 60°F. Thus, the Reynolds number
in terms of x is
Ux 11.2 ft>s2x
Rex = = = 7.59491103 2x
va 0.158110-3 2 ft2 >s
We will assume that the boundary layer is laminar. With the requirement
0.75
d = ft = 0.0625 ft,
12
5.0 5.0x
d = x; 0.0625 ft =
2Rex 27.59491103 2x
x = 1.1867 ft = 1.19 ft Ans.

Using this result,

Rex = 37.59491103 2411.1867 ft2 = 9.0131103 2

Since Rex 6 1Rex2 cr = 51103 2 the boundary layer is laminar as assumed.

Ans:
x = 1.19 ft

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11–57. The truck has a drag coefficient of CD = 1.12 when

it is traveling with a constant velocity of 80 km>h. Determine
the power needed to drive the truck at this speed if the
average front projected area of the truck is 10.5 m2. The air
is at a temperature of 10°C.

SOLUTION
The air is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
From Appendix A, r = 1.247 kg>m3 for air at T = 10° C . Here,
km 1000 m 1h
U = a80 ba ba b = 22.22 m>s .
h 1 km 3600 s

U2 ( 22.2 m>s )2
FD = CDAp r = 1.12 ( 10.5 m2 )( 1.247 kg>m3 ) c d
2 2
= 3620.92 N
Thus, the power needed to overcome the drag is
#
W = FD # V = (3620.92 N)( 22.2 m>s ) = 80.46 ( 103 ) W
= 80.5 kW Ans.

Ans:
#
W = 80.5 kW

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11–58. The truck has a drag coefficient of CD = 0.86 when

it is traveling with a constant velocity of 60 km>h. Determine
the power needed to drive the truck at this speed if the
average front projected area of the truck is 10.5 m2. The air
is at a temperature of 10°C.

SOLUTION
The air is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
From Appendix A, r = 1.247 kg>m3 for air at T = 10°C . Here,
km 1000 m 1h
U = a60 ba ba b = 16.67 m>s .
h 1 km 3600 s

U2 ( 16.667 m>s )2
FD = CDAP r = 0.86 ( 10.5 m2 )( 1.247 kg>m3 ) c d
2 2
= 1564 N
Thus, the power needed to overcome the drag is
#
W = FD # V = (1564 N) ( 16.667 m>s ) = 26.07 ( 103 ) W
= 26.1 kW Ans.

Ans:
#
W = 26.1 kW

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*11–60. The parachute has a drag coefficient of CD = 1.36

and an open diameter of 4 m. Determine the terminal
velocity as the man parachutes downward. The air is at
20°C. The total mass of the parachute and man is 90 kg.
Neglect the drag on the man.

SOLUTION
The air is considered to be incompressible. The relative flow is steady.
Since the parachutist descends with a constant terminal velocity, the acceleration is
zero. Referring to the free-body diagram shown in Fig. a,
+ c ΣFy = may; FD - 90(9.81) N = 90(0) FD = 882.9 N

From Appendix A, r = 1.202 kg>m3 for air at T = 20°C . Here, the projected area
of the parachute perpendicular to the air stream is AP = p(2 m)2 = 4p m2.
U2
FD = CDAP r
2
U2
882.9 N = 1.36 ( 4p m2 )( 1.202 kg>m3 )a b
2
U = 9.27 m>s Ans.

FD

a= 0

90(9.81) N
(a)

Ans:
U = 9.27 m>s

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11–61. The parachute has a drag coefficient of CD = 1.36.

Determine the required open diameter of the parachute so
the man attains a terminal velocity of 10 m>s. The air is at
20°C. The total mass of the parachute and man is 90 kg.
Neglect the drag on the man.

SOLUTION
The air is considered to be incompressible. The relative flow is steady.
Since the parachutist descends with a constant terminal velocity, the acceleration is
zero. Referring to the free-body diagram shown in Fig. a,
+ c ΣFy = may; FD - 90(9.81) N = 90(0) FD = 882.9 N

From Appendix A, r = 1.202 kg>m3 for air at T = 20°C . Here, the projected area
d 2 pd 2
of the parachute perpendicular to the air stream is AP = p a b = .
2 4
U2
FD = CDAP r
2
pd 2 ( 10 m>s )
2
882.9 N = 1.36 a b ( 1.202 kg>m3 ) c d
4 2
d = 3.71 m Ans.

FD

a= 0

90(9.81) N
(a)

Ans:
d = 3.71 m

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currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

11–63. The drag coefficient for the car is CD = 0.28, and

the projected area into the 20°C airstream is 2.5 m2. 60 mi!h
Determine the power the engine must supply to maintain a
constant speed of 160 km>h.

SOLUTION
The air is considered to be incompressible. The relative flow is steady.
From Appendix A, r = 1.202 kg>m3 for air at T = 20°C. Here,
km 1000 m 1h
U = a160 ba ba b = 44.44 m>s.
h 1 km 3600 s

U2 ( 44.44 m>s )
2
FD = CDAP r = 0.28 ( 2.5 m2 )( 1.202 kg>m3 ) £ §
2 2
= 831.01 N
Referring to the free-body diagram shown in Fig. a,
+
S ΣFx = max; F - 831.01 N = 0 F = 831.01 N
Subsequently, the power that must be supplied by the engine to produce this drive
force is
#
W = F # U = (831.01 N) ( 44.44 m>s ) = 36.93 ( 103 ) W
= 36.9 kW Ans.

a= 0
W
x

FD = 831.01 N

F
N
(a)

Ans:
#
W = 36.9 kW

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currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*11–64. A 5-m-diameter balloon is at an altitude of 2 km.

If it is moving with a terminal velocity of 12 km>h,
determine the drag on the balloon.

SOLUTION
The air is considered to be incompressible. The relative flow is steady.
From Appendix A, r = 1.007 kg>m3 and n = 17.26 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for air at an altitude
km 1000 m 1h
of 2 km. Here, U = a12 ba ba b = 3.333 m>s. Thus, the Reynolds
h 1 km 3600 s
number is
UD ( 3.333 m>s ) (5 m)
Re = = = 9.656 ( 105 )
n 17.26 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
Entering this Re into the graph for a sphere, CD ≅ 0.16 (approx.). Here,
5m 2
AP = p a b = 6.25p m2.
2

U2 ( 3.333 m>s )2
FD = CDAP r 0.16 ( 6.25p m2 )( 1.007 kg>m3 ) c d
2 2
= 17.6 N Ans.

Ans:
FD = 17.6 N

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 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., 330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they
currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

11–83. A smooth ball has a diameter of 43 mm and a mass

of 45 g. Determine its initial deceleration when it is thrown
vertically upward with a speed of 20 m>s. The temperature
is 20°C.

SOLUTION FD = 0.1746 N

The air is considered to be incompressible. The relative flow is steady. y

From Appendix A, r = 1.202 kg>m3 and y = 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for air at T = 20°C .
Thus, the initial Reynolds number is a
UD (20 m>s)(0.043 m)
Re = = = 5.695 ( 104 )
y 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
Entering this Re into the graph for a sphere, CD ≅ 0.5 (aprox.). Here,
0.045(9.81) N
0.043 m 2
AP = p a b = 0.46225 ( 10-3 ) p m2. (a)
2

U2 ( 20 m>s ) 2
FD = CDApr = 0.5 3 0.46225 ( 10-3 ) p m2 4( 1.202 kg>m3 ) J R
2 2

= 0.1746 N

Referring to the free-body diagram of the ball in Fig. a,

+ c ΣFy = may; - 30.045(9.81) N4 - 0.1746 N = 0.045a

a = -13.7 m>s2 Ans.

Ans:
a = -13.7 m>s2

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