Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol 13 Issue 7,JULY/2022, ISSN:0377-9254

Design And Analysis of Traffic Signal at Signalized

Junction
Dr. A. MAHESH BABU1, J. Jatin Karthik2, M. Surya Kiran3, Syed Shabbir4
1Professor,2,3,4UG Student, Department of Civil Engineering
1,2,3,4Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute, Hyderabad-98, India.

Abstract— To ascertain the quantity, movements, and types of road  Udit Batra, Mandar V.Sarode (2013)
vehicles at a specific site, traffic volume studies are carried out. India is not an exception to the enormous global revolution in the
These data can be used to pinpoint crucial flow times and assess how proliferation of motor vehicles brought about by rapid industrialization
pedestrians' or large vehicles' effects on traffic flow. The type of and the ensuing urbanisation. As a result, there was more room for
count being taken and the purpose for which the data will be used expanding travel and transportation studies. In recent years, there has
will determine how long the sampling period is. A logical way for been a rise in the need for traffic survey and analysis, both for long- and
signal design is the Webster method. The layout is straightforward short-term periods, as a result of growing urbanisation and an increase in
and entirely based on Webster's prescribed formulas. Saturation the number of vehicle owners. Basically, traffic analysis is the act of
flows, lost times, and passenger car units are significant factors in a stopping, counting, and analysing the number of cars on the road in order
signalised intersection's planning, design, and control (PCU). to determine the flow of traffic.
 Dr Awari Mahesh Babu (2017)
Keywords— Signal Design, Webster method, Traffic control, PCU, Overcrowding and traffic delays are now frequent issues everywhere.
Intersection, Simulation, Traffic field studies. This is mostly due to the fact that, due to a gap and financial constraints,
transportation growth is slower than growth in the number of vehicles.
I. INTRODUCTION The disorganised, non-lane traffic is mostly unusual due to the variety of
Traffic data becomes a crucial component in decision-making during vehicles. Roads in the metropolitan area are experiencing mixed traffic.
the planning, design, building, and maintenance phases of the road Traffic delays and congestion are also brought on by road user
network, therefore the format and accuracy of data collection and physiological behaviour.
analysis are crucial. In Hyderabad, the majority of the city's highways
exhibit static behaviour during peak times. This is causing traffic OBJECTIVES
congestion, which causes unending transit gridlocks and directly affects This project's goal is to examine the route's traffic situation in
the economy. This guideline on the gathering and analysis of traffic data Barkatpura X roads, which will afterwards aid in enhancing traffic
has been created with this perspective in mind. management and the comfort of the route's users. The following are the
project's objectives that help it achieve its goal:
• Analysis of the route's traffic volume and vehicle mix.
• Variations in traffic volume/difference between peak and off-
peak traffic volumes.
• Study of travel time.
• To determine what needs to be improved or changed.

TERMINOLOGY
A number of definitions and notations need to be understood in signal
design. They are discussed below:
• Cycle: A signal cycle is one complete rotation through all of the
indications provided.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW • Cycle length: Cycle length is the time in seconds that it takes a signal
to complete one full cycle of indications. It indicates the time interval
A. JOURNALS between the starting of green for one approach till the next time the
 M.Bhagyaiah, B.Shrinagesh (2011) green starts. It is denoted by C.
Since the last ten years, there have been more automobiles due to • Interval: It indicates the change from one stage to another. There are
urbanisation and globalisation, which has put a lot of strain on the roads two types of intervals - change interval and clearance interval. Change
and led to an increase in traffic accidents. Without any additional road interval is also called the yellow time indicates the interval between
construction, it is estimated that since 2001, there has been a 202 percent the green and red signal indications for an approach.
increase in two-wheelers and a 286 percent increase in four-wheelers.
• Green interval: It is the green indication for a particular movement or
GIS is useful for identifying accident hotspots and for analysing
set of movements and is denoted by Gi. This is the actual duration the
Hyderabad's traffic accident trends.
green light of a traffic signal is turned on.

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Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol 13 Issue 7,JULY/2022, ISSN:0377-9254

• Red interval: It is the red indication for a particular movement or set • Hourly pattern: The way traffic flow characteristics vary throughout
of movements and is denoted by Ri. This is the actual duration the red the day and night.
light of a traffic signal is turned on. • Daily pattern: The day-to-day variation throughout the week.
• Phase: A phase is the green interval plus the change and clearance • Monthly pattern: The season-to-season variation throughout the
intervals that follow it. Thus, during green interval, non-conflicting year.
movements are assigned into each phase. It allows a set of movements
to flow and safely halt the flow before the phase of another set of C. Methods of traffic survey counting
movements start. Manual Method:
• Lost time: It indicates the time during which the intersection is not The manual technique, which involves designating a person to record
effectively utilized for any movement. For example, when the signal traffic as it passes, is the most popular way to gather data on traffic flow.
for an approach turns from red to green, the driver of the vehicle Although this form of data gathering can be costly in terms of labour, it is
which is in the front of the queue will take some time to perceive the typically required when vehicles need to be categorized and several
signal (usually called as reaction time) and some time will be lost movements need to be recorded independently.
before vehicle actually moves and gains speed Manual counts are recorded using one of three methods:
• Tally sheets:
III. METHODOLOGY

A. Webster’s Method of Traffic Signal Design

Studies have shown that the length of the signal cycle affects both the
average delay and the overall delay experienced by the cars at a
signalised intersection. When the cycle length is very short, the average
delay per vehicle is large because a significant number of vehicles might
not be cleared during the first cycle and might continue into following
cycles. There is a "optimum signal cycle time" that corresponds to the
least overall delay, as the average delay per vehicle drops as the signal
cycle time increases up to a specific minimum value and then the delay
starts to grow. The intersection's geometry and the amount of traffic
entering the intersection from all directions determine the ideal cycle • Mechanical counting boards:
time.
The field work consists of determining the following two sets of
values on each approach road near the intersection:
(I) the normal flow, q on each approach during the design hour and
(ii) the ‘saturation flow’, S per unit time.
The normal flow values, and on roads 1, 2 and 3 are determined from
field studies conducted during the design hour or the traffic during peak
15 – minute’s period. The saturation flow of vehicles is determined from
careful field studies by noting the number of vehicles in the stream of
compact flow during the green phases and the corresponding time
intervals precisely. Based on the selected values of normal flow, the ratio • Electronic counting boards:
and are determined on the approach roads 1, 2 and 3. In the case of mixed
traffic, it is necessary to covert the different vehicle classes in terms of
suitable PCU values at signalized intersection; in case these are not
available they may be determined separately. The normal flow of traffic
on the approach roads may also be determined by conducting field
studies during off – peak hours to be design different sets of signal
timings during other periods of the day also, as required so as to provide
different signal settings.
The optimum signal cycle time is given by relation, Where L = total
lost time per cycle, i.e., 2n + R, n = is the number of phases, R = all red Automatic Method:
time or red amber time, Y = Here, and Then, Similar procedure is The automatic count method offers a way to capture copious amounts of
followed when there are more number of signal phases traffic data, and a variety of tools and software are available to make
traffic counting simple and accurate. For each 24-hour period, automatic
B. TRAFFIC FLOW counts are typically taken at 1-hour intervals. The counts could last a
• Frequency of Traffic counts week, month, or even an entire year. when each 24-hour period's counts
In order to predict traffic flow volumes that can be expected on the are recorded.
road network during specific periods, cognizance should be taken of the
IV. DATA COLLECTION
fact that volumes changes considerably at each point time.
There are three cyclical variations that are of particular interest: Before beginning any project, a general assessment of the available
resources is essential for the task at hand. It is crucial to carry out a

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Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol 13 Issue 7,JULY/2022, ISSN:0377-9254

proper assessment of the breadth or scope of the anticipated quality level Cars 1.0
of data necessary for traffic data gathering. This aims to guarantee that
the organised activity is completed with the anticipated accuracy and at Heavy Vehicles 2.8
the lowest possible cost. The precise personnel and equipment required
for a particular traffic counting assignment depends, among other things:
Buses 3.6
• The station's location.
• The calibre of the data to be gathered. Auto 0.6

• The volume of traffic.

STUDY AREA
• The type of the road stretch and the characteristics of the traffic
The study area is located at Barkatpura X road as shown in figure. It is
flow where the station is located.
four legged intersection. The locations are near PF office bus stop and
• Traffic composition. HP petrol station, etc. The entire data were collected under a condition
Time of the day: The traffic flow was seen varying during the peak of clear weather, dry pavement, and low magnitude of wind on May
hours and the non peak hours. The peak hours (8:30 AM to 11:30 AM 2022.
and 5:30 PM to 7:30 PM) were taken into consideration for the recording
of the maximum traffic movements. The peak hours are defined by the
buses, office going people, shopkeepers, school and college going people
majorly. This is the time at which traffic movement is maximum and
therefore the actual capacity of the road under consideration is measured.
Morning / Evening: The recordings at a single place were taken twice
that is once in the morning and again in the evening respectively. The
morning data was directly compared to the evening, giving better
estimate for the study.
Inflow / Outflow: The inflow as well as the outflow of the same road
was recorded so that the total no of vehicles on that road on that
particular time were recorded accordingly.
Vehicle Type: The types of vehicles running during these hours were also Fig1: Barkatpura Junction
observed. For example, no of buses, cars, auto, rickshaws, two wheelers
and bicycles were head counted separately and compared accordingly.

PASSENGER CAR UNIT:

• It is common practice to consider the passenger car as the standard
vehicle unit to convert the other vehicle classes and this unit is
called passenger car unit or PCU.
• The PCU may be considered as a measure of the relative space
requirement of a vehicle class compared to that of a passenger car
under a specified set of roadway, traffic, and other conditions.
• The PCU value of a vehicle class may be considered as the ratio of
capacity of a roadway where there are passenger’s cars only to the
capacity of the same roadway when there are vehicles of that class Fig 2: Road direction
only.
4.1.1 Factors Affecting PCU Values: V. DATA ANALYSIS
• Vehicles characteristic
• Transverse and longitudinal gaps The optimum signal cycle is given by

• Traffic stream characteristic 1.5𝐿+5

C0 =
• Roadway characteristic
1−𝑌
• Regulation and control of traffic
• Environmental and climatic conditions Where,
• Based on the above factors, a set of PCU values have been C0=optimum cycle length
worked out for: L=total lost time per second=2n+R (n is the number
of phase(4 no) and R is the all red time(12 second))
Y=y1+y2
TABLE I Where, y1=q1/s1 , y2= q2/s2
PCU VALUES Where, S is saturation flow=525w
C0=113.26 ≅ 113.3
Bikes 0.25
PEAK HOURS

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Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol 13 Issue 7,JULY/2022, ISSN:0377-9254

VEHICLES APPROACH ON ROAD-1

2500

Bikes - 804×0.25 = 201 PCU (30%) 2000

Cars - 188×1.0 = 188 PCU (28%)

Vehicle density (PCU)

1500
Autos - 16×0.6 = 118 PCU (17%)
Buses - 44×3.6 = 158 PCU (23%) 1000

Heavy vehicles - 196×2.8 = 45 PCU (2%) 500

total= 710 PCU

0
Road 1 Road 2 Road 3 Road 4

Graph 1: Approach volume on roads at morning peak hours

VEHICLES APPROACH ON ROAD-2
Width of roads(w):
Bikes - 348×0.25 = 87 PCU (23%) Width of road-1 (w1) = 7.5+2.5 = 10m
Width of road-2 (w2) = 7.5+2.5 = 10m
Cars - 156×1.0 = 156 PCU (41%)
Width of road-3 (w3) = 7.5+2.5 = 10m
Autos - 92×0.6 = 55 PCU (14%) Width of road-4 (w4) = 3.75+2.5 = 6.25m
Buses - 24×3.6 = 86 PCU (2%) Saturation flow (s):
Saturation flow on road-1
Heavy vehicles - - = -
(s1) = 525 × w1= 525 ×10 = 5250 PCU/hour
total= 384 PCU Saturation flow on road-2
(s2) = 525 × w2= 525 ×10 = 5250 PCU/hour
VEHICLES APPROACH ON ROAD-3 Saturation flow on road-3
(s3) = 525 × w3= 525 ×10 = 5250 PCU/hour
Bikes - 2750×0.25 = 690 PCU (31%) Saturation flow on road-4
Cars - 812×1.0 = 812 PCU (37%) (s4) = 525 × w4= 525 ×6.25 = 3281.3 PCU/hour
Autos - 524×0.6 = 314 PCU (14%)
Critical flow ratio (Y) = volume/saturation flow
Buses - 76×3.6 = 274 PCU (12%)
Heavy vehicles - 48×2.8 = 134 PCU (6%) q1 710

total= 2224 PCU

y1 = 𝑆1
= 5250 = 0.135

𝑞2 384
VEHICLES APPROACH ON ROAD-4
y2 = 𝑆2
= 5250 = 0.073
Bikes - 360×0.25 = 90 PCU (43%)
𝑞3 2224
Cars - 76×1.0 = 76 PCU (36%) y3 = = = 0.42
𝑆3 5250
Autos - 72×0.6 = 43 PCU (21%)
Buses - - = - 𝑞4 209
y4 = 𝑆4
= 3281.3 = 0.063
Heavy vehicles - - = -
Y = y1+y2+y3+ y4
total= 209 PCU
Y = 0.135+0.073+0.42+0.063
Y =0.691
L = 2n+R = 2×4+12 = 20
Approach Volume on Roads (q):
Approach volume on road-1 (q1) = 710 PCU
Total cycle time = 113.3 seconds
Approach volume on road-2 (q2) = 384 PCU
Approach volume on road-3 (q3) = 2224 PCU Total Green time (G):
Approach volume on road-4 (q4) = 209 PCU Gi = yi/y(𝐶0 − 𝐿)
G1= 18 seconds
G2= 10 seconds
G3= 57 seconds
G4= 8 seconds

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Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol 13 Issue 7,JULY/2022, ISSN:0377-9254

• The numbers of cars travelling are more when compared to bikes on

Saturday & Sundays.
• The number of cars is more when compared to buses.
• So, if numbers of buses are increased, then the dependency on
Public transports increase.
• This will make decrease in number of personal vehicles.
• Thus, the traffic situation in the Barkatpura intersection is critical in
the peak hours as the optimum cycle length is about to expand and
escalate the standard value of optimum.
Peak hour Traffic Signal timing
• It is very essential to recommend an alternative transportation
infrastructure in the Barkatpura intersection so as to abate the delay
in the traffic and thereby congestion gets reduced and free Flow of
Traffic shall be achieved.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 In order to predict delay for diverse traffic situations at pre-

timed signalised crossings, the article suggests modifying
Webster's model. The passenger car unit (PCU), which is
calculated using the linear multiple regression technique, is
divided into four groups based on the types of vehicles that
are approaching the signalised intersection: motorised two-
wheelers, cars, minibuses, and buses.
Fig: Collecting data at study area  The saturation green time and the overall number of cars from
all groups passing the approach are related, as expressed by
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the regression function. Estimates of saturation flows take the
co-travel of various vehicle types into account. At each
The paper proposes the modified Webster’s model to estimate delay observed intersection, the normal distribution is generated to
for heterogeneous traffic conditions at pre-timed signalized intersections. represent the saturation flow distributions.
Traffic volumes approaching the signalized intersection are classified
into four groups: Motorized two-wheeler, Car, Minibus, and Bus.
The passenger car unit (PCU) is estimated by using the linear multiple
regression analysis. The regression function expresses the relationship
between the saturated green time and the total number of vehicles of all
groups passing the approach. Saturation flows are estimated with the
consideration of different types of vehicles traveling together.
Distributions of saturation flow are computed to follow the normal
distribution at all observed intersections.
The road number 3 which was named as Nallakunta-Vidyanagar Road
have the highest green time because of higher approach volume of
vehicles compared to other roads in all the hours, that is, in peak hours
and non peak hours. The green time for road-3 is 57 seconds at peak
hours.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Roadway intersections are a crucial part of the system and frequently  The third route, known as the Nallakunta-Vidyanagar Road,
act as a bottleneck for traffic. has the maximum green time due to a higher volume of
The most recent data demonstrates both site limits and an increase in approaching traffic than the other roads at all times, including
traffic. The engineer must create criteria and procedures based on the both peak and off-peak hours. During rush hour, the green
fundamental relationships between capacities, traffic flow, geometry time for road-3 is 57 seconds.
design, and safety that allow users to move directly from suggested
geometry to actual operating condition estimates. The findings of this REFERENCES
study provide insight into recommended solutions for these issues as well
as safety measures for reducing traffic jams at intersections. The results 1. Traffic Analysis and Road Accidents: A Case Study of
of the traffic research and analysis at the Barkatpura intersection are as Hyderabad using GIS by M.Bhagyaiah, B. Shrinagesh.
follows:

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2. Traffic Survey and analysis by Mr.Udit Batra (Assistant

Professor), Mr.Mandar V.Sarode (Assistant Professor)
GNIEM, Nagpur Maharashtra.
3. Study of Urban Cities Traffic Problems Due To Delay and
Overcrowding by Dr Awari Mahesh Babu.
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for Improvement in Level of Service by Adepu Ramesh and
Kumar Molugaram.
5. Approximate Mean Delay Analysis for a Signalized
Intersection With Indiscipline Traffic by Samrat
Mukhopadhyay, Pramod M. J and Anurag Kumar.
6. Saturation Flow Estimation At Signalized Intersections Under
Mixed Traffic Conditions by Arpita Saha, Satish Chandra.
7. F. V. Webster. Traffic signal settings. Technical Report Road
Research Technical Paper No. 39, Her Majesty’s Stationery
Office, Department of Scientific And Industrial Research
Road Research Laboratory, 1958.

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