Name: Zain Imran

Roll No: 21107002-002

Department: BSc Civil Engineering

Subject: Transportation Engineering

Semester: 4th

Submitted To: Engr-Zaraq Razzaq

Date: 7th June 2023

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Question # 01:
Discuss the types of traffic signals of roads in Pakistan
Road signs in Pakistan are modelled on the British road sign system, with an exceptional
difference being that they are bilingual and contain messages in Urdu, the national language,
and English, and in some cases, the local regional or provincial languages. Pakistan drives on
the left side of the road and follows the left-hand traffic system. Vehicles must be overtaken
on their right.
There have often been complaints about road signs and infrastructure not being up to date in
some parts of the country, with a traffic report in 2008 disclosing that local governments in
many cases have not addressed damaged, vanished or outdated road regulatory signs.
In Lahore alone, the report estimated that at least Rs. 800 million were required to furnish all
scanty road signs in the city.
1-Stop Sign:

A stop sign is a regulatory sign - a traffic control device that warns drivers to slow down and
prepare to stop. It’s used when there are no other cars around, or at the end of a line of traffic.
Drivers must stop at the stop line, crosswalk, or intersection, whichever they encounter first. The
driver must yield the right-of-way to pedestrians and approaching vehicles before proceeding.
The driver should only proceed when it's safe to do so.

2- No Motor Sign:

This sign means that you must not drive any motor vehicle down a road where this is
displayed. It could be that the area is reserved for pedestrians and cyclists only. This no
motor vehicles sign showing a motorbike over a car is sometimes misunderstood to mean
only cars and motorcycles are permitted. Nor does it mean motorcycle stunts aren’t allowed
- you can be reasonably confident that they aren’t anyway!

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3- Width limit:

This sign indicates the width of the vehicle, which is allowed to enter the zone beyond its
installation. The vehicle with width above 2 meters is restricted to enter this zone. This
could a bridge or a narrow lane. There are certain roads which pass

4- Length limit:

This permanent sign face shows a goods vehicle and a maximum vehicle length indication.
This is used to prohibit any vehicles from the area that do not meet the permitted criteria.
These restrictions are often due to the physical limitations of the road ahead, such as a
succession of tight bends.

5- No overtaking:

A no-overtaking sign is a white circular sign featuring a black car on the left and red car on
the right, with a red border. It instructs drivers that it is not safe to overtake the vehicle in
front and is often placed where there is poor visibility of the road ahead, or the road is too
narrow to attempt an overtake.

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6- Two-way traffic:

The two-way traffic sign is a triangular sign with two black arrows of the same length
pointing in opposite directions, with a red border. The most likely scenario where you will
see this road sign is when you’re exiting a one-way road and entering a two-way road. When
you see this sign, you should stick to the left-hand side of the road to avoid oncoming traffic
when the type of road changes. Where the arrows are horizontal rather than vertical, you will
need to turn left or right to join the two-way road.

7- End of speed limit (50 km/h):

A vehicle's speedometer will give an inaccurate reading at 50kph and this is designed into the
system. They will usually ready between 50 and 55kph in order to allow for different tyre
inflation and wear and the different angles of looking at the speedometer used by drivers of
different heights.

8- No Parking:

A No Parking sign tells drivers that they may not park in the area indicated by the sign. In
some states additional pavement markings (usually yellow or white diagonal stripes) are used
to inform motorists of parking restrictions.

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9- Roundabout:

A modern roundabout is a circular intersection where drivers travel counterclockwise around

a center island. There are not traffic signals or stop signs in a modern roundabout. Drivers
entering the roundabout yield to traffic already in the roundabout, then enter the circulating
roadway and exit at their desired street, so they function differently from older circular
intersection types.

10- Steep descent:

This permanent warning sign is used to warn drivers that there is a steep upward gradient
ahead. This allows rivers to prepare themselves for the climb, this is more important usually
for heavy goods vehicles.
The sign can sometimes be accompanied by a supplementary plate instructing drivers to use a
low.

11- Slippery road:

The slippery road sign is a warning sign. Slippery road signs are posted in areas where a slippery
condition might exist. Drivers should use extreme caution and slow their speed when the road is wet or
icy. Avoid any sudden changes in direction when conditions are poor. This slippery when wet road sign
is commonly posted by bridges or overpasses as they are the first to freeze and last to thaw in cold
weather.

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12- Pedestrian crossing:

A pedestrian crossing sign provides advance notice of pedestrian activity, so drivers can slow
down or stop. Enhance driver and crosswalk safety by adding a preliminary crosswalk sign
along roadways and intersections with frequent foot traffic.

13- Traffic signals:

Traffic lights change their colors in the same order every time. In most English-
speaking countries, traffic lights usually change in this order:

a) Red light on: This tells drivers to stop.

b) Green light on: This means the driver can start driving or keep driving.
c) Yellow light on: This tells drivers to stop when it is safe to, because the light is about
to turn red.
14- Roadworks:

Roadwork signs are used in Queensland to keep you informed of changing conditions and to
keep road workers safe.

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Question # 02:
Describe the types of road markings with appriopate sketch.
Road marking can be defined as lines, patterns, or words that are marked on the pavement or
road which is essential for guiding and controlling the traffic on highways and also providing
proper guidance to pedestrians.

Usually, one can see a white line on the pavement in various patterns. There are various types
of road marking patterns that are marked on the road and each pattern represents a particular
function.

Types Of Road Marking

The 7 different types of pavement marking are as follows:

1. Longitudinal markings
2. Transverse markings
3. Arrow markings
4. Hazard markings
5. Block markings
6. Directional markings or Word Messages
7. Facility markings or Parking

1. Longitudinal Markings:

Longitudinal markings are marked or painted in the same direction as traffic on the pavement
surface to direct the driver to a proper position on the pavement. These are generally located
parallel and adjoining to the traffic flow and help to separate the traffic flow in the same
direction. The pavement marking must be done while considering its visibility during day and
night time, and marking must be distinctly understandable by an individual. The most
commonly used color for marking is White, While Yellow is used for separating the traffic
flow in opposite directions and also helps separate pavement edges. The lines marked on the
pavement can be either broken, solid, double solid, or dotted.

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i- Broken Lines: Broken lines allow the driver to cross between the lanes with caution.

ii- Solid Lines: Solid lines do not allow the drivers to cross between the lanes; only entry at
the initial point and exit at the endpoint is allowed.

iii- Double Solid: Double solid line indicates the driver must not cross the lanes but can be
exempted in case of emergency.

iv- Dotted Line: Dotted line provides a warning about route variation ahead

The classification of longitudinal markings is as follows:

 Centreline
 Traffic lane lines
 No passing zones
 Warnings Lines
 Edge lines

2. Transverse Markings:

Transverse pavement markings are marked along the direction of traffic where immediate
action is required by the driver. Such as

i- Stop Line Marking: Stop line must be marked where traffic lanes approach the traffic
control devices (traffic signals), indicating the driver to stop the vehicle behind the line
whenever required.

ii- Pedestrian Crossing: The pedestrian line indicates the movement or passage of
pedestrians and indicates the driver to slow down or stop the vehicle when required.

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iii-Directional Arrows: These lines are marked to provide proper direction to the drivers and
easy traffic flow.

3. Arrow Markings:

Arrow markings are painted on the pavements or roads to provide the right direction to the
driver, and they must take or follow these mandatory turns to avoid traffic confusion.

The arrows may have either one or more than one direction.

i- One Direction: The driver must drive in the designated direction.

ii- Two Directions: The driver can drive in either direction.
4. Hazard Markings:

This marking is used to indicate the driver of a hazard being the junction up ahead. Such as
Prohibiting cross-over, changing of lanes, merging, or diverging. If the driver fails to notice
these hazardous lines may have less time to react to the upcoming hazard. Hazard marking is
usually marked with hatch marking, and prohibitor marking chevron, and diagonal marking.

5. Block Markings:

Block markings are marked in the form of blocks such as zebra crossing for pedestrians and
chequered blocks and triangular blocks for speed breakers. These blocks must be marked in

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such way it is visible to the driver. Compared to the longitudinal marking, the application of
thermoplastic paint in block marking differs.

6. Directional Markings Or Word Messages Marking:

Directional markings are the marking that is marked /painted in terms of words so it is easy to
understand and allows the driver to take action accordingly. The characters of the message
are elongated, so it is visible to the driver looking at a lower angle.

Some directional marking words are as follows:

 Stop
 Slow
 Exit only
 School
 Speed limit
 Curve ahead

8. Facility Marking or Parking:

This marking helps facilitate vehicle parking and gives the driver an idea about parking space
limits and restrictions. It also prevents encroachment of designated places like Bus stops, fire
hydrant Zones, etc.

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Different Colors Used In The Road Marking

i- White: White mark separates the traffic flow in the same direction.
ii- Yellow: Yellow line separates the traffic flow in the opposite direction.
iii- Red/Purple: This line is recommended for hazardous junctions.
iv- Blue: Blue is generally used for public transportation and dedicated bus lanes.

Type of Material Used For Road Marking

1. Solvent-based or Water-based Paint:

Water-based paint is environmentally friendly and less hazardous to workers.

2. Thermoplastic Marking Paint:

It is applied in the form of a hot molten state to the pavement and gets solidified instantly at
an ambient temperature. Thermoplastic markings are highly durable and dry at a fast pace.

3. Cold Applied Plastic Paints:

It is best suited for colored pavement marking and it is also more durable when compared to
thermoplastic markings. It is also used to provide audible raised pavement marking for edge
lines.

4. Preformed Adhesive Tapes:

These are available in the form of rolls which are laid on the pre-marked line and rolled for
great compaction.

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