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General Anatomy and Physiology

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51 views33 pages

General Anatomy and Physiology

Uploaded by

alijun26091991
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GENERAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

In this module you will learn about:

Structure of the human body

The function and content of blood

The heart and the circulation

The respiratory system

The digestive system

Diseases
Cell biology

They require a source of fuel to produce energy and its is provided


by the food we eat.
The body cells require oxygen to be able to burn the food eaten and
to produce the energy.

Levels of organisation

Group of cells → tissues


Group of tissues → organs
Group of organs → systems
The blood

The role of blood:


➢transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells
➢carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products

Blood is made up of erythrocytes ,leucocytes and


thrombocytes - transported around the body in a fluid
called plasma.
The blood is kept at a temperature of 37 °C degrees by
the process of homeostasis.
Erythrocytes

Red blood cells


➢ constantly produced in the body by the red marrow
➢ transport oxygen around the body
➢ Red pigment – haemoglobin
Leucocytes

White blood cells


➢ defending system
➢ made by the lymph nodes or bone marrow
➢ helped by the antibodies to defend the body
against severe infections
Platelets

Thrombocytes
➢ concerned with the coagulation of blood.
➢ help achieving the blood clot
Plasma

➢ It makes up the liquid part of the blood


➢ It is made of 90% water + plasma proteins

Functions of the plasma:


Transport of blood cells
Transport of waste carbon dioxide, dissolved in plasma
Transport of food nutrients
Transport of waste products to the kidneys
Formation of antibodies and anti-toxins
Transport of hormones
Transport of fibrinogen to assist with blood clotting.
The circulatory system
Arteries and veins

The oxygenated blood around the body


is transported by the ARTERIES
The largest = AORTA
These gradually decrease in size →
arterioles → capillaries
Arteries have elastic walls.

The deoxygenated blood = veins →


largest is VENAE CAVAE.
▪Veins are not so elastic, but contain a
one-way valve to prevent backflow.
The circulatory system
The main component of the circulatory system is the
heart → a muscular pumping organ situated in the
thorax (chest cavity)

The heart has 4 chambers:


The upper two= atria
Lower two= ventricles

The atria and ventricles are separated by one-way


valves that allow blood flow in the direction of atria to
ventricles only
The Heart

The right side of the heart transports only deoxygenated blood, from the body to the lungs.
The left side of the heart transports only oxygenated blood, from the lungs to the rest of the
body again.
The Heart
Deoxygenated blood is collected from top part of the body and bottom part of the body by superior and
inferior venae cavae → transported to the right atrium → right ventricle → the pulmonary artery →
lungs for reoxygenation

Once oxygenated, the blood returns → left atrium through the pulmonary vein →left ventricle →
aorta→ and then back around the whole body

The action of the heart


2 EXCEPTIONS

The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood is pulmonary artery

The only vein that carries oxygenated blood is pulmonary vein


The action of the heart
Blood pressure and pulse

Pulse (heart rate) = number of times your heart


beats per minute
Normal resting heart rate = between 60 and
100 beats per minute (bpm)

Blood pressure = the force of the blood moving through your


blood vessels
In a healthy adult it is usually around 120/80 millimiters of
mercury.
RELEVANT
DISORDERS
OF
THE
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
Relevant medical conditions

Heart conditions- anything that can strain the heart can make the heart conditions worse– anxiety,
fearful events

Blood disorders- that prevent adequate clotting of the blood = haemophilia

Anaemia = Affecting the oxygen-carrying capability of the erythrocytes, so insufficient oxygen is


available

Medication- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopausal women is linked to raised blood
pressure, so adrenaline in the local anaesthetic should be avoided.
Heart failure

Myocardial infarction = blockage caused by a blood clot (thrombus) → causing a section of the heart
muscle to die.

Myocarditis= inflammation of the heart muscle due to a viral infection.

Valvular disease = affecting any of the heart valves so that filling and emptying of the heart is not
done properly → heart has to work more and strain/struggle.

Cardiac arrest =The sudden failure of the heart to beat at all or to beat ineffectively without pumping
the heart (fibrillation).
Due to a medical condition elsewhere in the body
ANGINA= partial blockage of the coronary arteries, due to fatty
deposits. This is also called – coronary artery disease
RENAL FAILURE= kidney failure → insufficient elimination of urine, the
volume of the retained liquid will require more work by the heart to
pump
HYPERTENSION= raised blood pressure at rest → constant strain on
the heart muscle itself
Respiratory
system
Respiratory system

The primary organs of the respiratory system are


lungs, which carry out this exchange of gases as
we breathe.
The tubular branches- are called bronchi
The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller
branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
(alveoli)
The gas exchange
Air breathed in from the atmosphere contains 21%
Oxygen and tiny amounts of CO2.
Air breathed out contains 16% Oxygen and 4% Carbon
dioxide → 5% O2 is used by the body.

Internal respiration is the transfer of gas between the blood


and cells.
External respiration also known as breathing refers to a
process of inhaling oxygen from the air into the lungs and
expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs to the air.
Disorders of the respiratory system

Asthma = hypersensitivity response to inhaled particles.


Anaphylaxis= severe allergic reaction (this is shutting down the airways preventing
adequate breathing)
Bronchitis= inflammation of the bronchi, following a respiratory infection.
Emphysema= abnormal widening or enlargement of the alveoli, preventing adequate
external respiration.
The digestive
system
The digestive system

Mouth, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestines, Large intestines

Accessory digestive organs- pancreas, liver, gall bladder.

The digestion process begins in the mouth with mastication of the food. This breaks up the food into
smaller pieces so that it is easy to swallow.
The food mixed with saliva is known as “ bolus”
Digestive system

Food is prevented to enter the nose by


the soft palate.
To prevent food or drink entering the
lungs, a small flap known as the
epiglottis closes.
Accessory digestive organs

Salivary glands - Saliva contains an enzyme helps with digestion salivary amylase.
(ducts)- exocrine gland

Pancreas - The pancreas delivers digestive juice to the small intestine


Also responsible for the release of hormones insulin and glucagon which control the blood
glucose in the body.
Endocrine gland- releases hormones directly into the blood.
The liver

➢Storage and distribution of carbohydrates and iron


➢Storage of vitamins
➢Makes the bile for digestion and plasma proteins for blood
➢Detoxifies the body of drugs and alcohol
➢Disposal of waste products

➢Diseases: Cirrhosis, Hepatitis, Cancer of the liver (page 190)


Gall bladder

The gallbladder is a small storage organ located just under


the liver
Stores bile produced by the liver (bile helps with the
digestion of fats)
In response to signals, the gallbladder squeezes stored
bile into the small intestine through a series of tubes called
ducts. (exocrine gland)
Disorders of the digestive system

Regurgitation, Vomiting, Bulimia = acid reflux of the stomach contents, can cause enamel erosion
Gastric ulcers= from increase acid production which can erode stomach walls → gastritis/ulcers
Reasons → caffeine, nicotine, non-steroidal inflammatory drugs (Nurofen, Aspirin), stress, infection with
Helicobacter pylori.
Chron’s disease= a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, but usually
occurs in the small intestines.
Ulcerative colitis- this affects the lining of the colon and rectum only.
Diabetes - reduced or non-existent production of insulin by the pancreas.
type 1 diabetes – no insulin production
type 2 diabetes – insufficient insulin production
QUESTIONS?
Extra links:
Circulatory system
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBt5jZSWhMI
Extra explanation: Biomechanics of blood circulation - WikiLectures

Respiratory system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B44n2SMLv-s&ab_channel=Cognito


Digestive system- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Og5xAdC8EUI

Levison’s textbook: chapter 5


Q&A book chapter 8

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