ZERAKI ACHIEVERS’ EXAMINATIONS (2023) Term 2 - 2023

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT (311)

FORM THREE (3)
Time: 2½ Hours

MARKING SCHEME.

SECTION A (25 MARKS) Attempt all the questions from this section.
1. State one disadvantage of using anthropology. (1 mark)
i) Time consuming
ii) Expensive
iii) Inaccurate or distorted information
iv) Information can be biased (1×1=1)

2. Identify two reasons why Kenyan communities fought against each other during the pre-colonial
period.
(2
marks)
i) Competition for land for cultivation/settlement
ii) Competition for water/pasture
iii) To demonstrate their military power/superiority
iv) To raid for cattle (2×1=2)

3. Give the main reason for the coming of the Portuguese. (1 mark)
i) To find sea route to India (1×1=1)

4. List down two economic duties of a Kenyan citizen. (2 marks)

i) Participating in development activities
ii) Paying taxes
iii) Protecting the environment
iv) Fighting corruption (2×1=2)
5. Identify one colour of the National flag of Kenya. (1 mark)
i) Red
ii) Black
iii) Green
iv) White (1×1=1)

6. State two rights of an accused person during trial in a court of law in Kenya. (2 marks)
i) Right to legal representation
ii) One should be allowed to appeal against the ruling
iii) One should be allowed to be heard/expression
iv) One should not be forced to give evidence
v) One should be present when the court proceedings are taking place
vi) One should be given adequate time to consult with advocate/witness
vii) One should be informed of the charge with sufficient details so as to prepare defense
viii) Accused person is presumed innocent until proven guilty
ix) One should be given chance to plead for leniency (2×1=2)

7. Give the main reason why the British were able to conquer Kenya. (1 mark)
i) Military superiority (1×1=1)

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8. State two roles of trade unions in the struggle for independence in Kenya. (2 marks)
i) Mobilizing the workers to stage civil disobedience
ii) Educating workers on their rights
iii) Giving financial support to political parties
iv) Creating political awareness among workers
v) Organizing strikes and boycotts/demonstrations
vi) Looking at the welfare of workers/presenting petitions (2×1=2)

9. Identify one education commission established in Kenya before independence. (1 mark)

i) Fraser Commission, 1908
ii) Phelps Stokes Commission, 1924
iii) Beecher Report, 1949
iv. Binns Commission of 1952. (1×1=1)

10. Give two characteristics of Macadamized roads. (2 marks)

i. They were all weather roads
ii. Durable
iii. Straight hence reduce accident
iv. Smooth surface hence motoring was comfortable
v. Wide (2×1=2)
11. Identify two early sources of energy. (2 marks)
i. Wind
ii. Water
iii. Wood (2×1=2)

12. Give one reason that led to decline of Meroe as an early urban center. (1 mark)
i. Rise of Axum kingdom
ii. Depletion of minerals like iron
iii. Decline of trade due to stiff competition
iv. Desertification due to cutting of the trees (1×1=1)
13. State two economic activities of the Shona during pre – colonial period. (2 marks)
i. Crop growing/cultivation
ii. Livestock keeping
iii. Fishing along rivers
iv. Trading (took part in long distance trade)
v. Iron workers
vi. Hunting and gathering (2×1=2)

14. Name one type of constitution. (1 mark)

i. Written constitution
ii. Unwritten constitution (1×1=1)

15. State two methods used by Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa. (2 marks)
i. Through signing of treaties
ii. Through use of chartered companies
iii. Through trickery
iv. Military conquest
v. Use of missionaries
vi. Diplomacy (2×1=2)

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16. Identify the Chartered Company that was used to administer South Africa on behalf of the British
colonial government. (1 mark)
i. British South African Company (1×1=1)

17. Name two methods used by the Europeans to administer their colonies in Africa. (2 marks)
i. Assimilation
ii. Association
iii. Direct
iv. Indirect (2×1=2)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) Attempt any three questions from this section.
18. a) Give five sub – groups of the Abaluhya. (5 marks)
i) Tiriki vi) Maragoli
ii) Marachi vii) Samia
iii) Banyore viii) Idakho
iv) Bukusu ix) Sangalo
v) Kisa x) Wanga (5×1=5)

b) Describe the political organization of the Borana in the 19 th Century. (10 marks)
i) Decentralized system of government
ii) Basic political unit was the clan headed by the Council of Elders
iii) There was a Council of Elders who was in charge of the day to day running of the clan and was the final
court of appeal
iv) The age set system was an important institution that supplied warriors
v) They had warriors whose main duty was to protect the community against external attacks and acquire
possessions from the community
vi) The political system was based on kinship system hereditary
vii) Kallu headed kinship/moiety (5×2=10)

19. a) State three benefits of the Omani rule along the Kenyan Coast. (3 marks)
i) Led to expansion of trade between Kenya and Arabia
ii) Stations were centres of learning
iii) Led to growth of plantation Agriculture
iv) Served as health centres/hospitals
v) Growth of towns like Zanzibar
vi) Linked East Africa Coast to the rest of the world
vii) Led to spread of Islamic religion (3×1=3)

b) Explain six effects of long distance trade in Kenya. (12 marks)

i) Led to intermarriages between the communities
ii) Led to development/growth of urban centre
iii) New crops introduced to the interior from the Coast for example cassava and maize
iv) Islam and Swahili culture were spread into the interior
v) Opened up the interior of Kenya to the foreigners/outside the world
vi) Introduction of Sharia Law and madrassa
vii) Led to intensification of slave trade which caused untold suffering/depopulation
viii) Led to decline of local crafts and industries as people preferred imported products/decline in
Agriculture
ix) Led to the rise of a class of wealthy merchants like King Kivoi and Karuri wa Gakune (6×2=12)

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20. a) State five recommendations of Devonshire White Paper. (5 marks)
i) White highlands were to be reserved for European settlements only
ii) Indians were allowed to elect five members to the legco on cpommunal roll
iii) Racial segregation was abolished in residential areas and restrictions on immigration lifted
iv) A missionary was to be nominated to the Legco to represent the interests of Africans
v) European possibility of having influence over the the government was reduced
vi) Kenya was an African country and Africans interests were to be paramount
vii) Colonial secretary would have strict control over the affairs of the colony
viii) Settlers had to maintain their representation in the Legco (5×1=5)

b) Explain five factors which led to migration of Africans to urban areas during the colonial
period.
i) The overcrowded / unproductive reserves created by the colonial government made living conditions
difficult / unbearable thereby resulting into migrations to towns.
ii) Availability of better social services / amenities / health centres / education provided in towns attracted
the Africans.
iii) The taxes imposed on Africans forced them to towns in search for jobs.
iv) Availability of infrastructure / piped water / paved roads / electricity attracted the Africans to towns as
they hoped for a better life.
v) Employment / job opportunities attracted people to towns as they were promised better wages.
vi) Mistreatment / frustrations by the labour / public workers forced them to move to towns.
vii) The wide spread poverty in rural areas / reserves caused untold suffering thereby making them to
migrate to towns.
viii) African entrepreneurs wanted to take advantage of trade markets in towns.
ix) Loss of land caused by the colonial land policies (5×2=10)

21 a) Identify three advantages of using electricity. (3 marks)

i. Can be put into many uses e.g lighting
ii. Easily and conveniently controlled
iii. Clean source of energy
iv. Electric cables are flexible and can be installed per specific requirements
v. Can be produced from various sources
vi. Does not pollute the environment (3×1=3)

b) Outline six factors that have facilitated industrialization in South Africa. (12 marks)
i. Availability of mineral resources e.g gold
ii. Availability of both skilled and unskilled labour
iii. Availability of markets
iv. Development of transport and communication systems
v. Political stability (end of Apartheid)
vi. Development of sources of energy e.g HEP
vii. Availability of Agricultural raw materials for agro based industries
viii. Government policy
ix. Availability of capital (6×2=12)

SECTION C (30 MARKS) Attempt any two questions from this section.
22 a) Outline five economic activities of the Asante during the 19th Century. (5 marks)
i. They grew crops
ii. They traded
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 iii. Mining
iv. They practiced art and craft/basketry/weaving
v. They practiced iron working/blacksmithing
vi. They practiced pottery (5×1=5)

b) Describe the social organization of the Buganda Kingdom during the pre – colonial period. (10
marks)
i. They were organized into clans which had their own traditions
ii. They worshipped many gods/polytheism with Katonda as their supreme God
iii. The Kabaka was highly regarded as semi devine
iv. They believed in life after death since they worshipped the spirit of the dead
v. The umblical cord/Jaw bones of the Kabaka were preserved for future remembrance
vi. They had religious shrines where they worshipped
vii. They had medicinemen who cured diseases
viii. They had prophets who foretold the future
ix. They were polygamous in order to strengthen social ties
x. They had symbols of royalty/royal drums/spears/crowns kept at the Kabakas palace (5×2=10)

23 a) State five factors which influenced the British use of Indirect rule in Northern Nigeria. (5 marks)
i. It was cheap/cost effective method of administration
ii. Existence of an elaborate centralized system of government
iii. To avoid African resistance
iv. It had succeeded in other parts of the world e.g India
v. They lacked enough personnel to administer the territory
vi. Poor transport and communication network
vii. Communication barrier between the British and the locals
vii. The region was vast (5×1=5)

b) Explain five challenges which were experienced in the implementation of the assimilation policy
in Senegal. (10 marks)
i. It conflicted the general objective of colonization
ii. It required social amenities/schools which were expensive to start
iii. It was resisted by the Africans traditional rulers
iv. It was opposed by the Frenchmen back at home since it elevated assimilated Africans to the French
status
v. The Muslims refused to be converted into Christianity thereby posing a challenge
vi. The French citizens feared that the assimilated Africans would outnumber them in the French
Parliament
vii. Racial discrimination by the French against the assimilated Africans/refused to accept them as equals
viii. Africans were deeply rooted in their culture hence difficult to convert them
ix. Nationalism conflicted with the policy of assimilation
x. Opposition from the French traders who feared competition from the African traders
xi. Language barrier made administration difficult
xi. Missionaries concentrated in spreading Christianity rather than assimilating Africans (5×2=10)

24. a) Give three importance of the Kenyan constitution. (3 marks)

i) It provides a legal ground for making a country’s laws.
ii) It spells out powers of government and its relationship to the governed.
iii) Rights and duties of citizens are defined by the constitution.
iv) It ensures equality of all citizens.
v) It is a symbol of unity. (3×1=3)
b) Explain six features of the independence constitution. (12 marks)

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 i. It provided for a Governor General who was the Head of State on behalf of the Queen.
ii. It provided for an independent Judiciary to ensure justice and prevent corruption.
iii. It set up a Judicial Service Commission to appoint Judicial Officers.
iv. It provided that, the Governor in consultation with Regional Authorities and the Prime Minister,
appointing of Chief Justice.
v. It provided for seven regional governments and whose power included land, education, health and
the police.
vi. It comprised rules and fundamental rights of citizens.
vii. It provided for the establishment of the Public Service Commission and the Central Land Board to
ensure fair and effective governance.
viii. It provided for the Tenure of Office of the Judges and the Attorney General.
ix. It provided for the Multi-Party democracy where the party with the majority in parliament formed
the government.
x. It defined the amendment procedure such that special majority of two third majority required to
change the constitution.
xi. It provided for the separation of powers for the three arms of government.
xii. It was bi-cameral / provided for two chambers of parliament, Senate and House of Representatives
xiii. It provided for the position of the Prime Minister as the head of government (6×2=12)