ISBN-3-934584-53-5 Order Number 1 987 722 132 AA/PDT-07.

AA/PDT-07.02-En The Bosch Yellow Jackets Edition 2002 Expert Know-How on Automotive Technology Automotive Electrical and Electronic Systems

2002 Audio, navigation, and

The Bosch Yellow Jackets

telematics
in the vehicle
The Program Order Number ISBN

Automotive electrics/Automotive electronics

Automotive Technology

Audio, navigation, and telematics

Batteries 1 987 722 153 3-934584-21-7
Alternators 1 987 722 156 3-934584-22-5
Starting Systems 1 987 722 170 3-934584-23-3
Lighting Technology 1 987 722 176 3-934584-24-1
Electrical Symbols and Circuit Diagrams 1 987 722 169 3-934584-20-9
Automotive Sensors 1 987 722 131 3-934584-50-0
Automotive Microelectronics 1 987 722 122 3-934584-49-7

Diesel-Engine Management
Diesel Fuel-Injection: an Overview 1 987 722 104 3-934584-35-7
Electronic Diesel Control EDC 1 987 722 135 3-934584-47-0
Diesel Accumulator Fuel-Injection System
• Signal transmission, orientation methods
Common Rail CR 1 987 722 175 3-934584-40-3

Expert Know-How on Automotive Technology

Diesel Fuel-Injection Systems • Receiving systems and communications systems
Unit Injector System/Unit Pump System 1 987 722 179 3-934584-41-1 • Multimedia systems, data exchange
Radial-Piston Distributor
Fuel-Injection Pumps Type VR 1 987 722 174 3-934584-39-X
Diesel Distributor-Type
Fuel-Injection Pumps VE 1 987 722 164 3-934584-38-1
Diesel In-Line Fuel-Injection Pumps PE 1 987 722 162 3-934584-36-5
Governors for Diesel In-Line
Fuel-Injection Pumps 1 987 722 163 3-934584-37-3

Gasoline-Engine Management
Emission Control (for Gasoline Engines) 1 987 722 102 3-934584-26-8
Gasoline Fuel-Injection System K-Jetronic 1 987 722 159 3-934584-27-6
Gasoline Fuel-Injection System KE-Jetronic 1 987 722 101 3-934584-28-4
Gasoline Fuel-Injection System L-Jetronic 1 987 722 160 3-934584-29-2
Gasoline Fuel-Injection
System Mono-Jetronic 1 987 722 105 3-934584-30-6
Spark Plugs 1 987 722 155 3-934584-32-2
Ignition 1 987 722 154 3-934584-31-4
M-Motronic Engine Management 1 987 722 161 3-934584-33-0
ME-Motronic Engine Management 1 987 722 178 3-934584-34-9
Gasoline-Engine Management:
Basics and Components 1 987 722 136 3-934584-48-9

Driving and Road-Safety Systems

Conventional Braking Systems 1 987 722 157 3-934584-42-X
Brake Systems for Passenger Cars 1 987 722 103 3-934584-43-8
ESP Electronic Stability Program 1 987 722 177 3-934584-44-6
Compressed-Air Systems for
Commercial Vehicles (1):
Systems and Schematic Diagrams 1 987 722 165 3-934584-45-4
Compressed-Air Systems for
Commercial Vehicles (2): Equipment 1 987 722 166 3-934584-46-2
Safety, Comfort and Convenience Systems 1 987 722 150 3-934584-25-X
Audio, navigation, and telematics
in the vehicle 1 987 722 132 3-934584-53-5

The up-to-date program is available in Internet under:

www.bosch.de/aa/en/fachliteratur/index.htm
 Robert Bosch GmbH

 Imprint

Published by: Unless otherwise stated, the above are all em-
© Robert Bosch GmbH, 2002 ployees of Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart.
Postfach 30 02 20,
D-70442 Stuttgart. Reproduction, duplication, and translation of this
Automotive Equipment Business Sector, publication, including excerpts therefrom, is only
Department AA/PDT5. to ensue with our previous written consent and
Product Marketing, Diagnostics, with particulars of source.
Test Equipmernt. Illustrations, descriptions, schematic diagrams,
and other data only serve for explanatory pur-
poses, and for presentation of the text. They
Editor-in-Chief: cannot be used as the basis for design, installa-
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Horst Bauer. tion, and scope of delivery. We undertake no lia-
bility for conformity of the contents with national
Editors: or local regulations.
Dipl.-Ing. (BA) Jürgen Crepin, Robert Bosch GmbH is exempt from liability,
Dipl.-Ing. Karl-Heinz Dietsche. and reserves the right to make changes at any
time.
Authors:
Dipl.-Ing. G. Pitz Printed in Germany.
(conventional signal transmission), Imprimé en Allemagne.
Dipl.-Ing. G. Spreitz, S. Rehlich
(Product Manager European Sales), 1st Edition, July 2002.
M. Neumann (Trainer Sales Customer Service), English translation of the German edition dated
Dipl.-Ing. M. Risse, Dipl.-Ing. W. Baierl October 2001
(digital signal transmission, audio systems, car (1.0)
antennas, traffic-information radio systems,
Multimedia systems and networking),
B. Knerr (Product Manager Sound - Auxiliary
Audio Installations),
Dipl.-Ing. E.P. Neukirchner,
Dipl.-Kfm. R. Kriesinger,
Dipl.-Ing. J. Wazeck (navigation systems, traffic
telematics, mobile radio),
R. Hoechter (Product Manager Fleet
Management),
Dipl.-Ing. J. Deutrich (Multimedia: Mobile
Internet),
Dr.rer.nat. D. Elke (Box: Automotive Information
Systems),

and the editors in cooperation with the respon-

sible technical departments of Robert Bosch
GmbH.

Translation:
Peter Girling.
Robert Bosch GmbH

Audio, navigation, and telematics

in the vehicle

Robert Bosch GmbH

 Robert Bosch GmbH

 Contents

4 Analog signal transmission 66 Navigation systems

4 Analog radio systems 66 Assignment, application, method
4 Quantities and units of operation
6 Communications using HF waves 70 Examples of equipment and acces-
13 Electromagnetic compatibility sories
(EMC) 76 Tuning-fork yaw-rate sensor
13 Satellite-supported communica- 77 Micromechanical yaw-rate sensor
tions
78 Traffic telematics
14 Digital signal transmission 78 Definition, assignment
14 Digital radio systems 79 Structure and method of operation
15 Radio Data System RDS 82 Examples of equipment and acces-
16 Digital Audio Broadcasting DAB sories
19 Digital Multimedia Broadcasting
DMB 84 Fleet management
19 Digital Radio Mondiale DRM 84 Transportation and services
86 Entertainment and information in
20 Orientation methods buses
20 Orientation, position-finding, 87 Examples of equipment and acces-
navigation sories

24 Mobile radio 89 Mobile multimedia systems

24 Applications, cellular telephone 89 Application
networks 94 Examples of equipment and acces-
25 Private mobile radio (PMR) and sories
trunking networks
98 Data transfer between electronic
26 Audio systems systems
26 Car radio 98 System overview
44 Auxiliary systems 98 Serial data transfer (CAN)
100 Prospects
52 Car antennas 101 Multimedia networking
52 Assignment, radio antennas
54 Mobile-radio antennas 104 Index of technical terms
56 Navigation antennas 104 Technical terms
108 Abbreviations
58 Traffic-information radio
systems
58 Assignment
59 Traffic-information radio channels
63 Examples of equipment
 Robert Bosch GmbH

In 1932, the first radio to be installed in a passenger car in Europe came from
Blaupunkt. At that time, a car radio was considered to be a luxury and served solely for
the reception of radio broadcasts for entertainment. The vacuum-tube radios in those
days were very bulky, as well as being heavy and having a high energy consumption
level.
In the meantime, emphasis has shifted. Thanks to semiconductor technology, vac-
uum tubes became a thing of the past, and equipment became smaller, lighter, and less
expensive, as well as consuming far less energy. This means that the car radio is now an
integral part of every automobile.
Improvements in the broadcast-receiver stages and the introduction of drives for a
variety of different sound-carrier systems, have vastly extended the range of entertain-
ment possibilities in the automobile.
Today’s car radio though is no longer a device for entertainment alone, and the re-
ception of important information on traffic and road conditions has become of equal
importance. Furthermore, with the appropriate equipment, it is possible to guide the
vehicle from its point of departure to its destination, while at the same time circum-
venting traffic jams. Combination units incorporating mobile telephone, telematic and
navigation components, and complex driver-information systems, provide for low-
stress driving behind the wheel.
This manual in the Bosch Yellow Jacket series “Bosch Technical Instruction” pro-
vides you with detailed information on this interesting subject.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

4 Analog signal transmission Analog radio systems, quantities and units

Analog signal transmission

Conventional analog signal transmission Quantities and units
meant that for the first time it was possible
to supply large numbers of the population Oscillation
with information simultaneously. Notwith- Oscillations are changes of state which re-
standing the rapid rise in digital signal occur regularly as a function of time. There
transmission, conventional analog trans- are various forms (shapes) of oscillation.
mission techniques are still of immense im- With simple sinusoidal oscillation (Fig. 1)
portance particularly in the realms of for instance, starting from an initial value of
broadcasting and television. The basics de- 0, the oscillating quantity (e.g. voltage) in-
scribed here are therefore also applicable in creases to a given positive maximum value
principle to digital transmission techniques. and then returns to 0 again. When an oscil-
lation is propagated in air or water for in-
Analog radio systems stance, this is referred to as a wave. Such
phenomena are also common in electrical
Analog signal transmission is used in con- engineering. One example is the alternating-
ventional, present-day radio and television current mains voltage from public utilities
units. Here, the audio signal to be transmit- which oscillates at 50 times per second.
ted (music or speech in the case of radio) is
used for the analog modulation of a high- Frequency
frequency carrier wave, and then transmit- Frequency (Fig. 1) is defined as the number
ted in wire-less form to the receiver. At the of oscillations (cycles) which take place per
other end, the receiver reverses the proce- second. It is expressed in hertz (Hz):
dure. It separates the audio signal from the
carrier (demodulation), and after amplifica- 1 hertz = 1 Hz = 1 oscillation (cycle) per
tion and tone processing passes it to the second= 1/s (also written s–1 )
loudspeaker for audio output. 1000 Hz = 1 kHz (kilohertz)
= 1000 oscillations (cycles) per second and
1000 kHz = 1 MHz (megahertz)
= 1 million oscillations (cycles) per second.

In acoustic engineering, the range of acous-

1 Frequency of an oscillation tic oscillation which can be heard by the hu-
man ear extends to maximum 20,000 Hz.
The range of frequencies which are com-
a
+ monly used in electrotechnology and radio
engineering cover a far wider range which
extends from the low frequencies (e.g. the
Oscillating quantity (e.g. voltage)

0
50 Hz AC mains power supply) up to far be-
- yond the frequency range given in Table 1.
1s Here, it is more than significant that at
higher frequencies (several thousand Hertz),
b
+ the oscillations generated by an AC source
can be radiated from the lines connected to
0 the source so that they propagate in space.
æ UAE0068E

-
1s Wavelength
Fig. 1
a f = 1 Hz Time Wavelength is defined as the distance between
b f = 5 Hz two points in an oscillation field which have
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Analog signal transmission Quantities and units 5

1 Frequency ranges (similar to DIN 40015)

Frequency ranges Application Frequency f Wavelength λ

MHz m
Long waves (LW) Radio broadcasting 0.1 ... 0.3 3 000 ... 1 000
Medium waves (MW) 0.3 ... 3.0 1 000 ... 100
Short waves (SW) 3.0 ... 30 100 ... 10
Ultra-short waves (VHF) VHF 30 ... 300 10 ... 1
Band 1 (TV) 41 ... 68
Band 2 (VHF radio) 87.5 ... 108
Band 3 (TV) 175 ... 239
Decimetric waves UHF 300 ... 3 000 1 ... 0.1
Band 4 (TV) 470 ... 582
Band 5 (TV) 610 ... 960
D-Net (mobile radio) 880 ... 960
L-Band 1453 ... 1491
E-Net (mobile radio) 1710 ... 1880
Centimeter waves
(e.g.microwave systems) SHF 3 000 ... 30, 000 0.1 ... 0.01

the same oscillatory condition (for instance, Table 1 shows the most important frequency
the spacing between two neighboring wave ranges used in telecommunications.
crests or troughs, Fig. 2). Wavelength is given
in meters (m): Amplitude
Amplitude is defined as the maximum depar-
λ = c/f ture of the value of an alternating current or
wave from the average value. In other words, it
λ is the wavelength in m; c the speed of propa- expresses the intensity of the oscillations
gation of the electromagnetic wave in m/s  of an AC voltage,
(= speed of light ≈ 300,000,000 m/s); and f is  of an AC current,
the frequency in Hz, whereby 1 Hz = 1 s–1.  of an oscillation field (field strength), or
In other words, the higher the frequency, the  of an acoustic oscillation (volume is louder
shorter the wavelength. at high amplitudes than at low amplitudes,
Fig. 3).

2 Wavelength and amplitude of an 3 Oscillations of identical frequency but different

oscillation amplitude (intensity)

λ
Oscillating quantity (e.g. voltage)

Amplitude (intensity)

x x2

x1

Fig. 2
λ Wavelength
x̂ Amplitude
æ UAE0069E

æ UAE0070E

Fig. 3
x̂1 Lower volume
Distance Time
x̂2 Higher volume
 Robert Bosch GmbH

6 Analog signal transmission Communications using HF waves

Communications using  Unintentional radiation of electromag-

HF waves netic waves (e.g. ignition systems for gaso-
line engines, electric switches, dimmers,
By changing (modulating) an HF wave with electric drills).
a useful (information) signal, wire-less
transmission of information from one lo- In the first case, we are dealing with trans-
cation to another becomes possible. mitters which radiate electromagnetic waves
in a defined, closely limited frequency range.
High-frequency (HF) waves propagate in air In the case of audio transmissions, the re-
at the speed of light. In communication en- ceiver must be set to the same frequency as
gineering, these waves are generated by spe- the transmitter in order to be able to receive
cial transmitters. Among other things, the the transmission at all.
range and reception quality of these waves The HF wave sent out by the transmitter
are a function of their frequency. serves as the carrier wave for the audio in-
Whereas short and long waves have a very formation (for instance, speech and music).
long range (in part, this is intercontinental),
the range of visibility practically marks the Music is comprised of a variety of acoustic
limit for good reception of ultra-short oscillations (audio frequencies). In contrast
waves. to the high frequencies of the carrier wave,
the audio frequencies are low-frequency
Generation, modulation (LF) oscillations in the frequency range up
High-frequency waves can be generated in a to approx. 20,000 Hz.
variety of different installations and equip- These low-frequency acoustic oscillations
ment. Here, one must differentiate between: are converted in the microphone into elec-
 Intentional radiation of electromagnetic trical oscillations which are then amplified
waves (for instance from radio and televi- and used to modulate the carrier wave
sion transmitters, mobile telephones, in (Fig. 1), which is then radiated by a special
household microwave ovens, and equip- antenna so that it can be picked up by the
ment for medical, scientific and industrial receiver.
applications), and

1 Message transmission (telecommunications) from transmitter to receiver

Microphone Transmitter Transmission path Receiver Loudspeaker

Audio signals (e.g. The LF signal is used The HF waves radi- In the receiver, the LF The LF electrical sig-
acoustic oscillations to modulate the HF ated by the transmit- signal (speech or mu- nal (AC voltage) is
for speech or music) carrier wave ter antenna reach the sic) is extracted converted back into
are converted by the (e.g. amplitude-mod- receiver’s antenna. again from the HF acoustic oscillations
microphone into AC ulated carrier wave). carrier wave again (speech or
æ UKR0004Y

voltages of the same (demodulation). music) by the

frequency as the sig- loudspeaker.
nals.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Analog signal transmission Communications using HF waves 7

2 Amplitude modulation (AM) 3 Frequency modulation (FM)

a a
AN

b AH Amplitude b
Amplitude

c c
Figs. 2 and 3
a LF oscillation with
amplitude AN and
frequency fN
b HF oscillation (non-
modulated) with am-
FM
æ UKR0005E

æ UKR0065E
AM
plitude AH and
Time frequency fH
Time
c HF oscillation,
modulated

The receiver then reverses this process. The Frequency modulation (FM):
modulated carrier wave is demodulated in Here, the frequency fH of the high-frequency
an HF rectifier stage, and the resulting low- carrier-wave is changed (modulated) in the
frequency electrical oscillations are con- same rhythm as the low-frequency (audio)
verted into an audio output by means of the oscillations. In other words, the carrier
loudspeaker. wave’s frequency is increased and decreased
(modulated) within given limits (Fig. 3). FM
One differentiates between a number of dif- is used for instance for VHF radio transmis-
ferent types of modulation: sions and for the audio band of television
broadcasts.
Amplitude modulation (AM): AM interference (for instance, interfer-
Here, the amplitude AH of the high-frequency ence caused by the ignition sparks or by
carrier-wave fH is changed (modulated) in the lightning) has less effect on FM transmis-
same rhythm as the low-frequency (audio) sions than it does on AM transmissions.
oscillations (AN, fN). This process is shown in
Fig. 2. AM is applied in the short, medium,
and long-wave ranges.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

8 Analog signal transmission Communications using HF waves

Propagation Depending on wavelength, the propagation

Depending upon the frequency, HF waves behaviour of electromagnetic waves can dif-
are propagated in different ways: fer considerably (Figs. 4 through 7):
 As a ground wave along the earth’s surface
(LW), Long waves (LW)
 For SW, as a spatial wave (ionospheric Amplitude-modulated long waves propagate
reflection), and in some cases also for as ground waves along the earth’s surface.
medium waves (MW), Independent of the time of day, they can be
 For ultra-short waves (VHF) and shorter received over very long distances (approx.
wavelengths practically in a straight line 600 km). This frequency range though is
(no ionospheric reflection). very susceptible to the effects of atmospheric
The achievable ranges therefore differ or local disturbance (caused for instance by
accordingly. electric motors, road vehicles, urban rail-
ways etc.).
The high-frequency electromagnetic waves
generated by the transmitter are radiated by Medium waves (MW)
the transmitter antenna and propagate in all Amplitude-modulated medium waves prop-
directions (insofar as they are not radiated agate in part as ground waves. The remain-
in a specific direction by special antennas, as der are radiated by the transmitter as spatial
is the case with microwave systems). In con- waves and can be reflected in the ionosphere
trast to sound waves though, they are not by the Heaviside layers (80 to 400 km above
bound to any form of material for their the earth’s surface).
propagation. Sound waves need some form
of gaseous, liquid, or solid material in order Atmospheric conditions, and in particular
for them to propagate (there are no sound the severity of solar insolation, are decisive
waves in a vacuum). Electromagnetic waves for the altitude of the Heaviside layers and
on the other hand are able to propagate in for their reflection capability. This is why
vacuum, as evinced by satellite radio. distant reception is better during the
evening and night hours than it is during the
day.

4 Long waves (LW) 5 Medium waves (MW)

æ UKR0058Y

æ UKR0059Y

Fig. 4
Propagation as ground
waves.
Long range 1
(approx. 600 km)

Fig. 5
Propagation partly as
ground waves, partly as
spatial waves which are
reflected by the Heavi-
side layers (1).
Range of several hun-
dred kilometers (de-
pending upon the time of
day or night).
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Analog signal transmission Communications using HF waves 9

Under unfavorable circumstances, medium- range of VHF transmissions is restricted to

wave reception can be adversely affected by line of sight (up to approx. 100 km).
signal fluctuations (“fading”) when ground
waves and spatial waves mutually affect each Receive characteristics
other by strengthening or weakening the re- The propagation behaviour, together with
ceived signal. the particular sender configuration; the re-
ceiver characteristics, and the environmental
Short waves (SW) conditions, can impair reception as follows:
Amplitude-modulated short waves are more
strongly absorbed by the earth’s surface than Fading
medium waves. This means that when very This results from fluctuations in the receiv-
long distances are concerned, only spatial ing level due to the “shadowing” caused by
waves are received. These though, can cover tunnels, high buildings, hills and mountains
extreme distances and reception in such etc. This is particularly severe in the case of
cases fluctuates extremely as a result of the FM, the range of which is in any case limited
Heaviside layer’s changing reflection capa- to line of sight. This is why a relatively close
bilities. Since the spatial waves are reflected FM transmitter cannot be received in the
only within certain angular limits, there are mountains, even though reception in the
also zones in which no reception is possible open country is perfect from a transmitter
at all. which is much further away. Transmitter op-
erating companies attempt to compensate
Ultra-short waves (VHF) for these dead spots by means of “fill-in”
Frequency-modulated ultra-short waves transmitters, and on the reception side
propagate in practically a straight line while highly-sensitive receivers help to reduce
roughly following the earth curvature. They these dead spots as far as this is physically
can be refracted or reflected by buildings, feasible.
hills and similar elevations. Distant recep- With MW and LW, unfavorable terrain
tion from the Heaviside layers is impossible, conditions can reduce the transmitter’s field
and high levels of ground attenuation pre- strength to such an extent that even power-
vent ground-wave reception. On the flat, the ful transmitters only result in very low signal
strengths at the point of reception.
Fig. 6
6 Short waves (SW) 7 Ultra-short waves (VHF)
Propagation mainly as
spatial waves.
æ UKR0060Y

æ UKR0061Y

Very long ranges

(depending upon the
reflection capabilities of
1 the Heaviside layer 1)

Fig. 7
Practically line-of-sight
propagation.
Short ranges (up to
approx. 100 km).
A Range: Only “as far
A B
as the eye can see”
B Range: As far as
permitted by
C refraction
C In “shadow”
(no reception)
 Robert Bosch GmbH

10 Analog signal transmission Communications using HF waves

Multipath reception same program). The RDS (Radio Data Sys-

This form of reception is the result of inter- tem), in which Blaupunkt was involved in
ference due to reflection in hilly country and the development, is a system which makes
in the mountains, as well as reflection from alternative frequencies available to the re-
buildings (Fig. 8) and from water. This leads ceiver. This then automatically switches over
to the suppression of outgoing and return- to the transmitter frequency with the least
ing waves. Within just a few centimeters, the interference (Frequency Diversity).
receiving level can easily drop to around
1/30th so that radio reception is interfered Multipath reception is also highly dependent
with and ghost images appear on the televi- upon location. This means that the switch-
sion screen. Particularly in the case of mo- ing over between transmitter stations/anten-
bile transmitters or receivers (e.g. cell nas at different locations can also lead to a
phones in a vehicle or in a train, or the car reduction in multipath interference (Scan-
radio) these fluctuating reception and trans- ning Diversity). Since all the relevant trans-
mission conditions present the receiver with mitter antennas cannot be monitored simul-
a severe challenge. taneously though, this leads to switch-over
To conceal or mask the disturbances at the disturbances.
receiver, extensive use is made of muting, or The Blaupunkt DDA (Digital Directional
of brief reductions in high frequencies, or Antenna) is a help in this respect. Here, two
the brief switch over of reception to mono. antennas are continually under observation
and the optimal sum signal is used for pro-
Since multipath reception is highly depen- cessing (Space Diversity). This gives the an-
dent upon frequency, it is often possible to tennas a directional-pattern characteristic so
avoid disturbances by switching over to an- that disturbing reflections are avoided.
other frequency (to a transmitter with the
Adjacent channel
8 Multipath reception Adjacent-channel interference is caused by a
second transmitter being received which is
adjacent to the one actually being heard. If it
2 is powerful enough, the adjacent-channel
transmitter is heard in the wanted channel
in the form of hissing. Under certain cir-
cumstances, if the level of the adjacent-
channel signal is excessive compared to that
of the wanted channel signal, the latter can
be “swamped” and only the unwanted
s2
(adjacent-channel) signal is heard.

Modern receivers automatically increase

their so-called adjacent-channel selectivity
in such cases. In practice, this involves dy-
s1 s2 namically changing the HF bandwidth of
the receive path (the Blaupunkt version is
SHARX). Bandwidth adaptation must be
Fig. 8
dynamic since the reduction of bandwidth is
1 Transmitter
æ SKR0077Y

2 Building
accompanied by k-factor increase and there-
3 Receiver 1 3 fore distortion. The receiver must thus opti-
s1 Direct path mise between adjacent-channel interference
s2 Reflection and wanted-signal distortion.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Analog signal transmission Communications using HF waves 11

Large-signal interference 9 Current curves: Comparison

Such interference is only experienced in the
immediate vicinity of transmitters. It is
a
manifested by the signal from a relatively
weak transmitter suddenly being almost
completely suppressed for a longer period of

Current
time by a much stronger transmitter. In the
vicinity of a transmitter, the receiver “pro-
tects” its input against excessively strong sig-
nals, but in doing so also suppresses the sig-
nals from weak stations. Optimum receiver
design can minimise these effects, but can-
not rule them out completely. b

Over-modulation
Current

Over-modulation is a transmitter effect in

which the level of AF-signal modulation on Fig. 9
a Purely sinusoidal
the HF carrier wave is increased excessively.
oscillation

æ UAE0067E
In the receiver, this leads to an increase in b Sinusoidal oscilla-
volume and improved reception capabilities tion with superim-
for long-range signals. These advantages Time posed interference
though are faced by a number of disadvan- pulses
tages such as the receiver’s susceptibility to
multipath interference and harmonic distor- curve with superimposed irregular interfer-
tion. A wider bandwidth is the answer here, ence pulses. The interference waves emanat-
although this can lead to adjacent-channel ing from such pulses interfere with radio re-
problems. ception in all frequency ranges. The radio
Again, the optimum solution in such re- interference resulting from the above-men-
ception situations is a receiver with dynamic tioned steep-leading-edge pulses can be re-
selectivity (SHARX). duced by interference-suppression devices
or prevented completely by EMC measures
Ignition interference (ElectroMagnetic Compatibility).
HF interference waves are triggered by the
sparks generated by the spark plugs and ig- Apart from this, receiver design has a de-
nition distributor in gasoline engines, or cisive influence on the reception quality. In
when a switch is operated, or by commuta- addition to metallic shielding (prevents con-
tion in an electrical machine. These rapid ductors being directly exposed to interfer-
current changes (pulses) interfere with the ence) and filtering out of the interference
reception of nearby receivers, whereby the (fully shielded devices) at the power-supply
interference effect is a function of the rate of side, certain receivers also feature circuits
rise of the pulse’s leading edge, and the pulse with AUS (automatic interference suppres-
amplitude. The interference effect is particu- sion) in the VHF range (recently introduced
larly severe in the case of high-speed, high- also in the AM range). This prevents inter-
amplitude pulses with steep leading edges. ference due to the radiation from the inter-
ference sources in one’s own vehicle as well
Fig. 9 shows the characteristic curve of a as from those in nearby vehicles. The princi-
purely sinusoidal oscillation (a) such as is ple is as follows:
generated by a broadcasting station (carrier The demodulated signal contains not only
wave). In comparison, (b) shows the same the wanted signal (music, speech), but also
 Robert Bosch GmbH

12 Analog signal transmission Communications using HF waves

impulse noise. The interference signal and suppression measures have been taken).
the wanted signal differ in that the rate of For instance, perfect (interference-free)
voltage rise of the impulse signal is higher reception from a tuned-in transmitter can
than that of the wanted signal. Immediately suddenly be full of interference when the ve-
a steep interference pulse occurs the signal hicle enters a road tunnel. This is due to to
path is briefly interrupted and the spurious interference from the vehicle’s own electrical
pulse blanked out electronically (Fig. 10). equipment (and from the equipment on
High-quality receivers attempt to “rebuild” neighboring vehicles). At the same time, the
the original signal and insert it in the blank- effect is aggravated by the reinforced-con-
ing gap. crete tunnel walls reducing the wanted-sig-
nal strength (due to their shielding effect),
Interference signals while at the same time the interference ema-
Radio interference (noise) is understood to nating from the vehicle and its immediate
be the undesirable HF waves which are re- surroundings remains unaffected. Under
ceived by the receiver together with the certain circumstances, it is possible that the
wanted signal (e.g. the radio or TV pro- transmitter can no longer be received at all.
gram). These adversely affect the reception Similar phenomena occur when driving in
quality (this also applies in principle to the mountains or in a large city (tall build-
combined transmitter/receiver units such as ings).
radiotelephones and walkie-talkies).
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
In general, with regard to the propagation of Reception quality depends upon the rela-
electromagnetic waves it also holds true that tionship at the point of reception between
reception is impaired by conductors in the the strength of the electromagnetic field
transmitter’s radiation field (such as steel generated by the transmitter (signal
girders and steel masts etc.), as well as by strength), and the interference-field strength
forests, groups of trees, buildings, and deep generated by the interference source or the
valleys. The wave propagation characteristic level of the natural noise. The higher the sig-
as briefly dealt with above is important for nal-to-noise ratio (SNR), that is the ratio of
interference suppression in the vehicle to the signal strength to interference-field strength,
extent that if the received signal is too weak, the better is the reception. This means that
it is impossible to achieve interference-free the sources of interference should be located
reception (even if extensive interference- as far away as possible from the receiver.

10 Automatic interference suppression (ASU) operates like an electric switch which, for the duration of the interference,
opens the signal path and blanks out the spurious pulses

FM(VHF) radio
Spurious pulses Blanking areas Loudspeaker

HF stage LF stage
ASU

Wanted signal Wanted signal

æ UKR0014E
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Analog signal transmission Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), satellite-supported communications 13

A receiver which is switched on in the vicin- steps must also be taken to ensure that the
ity of an interference source receives not interference circuit has as little effect as pos-
only the HF electromagnetic waves of the sible on the receiver circuit. For instance, ad-
wanted signal (as tuned-in at the receiver), equate spacing must be ensured between the
but also the undesirable HF electromagnetic lines which carry the interference and the re-
interference waves emanating from a given ceiver’s antenna circuit. In other words “de-
interference source. Normally, the receiver is coupling”. This is the job of interference
unable to separate the wanted signal from suppression and the corresponding EMC
the interference signal since both have the measures.
same frequency. Nevertheless, high-quality
reception is possible provided that at the re- Metallic shielding (prevents conductors be-
ception point the field strength of the ing directly exposed to interference), and
wanted signal is very large compared to that power-supply-side filtering out of the inter-
of the electromagnetic field generated by the ference (fully shielded devices) contribute to
interference source. In other words, the rela- improvement of the SNR.
tionship between signal and noise (SNR)
should be as high as possible.
The signal strength is a function of the Satellite-supported
transmitter’s output power, the transmitter communications
frequency, the distance between transmitter
and receiver, and the propagation properties Satellite-supported communications is ap-
of the electromagnetic waves as already dealt plied to ensure widespread broadcast cover-
with. age of large areas. Transmission takes place
in a frequency range in which to a great ex-
Due to the low effective antenna height, the tent the HF propagation properties are de-
receive equipment in the vehicle can only fined by “shadowing”. This means that re-
generate a very low signal voltage at the re- ception problems can occur in wooded
ceiver input. This means that at the receiver, areas, as well as in large towns and in moun-
the possibilities for improving the SNR are tainous districts.
very limited. Considering the field-strength
conditions prevailing at the point of recep- The limits placed on the energy supply avail-
tion, the optimum available signal can be able to the satellites means that the trans-
positively affected by the use of suitable an- mitter output power must be kept to a mini-
tenna types and favorable antenna configur- mum. This means that it is impossible to
ations on the vehicle. compensate for attentuation caused by such
With favourable antenna dimensions and natural obstacles as trees and their branches
configurations, the signal voltage at the re- and leaves.
ceiver input can be increased so that the
SNR, which is of decisive importance for re- Satellite technology is mainly applied in
ception quality, can be be further improved. telecommunications (data, speech), TV en-
gineering, and for earth observation.
Electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC)
When receiving weak signals, it is necessary
that the noise level is reduced in order to
achieve an adequate SNR. In other words,
the interference-wave energy must not only
be reduced at its point of generation, but
 Robert Bosch GmbH

14 Digital signal transmission Digital radio systems

Digital signal transmission

Innovative signal-processing techniques, to- 1 1 Principle of digital data transmission
gether with digital signal and data transmis-
sion, are leading to far-reaching changes in
mobile communications systems and to the
introduction of more and more new appli- Source Source coding
cations. This trend is underlined by the ap-
pearance of digital radio systems which in
future will take over completely from the Channel coding
conventional analog systems. They are
opening up reasonably priced, broad-band
data transmission to all mobile subscribers, Modulation
no matter whether pedestrians, or passen-
gers in a vehicle or in an intercity express
train. Channel

Digital radio systems Demodulation

There are decisive differences between digi-

tal and analog radio broadcast transmis- Channel decoding
sions. In digital systems the basic AF signal
(for instance, music) is digitised and then
subjected to two processing steps which are Acceptor Source decoding
not needed with analog systems. These are

æ SKR0082E
referred to as “source coding” and “channel
coding”.

With source coding, the data volume is re-

duced with the help of modern mathemati-
cal processes in which information which is Digital radio-broadcasting methods are
redundant or irrelevant for the receiver is re- presently being introduced. For instance,
moved from the source signal. they are already in use in satellite broadcast-
With channel coding, special mathematical ing (satellite TV). The conversion from ana-
computations are applied in conditioning log sound broadcasting to the digital system
the data volume which is to be transmitted DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) has al-
so that it is subjected to minimal distur- ready started:
bance from the transmission channel which,  In North European countries (England,
in practice, still features a high interference Scandinavia), 60 % to 80 % of the listen-
level. ers are already inside the coverage area of
digital broadcasting services.
Source and channel coding must have been  In Central Europe (Germany, France), the
completed before the carrier wave is modu- figure is approx. 30 %.
lated with the signal and transmitted to the  Introduction has advanced least of all in
receiver. Here the process is reversed (Fig. 1). South and Eastern European countries.

Thanks to this procedure, the digital data- Even though the term “Digital Audio Broad-
transmission system is more efficient than the casting” may lead one to expect that the ser-
analog system with respect to bandwidth, in- vices provided by such transmitters are lim-
terference, and energy consumption. ited to audio broadcasting, this is not the
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Digital signal transmission Radio Data System (auxiliary radio services) 15

case. A variety of data services are provided. Alternative-frequency code

Among other things, these include such text Unnoticed by the vehicle’s occupants, the
services as the latest news, traffic reports, system transmits a list of alternative fre-
and stock-exchange information, and graph- quencies on which the program presently
ics services which provide traffic-jam maps, being heard is also available. If reception
CD covers, and parking-lot information in quality on the present frequency deterio-
map form. rates, the RDS receiver automatically
switches to one of the alternative frequencies
For use to be made of the graphics and text in the list and remains there if reception
services, the “radio” must of course be quality is better. If, on the other hand, it is
equipped with an appropriate display. worse, the receiver tries another of the fre-
quencies on the list.
Radio Data System
(auxiliary radio services) PI code (Program Identity)
For control purposes, each and every pro-
Features gram is provided with its own Program
RDS (Radio Data System) is a digital data Identification number (PI code). When re-
transmission system for analog FM (VHF) ception quality forces a change of frequency
radio transmitters, and is a service provided (see “Alternative-frequency code” above), the
by the broadcasting corporations. PI code of the original station must be iden-
In Europe, a standard format is used for tical to that of the station selected in accor-
the RDS “data telegram” used with the infor- dance with the alternative-frequency code.
mation services accompanying the program Otherwise, the wrong program has been se-
transmissions. Here, the conventional FM lected.
(VHF) transmissions (with their analog au-
dio information) are also provided with a TP/TA code (Traffic Program/Traffic
very-narrow-bandwidth digital data chan- Announcement)
nel. The bandwidth must be so narrow (ap- The TP and TA codes serve for traffic-infor-
prox. 100 bit/s) because FM (VHF) radio is mation radio-service identification and for
an analog system in which the available announcement identification. The RDS re-
bandwidth is already fully utilised for the ceiver evaluates the TP and the TA in the
audio signal. same manner as the ARI-SK and ARI-DK.

In addition to the conventional music and Since the majority of European countries
speech content, the following supplementary were without a traffic-information radio
information is also transmitted with the system, it was a logical step to include it in
RDS data channel in the form of coded data RDS. The existing ARI system in Germany,
signals. These can be decoded provided the Austria, Luxembourg, and Switzerland
car radio (or domestic receiver) is equipped though, is scheduled to remain in operation
with an RDS decoder: until 2005 in parallel to RDS. In all the
countries of North, South, and West Europe,
RDS services the programs of the national broadcasting
PS code (Program Service) systems and the majority of the private radio
The PS code provides the listener with de- stations can be received complete with the
tails of the radio station presently being lis- RDS services detailed above.
tened to (e.g. “BBC 1” or “BAVARIA 3”).
This code can be maximum 8 digits (charac- Options
ters) long, and appears in the radio’s display. The RDS format incorporates the following
additional options:
 Robert Bosch GmbH

16 Digital signal transmission Radio Data System (auxiliary radio services), Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)

PTY code (Program Type) M/S code (Music/Speech)

The PTY code defines up to 16 different Code transmitted by a number of radio sta-
program types, for instance news programs, tions to enable the receiver to differentiate
sport, and classical music etc. between musical and spoken transmissions.
Using DSC, base and treble can be reduced
PTY RT (Radio Text) to provide a separate tone setting for speech.
Radio text (RT) contains additional infor-
mation provided by the radio station on the
actual program being transmitted. For in- Digital Audio Broadcasting
stance, the program’s title and/or the names DAB
of the musicians, etc.
Characteristics
PTY 31 Within the framework of the European
PTY 31 is the control signal for the superim- EUREKA 147 project, the digital radio sys-
position of warning announcements for the tem DAB is the most important develop-
population (similar to TA). The PTY 31 ment in radio engineering since the intro-
function cannot be deactivated. duction of FM. It has the following charac-
teristics:
EON code (Enhanced Other Networks)
By means of “EON”, the receiver is informed  Reliable and interference-free reception in
of the fact that traffic information is being both portable and mobile applications,
transmitted by another radio station in a  Tonal quality comparable with that of
different program. It can switch over to this CDs,
program for the duration of this announce-  Optimised frequency requirements due to
ment. tone-data reduction and simultaneous-
broadcasting (SB) networks,
TMC code (Traffic Message Channel)  Optimised power requirements due to ap-
TMC is a digital traffic-information radio- propriate transmission method and cod-
service data channel containing information ing,
on the traffic situation. This information is  Suitable for international, national, re-
updated continually. The TMC code serves gional, and local radio programs,
to transmit standard information (for in-  Boasts a guaranteed future thanks to it be-
stance on trafffic jams) in a defined form. ing compatible with Mulimedia.
Using a speech synthesizer, these can be re-
ferred to at any time and in any language re- Up to now, the standardised system devel-
quired. With navigation systems, TMC in- oped within the EUREKA 147-DAB project,
formation on traffic jams and other obsta- and standardised by the European Telecom-
cles can be immediately taken into account munications Standards Institute (ETSI), is
in calculating an alternative route. the only system which complies with all the
above stipulations, and which has been rec-
CT code (Clock/Time) ommended by the International Telecom-
The CT code provides the correct time and munications Union (ITU).
date.
Typically, between 5 and 7 sound-broadcast-
RT code (Radio Text) ing programs and a number of data chan-
The RT code transmits the text needed for nels are combined to form a so-called “en-
the receiver to indicate the title of the music semble”. For instance, a program ensemble
presently being heard (provided it is equip- comprising all the programs from a particu-
ped with a suitable display). lar national broadcasting corporation can be
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Digital signal transmission Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) 17

transmitted in a single simultaneous-broad- of error protection (DAB multiplex).

casting (SB) network so that they can all be The configuration and interaction of the var-
received on the same frequency. ious DAB system components can be seen in
Whereas band III (175...239 MHz) is re- the block diagram (Fig. 1). It shows schemati-
served for nation-wide transmissions, the L- cally how the DAB signal is generated.
band (1453...1491 MHz) is intended for lo-
cal radio broadcasts. Method of operation
Data reduction is applied to the various
sound-broadcasting programs by means of
Components of the EUREKA “audio coders”. Channel coding is then used
147 DAB system to add the redundancy which is needed for
Essentially, the DAB system is based on three error correction in the receiver. A number of
major components: data services can be combined in a single
packet multiplexer. This packet multiplex is
 The tone-data reduction process as per then also added to the channel coding.
MPEG-1 (ISO 11172-3) or MPEG-2 (ISO The channel-coded data in the sub-chan-
13818-3), in both cases Layer II, nels is combined with the FIC data (Fast In-
 The COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Fre- formation Channel) and then COFDM-
quency Division Multiplexing) transmis- modulated. As a rule, this is carried out
sion procedure, and using FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation).
 The flexible sharing-out of the transmission The FIC data contains details of the multi-
capacity to a large number of sub-chan- plex configuration as well as additional pro-
nels. Independent of each other, these are gram information.
able to transmit tone and data programs Digital/analog signal conversion then
with various data rates and differing levels takes place, followed by mixing, amplifica-

1 Configuration and interaction of the various components of the DAB system when generating a DAB signal
(block diagram)

Sound-
broadcasting
programs Data services

Tone Packet
coder multiplexer

Channel Channel
coder encoder
DAB signal

Frequency
Main service-channel
multiplexer
1.5 MHz
Transmission
multiplexer OFDM Transmitter
Program
information
æ NKR0083E

Multiplex FIC
information
 Robert Bosch GmbH

18 Digital signal transmission Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)

tion, filtering, and transmission with the thus longer symbol duration (100 µs...1 ms).
transmitting frequency (processing of the This means that the symbol duration is much
DAB signals in the digital receiver is dealt longer with COFDM than the typical transit-
with in the Chapter “Audio systems”). time difference of the received signal contents
10...100 µs).
For the EUREKA 147 project, the MPEG-I This fact, together with the protective-interval
Layer II tone-data reduction method was se- function that has also been included, can even
lected, together with a number of extensions lead to inter-symbol interference being
from the MPEG-2 Layer II follow-up stan- avoided completely. An error-protection cod-
dard. This method is sometimes referred to ing function has also been incorporated in or-
(although this is not absolutely correct) as der to remove any bit errors which are still
the “Musicam method”. Its advantage lies in present.
the fact that together with low levels of com-
plexity and relatively short delays during A bandwidth of 1,536 MHz has been stipu-
coding and decoding, it is possible to lated for DAB. In order that terrestrial (radi-
achieve a high compression factor. In the ated to the earth) simultaneous-broadcasting
case of stereo transmissions, with data rates (SB) networks in Band III and in the L-Band
of 160...256 kbit/s it provides quality which can be implemented, as well as satellite trans-
is comparable to that of a CD. mission up to 3 GHz, there are four sets of pa-
The COFDM process is particularly suit- rameters available for the COFDM process.
able for ensuring high-quality reception Here, the number of COFDM sub-carriers is
when simultaneous-broadcasting (SB) net- 1536, 768, 384, and 192, and the carrier spac-
works are used and multipath reception is ing is 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz.
involved. This method is based on the divi-
sion of the complete data stream into a The choice of bandwidth means that the DAB
number of sub data streams (192...1536 system is able to provide a far higher data rate
kbit/s) each of which is transferred to its than is actually required for the transmission
own subcarrier with a lower data rate and of a sound-broadcasting program. This en-

2 Configuration and interaction of a DAB distribution network (block diagram)

Services Ensemble Transmission

provider provider stations

Ensemble-
related Other
Data-services details transmitters
details
Filter
Program Ensemble
transport Program transport Ensemble
multiplexer transport multiplexer transport
network network Power
amplifier

Tone MCI COFDM HF

æ NKR0084E

coder generation coder modulator

Other
services
providers
PAD Tone source High frequency (HF)
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Digital signal transmission Digital Multimedia Broadcasting DMB, Digital Radio Mondiale DRM 19

ables several programs and data servics to be duced under the designation DMB (Digital
combined to form a multiplex, which is then Multimedia Broadcasting). By combining
transmitted. The total of the programs com- DAB and mobile radio, DMB is leading to two
bined on a DAB multiplex is designated an en- different technologies growing together:
semble (Fig. 2). The ensemble-multiplex is
highly flexible both with regard to the number The good mobile reception characteristics
of individual sub-channels, their data rate, mean that is is possible to provide the driver
and their error protection, that is the redun- with DAB/ITS (Intelligent Telematic Services)
dancy that is added for the transmission. With so that the increasing demands for improved
a minimum of redundancy, the DAB-system communications technology in the vehicle
transfer rate can reach 1.84 Mbit/s. For mobile can be complied with. Provision of a reverse
reception, a figure of approx. 1.2 Mbit/s can channel such as GSM (Global Standard for
be assumed. Mobile communication for digital transmit-
ters and receivers) results in an interactive
Since multiplex is flexible, it is necessary for medium. This means that access to Internet,
the receiver to be given information on the or other data services with high data rates and
multiplex configuration of the just-received interactive operator handling, becomes a pos-
DAB ensemble, and on how this can be re- sibility.
configured. This takes place using the FIC Here, the narrow-band GSM channel serves
(Fast Information Channel) with which all to call-up the services (e.g. by giving the ad-
the additional information required for the dress of a web-page in Internet), and the
operation and control of the receiver is trans- wide-band broadcast medium delivers the
mitted (for instance, the transmitter’s identity data (e.g. graphic web page in HTML format
and alternative frequencies). with inbedded JPEG images).
The interface between ensemble provider
and transmitter network is designated ETI The additional data services can be provided
(Ensemble Transport Interface). This effi- through one or more service providers IDMB
ciently distributes the signals from the DAB- (Interactive Digital Multimedia Broadcast-
ensemble multiplexer to the COFDM genera- ing). For details, see the Section “Mobile Inter-
tors in the transmitter network (e.g. a simul- net” in the “Multimedia Systems” Chapter.
taneous-broadcasting (SB) network).
Digital Radio Mondial DRM
Thanks to the combination of tone-data re-
duction, COFDM, and flexible multiplex as DRM is a new radio standard for long,
described above, DAB is a highly versatile sys- medium, and short waves which is presently
tem whose applications extend far beyond passing through the standardisation proce-
classical sound-broadcasting. In the long run, dure.
this will lead to digital multimedia radio
broadcasting which will be receivable in the Signals can be transmitted practically free of
automobile and with portable equipment. interference in these bands by applying similar
methods to those used with DAB. The appli-
Digital Multimedia cation of the latest audio-compression meth-
Broadcasting DMB ods means that good quality is guaranteed for
both musical and spoken programs.
The flexible sub-division of the DAB ensem-
ble means that it is possible to transmit other This enables full advantage can be taken of the
data, such as video/TV or Internet pages, in- long ranges which are possible, while at the
stead of sound-broadcasting programs. These same time the high quality contributes to
DAB-system applications have been intro- gaining additional listeners.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

20 Orientation methods Orientation, position-finding, navigation

Orientation methods
In order to be able to understand various system, which is familiar from maps and
terms applied in road traffic, such as posi- town/city street plans.
tion-finding by means of satellite, and vehi-
cle navigation, a number of the important The earth’s spherical shape means that when
basic terms associated with orientation and a very large area is concerned, locations can
navigation methods are dealt with below. no longer be defined using cartesian coordi-
nates. A geographic coordinate system is
needed with a network of circular lines:
Orientation The coordinate lines from North to South
all start and end at the poles and are termed
The word orientation is derived from the “Meridians”. At the equator, depending
Latin word “oriens” (rising [sun]). It stands upon angular distance, these are divided
for navigation using the four points of the into East and West degrees of longitude (the
compass. prime meridian passes through Greenwich
near London). The second group of coordi-
Position-finding nates run from East to West and cut all the
Meridians at right angles. The Equator
Assignment marks the starting point for counting in the
Position-finding is used to determine one’s North and South degrees of latitude.
own position or that of a searched-for ob- Slight modifications are needed before
jective by means of measurement, direction these coordinate lines apply on the actual
finding, or radiolocation techniques. terrestrial globe. They are then no longer
circles but rather complicated curves by
Reference systems means of which every point on the earth’s
If considerable distances and areas are in- surface can be defined using two digits.
volved, directions and locations can only be
determined using a reference system that Navigation
provides suitable, repoducible reference di-
rections (for instance, the starry sky (firma- Applications
ment) and the direction of the sun or of a Navigation is the continual definition of lo-
mountain peak which is visible from a long cation and direction as needed to arrive at a
distance). desired destination. Position-finding is such
an essential component in the process of
The reference system for direction must be navigation that very often no difference is
defined referred to a single, main direction made between them and one simply speaks
(North, for instance, which can easily be de- of navigation, although navigation goes far
fined using the Pole (North) Star). A name further.
or a number suffices for the input of any Among other things, navigation requires
other direction. that the globe be represented on a smaller
scale and that individual locations are clearly
In order to define a location, the reference shown in their respective positions. Com-
system for specifying and defining locations pared to a map though, a globe is far too un-
relies upon at least two related numbers. In wieldy for entering routes, directions, and
addition, a system starting point and a sys- distances. The problem is that spherical fig-
tem zero point are needed as well as a main ures cannot be transferred to a flat surface
or principle direction. In practice, these without distortion of the distances involved.
stipulations are complied with by using a
coordinate system. One of these systems is
the rectangular, linear cartesian coordinate
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Orientation methods Navigation 21

Coordinate systems 1 Mercator projection

There are suitable coordinate systems avail-
able for representing areas of the earth’s sur-
face on maps. For instance, these include the 1
Mercator Projection system and the related
UTM (Universal Transversal Mercator Pro-
jection). These are particularly suitable for
land navigation. In both systems, projection
“beams” radiate from the globe’s center 2
point and project onto every point of the

æ SKR0085Y
earth’s spherical surface on a cylindrical gen-
Fig. 1
erated surface. In one case it is applied to the 1 1 Projection cylinder
equator, and in the other case turned (based on the equator)
through 90° and applied to a meridian 2 Projection lines/beams
(Figs. 1 and 2 respectively). In the subse-
quent calculations, the unavoidable distor- 2 UTM Universal Transversal Mercator Projection

tions are compensated for by means of a dis-

tortion factor.
Developing the generated surface results
in a flat map sheet. Further-going proce- 1
dures are needed in order to define the loca-
tion data (described using coordinate sys- 6°
tems in appropriate maps) in the vehicle
while it is on the move. æ SKR0086Y
Composite navigation
Fig. 2
Composite navigation must be applied when 1 Projection cylinder
landmarks are missing and permanent posi- (based on a
tion-finding by astronomical means (astro- meridian)
navigation) is impossible (Fig. 3). Compos-
ite navigation can be applied if it is possible 3 Composite navigation (principle)

to determine the direction taken by the vehi-

cle by means of a compass for instance, and
when the distance travelled can be mea- B
sured. Composite navigation is the basis for C

all independent or autonomous navigation

methods: A given travelled distance which is
so small that the vehicle has not changed its
direction perceptibly, is regarded as an ori-
ented road element (arrow or vector). If, by
means of computation (or on a drawing), a Fig. 3
large number of these road elements, begin- A Known starting point
ning with the coordinates of the starting lo- B Destination
cation and up to the coordinates of the pre- C Present location

sent position, are continually added to each N (calculated position)

N North axis
æ SKR0087Y

other, one is said to have “coupled” the lo- 1 Oriented route

cation. α
A element (deviation
1 from the North axis
in angle a)
 Robert Bosch GmbH

22 Orientation methods Navigation

This is not a new method, although today Map matching is impossible in areas which
computers are used to carry out the calcula- are not covered digitally, and here naviga-
tions electronically. Unfortunately, unavoid- tion takes place solely by means of satellite
able discrepancies in determining the direc- data. The display indicates the direction to
tion being taken and the distance travelled be taken, and the distance to destination is
inevitably lead to an error in the location shown as a straight-line distance. The dis-
definition. Since the error increases along play also indicates “OFF-ROAD”, in other
with the length of the journey, it becomes words an indication that the vehicle is not
necessary to carry out corrections from time driving on roads covered by the digital map.
to time. That is, a specific reference point
must be identified and its coordinates in- Satellite navigation system GPS
putted into the system so that a comparison At present, the GPS (Global Positioning Sys-
can be made between the location and the tem) navigation system is used by all auto-
digital map (Map Matching), and the accu- motive navigation systems for determining
mulated errors compensated for. the vehicle’s position. The GPS is based on a
network of 24 intercommunicating Ameri-
In an automotive navigation system, the can satellites which are used all over the
navigation computer applies the signals world for this purpose (Fig. 4).
from the tachometer sensor, or the wheel- These satellites are uniformly distributed
speed sensors, in determining the distance at an altitude of approx. 20,000 km. They
travelled and the changes in direction. This orbit the earth every 12 hours in six differ-
information is used to derive the data on the ent paths, and 50 times per second transmit
route taken by the vehicle. Composite navi- special position, identification, and time sig-
gation results from the above interaction. nals. Since May 2000, civilian users have also
The navigation computer performs map been able to take advantage of accuracies of
matching several times per second, and the about ± 10 m.
road map stored on a CD-ROM is compared
with the vehicle’s route. As a result, accuracy Due to the differences in transit times, the
increases to ± 5 m (15 ft) within towns and signals from the different satellites reach the
villages covered digitally in the CD-ROM vehicle with a given time offset. Once the
road map, and ± 50 m (150 ft) on country signals from at least 3 satellites are received,
roads and autobahns/motorways. the navigation system’s computer calculates
its own geographical position (at least two-
4 Satellite positioning system GPS dimensionally).
(Global Positioning System)
If the signals from at least 4 satellites are
received, 3-dimensional positioning is poss-
16
10 ible. Depending upon satellite position, a ve-
hicle’s navigation system is able to receive up
13 9
22 20 6
5 to as many as 8 satellite signals simul-
18
3
taneously.
14
24 11
Reception of GPS signals can be interfered
23 2 4
with, or even interrupted, by the following
15 7 influences:
19
1
17
21  Ionospheric and atmospheric interfer-
Fig. 4
æ SKR0088Y

ence,
1...24
 Mismatch of the combination antenna for
12 8
24 satellites are used in
defining the vehicle’s GPS and telephone,
position  Signal shadowing in valleys, due to
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Orientation methods Navigation 23

houses, trees, tunnels, high-rise buildings the composite navigation is able to bridge
etc. (Fig. 5), the GPS reception interference by applying
 Multipath reception due to the transit- the information from the vehicle sensors to
time differences of reflected signals, improve the positioning accuracy.
 Influencing of the satellite clocks.
This means that on the one hand the com-
Even though these interference factors can posite navigation is used to overcome the
lead to inaccuracies in calculating position, GPS reception interference, and on the other
the vehicle’s own information sensors can the GPS position is applied to check the
nevertheless determine the vehicle’s posi- composite navigation.
tion.

Vehicle navigation
Since composite navigation and satellite
navigation each have their specific advan-
tages and disadvantages, a combination of
both methods is used in the vehicle (Fig. 6).
5 Shadowing of a GPS signal (example)

In composite navigation, which is indepen- 1

dent of infrastructure, when the stretches of
road driven by the vehicle are added, the er-
rors accumulate. The positioning uncer-
tainty therefore increases as a function of
4
time. These errors must be corrected by
comparing the location and the digital map, 3 Fig. 5
and by checking the composite navigation 1 GPS satellite
2 Vehicle
by means of the calculated GPS position.
2 3 Valley
æ SKR0089Y

During longer journeys in areas not cov- 4 Rows of high-rise

5
ered digitally, the vehicle-sensor errors accu- buildings
mulate so that it becomes impossible to per- 5 Tunnel and under-
form map matching. The GPS receiver ground car parks
though provides the navigation computer
with the position together with the degree of 6 Combination of composite navigation and satellite
positioning (GPS) for vehicle navigation
latitude and longitude
Since GPS can be received all over the Composite Satellite
world, this means that as soon as the vehicle navigation position-finding
enters a “digitalised” area again, the appro-
priate data from the particular section of
road map in the navigation CD-ROM are
entered into the navigation computer (this Yaw-rate sensor + Satellite
Wheel sensor GPS antenna
also applies when the system is taken into or tachometer and receiver
operation for the first time, and when the sensor Navigation ECU
vehicle is transported by train or ferry). Map CD-ROM
Navigation ECU
matching again becomes possible, and the
starting point is soon found.
æ SKR0090E

Even though satellite navigation is avail-

able worldwide, and is also very accurate, it
Vehicle navigation
can happen that reception interference
causes gaps in the positioning. In such cases,
 Robert Bosch GmbH

24 Mobile radio Applications, cellular telephone networks

Mobile radio
The mobile-radio sector is sub-divided into Cellular telephone networks
cellular telephone networks (e.g. D and E
networks), and private mobile radio (pmr) In such telephone networks, the connections
networks. are always switched via the stationary/fixed-
installation radio stations, whereby they are
Applications not only possible between mobile telephones
but also into or out of the public telephone
Whereas the cellular telephone networks are network. There are technically different tele-
public networks and open to everyone, the phone networks in operation in Europe at
private mobile radio (pmr) networks are present. These are analog (C network) and
only accessible to a certain group of persons. digital (D and E [GSM] networks).
Mobile radio networks are comprised of the
mobile radio unit (mobile telephone) and C network
the infrastructure (system control and per- The analog cellular telephone network (usu-
manently installed radio stations, and base ally 450 MHz) uses analog modulation to
stations). In the field of mobile radio net- transmit speech. Special organisation chan-
works, the necessity of making the most effi- nels control the connections by means of
cient use of the frequencies led to the setting digital telegrams. On the speech channels,
up of cellular networks. The same frequency the system control maintains permanent
can be used in different cells provided these monitoring of those connections which have
are far enough away from each other. The been set up, whereby digital telegrams are
number of fixed-installation radio stations inserted into the speech which is sub-
(radio cells) in a cellular radio network is a divided into blocks of 12.5 ms each (Fig. 1).
function of the area being served and/or the Before transmission, these are compressed
number of subscribers. to form “time packages” of 10/11 x 12.5 ms.
The resulting gaps of 1/11 x 12.5 ms are
1 C-net connection control filled with the digital telegrams. At the re-
ceiver, the reverse procedure is applied in re-
moving the signal, and the speech is then ex-
panded again to its original 12.5 ms. In re-
1 cent years, the analog networks have to a
great extent been superseded by digital ver-
12.5 ms sions. The German C network was switched
off at the end of the year 2000.
2
D and E networks
The Europe-wide digital, cellular mobile-ra-
1/11 • 12.5 ms 10/11 • 12.5 ms dio system GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communication) operates in the 900 MHz
3 range (E networks in the 1.8 GHz range)
and was intended to overcome the incom-
6 bits (4 useful bits) patibility of the European analog networks.
In the D and E networks, speech is transmit-
ted digitally in contrast to the analog meth-
Fig. 1 4
ods used with the C network. Eight or six-
æ UKR0069-1E

1 Speech
teen speech channels (each with 16 kbit/s or
2 Compressed speech
3 Digital telegram 8 kbit/s [“half rate”] respectively) are carried
4 Compressed speech on a high-frequency channel with a 200 kHz
and digital telegram bandwidth. Inside the high-frequency chan-
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Mobile radio Private mobile radio (PMR) and trunking networks 25

nel, access to the speech channel is by means calling procedure, a digital telegram not only
of (Time Division Multiplex Access). contains the address of the subscriber being
called, but can also incorporate other status
Private mobile radio information.
(pmr) networks
Trunking networks
Private mobile radio (pmr) networks are
radio networks aligned to the requirements The 400 MHz trunking networks of the Ger-
of specific groups of persons. An essential man Telecom (German Post Office) are in-
feature of pmr is its efficient radio penetra- tended to alleviate the increasing shortage of
tion within a given area, which in turn leads frequencies in the pmr networks. The joint
to a high level of availability for all mobile usage and administration of several radio
stations. In the case of analog pmr networks, channels results in channel-trunking advan-
connection-establishment times of less than tages which lead to more radio subscribers
1 s are typical. And special forms of opera- being accomodated in each radio channel
tion (“open channel”) require no connec- than is the case using conventional net-
tion-establishment time at all. Typical users works. In addition to the good availablity
of such pmr networks are electricity supply within a trunked network, and the exclusive-
companies, public transport services, auth- ness of the connections, the mobile station’s
orities and organisations concerned with possibilities of access to the public (wire-
safety and security, as well as users of com- based) telecommunications networks must
mon or shared frequencies such as taxi and also be mentioned.
hire-car businesses.
Connection control uses a special radio
A variety of different analog and digital sig- channel (organisation channel) in line with
nalling procedures are used for connection the MPT1327 specifications (MPT Ministry
control. The so-called “selective call net- of Post and Telecommunications).
works” enable individual subscribers to be The digital trunking network TETRA-25
called separately. The most important sig- (Trans-European Trunked Radio) was
nalling procedures are the digital and 5-tone specified by the ETSI (European Telecom-
sequence call methods. In the latter, the 5 munications Standards Institute). This
tones of the sequence represent in coded Time-Division Multiplex Access (TDMA)
form the unit address of the subscriber be- procedure uses a 25 kHz channel pattern
ing called, depending on which each tone is with 4 time slots each in the 400 MHz range.
given a digit between 0 and 9, and each digit The transfer rate is 36 kbit/s (gross) for each
is allocated a frequency. carrier frequency.
TETRAPOL, another digital trunking net-
Following reception and evaluation of the 5- work, applies the FDMA (Frequency Divi-
tone sequence, the called unit sends a 5-tone sion Multiplex Access) procedure, and uses
sequence as an acknowledgement and gener- a narrow-band channel pattern of 10 or
ates a call tone which acts as an attention- 12.5 kHz: The transfer rate is 8 kbit/s (gross)
getting signal. The connection has now been for each carrier frequency.
set up. Radio systems with a digital calling For their pmr services, the European rail-
procedure are a further development of way systems use a radio-transmission pro-
these tone-sequence systems. The informa- cedure based on GSM principles (GSM2+,
tion in the call and acknowledge telegrams is GSM railway).
coded binarily. The bits “0” and “1” are allo-
cated the frequencies 1800 Hz and 1200 Hz
respectively. Compared to the tone-sequence
 Robert Bosch GmbH

26 Audio systems Car radio

Audio systems
Today, audio systems – and with them enter- to the advent of semiconductors, electron
tainment in the vehicle together with infor- tubes were superseded by transistors and the
mation on the traffic situation – are a matter equipment not only needed far less energy,
of course and form the basis of mobile com- but became smaller, more sophisticated,
munication. Developments are continuing lighter, and cheaper (Fig. 2). This was behind
though, and digital installations with DAB re- the car radio being indispensable in a mod-
ceivers provide for far better audio reception ern-day vehicle, particularly for long-distance
than with the conventional FM transmis- drivers on autobahns and motorways.
sions. Above all, in mobile applications inter-
ference due to multipath reception or fluctu- Thanks to improved receiver systems, enter-
ating field strengths has become a thing of tainment possibilities have improved im-
the past. mensely (this is in particular thanks to the digi-
tal radio and the appropriate transmission sys-
Car radio tem DAB, Digital Audio Broadcasting) or such
auxiliary functions as drives for a variety of
Assignment and application sound-carrier systems which provide for a far
It was back in 1932, that the first Blaupunkt higher quality of sound.
car radio was installed in an automobile. In In addition to entertainment services
those days, a car radio was a luxury and was though, reception of important information
used solely for the (sometimes imperfect) re- on traffic situation and road conditions has
ception of radio broadcast entertainment. also come to the forefront. Provided the corre-
Furthermore, the electron-tube equipment sponding equipment is on board, services are
was heavy and bulky (Fig. 1), as well as con- available which guide the vehicle from starting
suming far too much energy. point to destination while at the same time
Meanwhile, emphasis has shifted, and thanks avoiding traffic jams.

1 Blaupunkt 1936 car radio

Fig. 1
1 Switch panel for 1 2
attachment to the
steering column
æ UKR0091Y

2 Auto-Super 7A 78
receiver for mounting
underneath the instru-
ment panel
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Audio systems Car radio 27

Radio reception, technical terms

Reception conditions Maximum power
With FM(VHF), critical reception situations As a rule, the term “max. power” is used in
occur for instance when mountains or tall retail outlets when comparing commercially
buildings briefly “shadow” the transmitter available equipment (this figure is important
signals (this results in noise), or in case of with regard to extreme peak powers).
the delayed reception of transmitter waves There is an exponential relationship be-
which are reflected from such obstacles (this tween “Volume” and “Power”. This means
results in distortion). Further interference that when power is doubled, the increase in
factors are: volume is barely discernible (3 dB). Of more
 Crosstalk from high-power adjacent- decisive importance is the efficiency of the Fig. 2
channel transmitters, and loudspeakers (level in dB at 1 W input, 1 Button (to open the

 Intermodulation products resulting from measured at a distance of 1 m). front panel)

2 Button (On/Off and
two powerful transmitters on a third (dis- Whereas “power difference in Watt” is of mute)
turbed) frequency. less importance in practice, from the techni- 3 Loudspeaker control
cal viewpoint the installation of more pow- 4 Soft keys (function
Output power erful systems can be well worthwhile in the depends on the
The output power as provided by the car ra- interests of disturbance-free base response scope of the display)
5 Main display (e.g. for
dio, or an extra amplifer (booster), to drive (refer to “Car speakers, subwoofers”).
station name, sound
the loudspeakers is measured according to a
carrier)
number of different standards: Harmonic distortion (HD)/k-factor 6 OK button (confirma-
HD is a measure for distortion. It defines the tion of input and exit
Sinusoidal (sine-wave) power share of the harmonic waves not contained in from menu)
Continuous output (of a sinusoidal wave), the original signal. Rule of thumb: Presuming 7 DEQ button
measured with 10 % harmonic distortion (k- identical output levels, lower values are gen- (selection of
equaliser menu)
factor) (DIN 45324) for car radios, with 1 % erally an indication of good tonal quality.
8 Multifunction rocker
harmonic distortion for amplifiers (DIN switch
45500), or with another stipulated harmonic Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 9 MENU button (selec-
distortion. This is the ratio of the amplitude of a de- tion of the menu for
sired signal at a given point, to the ampli- basic settings)
Music signal power tude of the noise signals at the same point. It 10 AUD button (adjust-
ment of base, treble,
Continuous output of a complex music sig- is given in dB, and the higher the SNR, the
balance, fader, and
nal in Watt measured with 10 % harmonic better is the equipment quality.
volume)
distortion (DIN 45324) for car radios, or 11 DIS button (change
with 1 % harmonic distortion (DIN 45500) display contents)
for amplifiers, or with another stipulated 2 Modern car radio (example Skyline 12 Soft-key labelling
“Dallas MD70”)
harmonic distortion. 13 Equaliser setting aid
and spectrum display
1 2 3 4 5 4 6 7 14 Time and supplemen-
tary information
15 MD button (start of
mini-disc play)
16 CDC button (start
the CD player, or out-
put from an external
audio source)
17 TUNE button (switch
æ UKR0092Y

on the radio, or call-in

of radio-function
menu during radio
17 16 15 12 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
operation)
 Robert Bosch GmbH

28 Audio systems Car radio

Conventional receivers
Signal processing Pos. 2) which selects the input frequency fE for
A wide-ranging mixture of different fre- amplification by a downstream HF amplifier
quencies arrive at the antenna. This mixture (3). Variable-capacitance diodes (which have
is transmitted by a variety of different trans- superseded the former variable capacitors) are
mitter stations and is comprised of high-fre- used to tune to the desired transmitter station.
quency, amplitude-modulated SW, MW and These are operated by a knob, button, or auto-
LW carrier waves, together with the fre- matic station-search facility, and vary the in-
quency modulated FM (VHF) carrier put circuit’s resonant frequency.
waves.These generate (induce) correspond-
ing HF alternating voltages in the antenna. VHF tuner (FM only)
The problem now is to separate the re- A special input stage is used for FM reception.
quired transmitter station from this mixture This is separate to the AM input stage and
of frequencies. This takes place in the re- comprises a bandpass (2) for selection of the
ceiver’s input stage by emphasizing the re- input frequency, an HF amplifier (3), oscilla-
quired signals and suppressing the un- tor (5), and a mixer stage (4).
wanted ones (this procedure is known as A number of radios (e.g. Blaupunkt “New
“selection”). Furthermore, since the carrier York”) are equipped with two tuners, and per-
waves received by the antenna are also ex- formance is correspondingly higher. TMC
tremely weak due to the distances between tuners are designed for the reception of the
receiver and transmitter, they must also be TMC (Traffic Message Channel) traffic-infor-
amplified in the car radio’s receiver stage. mation radio program (see Chapter
“Traffic-Information Radio-Service Sys-
AM and FM receiver stages tems”).
The majority of car radios are equipped
with an AM and an FM receiver stage in or- RF oscillator (AM only)
der to be able to receive both AM (ampli- The RF oscillator (or HF generator, 5), gener-
tude-modulated) transmissions in the MW ates a voltage with a constant amplitude and a
and LW range, and FM (frequency-modu- frequency (oscillator frequency fO) which is
lated) transmissions in the VHF range. The approx. 460 kHz higher than the input fre-
short-wave (SW) range is hardly used at all quency fE. This 460 kHz is the so-called inter-
any more. mediate frequency (IF). When the tuning is
Reception quality in the VHF range is bet- changed to a higher or lower input (or re-
ter than in the other ranges, and interference ceive) frequency in the LW, MW or SW range,
and disturbances are easier to suppress. In the RF oscillator automatically adjusts and os-
addition to a number of other advantages, cillates at a frequency which is 460 kHz above
FM’s far better volume range compared to the input frequency.
AM must be underlined. Volume range is a
measure for the relationship between maxi- Mixer stage (AM only)
mum and minimum volume. Fig. 3 shows The input signal fE (as selected by the input-
the simplified block diagram of such a con- stage tuning) is mixed with the RF oscillator
ventional receiver. voltage (RF oscillator frequency fO) in the
The radio’s receive section is comprised of mixer stage (6). This results in a voltage at the
a number of individual stages as follows: constant IF fZ (difference between RF oscilla-
tor frequency and input frequency). This mix-
Input stage (AM only) ing process can take place a number of times
The amplitude-modulated HF signals from in the receiver. The resulting signal is then
the antenna (1) in the LW and MW ranges passed through an IF bandpass filter (7).
are inputted to the tunable bandpass (Fig. 3,
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Audio systems Car radio 29

IF amplifier (FM/VHF only) For FM/VHF, this first detector performs the
In the FM/VHF range, the AM mixer stage demodulation in a special stage separate
(6) operates as the intermediate-frequency from the AM stage.
(IF) amplifier.
Automatic gain control (agc)
IF amplifier The signals reaching the receiver vary in
The following IF amplifier (8) amplifies the strength, and as a result would lead to a con-
AM signals (constant IF of fZ ≈ 460 kHz), tinually fluctuating volume. Reasonably con-
and the FM/VHF signals (constant IF of fZ ≈ stant volume is achieved by increasing basic
10.7 MHz). It provides them with the neces- amplification in order that weak signals can
sary bandwidth and also generates steep still be well received, for strong signals on
flanks at the band limits. the other hand the level of amplification is
reduced accordingly.
Demodulator This is implemented by means of agc (10)
The demodulator stage which follows (9) is which applies “backward-acting control”
often referred to as the first detector, and (10a) to control the amplification of the HF,
separates the low-frequency (LF) oscillations mixer, and IF stages, and “forward agc”
of the wanted intelligence signal from the (10b) to control the amplification of the LF
high-frequency (HF) carrier wave. This sepa- preselector stage.
ration process is termed demodulation. The
resulting electrical AC voltage corresponds in
LF intelligence content to the input from the
microphone at the transmitter end.

3 Simplified block diagram of a conventional LW, MW, SW (AM), VHF (FM) receiver with
automatic gain control (agc)

Fig. 3
FM VHF 1 Antenna
2 Tunable bandpass
1 3 HF amplifier
4 Mixer stage (FM)
HF Decoder
5 Oscillator
11
3 fN 6 Mixer stage (AM)
2 IF amplifier (FM)
FM
7 IF bandpass (filter)
fZ IF FM
4 9 LF 8 IF amplifier
6 7 8 12 13 (AM: 460 kHz),
G FM
fZ AM FM IF LF FM: 10.7 MHz)
AM 9 Demodulator
5 IF
(1st detector)
VHF tuner 10 Automatic gain
control (agc)
AM LW 10a Backward-acting
MW regulation
1 (SW) 10a
10b Forward agc
2 3 5 10 9 11 Decoder
HF fE G fN 12 LF amplifier
IF
fE LF 13 Loudspeaker
æ NKR0093Y

AM NF Low frequency
10b
ZF Intermediate
frequency (IF)
HF High frequency
 Robert Bosch GmbH

30 Audio systems Car radio

Decoder prove loudspeaker-radiation uniformity,

The decoder (11) is a device for decoding a diplexers (capacitors and chokes) are used to
coded message (e.g. the code for stereo or divide the frequency range into two or more
traffic-info radio services), and for every in- ranges which are then inputted separately to
put signal generates a specific output (con- the individual loudspeaker systems incorpo-
trol) signal. A receiver with a second receive rating tweeters and woofers.
channel and appropriate loudspeakers is
needed for the reception of stereo transmis- Sub-X-Over
sions and broadcasts. This, for instance, is a sub-woofer diplexer
which is available in two versions:
Further components
LF amplifier (preselector stage, pre-amplifier) Low-Pass: This is an active diplexer which
The LF amplifier (12) is used for both AM above a selectable frequency, suppresses the
and FM(VHF), and amplifies the LF signal music signal applied to the sub-woofer
voltage resulting from the demodulation loudspeakers.
process. This amplified signal is then in-
putted to the output stage or to separate High-Pass: This is an active diplexer which
outputs. below a selectable frequency, suppresses the
music signal applied to the sub-woofer
Sub Out with preceding low pass Preamp Out loudspeakers.
For controlling an external amplifier
(Blaupunkt units are always provided with Loudspeakers
4 channels. Output: Standard ≤ 2 V, Skyline In the loudpeaker (13), the transmitted
≤ 4 V). audio signals are made audible for the hu-
man ear. For more details, refer to the “Car
Volume control, bass control, treble control Loudspeakers” section on Page 48.
Using these controls, it is possible to adjust
the desired volume and timbre/tone. They Sound-carrier playback mediums (disk or
are in the form of a knob, a slide, or a rocker. tape drives)
In order to expand the tape volume range
Output stage (Dolby B and C), many car radios are also
This conditions the signals amplified in the equipped with a cassette drive (cassette
preselector or pre-amplifier stage to make tuner) and a noise-suppression system
them suitable for inputting to the loud- (squelch), as well as the necessary controls.
speakers so that they can be heard as an aud- In the meantime, car radios with CD
ible output. Often, the LF pre-amplifier and drives (CD tuners) have become very popu-
the output stage are combined to form a sin- lar and are increasingly superseding the ra-
gle unit. dio versions with tape player.
The MiniDisc is another playback
High-power output stages medium which up to now has only been of
These are equipped with special high-per- minor importance.
formance transistors capable of generating
a maximum power of 20...25 W sinus, or 25-
40 W per channel.

Diplexers
With only a single loudspeaker, it is imposs-
ible to satisfy the very high demands made on
sound-reproduction quality. In order to im-
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Audio systems Car radio 31

Digital receivers SHARX

DigiCeiver Sharx is a function which during FM/UKW
The DigiCeiver is a high-integration receiver reception automatically adapts the IF-filter
module which uses an A/D converter to con- bandwidth to the prevailing reception condi-
vert the IF signal from the tuner into a digi- tions. That is, if the transmitter frequencies
tal signal. All further processing steps are are very close to each other, the bandwidth is
digital, which means that processes can be reduced to improve the FM receiver’s selec-
implemented which with analog techniques tivity and thus provide for disturbance-free
would otherwise be very difficult to imple- reception.
ment, or even impossible. For instance, a lin- If there is no adjacent-channel interfer-
ear-phase IF filter becomes possible which ence, the bandwidth is increased in order to
keeps harmonic distortion down to ex- minimise the harmonic distortion (Fig. 5).
tremely low levels. Furthermore, there are a
number of possibilities for masking the re-
ceived radio interference or noise. The fact 5 SHARX

that digital audio filters have become a prac-

tical proposition means that there are a wide dB
range of possibilities available for influenc- 0
ing the sound impression. -10
Apart from this, compared to analog tech-
Sound level

-20
nology, the DigiCeiver concept needs less
components and modules (Figs. 4 and 6). -30
1 2
This leads to increased reliability (for in- -40
stance, the CD drive doesn’t need its own Fig. 5
-50
1 Conventional setting
D/A converter (DAC). -60 3
4
3 2 Dynamic bandwidth
æ NKR0097E

control
10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 MHz 3 Interference trans-
Frequency mitter
4 Selected transmitter
4 Car radio with DigiCeiver (block diagram)

Magnetic- HF pre-
CD tape cas- Tuner selector
changer sette drive HF stage
LF LF IF
analog analog

Audio
DigiCeiver output 4x
LF amplifier
analog

LF LF LF RDS
digital digital digital data

CD TIM DSP
drive module
æ NKR0096E

Micro-
controller
Control information
 Robert Bosch GmbH

32 Audio systems Car radio

6 DigiCeiver (block diagram)

Reference voltage
Analog reference IF A/D converter
voltage (ADC)

Data bus
Test
(only during
manufacturing) IF decimation filter

Clock

Clock generator
IF filter

Microcontroller
interface
AM/FM
demodulator

Bus controller

MPX
co-processor

Stereo decoder
Automatic ignition-inter-
RDS Decoder ference suppression
Field-strength filter

Audio D/A converter

(DAC)
ADP
co-processor
Serial
Tone control audio
Equaliser (DEQ) interface
Volume control
Decimation filter Balance/fader
æ NKR0095E

Audio A/D converter

PLL (ADC)
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Audio systems Car radio 33

DEQ 7 Digital Equalizer DEQ

The DEQ (Digital Equalizer) is a two, three,
or five-band parametric equalizer in which dB
the adjustments to mid-frequency and to the 10 3
accentuation or suppression of the individ- 2
ual filters takes place individually. In some 1
5
DEQ models, the quality of the particular

Volume
filter can also be selected (Fig. 7). 0

The DEQ serves to optimise the sound or -5

tone in the vehicle by effectively suppressing
-10

æ NKR0094E
structural resonances or by linearising loud- Fig. 7
speaker frequency response. Two adjustable 100 1000 Hz 1 Quality 1.0
equalizer bands suffice to achieve efficient Frequency 2 Quality 1.5
tone processing. Furthermore, on a number 3 Quality 2.8
of models it is even possible to select settings
for the equalizer filter as a function of music 8 TwinCeiver (dual-receiver IC)

type (jazz, pop, vocal, etc.) and vehicle type

(van, mini, large limousine etc.).

DSA and DNC

The DSA (Digital Sound Adjustment) sys-
tem automatically measures and corrects the
frequency response in the vehicle. A micro- Fig. 8
World’s smallest dual-
æ NKR0152Y
phone measures the noise signal generated
receiver IC for car
by the loudspeaker and this is then analysed radios, with approx. 1.6
by the integrated DSP (Digital Sound million transistors on a
Processor). Using a digital 7 or 9-band surface of only 3 mm2
equalizer, it calculates the optimum
tone/sound curve and and sets this specifi- TwinCeiver
cally for each vehicle. Progress in the latest generation of digital
Blaupunkt car-radio receivers is charac-
Using an external microphone, the DNC terised by a very high level of integration.
(Dynamic Noise Covering) system continu- This permits the integration of two digital
ally measures and analyses the driving-noise receiver paths and two IF transformers on a
spectrum while the vehicle is being driven. single silicon chip. State-of-the-art semicon-
This noise mixture comprises engine, wind, ductor technology is used here with struc-
and tire/road rolling noises etc. and particu- tural widths of a mere 0.28 mm, and mixed-
larly with music has a negative effect on the signal engineering. The resulting TwinCeiver
sound quality in the lower AF frequencies. is presently the world’s smallest dual-re-
DNC compensates for these disturbances by ceiver IC for use in car radios (Fig. 8).
increasing the audio signal at the frequencies The TwinCeiver also features a DDA (Dig-
concerned. This “noise masking” results in ital Directional Antenna) which is perma-
the volume impression and the sound qual- nently adjusted to minimise disturbances
ity remaining constant for the listener inde- caused by multipath reception.
pendent of vehicle speed and road con-
ditions.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

34 Audio systems Car radio

DAB receiver lected in the analog tuner (HF stage), trans-

Reception quality formed to the intermediate frequency (IF), fil-
DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) sets the tered, and digitalized.
standard for sound and reception quality, and In order to correct transmission errors, the
also has the best program. With a conven- digitalized output signal is then inputted to
tional receiver, listening enjoyment is some- the COFDM demodulator (Coded Orthogo-
times severely impaired by brief breaks in nal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) and to
sound, as well as by crackle and distortion, the channel decoder. The desired information
due to multipath reception and reflection is then generated again on the individual
phenomena. In the area supplied by a given COFDM carriers (as a rule by means of a Fast
transmitter though, a DAB receiver always has Fourier Transformation (FFT), refer to the
the full data stream at its disposal and pro- Chapter “Digital signal transmission”). Basi-
vides perfect reception which is as clear as a cally speaking, only that part of the data needs
bell. to be evaluated here which actually contains
the desired program.
Without having to resort to a station-finding Following the error correction (generally
facility, the complete program is always avail- using Viterbi decoding), in the case of a sound
able at the touch of a button. Thanks to the broadcast the MSC data are either passed on
logical menue sequence, the required program to the (audio) decoder (which uses them to
is always immediately available. DAB is al- generate the left-hand and right-hand audio
ready operating in much of Europe, and the signals), or passed on through an appropriate
DAB networks are being expanded rapidly. interface to a data recorder (packet demulti-
plexer) for further processing.
Signal processing The information in the FIC (Fast Informa-
Processing of the received DAB signal is tion Channel) is directed to the user environ-
shown by the block diagram of a digital ment where it is then applied for control and
receiver (Fig. 9): operation of the receiver (program selection).
The DAB signal from the antenna is se-

9 Design, construction, and interaction of the components of a DAB receiver when processing the DAB
signal (block diagram)

MSC Sound-
(sometimes) broadcasting
program
OFDM Channel Sound-
Tuner broadcasting
demodulator decoder decoder

Independent
FIC data service
Packet provider
demultiplexer

Control bus
æ NKR0098E

DAB NU
ME
FM

DI S

Controller
AM

AU D
S
PO

IO

1 2 3 4 5 6
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Audio systems Car radio 35

10 Car radio with DAB receiver D-Fire (block diagram)

RF RCC RCC

RDI Electric- RDI

D-FIRE al
I2S Optical

PLL

FLASH RAM DPRAM

FIFO
DAB
module system I2C µC
Optional 1 Optional 2

Audio
CC/CD Audio-
AM/FM- System signal
tuner controller processing

Car radio
User-
environment Bus (usually CAN)

æ NKR0099E
display

NAVI CD

D-Fire freely selectable operating frequency and fil-

D-Fire (Digital Fully Integrated Receiver) is ter strength. It is used to effectively suppress
a particularly compact 100% digital DAB re- unwanted structural resonances in the vehi-
ceiver. When combined with a top-of-the- cle or to further lift the bass level.
line controller (e.g. Woodstock, Sydney,
Toronto, Stockholm), and an appropriately Low-pass/High-pass
matched antenna, it is the guarantee for Active/dynamic diplexer for the control of
digital-quality radio reception without in- subwoofer systems which suppresses the
terruptions due to switching, noise or other music signal above or below a given, selec-
disturbances (Fig. 10). table frequency.

CODEM
Selection of further systems and radio CODEM (Coincidence Demodulator)
functions stands for reception concepts which ensure
Depending upon the equipment version, the practically disturbance-free reception with-
car radio provides a wide variety of useful out the de-emphasis which is common with
systems and functions which apart from up- weak transmitter signals. Compared to
grading the quality of reception and tone, CODEM III/III+, CODEM IV provides for
also serve to improve the radio’s handling even better reception in case of multipath
while the vehicle is being driven, as well as disturbance.
contributing to road safety. A number of sig-
nificant examples are given in the following: Antenna-diversity receiver
This broadcast-receiver system usually oper-
Bass logic ates with two vehicle antennas (for instance,
This is a steep-flank bass-cut filter featuring windshield-integrated antennas), but some-
 Robert Bosch GmbH

36 Audio systems Car radio

times with more. It serves primarily to im- ADA (Auto Directional Antenna)
prove reception under the multipath condi- This is a multi-antenna reception system in
tions caused by transmitted-wave reflection. which, similar to the “selection method” de-
Since reflection (multipath) interference in scribed above, each antenna is allocated its
the local range of 50...100 cm leads to field own tuner. With ADA though, there is no
strength being highly dependent on location, switching between the antennas, but rather
presuming they are far enough apart from all the signals from the antennas/tuners (up
each other one of the vehicle’s antennas is to four) are added following appropriate
usually in a disturbance-free zone. A variety of modification to their amplitude and phase
methods, with differing levels of technical lengths.
complication, are used to automatically switch Amplitude and phase control takes place
this diversity system to the antenna located in automatically and uses a special control algo-
the disturbance-free zone. rithm. Control is such that the sum signal is as
free as possible from disturbances. This per-
Conventional scanning method mits the selective blanking out of the signals
(1-tuner diversity) from certain directions, and the overall effect
As soon as the reception quality using the is that of an electronic directional antenna.
signal from antenna 1 drops below a speci- ADA was conceived for use with a number
fied minimum level, a brief change is made of windshield-integrated antennas and/or
to antenna 2. If “2” is worse than “1”, recep- simple wire or foil antennas incorporated in
tion is switched back to “1”. If “2” is better, the bumpers.
reception stays at “2” (Fig. 11).
ASU
Selection method (multi-tuner diversity) ASU (automatic FM/VHF interference sup-
Here, each antenna is allocated its own (sep- pression) is effective in the VHF range (FM)
arate) tuner so that it is possible to continu- for the suppression of ignition interference.
ally compare the quality of the signals from It applies the following principle:
each antenna and then select the best one. Apart from the wanted signal (for in-
stance music or speech), the demodulated
signal also contains impulse noise. Among
other things, interference signal and wanted
signal differ from each other in that the volt-
age rise of the impulse noise is steeper than
11 Receiver with antenna diversity that of the wanted signal. As soon as a steep
interference pulse is detected the signal is
Antenna
1 “blanked out” electronically (refer also to
the Chapter “Analog signal transmission”).
Receiver 1 The conventional suppression measures at
the most severe interference sources are in
Evaluation/ some cases stipulated by law. Although ASU
Antenna Control
2 does not make these superfluous, it does
have the advantage of not only suppressing
Receiver 2 the interference generated in the vehicle
concerned, but also that from other sources
Switchover (for instance from other vehicles and motor-
æ NKR0100E

cycles in the vicinity).

FM/VHF
reception
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Audio systems Car radio 37

RP theft-deterrence system CD and CD-changer operation

The RP (Release Panel) is a highly effective Using this function, the car radio can be used
car-radio theft-deterrent. The driver simply to play CDs. The connected CD changer for
removes the radio’s complete front panel the audio program is operated by the con-
when leaving the vehicle. One differentiates troller.
between the electronic RP (the display and
operator-control electronics are removed), Audio adjustments
and the very inexpensive mechanical RP Optimum hearing pleasure can be obtained
(plastic cap and switch/pushbutton plungers by using the audio-adjustment controls to in-
are removed). dividually adapt treble, bass, tone distribution
front/rear and left/right, the soft deep tones
KeyCard theft-deterrence system and the output level for a subwoofer.
This is a sophisticated theft-deterrence system
in check-card format. The radio in question Programming using DSC
will not operate until the correct card has With DSC (Direct Software Control) it is pos-
been inserted. Removing the KeyCard triggers sible to adapt the car radio’s basic settings to the
the theft-deterrent system and a blinking vehicle-specific characteristics, as well as to
lamp indicates that there is no point in steal- one’s personal preferences and to the vehicle’s
ing the radio. A second card can be purchased HiFi system.
as an option, and can be “taught” a variety of
different settings, functions, and displays: Loudness
TOM: Turn-On Message. A text of up to 48 This is the psycho-acoustic (aurally compen-
characters which always appears when the ra- sated) accentuation of the low frequencies at
dio is switched on. low volume. On all Blaupunkt car radios, DSC
SAM: Short Additional Memory. A text of up can be used to match loudness to the existing
to 54 characters which can be called up in ad- audio installation (amplifier, loudspeaker(s)).
dition.
TIM
Travelstore TIM (Traffic Information Memory) is a digi-
The most powerful FM/VHF transmitters in tal store for the storage of reports received
the actual reception area can be stored using from the traffic-information radio services
Travelstore and then tuned to automatically. (for more details, refer to the Chapter “Traffic-
This a very useful facility on long journeys information radio-service systems ”, Page 58).
which are often repeated.
RDS-TMC
Transmitter tuning (station-finding facility) Using the RDS (Radio Data System) digital
Briefly pressing a rocker switch initiates man- data transmission system, analog-type
ual or automatic station finding inside the se- FM/VHF car radios utilise the auxiliary ser-
lected frequency band. vices transmitted by the broadcasting stations.
TMC (Traffic Message Channel) is a no-charge
Tune into and play using Scan RDS sub-program for up-to-date traffic re-
By means of Scan, all the receivable stations in ports. For decoding purposes, the receiver
the particular frequency range can briefly se- needs a decoder (for transmitter characteristics
lected and listened to (scanned). Preset Scan is refer to the Chapter “Digital transmssion tech-
used for stored stations. Once a suitable sta- nologies”, and for receiver characteristics the
tion has been found, this can be left on. The Chapter “Traffic-information radio-service
scan time is adjustable. systems”).
 Robert Bosch GmbH

38 Audio systems Car radio

Examples of equipment 12 FunLine model range (Examples showing CD tuner and

Today’s Blaupunkt car-radio product line is cassette player. Shown at top: Removable front panel)
organised in three ranges:

T-line car radios

The T-line is a basic range of fully equipped
car radios. Examples of models are:
Lübeck C30 with integrated cassette
player. This incorporates a tuner with Radio
Data System (RDS) and the frequency
ranges FM/VHF, MW, and LW, 15 memory
locations, code safeguard, loudness switch-
ing, and 2 x 30 Watt output power.

æ UKR0102Y
The Augsburg C30 features an autoreverse
drive and a 4 x 40 W output stage. In addi-
tion, terminals are provided for remote con-
trol and CD changer, as well as for a four-
channel pre-amplifier output (2 V) for a
booster amplifier. In combination with a The front panel pivots out at the touch of a
mobile telephone, the Augsburg C30 even button, thus providing access to the CD or
switches off the radio’s audio output when cassette bays. Apart from this, the front panel
the telephone is used (“Telephone Mute” can be removed, thus serving as a theft-deter-
function). Its counterpart, the Kiel CD30, rent.
with integrated CD player features the same
technical specifications. The Verona C51 and Heidelberg CD51 Funline
For ease of handling, these car radios are car-radios are particularly suitable for drivers
equipped with a rocker-switch control. This who run-up very high annual mileages. With
has clearly defined elements, and is of haptic their TIM Traffic Information Memory ra-
design (that is, its design is aligned to the dio-service module, traffic reports can be
sense of touch). The volume-control knob stored digitally, and a touch of the button suf-
incorporates a transparent on/off pushbut- fices to access this information at any time. In
ton lit from the rear in blue. A button la- combination with a vehicle navigation system,
belled TRAFFIC controls the traffic-infor- the TMC (Traffic Message Channel) data out-
mation radio-services function, MENU is put permits dynamic navigation to destina-
the entry to the programming mode, and tion. That is, traffic jams are detected and re-
GEO controls the tonal geometry via the ported, and then actively taken into account
“fader” and “balance”. in computing the route to be taken.
Those drivers who prefer more perfect
Funline car radios tonal quality are best served by the Palm Beach
The Funline model range is the middle-class C51 and Casablanca CD51 FunLine receivers
car radio range. It comprises CD tuner, cas- which make listening an exhilerating experi-
sette units, and CD-changer combination ence. Using the 5-band equalizer, individual
(Fig. 12). tone settings can be set with respect to level
Even the units at the bottom end of this line and edge steepness. No matter whether for
feature a Codem III RDS tuner III, as well as pop, rock, classic, or jazz, there are a number
Travelstore, a 4 x 45 W output stage, and a 4- of already defined sound filters available, as
channel pre-amplifier output. Furthermore, well as pre-adjustment to match the typical
they can also drive a CD changer. interiors of “minis”, compacts, limousines,
vans, and other types of vehicle.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Audio systems Car radio 39

In the FunLine car-radio range dealt with All Skyline models incorporate extended
here, the tuner acts as the digital signal DEQ equalizer technology with variable fil-
source. Two highly integrated IC’s suffice as ter width. The London CD70 and Frankfurt
the basis for the DigiCeiver digital receiver C70 models are equipped with 2-band DEQ,
concept. This means that digital signal pro- and the other versions with 3-band DEQ.
cessing is already possible as from the IF This enables the tone to be matched to the
stage. Furthermore, the SHARX bandwidth- particular vehicle’s acoustic characteristics.
changeover facility can also be implemented The San Francisco CD70 is the top-end
with these units so that excellent selectivity model, and features self-calibrating DSA
is possible even when the transmitter fre- (Digital Sound Adjustment) with automatic
quency bands are crowded. masking-out of driving noise by means of
DNC (Dynamic Noise Covering). DNC con-
Skyline car radios tinually monitors the passenger compart-
Skyline is the range which incorporates the ment’s acoustic quality, and adjusts tone and
sophisticated, upmarket Hi-Fi systems, volume accordingly. Since all factors which
mini-disc tuners, CD units, cassette radios, negatively affect the audible impression are
and CD-changer variants. automatically corrected, this leads to a
This range is marked by a rotary control unique sound experience. By means of
element which is appealing to the touch, as sound presets for classic, disco, jazz, rock,
well as by ergonomically formed pushbut- and vocal, or even individually adjusted pre-
tons and a large, brightly illuminated dis- sets, sound-reproduction parameters can be
play. The front panel pivots down at the selected at will. Each San Francisco CD70 is
touch of a button and provides access to the also equipped with an output for connection
drives for MD, CD, and/or cassette. Clarity of a subwoofer for bass accentuation.
and ease of handling in the dark are im-
proved by the so-called Night Design featur- MiniDisc variants
ing colored LEDs. Transparent pushbuttons The Dallas MD70 can play the digital Mini-
illuminated from the rear, ensure that the Disc sound carrier, making full use of all the
Skyline radios with metallic-finish controls available convenience functions, including
are also efficiently illuminated during the MD text. The 10-second Anti-Shock Mem-
day. The amplifier has a 4 x 45 W output ory ensures optimal signal quality under all
stage. conditions. The New Orleans MD70 has the
same technical specifications.
All Skyline models have the well-proven
KeyCard safeguard feature, as well as tele- CD-tuner variants
phone muting, an RDS clock, four pre-am- The range of CD-playing car radios com-
plifier outputs, and a TMC (Traffic Message prises four Skyline models. The Denver
Channel) output terminal for information CD70 is the basic version. Functions and fa-
on traffic congestion. This information is cilities include the RDS-EON-PTY transmit-
needed by dynamic navigation systems as ter identification system, CD-changer con-
the basis for computation of alternative trol, and a remote-control connection.
routes. The DigiCeiver II tuner provides for By means of the TIM traffic-information
outstanding digital reception quality, and radio-service storage function, and its digital
the radios switch so quickly that the best fre- memory, the London CD70 car radio provides
quency is always used for reception. SHARX for output of stored traffic-jam reports at any
guarantees outstanding selectivity and effec- time. Variable softkeys provide for problem-
tively suppresses adjacent-channel interfer- free access to the highly versatile functions,
ence. and in the radio mode the names of the stored
transmitters are shown on the display.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

40 Audio systems Car radio

13 Skyline Missouri car radio with 10-CD changer (installed in the vehicle trunk)

æ UKR0103Y
The San Francisco CD70 with 7-band DSA technically equivalent to the Madrid cassette
(Digital Sound Adjustment) and DNC (Dy- radio and includes the CDC A08 10-CD
namic Noise Covering) is the top-end changer.
model. It has variable subout and high-pass The Arizona unit, which corresponds to
filters for perfect matching of the vehicle- the Missouri DJ70, is equipped with the IDC
specific tone system. Sophistication and A09 5-CD changer which is particularly suit-
convenience are rounded-off by the remote- able for mounting in vehicles with two DIN
control facility. bays, in other words directly underneath the
radio.
Car radios with CD drives
In the Skyline range with compact cassette, DAB car radios
the Madrid C70 is the beginner-level unit. It Standard equipment for the Toronto auto-
features Dolby-B noise rejection, and has a mobile Hi-Fi installations (with CD drive),
real-time cassette counter which, exact to Stockholm (with TIM and cassette drive),
the second, shows the cassette running time and Sidney (with cassette drive), are
in the display – a feature which is common FM(VHF), MW, and LW receiver units,
to all CD players. The second cassette-play- transmitter identity system RDS-EON-PTY
ing variant is the Frankfurt C70 model and Travelstore. Standard output is 4 x 35 W.
which, with its TIM traffic-info radio-ser- They are all equipped with connections for
vice storage facility and Softkey controls, is IR remote control and for the DAB Box, D-
technically equivalent to the London CD Fire 01. These ensure superb, interference-
model. free CD-quality reception of all DAB trans-
missions (for further DAB units, refer to the
CD-changer combinations Chapter “Mobile Multimedia Systems” P. 89).
There are two different CD-changer combi-
nation models available. The Missouri DJ70
(Fig. 13) and the Arizona. The former is
 Robert Bosch GmbH

The Blue Spot: Car-radio history 41

 The Blue Spot: Car-radio history

In 1930, Bosch started to deliver radio compo- This was a cleverly though out predecessor of
nents to the Ideal factory in Berlin. In the same today’s remote-control units. But its technical
year Bosch became a partner in the Berlin radio features didn’t stop there – the AS 5, which
manufacturing company, and finally acquired was also available for motorboats, also had pro-
majority holdings at the beginning of 1932. The vision for connection of a gramophone.
Blue Spot (in German, Blauer Punkt) which Special car antennas though had not yet
was the hallmark of quality of the Ideal company become available, one simply strung a conven-
at that time, became the brand name which tional wire antenna underneath the vehicle’s
from then on stood for radio equipment of a roof or along its running boards (which were
very high technical standard. still common in those days).

In 1932, Blaupunkt presented Europe’s first The idea behind the AS 5 paved the way for
series-production car radio which was the star Blaupunkt’s advance to become the European
of the 1932 Radio Exhibition. Bosch engineers market leader when it comes to the “musical
had already started the preparatory work on this co-driver”. Starting with the introduction of tran-
pioneering development the year before. sistors to the car radio (1957), the first tape
The “Autosuper AS 5” used 5 electron deck for the automobile (1965), the first
tubes, and boasted the proud weight of 12 kg. decoder for traffic-information radio services
It was bulky, had a volume of 10 liters, and cost (1974), the first CD drive for the automobile
465 Reichsmarks which was about a third of (1983), the first navigation system (1989), or the
the price of a small-size car at that time. Since it first dynamic navigation system and communi-
took up so much room, this two-piece MW/LW cation using the Telematics terminal (1998),
receiver had to be installed underneath the Blaupunkt has always set the technical stan-
instrument panel. It was provided with a handy dard and placed the innovative accents in the
operator unit fastened to the steering column. field of mobile entertainment and information.

 1939 advertising leaflet for the Blaupunkt car radio

æ UKR0142Y
 Robert Bosch GmbH

42 Audio systems Car radio

Radiophone Antares T 60 when the telephone is being used, although

The Antares T60 radiophone (Fig. 14) com- important traffic reports can still be heard if
bines the car Hi-Fi and GSM-900 mobile- the driver so wishes. By means of SMS
radio techniques in a single unit mounted in (Short Message Service), brief messages can
the standardised radio bay. The Antares T60 be sent using the mobile radio network and
is equipped as standard with facilities for also shown on a large display.
hands-off operation and for automatic call- Similar to conventional fixed-installation
accept. telephones, the Antares T 60 radiophone fea-
The auxiliary (adaptable) voice-control tures an output power of 8 Watts. The “full
feature VOCS not only permits the driver to Duplex transmission” ensures perfect com-
send and receive phone messages without munication in both directions, and the EFR
taking his/her hands off the steering wheel, (Enhanced Full Rate) speech coding guaran-
but dialling is also voice-controlled. Even tees optimum speech quality. Furthermore,
without the voice control feature, the phone the unit is also equipped to send and receive
is always operated “hands-off” (Fig. 15). brief SMS information.
The radio automatically mutes its output

14 T 60 Antares radiotelephone

æ UKR0138Y
15 Core components and accessories of the traffic-telematics terminal Antares

Core components:

Telematics platform GSM telephone

Voice-storage
GPS
O/P

Text output display Car-Hi-Fi

Accessories:

Voice control TH 07 handset RCT 07

IR remote control
æ UKR0137E

GSM card CD changer

 Robert Bosch GmbH

Audio systems Car radio 43

With the TwinCard available from the net- The voice operation facility is activated by the
work operating companies, the customer re- “Push-to-Talk” button on the unit or by the
ceives two SIM cards (Subscriber Identifica- optional remote-control device on the steer-
tion Module) and, for a basic fee, can oper- ing wheel. The telephone number can then be
ate two units alternately (either the cell “dialled” by voice, or by using the name
phone or the radiotelephone in the vehicle). stored in the memory. The telephone call can
also be terminated by voice command.
Together with RDS, the DigiCeiver digital In addition to the telephone functions, a
tuner concept ensures optimum radio recep- number of different audio-system functions
tion at the best-possible frequency. The can be started by voice. For instance, broad-
tuner can receive FM/VHF, MW, and LW casting stations, radio frequencies, and other
transmissions, it has 46 memory locations sound sources, can be called-up by spoken
and a maximum output of 4 x 40 Watt. commands.
The DMS (Disc Management System)
provides for the control of an external CD Handset
changer: Separate output stages can be con- The handset is an alternative to the “hands-
nected through a 4-channel pre-ampliier off ” unit. Due to road-safety considerations
output. though, this may only be used with the vehi-
cle stationary.
Accessories
Voice control VOCS IR remote control
The VOCS (Voice Control System) is a The IR (infra-red) remote-control unit on
voice-operation system for the Antares T 60 the steering wheel represents a safe and so-
radiotelephone. Using the voice-operation phisticated method for operating the tele-
facility, the driver can control the car radio, phone and the Hi-Fi system (Fig. 16).
the CD changer, and the
telephone without taking 16 IR remote control on the steering wheel for operation of radio and telephone
his/her hands off the
steering wheel. Most of
the functions are imme-
diately available, and do
not entail long “familiar-
isation” processes.

Practice is only needed

for individual functions
such as the names in the
memory, transmitter
identification, and CD
titles. The system is able
to understand not only
correct, standard spoken
words but can also han-
dle dialects and accents –
even though the usual
æ UKR0139Y

driving noises prevail in

the vehicle.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

44 Audio systems Auxiliary systems

Auxiliary systems Equaliser

The equaliser is an auxiliary unit for stan-
Amplifier dard car radios. As a rule though, it is also
This is a separate power-amplifier unit (with installed in high-end car radios as a digital
integral transformers) which is controlled module (refer to the sections DEQ “Digital
via the car radio’s “Preamp Out” terminal. Equalizer” and DSA “Digital Sound Adjust-
The considerably higher output power ment”).
which results, leads to a marked improve- Equalisers are employed to influence the
ment of the music’s tonal quality and vital- sound impression in the vehicle by selec-
ity, particularly in the bass area. tively lifting or lowering individual fre-
High-power 2-, 4-, 5-, and 6-channel am- quency ranges. The equaliser compensates
plifiers (Fig. 1) are above all needed for such for the over-accentuations and under-accen-
demanding, upmarket audio systems which tuations (non-linearity) caused by the spe-
feature separate low-pitch loudspeakers. The cific acoustic characteristics of the vehicle’s
car radio’s output is otherwise too low to interior.
drive them.
The amplifier’s high-level input, to which CD changer
a car-radio without Preamp Out can be con- This is a CD (Compact Disc) playback de-
nected by means of an adapter and the sig- vice for installation in the vehicle’s trunk
nal of the integrated final stage, is termed where it is loaded with a CD magazine usu-
the High Input. ally holding up to as many as 10 CDs.

1 “Velocity Reference” 6-channel amplifier

æ UKR0104Y
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Audio systems Auxiliary systems 45

The CDs and titles which the driver wants to car radio’s tuner. This means that a CD
listen to are selected either by a specially changer can be connected into any car radio.
equipped car radio or by a separate remote-
control unit for the changer. MP3 playback unit
Signal transfer up to the central equip- This playback unit for MP3 music is in-
ment processor is digital on all DMS (Disc tended for vehicular applications, and from
Management System) car radios (D/A con- its mini disc can provide up to 18 hours of
version is unnecessary). Glass-fiber cables entertainment. The MP3 compact drive is
are used for the no-loss transfer of the digi- very small, and, like a conventional CD
tal light signals between the CD changer and changer, can be used with practically every
the car radio. This enables high-end Hi-Fi in car radio. It only needs an absolute mini-
the vehicle which stands out due to its pure mum of space.
sound, highest-possible vitality, and a wide-
ranging program. Conventional CD changers are compara-
tively bulky, and must either be installed in
IDC the luggage trunk (a very unsophisticated
The IDC (In-Dash Changer) version for up solution since they are practically inaccessi-
to 5 discs is suitable for mounting in the ble) or under a seat, or they take up far too
cockpit of vehicles provided they have two much space in the glove compartment or
DIN radio bays. There is also an installation center console. Since the MP3 unit is very
kit available, complete with accessories, for compact, this opens up a wide range of
fitting the unit in the glove compartment, novel low-cost installation possibilities.
trunk, center arm rest, underneath the seat,
or in a variety of other locations. Two highly important developments have
paved the way for this “music supplier” to
CD move into the automobile:
CD stands for Compact Disc. This is a plas-  On the software side, the MP3 compres-
tic disc with a diameter of 12 cm or 8 cm. It sion procedure developed by the Fraun-
is used to store signals (which can be audible hofer Institute compressses the audio data
signals) in digital form, and is characterised to such an extent, and without any loss of
by a long playing time (more than 60 min- quality, that up-to-date hits or live record-
utes are possible). ings can be loaded from Internet or from
A laser beam is used to scan the disc by the PC at home.
optical means. If the beam encounters a  And regarding hardware, the IBM “Micro-
“pit”, the reflected beam captured by a prism drive hard disc” represents a universally
is damped. This fact is registered by a photo- applicable storage medium with a format
diode which passes this “on/off information” which only slightly exceeds a large coin,
to a digital-analog converter (DAC). A new and an immense storage capacity which at
16-bit amplitude value is inputted 44,100 present has reached 1 Gigabyte. In combi-
times per second, and from it the DAC gen- nation with the Blaupunkt MP3 Compact
erates the original audio signal. Drive, this suffices to store an average of
250 pieces of music, which in turn corre-
FM modulator sponds to a playing time equivalent to
The FM modulator functions like a small ra- that of 15 conventional CDs.
dio transmitter, and converts incoming sig-
nals (for instance from the CD changer) into
radio waves at a selected frequency. An
adapter between antenna input and antenna
plug is used to input these signals into the
 Robert Bosch GmbH

46 Audio systems Auxiliary systems

The IBM “Microdrive hard disc” used in the Digital signal processor with
MP3 Compact Drive is protected by an integrated MP3 changer
acrylic-glass cover (Fig. 2). Although it is The Velocity VDP01-MP3 is a digital signal
comparatively expensive, it is a highly versa- processor which can play MP3 music files.
tile storage medium and can be played a This is an attractive piece of equipment
practically unlimited number of times. It is which can easily be installed in the standard-
usable for instance not only with the MP3 ised DIN radio bay. It is universally combin-
memory in the automobile, but also in fu- able with every car radio.
ture in the “docking” station used with the Although in the automobile, multipath
installation at home. Furthermore, it can loudspeaker systems form the ideal basis for
also be used in digital cameras. a stable stereo sound impression which is
Blaupunkt has these components available free from falsification, electronics must be
complete with a “Reader/Writer” station for applied for acoustical fine tuning. Using
connection through the USB (Universal Ser- parametric filters in the car radio for in-
ial Bus) port of the home computer, and a stance, permits suppression of those reso-
comprehensive software package. This nances which have the most marked falsifi-
means that MP3 files which have been cation effect on the sound quality. As far as
copied from the Internet can be easily com- analog components are concerned, it is a
bined to form an individual music program very difficult matter to tune them to the par-
for storage on the Microdrive fixed disc. ticular vehicle interior. On the other hand,
Furthermore, using a conversion program, it digital signal processors are much more ver-
is possible to generate your own MP3 files, satile and provide for far more extensive im-
for instance from already existing CDs. provements at a far lower price.
The Velocity VDP01-MP3 for instance is
responsible for comprehensive equaliser

2 “MP3 Compact Drive” playback unit with Microdrive hard disc

æ UKR0125Y
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Audio systems Auxiliary systems 47

functions and supplements these with fixed data, whereby the conventional MMC (Mul-
inputs for the whole music range from pop tiMedia Card) is employed as the storage
to classics. It is just as easy to individually medium. Although they are only slightly
adjust single recording frequencies as it is to larger than the SIM (Subscriber Identifica-
match the “Loudness” lift. tion Module) card of a cell phone, these
cards at present have a capacity of up to 64
And even the compensation for the differ- Mbyte and can be used in a variety of other
ences in sound-transit time from the indi- MP3 playback units.
vidual loudspeaker groups is an easy matter A 32 Mbyte version for a playing time of
for the compact signal processor. It is im- approx. 40 minutes is also included with the
possible to take full advantage of the car’s unit. It is possible though to load as many as
Hi-Fi system until a Velocity VDP01-MP3 five cards of varying capacity with MP3
has been installed. recordings and play them as required ac-
Furthermore, with the option of directly cording to direct track or card (Fig. 3) selec-
playing music from the MP3 files, the tion. This all takes place without mechani-
VDP01-MP3 will arouse profound and last- cally moving parts, without wear, and with-
ing interest in the sound-oriented “Internet out disturbances due to shocks from the
Generation”. After all, MP3 has long since road surface.
firmly established itself in the music scene, Furthermore, there is no limit to the
and in the meantime has advanced to be- number of times the MMC Driver 01 load-
come the term which is most commonly ing station can be used to load the MMC
looked for by search machines. with new titles. The Driver 01 is an optional
extra and is simply connected into the home
Using a chip card, the Velocity VDP01-MP3 PC. Thanks to special software, handling of
is loaded with the compressed MP3 music the MP3 files is an easy matter.

3 Digital signal processor "Velocity VDP01-MP3" with integrated MP3 changer for up to 5 MMCs
æ UKR0126Y
 Robert Bosch GmbH

48 Audio systems Auxiliary systems

Car loudspeakers Design and operating concept

Assignment A loudspeaker comprises a cone-shaped dia-
Low-frequency AC electrical signals result phragm which is suspended by a flexible
from demodulation in the receiver. The car crimped joint around its rim. The center of
loudspeakers (or simply speakers) are re- the diaphragm is moved back and forth by
sponsible for converting these into acoustic the coil of the speaker’s electromagnetic sys-
oscillations which are audible for the human tem. Usually, the diaphragms are cone-
ear (speech or music in the frequency band shaped for the low and medium tones and
from 30 Hz to 20 kHz). dome-shaped for the high tones. They are
Since extreme conditions prevail inside manufactured from hard paper or, in the
the vehicle, such loudspeaker systems are case of high-quality speakers, from poly-
subject to very severe demands. Blaupunkt propylene1), aluminum SAC2), or ceramic
has the appropriate speaker system available material.
for every vehicle and for every car Hi-Fi sys- The currents from the amplifier’s output
tem. Here, achieving a well-balanced stereo stage cause the coil to oscillate so that the
effect is one of the most difficult challenges. diaphragm moves back and forth and con-
verts the output stage’s electrical energy into
sound waves. In order to avoid the low tones
being weakened due to acoustic short-cir-
cuit, the speaker is located in a baffle which
4 Schematic design and construction of a loudspeaker in addition to preventing acoustic short-cir-
cuit also prevents annoying resonances and
a oscillation-decay processes. It is often in the
2 form of a closed housing (loudspeaker box),
and is filled with sound-absorbing material
(for instance, glass wool or styropur).
S 6 N
Loudspeaker systems
1
The magnetic loudspeaker is seldom used
nowadays. Its principle of operation relies
5 upon the forces of attraction from an elec-
tromagnet. The armature oscillates freely in
3 front of the poles of a permanent magnet
(Fig. 4a).
The most commonly used speaker nowa-
b days is of the dynamic type (Fig. 4b) and has
2 better sound-reproduction qualities. The
principle here relies upon the deflection of a
6 5 4 current-carrying conductor in a magnetic
Fig. 4
a Free-moving loud-
field. This is comprised of a permanent
speaker magnet in whose ring-shaped gap a coil is
b Dynamic loudspeaker 1 free to oscillate. This coil is connected to the
cone diaphragm.
1 Armature
2 Crimped rim
3 Cone-shaped 1) Thermoplastic with outstanding tonal qualities together
æ UKR0105Y

diaphragm 3 with long-term stability and resistance to environmental influ-

4 Centering diaphragm ences.
5 Speaker voice coil 2)SAC Spun Aluminum Cone: Pure aluminum that has been
6 Permanent magnet polished in a special process.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Audio systems Auxiliary systems 49

The dynamic or electrostatic loudspeaker impression appears to extend far beyond the
(capacitor loudspeaker) is for the high audio limits imposed by the vehicle’s interior.
frequencies above 5 kHz. Its operation is Shape and size, together with favorable
based upon the attraction between two acoustical conditions, are the decisive factors
metal surfaces to which a voltage is applied for speaker installation, and special installa-
to form an electrostatic field. tion kits provide for perfectly fitting connec-
The crystal loudspeaker (also known as a tions. These kits include all components, fas-
piezoelectric loudspeaker) utilises the piezo- tening hardware, and precise installation in-
electric effect. structions as required for efficient
In the ionic loudspeaker, ionised air parti- installation.
cles are caused to oscillate instead of a di-
aphragm.
5 Curve of loudspeaker sound pressure as a
function of frequency
As a function of frequency range, loud-
speakers can be sub-divided into the follow- 100
ing categories: dB
 Tweeters 90
 Midwoofers
Sound pressure

80
 Woofers, and
 Subwoofers 70

Installation 60
The reproduction quality is determined by the
æ UKR0106E
50
vehicle’s acoustic characteristics and by the 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 Hz 10000
speakers together with their installation con- Frequency
ditions. The larger the speaker, the better is the
bass response (e.g. four 165-mm systems).
6 Sound-producing components in a passenger car
(Example shows a high level of fitted equipment)
Since a single loudspeaker system is unable
to reproduce all the frequencies of the aud-
ible range (approx. 30 Hz to 20 kHz) (Fig.
5), on a high-quality installation the com-
plete audible frequency range is allocated to
high-pitch (treble), mid-range, and low-fre-
quency (bass) speakers by a dividing or
cross-over network (Fig. 6). 1a
Special subwoofers are increasingly being 2
used for reproduction of the low bass tones 1b
in the lower frequency range. These are con-
cealed either underneath the rear shelf or on Fig. 6
the partition between passenger compart- 1 Loudspeakers:
ment and trunk. 3 1a Front
A range of specially located speakers to- 1b In the door lining
1c
gether with a digital sound processor (for 1c Rear (with 2 woofers
in front and 1 woofer
instance in connection with the DREAMS
behind for each
sound system) are imperative for a well-bal-
æ UKR0107Y

4 channel)
anced stereo effect. These generate a three- 2 Car radio
dimensional stereo panorama at every point 3 Equaliser
in the vehicle’s interior, whereby the acoustic 4 Amplifier
 Robert Bosch GmbH

50 Audio systems Auxiliary systems

Loudspeaker versions senger compartment. When freight is to be

Neodymium tweeter carried, the bass tube is simply removed from
These are tweeters (treble loudspeakers) using the vehicle.
neodymium permanent magnets. Such mag-
nets generate a far higher magnetic field Coaxial loudspeaker
strength than conventional materials. A two-way loudspeaker in which the tweeter is
Notwithstanding them being very compact, located in the center of the low-frequency unit
these magnets are very powerful and are re- on a common axis (In-Car, Velocity, GT-, CL-
sponsible for such tweeters having excellent Line, Fig. 7d).
tonal qualities (Fig. 7a).
Triaxial loudspeaker
Dual-cone loudspeaker Three-way loudspeaker in which the mid-fre-
One-way loudspeakers in which a paper cone quency unit is located in the center of the low-
has been located at the center of the dia- frequency unit on a common axis. The high-
phragm so as to improve the radiation at frequency unit being located on an adjacent
higher frequencies. Generates a harmonic axis (GT-, TX-line, Fig. 7e).
acoustic pattern (In-car, Fig. 7b).
Component system
Low-pitch (subwoofer) loudspeaker The two-way system is comprised of low-fre-
Subwoofers with aluminum or polypropylene quency units with polypropylene or alu-
diaphragms are used as supplementary speak- minum diaphragms for impressive bass re-
ers to improve the quality of the bass in the sponse, and aluminum, titanium, or silk
low frequency range. They are driven by a tweeters for a wide radiation characteristic
high-power amplifier (integrated in the re- and high-quality sound with low levels of fal-
ceiver or separate from it) or by a booster sification.
(power-amplifier unit) with low-pass (CMS, In order to optimise the sound or improve
SW-series, Velocity, Fig. 7c). the mounting situation, this component sys-
tem permits the tweeter and the mid-range
Bass tube unit to be located separately from each other.
This is a subwoofer which is usually in a A diplexer with high-pass and low-pass filters
round, acoustically-matched housing. It is ensures optimum tone distribution between
particularly suitable for vehicles in which the tweeters and the woofers (XL series, Ve-
there is no partition between trunk and pas- locity).

7 Loudspeaker versions (Examples)

a b d

Fig. 7
a Tweeter
b Dual-cone loud-
speaker
æ UKR0108Y

c Low-pitch loud-
speaker
c e
d Coaxial loudspeaker
e Triaxial loudspeaker
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Audio systems Auxiliary systems 51

Adding subwoofers makes this system into a form and appear to be actually within reach of
three-way system. the listener. Using both stereo channels, the
Using the CarMagic Modular System, a vari- DSP calculates the signals and delivers them
ety of loudspeaker components and diplexers in precisely defined sequences to the individ-
combine to form a car Hi-Fi system which is ual speakers which are specially arranged in a
acoustically aligned to a vehicle type and its row. In the process, each speaker receives sig-
driver’s tastes. nals from the left and right-hand channels,
and these lead to the formation of the re-
Sound systems quired plane wave fronts. Of course, it is im-
In passenger cars and long-range buses, it was portant that the process is matched to the po-
impossible to place all passengers in the center sitioning and number of installed loudspeaker
of a harmonic stereo landscape. The audible systems.
impressions gained from individual loud-
speakers radiating in one direction, depend 8 DREAMS sound system (schematic diagram)

upon the listener’s position relative to the

speakers. Usually, dislocation is so serious that
the listener is not presented with a coherent
acoustic impression but rather with a range of
different sound components from all possible
directions.
The DREAMS (Digital Room Enlargement
Automotive System, Fig. 8) on the other hand
places every passenger at the center of an im-
pressive stereo adventure. DREAMS improves Fig. 8
the music and speech quality to such an extent  The signals from the
left and right stereo
that no matter where the listener is seated, he 1
2 2
1 channels are selec-
or she has the impression of being at the cen- tively delayed in their
ter-point of a 3D performance. The sound is input to the DREAMS
no longer dependent upon the loudspeakers speakers.
and appears to be floating freely in space.
 DREAMS electroni-
cally controls the time
DREAMS is not dependent upon a specially 3 3
delay of the music
coded recording process. The system repro- 4 4
signals.
duces music and speech from all sources such
as radio, cassettes or CDs.  For each stereo chan-
Within the audible region, the Digital nel, the spherical
Sound Processor (DSP) from the DREAMS sound waves radiated
system generates plane wave fields each of by the speakers gen-
erate a plane wave
which has a plane wave for the left and for the
front.
right channel. The direction taken by the
waves defines the stereo effect, and the angle  It is these plane wave
between the waves the 3D effect. fronts which are the
This means that independent of where the decisive factor for an
passenger is seated, the center of the acoustic optimal stereo pano-
rama which appears
pattern is always directly in front of him/her.
to be completely de-
æ UKR0109Y

In fact, the stereo panorama gives the impres-

tached from the
sion of extending far beyond the limits of the speakers. And this
vehicle’s interior, and the musical instruments, applies to every posi-
so to speak, take on an amazingly tangible tion in the vehicle.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

52 Car antennas Assignment, radio antennas

Car antennas
Radio reception in the automobile has long  Suitable directional pattern,
since become a matter of course, and the  Good matching,
receiver antenna has also become an inte-  High sensitivity,
gral part of the vehicle’s design, no matter  Small in size,
whether of the telescopic, roof-mounted,  Low weight,
powered, or windshield-integrated type.  Simple to install, and
 Must not cause wind noises.
Assignment
Radio antennas
It is the job of the car antenna (also known as
the “aerial”) to “capture” the HF carrier waves Passive radio antenna
radiated by the transmitter and to pass them The installation position in or on the vehicle
on to the receiver (car radio, car telephone, or is decisive for the antenna’s received power.
radio-navigation unit) for demodulation. Reception conditions are not equally good at
In recent years, in addition to the already all points on the vehicle’s body. The correct
existing purely passive radio reception, mobile installation point and high field strengths,
radio services have become established for ac- are the decisive factors for good reception.
tive communication. This has increased the High field strengths, for instance, are to be
operating frequency range for radio and tele- found at edges and gaps (e.g. the roof, front
phone from 150 kHz (LW, MW, SW) to 1.9 and rear fenders, and on the sides of the ve-
GHz. In order to make effective use of this hicle). Low field strengths (which lead to
very extensive frequency range, a wide variety poor reception) are encountered on the
of different antennas would be necessary, each other hand on smooth metal surfaces, wind-
of which would have to be individually shields, and back and side windows (Fig. 1).
matched to the particular reception con-
ditions. Since this is not a practical proposi- In case of multipath reception caused by re-
tion, the trend is towards a combination an- flection on mountains and hills, house walls
tenna (multiband radiator) with which a etc., dependency on location is particularly
number of radio services can be received. The pronounced. These effects are counteracted
following demands are made on such an an- by so-called space-diversity reception,
tenna: whereby a number of antennas receive the

1 Car-antenna installation points on a limousine

4 3 1 2

Fig. 1 B C
Suitable installation
points:
1 Rear roof area
2 Rear fender
3 Front fender
4 Windshield (excep- A
tion with windshield-
integrated antenna)

Unsuitable installation
æ UKR0110Y

points:
A Hood
B Roof surface
C Trunk lid
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Car antennas Assignment, radio antennas 53

incoming signal simultaneously so that the (SNR). On the other hand, practically no
probability of one of them receiving an “shadowing” effects occur (screening of the
undisturbed signal increases accordingly. transmitter field by the vehicle’s bodywork).
“Intelligent” evaluation electronics (de- In other words, these antennas have almost
cision-making element) monitor the in- no directional effect.
coming signals from the antennas and
switch in the antenna with the best recep- 3 Active radio antenna

tion at that particular moment (Fig. 2).

Active radio antenna

The advantages of the active radio antenna
mainly come to the forefront when the re-
ceiver unit is installed a relatively long dis-
tance away from the antenna. The long lead
from the antenna automatically results in
losses, and received signals are damped. An
active antenna though, which comprises a
passive receiving element and antenna base
with active amplifier (Fig. 3), increases the
received power. The power supply for the 1
antenna’s amplifier can be from a separate
cable or by means of a “phantom supply”
(HF signals and power supply through the
antenna’s HF cable).

Radio-antenna versions 2
Rod antennas
These are particularly favorable since their Fig. 3
1 Highly flexible, rod
length enables them to project far beyond
æ UKR0111Y

which is proof against

the vehicle’s interference field so that they break-off
feature an excellent signal-to-noise ratio 2 Active AM/FM
amplifier
2 Car radio installation with diversity reception

1 1
1

Ra (+12 V)
Fig. 2
1 Various antennas
2 Switch
æ UKR0112Y

C/N 3 Evaluation logic

(decision-making
2 3 4
element)
4 Car radio
 Robert Bosch GmbH

54 Car antennas Mobile-radio antennas

There are a variety of different rod-antenna equipped with automatic transmitter adapta-
versions. These include the roof-mounted type, tion as well as being proof against high-level
as well as the passive or active short-rod type signals (cross-modulation, no interference
(both of which are intended for roof mount- due to “ghost” transmitters). Precision signal
ing), as well as the side-mounting type and the processing is by means of highly effective am-
retracting type (with or without electric-motor plification techniques.
drive for mounting in the fender area). This Windshield-integrated antennas are highly
wide variety means that an appropriate an- impervious to dampness as well as being very
tenna solution is always possible depending endurable. Since heated windshields and rear
on the particular requirements and condi- windows, as well as metallised windshields, in-
tions. terfere with reception they cannot be used for
antenna integration.
Windshield-integrated antennas
These are either wires cast into the windshield Mobile-radio antennas
glass, or are in the form of a vapor-deposited
metal film. Even though they extend some- Technical requirements
what further above the interference fog than The mobile-radio technology as applied in the
short-rod antennas, they are still lower than D and E networks in Germany, is based on
the conventional rod antenna, and due to cellular systems (refer also to the “Mobile
their low receiving power they usually need an radio” section on Page 24). The area covered
antenna amplifier. by these networks is sub-divided into a num-
The receiving direction is also an important ber of cells which combine to form a “honey-
factor in the FM/VHF range since windshield- comb” structure (Fig. 4) which permits unin-
integrated antennas feature a certain degree of terrupted wireless coverage for very many
directional effect to the rear (antenna screen- subscribers.
ing in the direction of the trunk due to the ve- A fixed radio station forms the core of each
hicle’s bodywork). This can cause volume cell. As long as they remain within the range of
fluctuations in the FM/VHF range. Bosch one of these stations, the users of a cellular
windshield-integrated antennas are therefore telephone can move around with the vehicle as
much as they want. This applies even when the
4 Cellular network for digital mobile-radio services telephone user moves from
one cell to another (Fig. 4).

A connecting channel com-

BS
MS prises two specially matched
BS BS high frequencies (HF). One
BS BS of these transmits the mo-
1 MS BS
bile-telephone signals from
BS BS the car’s mobile-radio an-
BS BS tenna to the fixed station.
BS The other frequency is used
Fig. 4 MS
1 Network cells with to transmit the fixed-station
BS = Fixed radio sta- signals to the car’s mobile
tion telephone through its mo-
MS = Mobile station
bile-radio antenna. This
(vehicle with antenna
means that simultaneous
æ UKR0113Y

and radio telephone) 2 3

2 Mobile exchange
transmission is possible in
3 Public telephone both directions (duplex tele-
network phony).
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Car antennas Mobile-radio antennas 55

In contrast to conventional radio reception 5 Mobile-radio installation with combination antenna

and transmission, the data here is transmitted and 2-way splitter for the separation of radio and
telephone signals (example)
digitally. This means that digital-radio anten-
nas must be tuned accordingly.
1 2
Mobile-radio antennas: Versions Radio
Rod antennas, high-gain antennas Ra (+12V)
Antenna gain is given in decibel (dB),
whereby the antenna in question and a refer-
Si
ence antenna are compared with each other
under identical conditions. The reference an-
tenna us usually a λ/4 antenna rod mounted 3
in the middle of the vehicle roof.
The simplest form of antenna is a rod an- SAP
tenna in the form of a λ/4 radiator, or a single
or double-stacked antenna (individual anten- Fig. 5
nas stacked on top of each other). 1 Combination antenna
From the electrical standpoint, the shortest 2 Car radio
3 Antenna 2-way
antenna length for a mobile-telephone an-
splitter
tenna should be one quarter of the wavelength 4 5

æ UKR0114Y
GSM 12V 4 GSM mobile tele-
(λ/4). Taking this fact into account, the λ/4 phone
antenna rod (0 dB) is a good solution due to 5 Car battery (12 V
its radiation characteristic. power supply)
In the case of cells with weak signal cover-
age, the λ/4 + λ/2 antenna rod, or the λ/4 + 2  Signals from differing receiving directions,
x λ/2 antenna rod is the preferable alternative.  High radio-reception quality,
Such high-gain antennas do not generate ad-  High transmitter output power in the mo-
ditional transmitter energy, but merely trans- bile-radio range.
mit the energy that they are supplied with Along with an increasing number of func-
more efficiently in a “bundled” radiation tions, decoupling becomes more and more
characteristic. This “gain” increases the possi- difficult. The signals received by the antenna
ble range. rod must be separated from each other and
passed on to the respective receiver unit. This
Combination antennas separation takes place in an antenna two-way
So-called combination antennas are particu- splitter (duplexer) which can be located either
larly suitable when a number of radio services in the antenna base or remotely.
must all use the same antenna rod, whereby
the performance must equal that which would “On-glass” antennas
be obtained with an individual antenna. The Such antennas have the advantage of simple,
combination antenna, therefore, is comprised high-speed installation without the necessity
of a number of individual antennas which are to interfere with vehicle’s bodywork.
decoupled from each other functionally. Since The “On-glass” windshield or rear-window
the demands made on each antenna differ antennas for interior mounting are round and
considerably, the higher the number of indi- flat (Fig. 6, next page), in other words disc-
vidual antennas concerned, the more difficult shaped. The incoming signal is picked-up
it is to decouple these from each other. These through the glass. These antennas are not suit-
demands include: able for metallised windshields.
 Vertical and horizontal polarisation, In the case of the “On-glass” antennas for
 Different frequency ranges, exterior mounting, adhesive is used to fasten
 Robert Bosch GmbH

56 Car antennas Mobile-radio antennas, navigation antennas

the antenna base to the windshield or rear raising the window glass. They are particularly
window from outside, and the mating ele- suitable for rapid transfer from one vehicle to
ment from inside the vehicle. The antenna rod another, for instance when vehicles are
is then screwed into the base, a fact which changed frequently. Grounding conditions
means that a variety of different antenna rods can be improved by extending the coaxial ele-
can be used. ment in the antenna base until it is at roof
height and by means of special internal cir-
Window-clamped antennas cuitry. This leads to better radiation behav-
These antennas are clipped over the glass in iour.
one of the vehicle’s doors, and clamped by
Antenna 2-way splitters (duplexers)
6 “On-glass” antennas for interior mounting (fixed with These are applied to actively separate radio
adhesive on windshield or rear window)
and telephone signals (see also Fig. 5).
a b
Navigation antennas
Technical requirements
The GPS navigation system (GPS = Global
Fig. 6
Positioning System) uses neither horizontal
æ UKR0115Y

a For D-network tele-

phone nor vertically polarised waves. Satellites trans-
b For E-network tele- mit signals with circular polarisation which
phone continually rotate helically in the transmission
direction. Rotation is either clockwise or
7 Patch navigation antenna counterclockwise.
Upon being reflected, circular-polarised
waves reverse their direction of rotation. This
means that when reflection actually takes
place, it is an easy matter to detect this and
take measures in the receiver to avoid the neg-
ative effects. A transmitter output power of
only about 50 W, together with low-level
bunching of the transmitted waves (results
1 from the necessity of reaching as much of the
earth’s surface as possible) negatively affect
satellite-signal reception.

2 Improved reception dicates the GPS antenna

3
being mounted outside on the vehicle’s body-
4
work (roof or trunk lid). In exceptional cases,
it may also be fitted in the passenger compart-
ment (rear-window shelf or top of instrument
Fig. 7 panel). In any case, in order to avoid the
1 Highly-flexible an- “shadowing” effect and the accompanying re-
tenna rod, proof ception losses, there must be a “visible con-
against rip-off
nection” between the antenna and the sky.
2 Diplexer
Metal parts such as the rear-window heater
æ UKR0116Y

3 AM/FM amplifier
5
4 GPS patch and am- wires and accessories (roof racks for instance)
plifier have a derogatory effect upon satellite-signal
5 Standard mounting reception.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Car antennas Navigation antennas 57

Navigation antennas: Versions possible. In particular, it should not be in

The horizontal patch antenna has come to parallel with the ignition cables. In addition,
the forefront as a receiver antenna. Its prin- it should be routed a good distance away
ciple of functioning makes it particularly from the wires used in pull and release
suitable for use as a circular-polarised an- mechanisms (engine hood and heater con-
tenna. Since it is provided with an amplifier, trols) and metal tubes in the engine com-
it features not only high receive sensitivity, partment, since under certain circumstances
but is also insensitive to the adjacent radio these can transfer interference to the an-
E-network. Amplification is approx. 30 dB tenna and its lead-in wire.
(Fig. 7).

Navigation antenna for GPS reception

This antenna has been designed specifically
for GPS satellite reception, and is included as
an accessory with the TravelPilot DX-N. It is
attached to the roof or trunk lid with a mag- 8 Navigation antenna for GPS reception

net or with a screw fastening, and can also be

glued to the rear-window shelf (Fig. 8).

Combination antennas
These antennas are used as follows:
 For GPS satellite reception, GSM mobile-
telephone operation, and car-radio recep-
tion with active 2-way splitter for AM/FM æ UKR0117Y
reception (with or without “phantom
supply” Fig. 9),
 For GPS satellite reception, “2m” radio
operation, car-radio reception (extra an- 9 Example of a mobile-radio installation with combi-
nation antenna for GPS satellite reception, GSM
tenna splitter required), mobile-telephone reception, and car-radio recep-
 For GPS satellite reception and GSM tion with integrated active antenna splitter
mobile-telephone operation,
 For GPS satellite reception when using a 1 2
GPS
Telematic radiotelephone (Gemini GPS
148) and a TravelPilot navigation system.
Here, an antenna splitter is needed to dis-
tribute the GPS signals required by the re-
spective systems. 3
GSM
Antenna lead-in wires
The antenna is connected to the receiver in-
put by a shielded lead-in wire. Shielding SAP1 SAP1
must be used to prevent, or at least reduce,
KAV1 4
received interference. KAV1 RADIO Fig. 9
Antenna shielding and receiver case must be 1 Combination antenna
connected to ground, and the antenna base + 12 V/HF 2 GPS satellite recep-
SAP1
tion
must be correctly grounded to the vehicle’s
æ UKR0118Y

3 GSM mobile tele-

fender. phone
The antenna lead-in should be routed as 4 Car radio with 12 V
far away from the vehicle wiring harness as “phantom supply”
 Robert Bosch GmbH

58 Traffic-information radio systems Assignment

Traffic-information radio systems

Traffic-information radio systems serve to in-  In case of a traffic accident or similar ob-
form the driver in good time about traffic ob- struction, the police must first of all notify
structions so that he/she is able to quickly se- the broadcasting station of the fact before
lect an alternative route. This reduces the the driver can be informed.
danger of traffic jams, as well as lowering the  In order for the radio to inform the driver,
costs caused by the wasted time, increased the program actually being heard at that
fuel consumption, and emissions associated moment must be interrupted. This though
with stillstand and stop-and-go. Of course, only applies in emergencies, for instance
for this facility to function effectively it is im- when “ghost drivers” have been detected. In
perative that the essentials are filtered out of all other cases, the reports are usually accu-
the wealth of information, and made avail- mulated and transmitted every 30 minutes.
able so that distraction for the driver is kept  A large number of obstructions, and there-
to an absolute minimum. fore a multitude of traffic reports, are the
direct result of the very high traffic volumes
Assignment during the rush-hour and at holiday times.
Such a profusion of reports makes it diffi-
Since the volume of traffic on the roads is in- cult for the driver to select the information
creasing steadily, this is leading to dense traffic which is applicable to his/her route.
and frequent traffic jams, and more and more New reporting systems have come into being
time is needed to get from A to B (Fig. 1). It is in order to overcome these problems. They
the job of traffic-information radio-service standardise the traffic reports, code them, and
systems to inform the driver in
good time about traffic obstruc- 1 Increase in traffic volume due to the rise in passenger-car population
(Example applies to Germany. Figures in millions)
tions, traffic jams, road blocks,
and diversions, and to inform 2020*
him/her about alternative routes. 1992 1994 1996 1998 Shell prognosis
The radio-service system applies
modern traffic-guidance princi-
ples and hardware to direct the 48 to 51
driver along this alternative million
route. Even with the continually
increasing volume of traffic, the
available road network is better
41.7
41,7
utilised as a result, road safety is 41.0
improved, emissions are lowered, 39.8
and the time taken for private 37.9
and commercial journeys is re- 1998 2020*
duced to a tolerable level. For
65
years now, the most familiar traf- Percentage 87 Gasoline-engine to
fic-information radio-service share vehicles 68
system has provided the driver
with the necessary information
© Globus

through the car radio. Diesel-engine 15 to

Fig. 1 vehicles 25
Developments since
There are a variety of problems *Two different 13 7 to
1992. With prognosis scenarios up With
which impair the efficiency and until 2020 alternative 20
until 2020
the comprehensibility of the traf- propulsion
(Source: “Our automo- (e.g. hydrogen, fuel cell)
fic-information system (in Ger- 5828
bile future” Globus Info-
grafik) many “ARI”, see Page 59 ).
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Traffic-information radio systems Traffic-information radio channels 59

using digital principles transmit them parallel volume is high enough for the traffic report to
to the program currently being broadcast. be clearly heard, no matter whether the radio
is turned down low, or a cassette or CD is be-
Traffic-information radio ing played (CD and cassette drives stop auto-
channels matically during the report).

ARI TIM
ARI (Automobile Radio Information) is a TIM (Traffic Information Memory) is a
traffic-information system developed jointly Blaupunkt system which incorporates a digital
by Blaupunkt and the ADAC (largest German voice-storage which can record up to four
automobile club) in cooperation with the current FM/VHF traffic reports with a total
German ARD broadcasting corporation. This time of four minutes. The TIM memory auto-
system was installed in Germany, Austria, matically brings itself up-to-date and, inside a
Luxembourg, and Switzerland in 1974, and freely selectable time window, can even do so
since then has proved itself extensively (Fig. 2). with the radio switched off.

Signal identification A special (blue) TIM button is provided for

The transmitters for the FM/VHF traffic-in- calling-up the stored reports, whereby the
formation services transmit a continuous sig- latest report is heard first.
nal in order to identify themselves to car ra-
dios equipped with an ARI decoder. When the
car radio’s ARI button is pressed,
the radio’s station-finding facility 2 Areas A to F of the traffic-information transmitters (Germany)
only selects traffic-information-
1
service transmitters. Flensburg
Radio
B
Area identity HR 3 Kiel Rostock
An area-identity signal is also Lübeck A
transmitted and identifies the 89.3 Hamburg
A C
area to which the traffic report F E Bremen F
applies. In Germany, on radios C
D B
with the area-identity facility, the Hannover
Magdeburg Berlin

area letters “A” to “F” appear in Düsseldorf

the display to identify the area C Leipzig
Kassel
A Dresden
concerned. These letters are iden- Köln Jena
F Chemnitz
tical to those on the blue traffic E
Frankfurt
signs installed on main roads D
which inform the driver about Mainz C
Saarbrücken
the particular traffic-report E Nürnberg
B Mannheim Fig. 2
transmitters for his/her area and Luxemburg
E A Regensburg
1 Traffic sign for traffic-
their frequencies (Fig. 2). Stuttgart
information transmit-
D Wien
Ulm
Linz F ters (Example shown
Freiburg E München Salzburg
Announcement identity for Germany):
Basel B
A third signal is transmitted Graz
Radio HR 3:
C A Hessen radio
when a traffic report is to be Bern Zürich
Innsbruck Klagenfurt
D B 89.3:
æ NKR0120Y

made. Provided that the car ra- Genf frequency 89.3 MHz
dio’s traffic-report button is E F:
pressed, the announcement iden- Area-identity letter for
tification facility ensures that the the region
 Robert Bosch GmbH

60 Traffic-information radio systems Traffic-information radio channels

RDS-TMC The possibility of avoiding traffic jams and

Applications accidents in good time means that even
Conventional traffic-information radio ser- though the driven distance has increased,
vices transmit reports which cover a large the destination is nevertheless reached
area. These often no longer reflect the actual punctually. All in all, traffic flow is im-
traffic situation, and are transmitted irres- proved, the number of accidents is reduced,
pective of whether they have any relevance and the environment is loaded with less
for a particular driver’s route. emissions.
This state of affairs is counteracted by the
digital RDS – TMC (Radio Data System – Infrastructure and system function
Traffic Message Channel). Shortly after it has EBU (European Broadcasting Union) was
become available, the transmitted data is re- responsible for the initiation of RDS. The
ceived by the car radio, but not made audible TMC (Traffic Message Channel) is a cost-
to the driver. The road user can then select free sub-program of the RDS (Radio Data
the information he/she wants and call it up System). It can transmit between 20 and 30
outside of the regular transmission time for up-to-date coded traffic reports per minute
road-traffic reports. This provides for rapid using the internationally standardised
information on the current traffic situation. “Alert-C protocol”. This coding is comprised
If the vehicle is equipped with a navigation of an “Event List” and a “Location Table”
system (refer to the “Navigation systems” (list of all national roads and towns/vil-
Chapter), the reports on traffic congestion lages).
can be applied for calculating a different The Event List stored in the unit contains
route which circumvents the trouble. all possible traffic situations, (e.g. traffic

3 Infrastructure of the traffic-information-radio data channel RDS-TMC

100
STAU 80

Fig. 3
1 Regional FM/VHF
transmitter
2 Traffic control center
3 Variable-message 4 5
road sign and infrared
transmitter on bridges
æ UKR0121Y

4 Induction loops in the

road
5 Police send report on
traffic jam
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Traffic-information radio systems Traffic-information radio channels 61

jam, stop-and-go traffic, black ice). The Lo- of jam, this data is sent to the next police
cation Table stored on the TMC chip card station.
contains the names and numbers of all auto- From here, the information is sent via
bahns/motorways, national roads (Federal data links to the Federal and Regional Traf-
Highways), and country roads. Since the fic-Report Offices which use data-exchange
language used for the receiver’s voice output methods to actualise their respective levels
depends upon the coding, this means that of information. Within a matter of seconds,
RDS-TMC messages can be heard in the dri- the Regional Report Office then distributes
ver’s own language, independent of geo- this data to the traffic-information-service
graphical location. transmitters where it is continually displayed
This multifunctional chip card (Drive and updated on monitors. Here, the infor-
Card) for TMC and theft-deterrence is com- mation is coded in line with the standards
patible with ISO 7816. It is similar to a tele- described above and transmitted as the
phone card, but is 0.15 mm thicker. It has a background to the normal sound broadcast.
storage capacity of 512 kbyte and its chip
has 3 ICs, an EPROM (contains the key Data evaluation in the receiver
code), a PROM (contains the data bank with The radio receiver (for instance, Viking
the locations), and an ASIC (for converting TMC 148, Fig. 4) equipped with an RDS-
the I2C to the data-bank format). Commu- TMC decoder takes less than 30 seconds to
nication is provided by an extended I2C bus. decode and output the received data. The
unit stores the current status of the reports
Data acquisition and data transfer which are sent out at regular intervals.
Induction loops in the road, and infrared
transmitters on bridges (Fig. 3) measure Following activation of TMC, and the selec-
traffic density and vehicle speeds. Together tion (input) of the route to be taken (num-
with the traffic-jam information received bers of the autobahn/motorway and of the
from the police, ADAC, and autobahn/mo- national roads/federal highways), or of a re-
torway maintenance units with details of gion, the TMC filters the incoming data flow
cause, section of road involved, and length using direction of travel, traffic area, and

4 Data transfer and data evaluation in a vehicle equipped with RDC-TMC (schematic diagram)

Traffic-information-
radio studio Music studio
A7…
FM/VHF
transmitter

Autoroute A7…
Motorway A7…
Autobahn A7…

TMC
RDS

TMC card according

Data flow TMC D DK to country
decoder DriveCard
æ SKR0122E

DriveCard GB
DriveCard NL

DriveCard
 Robert Bosch GmbH

62 Traffic-information radio systems Traffic-information radio channels

class of road, and in doing so limits the traf- Apart from this, the driver needs a coun-
fic reports to those which are applicable. try-specific chip card for his TIM radio. This
This means that the driver is fully aware of contains a list of locations for the country in
the traffic situation before actually starting question together with the coded location
his/her journey, and can then take the neces- codes.
sary steps.
The receiver is equipped with the above- TMC will soon become standard in other
mentioned code lists for decoding the TMC European countries so that with the then
reports, whereby the list of location codes available chip cards, the traffic-information
with the details for the particular country is radio services will also be heard and under-
stored on the plug-in TMC chip card. stood there too. It will even be possible to
RDS can also display the station name, hear the traffic reports from a foreign coun-
and in some cases the radio stations use this try in one’s own language (for instance,
PI (Program Identifying) code when dis- French traffic reports will come through in
playing other information (for instance German).
weather reports). All this means that the lat-
est information is available cost-free at the
touch of a button.

Speech output
The report is presented
either as text on a display, or 5 TMC regions in Germany

in spoken form via the 01

GERMANY (D)
speech synthesizer and the
02
loudspeakers. Here, the data D-NORTH Flensburg

telegram is converted into Kiel

coherent messages by means Rostock

Cuxhaven
of speech synthesis and a Wilhelmshaven Hamburg
Lübeck

Schwerin

voice synthesizer (for the Emden Bremerhaven

10
particular language). Oldenburg
Bremen Hamburg

05 12
Availability D-WEST Osnabrück
Hannover
Braunschweig
Wolfsburg
Berlin

Frankfurt
Hannover
13
It is planned to install digi- Braunschweig
Bielefeld Hildesheim Salzgitter
Magdeburg
Berlin /Oder

Münster
tal traffic-information radio Dessau

14
03
Cottbus

09 Dortmund Halle D-EAST

all over Europe. But being Ruhrgebiet
Duisburg Kassel 04 Halle
Leipzig

Mönchen Düsseldorf D-CENTRAL

as not all transmitters are Gladbach
Köln Erfurt
Leipzig
Dresden
Jena 15
equipped with TMC, it is up Aachen
11 Bonn
Köln
Bad Hersfeld Gera
Dresden
Chemnitz Chemnitz

Bonn
to the driver to select a sta- Koblenz
Gießen

06 16 Hof
tion which transmits this WEST South- Wiesbaden
Mainz
Frankfurt
Wiesbaden
Frankfurt
ern region
data (Germany, for instance, Darmstadt
Würzburg
Trier
is sub-divided into regions 18
Mannheim
17
Nürnberg
Saarbrücken Darmstadt
which are orientated to eco- Saarbrücken Mannheim 19
Nürnberg
Regensburg

nomic areas, Fig. 5). Karlsruhe

Stuttgart
Passau
20
Stuttgart
Ulm
Augsburg München

21
æ UKR0123E

Freiburg
München
Kempten
Konstanz
07 08
D-SOUTH Westen D-SOUTH Eastern
region region
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Traffic-information radio systems Examples of equipment 63

Examples of equipment Viking TMC 148 with TMC function

Equipment configuration
Units with TIM function The Viking TMC 148 is at present available
Such units as the London CD 70, Frankfurt in four different language versions: German,
C 70, and Heidelberg CD 51 are equipped Danish, English, Netherlands. The unit com-
with the TIM function. prises the following modules:
 Tuner with FM/VHF, MW, LW, Digi-
Design and construction (applies to Ceiver, RDS-EONTMC-PTY, SHARX and
London CD 70) Travelstore, and
This unit consists of the following modules:  Amplifier,
 Tuner with FM/VHF, MW, LW, traffic-in-  TMC module, and
formation radio with radiotext and voice  CD drive.
storage, KeyCard theft-deterrence feature,
and Equipment functioning
 2-band DEQ amplifier with variable filter Using the RDS-TMC function, the Viking
quality, and TMC 148 provides precise digital traffic re-
 CD drive. ports quasi online. It has five route memo-
ries available for those routes which are used
Equipment functioning regularly. The traffic report is either dis-
Many FM/VHF stations regularly transmit played as text, or is heard through the loud-
traffic-information programs for the area speakers.
covered by their transmissions. When traffic The Viking is a DigiCeiver, which means
reports are received on FM/VHF, the TA that all signals from tuner to CD are handled
(Traffic Announcement) function interrupts digitally and without loss, and result in ex-
the CD-player operation so that the reports cellent sound from the loudspeakers. The
are given priority and can be heard with an extremely high-speed Codem-D digital
individually adjustable volume. Independent tuner features outstanding reception quali-
of the particular priority, every traffic report ties, and SHARX ensures perfect sound re-
is also stored in Traffic Information Memory production. The TMC decoder decodes the
TIM for subsequent call up. Apart from this, received data and passes it on for further
if the TIM function is left on with the unit processing.
switched off, traffic reports are stored for up
to as long as 3 hours after receiver switch- For instance, in case of unfavorable receive
off. Furthermore, such reports are recorded conditions, the AF function automatically
1.5 hours before and after the selected TIM switches over to the most favorable alterna-
times. tive frequency for the particular station. If
Although certain stations do not them- traffic reports have been switched to priority,
selves transmit traffic reports, they use the RDS-EON also takes the traffic reports from
EON code to switch the RDS or the TA other stations into account.
function over to another active transmitter RDS-PTY permits stations to be selected
within the same chain of radio stations. according to program type. RDS displays the
If a station is received which transmits no station’s name and in some cases the stations
traffic reports at all, a warning tone is heard use this PI code (Program Identifying) for
every 30 seconds. This indicates that the sta- the display of other information (e.g.
tion is to be changed or the TA function weather reports).
switched off. Finally, RT (RadioText) is an RDS service
for the transmission of brief texts (for in-
stance short messages, program pointers,
advertising) from the tuned-in station.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

64 Traffic-information radio systems Examples of equipment

The two-tuner RDS enables the driver to program, once it has been selected, is not
compile his/her entertainment program ac- blanked out by programs from other trans-
cording to personal taste. Here, a background mitter regions which feature better reception
tuner permanently scans the available sta- qualities.
tions and displays the receivable programs
in alphabetical order. The selection is kept TMC DriveCard
permanently up to date, and the driver can The Viking TMC 148 includes a TMC Drive-
select his program from the menue without Card as a traffic-data storage. It contains the
having to waste time on searching and locations (e.g. Autobahns/Motorways, inter-
switching. The driver can also draw up changes/cloverleafs and exits, national/fed-
his/her own individual program without re- eral roads, and county roads) for the coun-
ferring to the alphabetical station list. try in question. This equipment is at present
A further advantage is the fact that the available in Germany, Denmark, Great
background tuner even switches in the traffic Britain, and the Netherlands. The units dif-
reports when the radio is on AM or when fer only with respect to their voice output
the station does not belong to an EON which is in each case specific to the country
chain. The foreground tuner is used exclu- concerned. In other words, a unit purchased
sively for listening to the programs. in Germany “speaks” German. A special
TMC card is included with the equipment
At regular intervals, certain radio-station purchased outside Germany. This card con-
broadcasts are split into regional programs. tains the road network for the country con-
The REG function ensures that a regional cerned.

6 “Viking TMC 148” car radio with DriveCard

æ UKR0136Y
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Vehicle instrumentation Automotive information systems 65

 Automotive information systems

In addition to the display and operator elements to be arranged more clearly for the driver. This
intended for vehicle operation, an ever-increas- is important when it comes to road safety.
ing amount of equipment for information, com- Using a bus system (e.g. CAN), the display and
fort and convenience, and communication is operator unit exchanges information between
appearing in the vehicle. the attached components (bidirectional infor-
The radio is practically standard equipment, mation exchange) which it applies for control
and telephone and navigation system are fol- purposes and for showing information on the
lowing this trend. Each of these additional func- display.
tions would necessitate its own display, its own
specially designed and shaped control ele- The input of the most important operator func-
ments, and its own concept regarding handling tions is through a special “find in the dark” input
and operation by the driver. This complexity element and through control elements on the
finally becomes overwhelming for the driver, steering wheel. For road-safety reasons, a wide
and from the point of view of traffic safety is no range of inputs (e.g. the drawing up of a brief
longer acceptable when future requirements telephone-number list) is only permitted with
are considered. the vehicle standing still.
The central display serves to present a wide
The automotive information system provides the range of information on the screen. This
driver with a uniform standardised user environ- includes text, photos, and videos. Information
ment suitable for a number of different applica- which is important for the driver while he/she is
tions. The system combines display and opera- actually driving (for instance the name of the
tion of a number of applications in a central station being received, or with the navigation
display and operator unit. Since this leads to a system a direction arrow indicating the direc-
marked reduction in the number of input and tion to be taken) can be presented in the instru-
output elements, these can be arranged in the ment cluster’s display.
vehicle more in line with ergonomic stipulations. Voice output can be applied to support the
Furthermore, notwithstanding the incorpor- optical display. To relieve the driver, it is also pos-
ation of more functions, the automotive informa- sible to use voice input to control certain system
tion system permits the cockpit instrumentation functions.

 Automotive information system

TELECOM
1 2 3
BLAUPUNKT Central display
4 5 6 BOSCH
MOTOMETER and operator unit
7 8 9 MÜLLER
0 # VICTORIA
*
INFO NAVIGATOR CD TP

RADIO FM AM RDS

To the drivetrain CAN Bus To the passenger compartment

Entertainment Telecommunications Comfort & Controls

Radio, - Telephone, Fax, convenience On-board computer,
æ UKD0072-1E

TV, - E-Mail, Navigation, Park Pilot,

Drives for: - Emergency call, RDS-TMC, Alarmanlage,
– Audio, - Internet Traffic telematics, Alarm system,
– Video. - Service provider. Air-conditioner. Immobilizer, OBD.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

66 Navigation systems Assignment, application, method of operation

Navigation systems
Navigation in the vehicle is defined as the tion have practically disappeared from the
process of directing the driver to his/her in- market.
tended destination by means of direction ar-
rows and voice-output instructions. Guid- Method of operation
ance along the route uses a digital road map
and navigation satellites. Dynamic navigation The basic functions “Position finding”, “Selec-
also makes use of digitally-coded traffic re- tion of destination”, “Route calculation”, and
ports. “Navigation to destination” are common to all
systems. Devices at the upper end of the scale
Assignment also provide colored map presentation. All

Navigation systems for automotive applica- 1 Example of visual-signal navigation

tions must continually provide the driver with a

acoustic and visual recommendations on the
route to follow. In the process, the system re-
lies upon data received from the GPS navi-
gation satellites, the vehicle’s road speed and
its direction. From this data it generates the
symbols (Fig. 1a), road maps (Fig. 1 b, c), and
voice-output instructions needed to direct the
driver to his/her destination. Apart from this,
the dynamic navigation system also reacts to
the actual traffic situation and corrects the
recommended route accordingly so that the
driver is directed past the obstacle to his/her b
destination as quickly as possible.

Application
In recent years, navigation systems have
achieved widespread popularity. Initially, only
retrofit systems were on the market, but in the
meantime systems are available as an option
for integration in the new vehicle from the
very beginning. This means that the sensors
Fig. 1 from a number of different systems can be
a Large pictograms used jointly. In the driver’s major field of view, c
support the voice- instrument-cluster displays present him/her
guided navigation
with the important information needed to
b Colored road maps
provide information
navigate the vehicle to its destination.
on parking lots, gas Some vehicle manufacturers even incorpo-
stations, and points rate the navigation system into a comprehen-
of interest (POI) sive driver information system featuring audio
c Traffic information and telephone functions. This is a develop-
(e.g. traffic jams) is
ment which will become more pronounced in
shown in the map as
æ UKR0124D

the future.
symbols and is auto-
matically taken into
Basic navigation systems which merely
account when the show the vehicle’s position on a road map,
route is calculated and give the straight-line direction to destina-
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Navigation systems Method of operation 67

functions require a digital road map which is hicle’s position with the course of the road on
generally stored on a CD-ROM. the digital map (this is known as Map Match-
ing, Fig. 2).
Position-finding Even after the vehicle has been driven briefly
Compound navigation is used for position outside the area covered by the digitalised road
finding. Here, so-called road elements are map, or after it has been transported by rail or
added cyclically with regard to sum and angle ship, the GPS satellite positioning system
(compounded). This of course leads to an ac- (Global Positioning System, see “Orientation
cumulation of errors which though are com- Methods” Chapter) permits the navigation
pensated for by continually comparing the ve- system to go into operation immediately with-
out any trouble. It continually receives signals
2 Map Matching from geostationary satellites in space which
a permit the vehicle’s position to be defined
with an accuracy of ± 10 m (approx. 30 ft).
The GPS antenna together with the receiver is
an essential navigation-system component.

Sensors
With the first-generation navigation systems,
position finding often used two inductive
wheel-speed sensors to determine the distance
travelled and the changes in direction, and an
earth’s-field sensor for determining the ab-
solute driving direction. For the most part,
b GPS serves to compensate for serious sensor
errors, and for the re-entry into the stored
road network following prolonged periods on
roads outside the digital road map.

For the latest systems, it suffices to use the

simple distance-travelled signal from the elec-
tronic tachometer. This signal is already com-
monly used in many vehicles for automatic
speed-dependent volume control on the car
radio. This tachometer sensor outputs a train
of pulses the frequency of which is propor- Fig. 2
c tional to the vehicle’s speed. These pulses are a Initial, rough localisa-
then evaluated by the navigation computer. tion using the GPS
system
b The road is identified
The vehicle’s change of direction is registered after only a few me-
by a yaw sensor. When the sensor position ters. The yaw sensor
changes, this change is converted into a volt- registers when the
age from which the computer determines vehicle turns off
whether the vehicle is accelerating, braking, or c The vehicle’s position
is precisely defined
changing direction. This sensor is very small
and is kept up to date
and features a high level of insensitivity to the
æ SKR0127Y

by continually com-
interference fields commonly found in the ve- paring the sensor
hicle. data with the digital
road map
 Robert Bosch GmbH

68 Navigation systems Method of operation

Since, in the meantime, the vehicle’s ab- road map on the CD-ROM, the navigation
solute direction of movement is determined computer (with integrated CD-ROM drive)
from the GPS signals by means of the Doppler calculates the most favorable route.
effect, the earth’s-field sensor is no longer re-
quired. It must be possible to adapt the route calcula-
tion to the driver’s wishes. Some systems have
Destination settings available for optimisation of the route
Map directories calculation according to travel time or dis-
The CDs digital map contains directories tance considerations. If the driver so wishes,
which are used for inputting the destination the route calculation must also be able to cir-
in the form of an address. This necessitates cumvent autobahns/motorways, ferries and
lists of all the locations available on the CD. In toll roads.
turn, all these locations need lists of the stored The initial rough calculation of the route to
streets. Further precision in the definition of be taken must have been completed within
the destination is attained by the inclusion of about 30 seconds after inputting the destina-
street crossings/intersections and house num- tion. The recalculation of the route when the
bers. Due to the high expense concerned with driver leaves the recommended route is even
registering such data, house numbers have more critical with regard to time. The possi-
only been used up to now to a very limited bility of being able to select an alternative
extent. route at the press of a button is a decided ad-
vantage since the driver is immediately given
Normally, the driver is unaware of the ad- the chance to drive around traffic jams and
dresses for such destinations as airports, rail- congestion.
way stations, gas stations, and car parks etc.
These are therefore listed under POI (Points Dynamic routes
of Interest) For instance, in Fig. 1b, Page 66, The evaluation of RDS-TMC coded traffic re-
there is a gas station in the direct vicinity of ports provides the basis for automatically cir-
the vehicle. cumventing traffic jams and congestions. Such
It is also possible to select a destination by coded reports are received through RDS or
directly marking it on the map display or by GSM.
calling it up from a destination memory in
which it had already been stored. Navigation to destination
Defining the route
Guidebooks Navigation is a matter of comparing the vehi-
The provision of guidebooks in the form of a cle’s actual position with its calculated posi-
CD is the logical consequence of the above tion. The stretches of road which the vehicle
POI listings. These CD guidebooks have re- has just driven along, and the stretches of road
sulted from the cooperation between publish- still in front it on the planned route, are used
ing houses and the producers of the digital in making the decision as to when the driver
road maps. Such a CD, for instance, can be must turn off
used to search for hotels near the destination.
The CD also contains information on the size, Route and direction recommendations
prices, and furnishings/equipment level of the During the journey itself, and in good time
POIs (Fig. 3). before turn-off points or lane changes, a voice
gives the driver the corresponding instruc-
Route calculation tions. This audible instruction principle en-
Selection of destination ables the driver to comply with the recom-
Before driving off, the driver inputs his/her mendations without distracting his/her atten-
destination into the system. Using the digital tion from the surrounding traffic. A route and
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Navigation systems Method of operation 69

direction arrow appears on a display at the million. This is a great help in obtaining an
same time. overview of the routes in the nearer vicinity or
Simple graphics, which as far as possible are further away. Orientation is facilitated by such
inside the driver’s primary field of vision (in- background information as lakes, built-up
strument cluster), provide for even more clar- areas, railway tracks, and wooded areas.
ity.
Road-map memory
The conciseness of these acoustic and visual The CD-ROM has come to the forefront as
recommendations is of prime importance for the road-map memory. The structure of the
the navigation quality. Due to the danger of stored data is manufacturer-specific know-
distracting the driver, there is no question of how and has considerable influence on the
using the symbols on the street-card display as system’s performance. This is the reason why
the primary instruction medium. This is a the CDs at present on the market for the sys-
“think-ahead” system and, as a function of ve- tems from various manufacturers are not
hicle speed, provides enough time for driver compatible with each other. Efforts are being
response. made though to standardise the CDs used
with navigation systems.
Dynamic routes Within the foreseeable future, CD capacity,
The evaluation of coded traffic reports re- which initially appeared to be immense will be
ceived through the Traffic Message Channel of exhausted. This is due to the ever-increasing
the Radio Data System (RDS-TMC) parallel size of the area which is covered digitally, the
to the radio broadcast provides for the auto- completeness of the stored road network, and
matic circumvention of traffic jams and con- the growing mass of supplementary informa-
gestion. RDS-TMC is already available to the tion which is stored. The DVD (Digital Versa-
GSM services. tile Disc) which has many times the capacity
Route calculation centers around
the expected average driving time 3 The CD guidebook provides travel information
as well as navigation
for each section of road. Using the
traffic reports, the navigation com-
puter determines which sections of
road are affected by obstructions
and takes these into account when
recalculating the route. Here, the
system inserts a lower average speed
depending upon the severity of the
obstruction.
In case of traffic obstruction, if
there is a time-saving, alternative
route available with little conges-
tion, the dynamic navigation auto-
matically selects it and directs the
driver onto it by means of spoken
commands.

Map presentation
Depending upon the particular sys-
æ UKR0128E

tem, the road map can be displayed

on the color monitor with a scale of
between approx. 1:8000 and 1:16
 Robert Bosch GmbH

70 Navigation systems Examples of equipment and accessories

of the CD-ROM is already in sight as a succes- when navigation reports are received this is
sor. not interrupted, and the navigation instruc-
tions are simply blended in via the front
Examples of equipment and speakers. Scanning of the navigation CD-
accessories ROM takes place in the CD/CD-ROM drive,
and when the navigation facility is not in use a
TravelPilot terminals music CD can be played using this drive. A
The TravelPilot navigation system is com- CD changer and a steering-wheel remote con-
prised of a number of different components trol are available as extras.
(Fig. 14). The following versions are available:
Operation and control
Radio-navigation TravelPilot RNS 149/150 The navigation process is prepared and started
Design and function using the basic menue. Destination input can
The TravelPilot RNS 149/150 navigation sys- be taken from the destination memory, or can
tem is integrated in the car radio and is con- be composed of entries comprising town/city,
trolled by the radio’s pushbuttons and street, crossing or intersection, or house num-
switches (Figs. 4 and 5). Driving instructions ber. Apart from this, it is also possible to select
are outputted by voice through the radio’s a number of special destinations such as auto-
loudspeakers, while at the same time concise, bahn/motorway intersections, railway sta-
immediately understandable symbols appear tions, airports, shopping centers/malls,
on the radio’s display (a road map is not gas/petrol stations, parking lots, and work-
shown). FM(VHF) and MW radio reception shops. When a navigation CD with guidebook
is based on a DigiCeiver (tuner) and the is used, one can call in the travel information
SHARX selectivity-optimisation function. appropriate to the destinations, and also select
This enables incoming signals to be converted destinations for the actual navigation itself.
to clearly understood messages without dis- Apart from this, the TravelPilot can also
tortion due to interference from nearby trans- draw up a route list and display it. In the local-
mitters. isation mode, the North-pointing compass
If a music program is being listened to symbol is shown, and the name of the

4 TravelPilot system components (block diagram)

Navigation
Tacho signal/ CD-ROM CD-ROM Radio
Wheel sensor drive (only Type R)

Backup-lamp
switch Navigation computer
TravelPilot
RNS
GPS
antenna DX-R
GPS
receiver

Combination
antenna
Angle-of-
rotation sensor TravelPilot
æ UKR0129E

DX-N
Loudspeakers
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Navigation systems Examples of equipment and accessories 71

5 Radio Navigation TravelPilot RNS

DigiCeiver

Digital IC Preselector LF output 4

AM/FM tuner
D150 stage D1610 stage channels

Tel. LF NAVI
Data actuator
CD audio
SPI Digital audio information Fig. 5
Analog CDC-LF NAVI GPS
The radio navigation sys-
C9 Gyro tem integrates the car
CDC 8 Bit ON RB-CAN drive
interface Display Wheel radio, the CD drive, the
sensor navigation computer and

æ UKR0130E
Co- Main R the navigation sensors in
Power LINE OUT L
TIM SPI processor SPI processor a standard DIN instal-
supply
D800 D820 NAVI lation bay. This simplifies
subsequent installation.

road/street presently being driven along is dis- roads), and even ferries, from the route plan-
played in the title line. In the GPS mode, the ning.
driver can enquire about the number of satel-
lites from which signals can presently be re- TravelPilot RGN08
ceived, as well as requesting information on The TravelPilot RGN08 is housed in a separate
the vehicle’s actual geographical location. case and combined with an RDS car radio
complete with display and CD drive. The
Finally, with the navigation function in opera- radio’s display is used, and operation is via the
tion, the navigation menue is shown on the radio’s input elements. All other functions are
display, and in parallel to the spoken instruc- comparable with those of the TravelPilot RNS.
tions the name of the road/street actually be-
ing driven along, or the next road/street which TravelPilot RGS08 (stand-alone)
is to be turned into is also shown. Visual route The TravelPilot RGS08 is a navigation system
instructions are shown in either 2 or 3-dimen- which is completely independent of the car
sional form in the symbol field. In addition, radio. It is installed separately on the instru-
the display also shows the distance to destina- ment panel, and as such is a so-called “stand-
tion, and if required the remaining time to alone” unit.
destination and the expected time of arrival. This system features a large, colored map
The route can be changed without difficulty display showing a variety of informative de-
at any time. For instance, the choice can be tails in the correct scale. For distant desti-
made between the fastest route to take with nations, a general map is shown which serves
priority given to autobahn and motorway, or for rapid orientation. Detailed instructions
the shortest route. It is also possible to exclude apply a combination of arrows and the map. A
specific roads (for instance, toll or turnpike choice between the “fastest” and the “shortest”
 Robert Bosch GmbH

72 Navigation systems Examples of equipment and accessories

routes is also possible. recognised pictographs containing route and

Often-visited destinations can simply be direction arrows, and street names, as well as
called up from the memory. A convenient details of time and distance. Driver input is fa-
keyboard is provided for control and opera- cilitated by an operator assistant with colored,
tion. The separate speaker is hidden. virtual keys (which can be blended in on the
All further functions are comparable with screen), and by operator menues.
those of the TravelPilot RNS.
Travelpilot DX-V
TravelPilot DX-N The Travelpilot DX-V features a removable
The digital traffic information data received “16:9” wide-screen monitor (Fig. 6), and is
through the RDS-TMC facility of an appro- suitable for retrofitting vehicles at a later date.
priately equipped car radio, or through the D- This system features a “split screen” which
Namic TMC tuner box, is processed by the apart from the separate map display also per-
navigation computer of the dynamic Travel mits the map to be shown complete with ar-
Pilot DX-N. This computer selects these row symbols and road geometry. In addition,
sources as required when using the digital it provides for a genuinely dynamic presen-
road map on the CD-ROM to calculate the tation of the route recommendation by taking
route to be taken. the received TMC traffic-information mes-
The stand-alone version of the TravelPilot sages into account in the route calculations.
DX-N is mounted separately in the vehicle’s The “wide-screen” monitor has a 16.5 cm
cockpit and is controlled by an illuminated TFT LC color display and permits direct selec-
keyboard (remote control). The TMC tuner tion of such settings as contrast, viewing
automatically searches for all the TMC traffic- angle, and brightness. The display features
information transmitters on the route. In- glare suppression thanks to a special protec-
coming traffic reports are continually in- tive film. This also makes it insensitive to con-
putted to the TravelPilot which evaluates them tamination as well as facilitating cleaning. The
and adapts the route to the traffic situation. speaker for the output of the route recom-
The monitor shows a large, uncomplicated mendation is an integral part of the monitor
color display of the road map. In line with the which, as a theft-deterrent measure, can be re-
map scale, this display also contains extensive moved from the cockpit completely.
details (such as symbols for traffic jams, park-
ing lots, points of interest etc.). The voice- Dynamic radio navigation
guided navigation is supported by large, easily TravelPilot DX-R70
The TravelPilot DX-R70 (Fig. 7) radio navi-
6 DX-V TravelPilot “Wide-screen” monitor gation system combines the dynamic navi-
gation function and a CD car radio in a single
unit. The complete unit fits perfectly into the
standardised radio bay of all popular cars. At
the touch of a button, the front panel swivels
down to provide access to the disk drive for
the audio or navigation CDs.

When navigating with the TravelPilot DX-R70,

the driver receives precise spoken route rec-
ommendations and turn-off instructions. The
æ UKR0144Y

direction to be taken is also shown on the dis-

play. Furthermore, when calculating the route
the unit takes into account the actual traffic
situation as broadcast by the radio stations
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Navigation systems Examples of equipment and accessories 73

through the Traffic Message Channel TMC. processes the broadcast signals digitally. It also
If the driver has activated his/her TMC, the permits dynamic bandwidth changeover
dynamic system calculates the traffic flow, the (SHARX) for improved selectivity when
length of the traffic jam, and the driving transmitter frequency bands are crowded.
speeds which are possible on the routes which
are available as potential alternatives. From The car radio is able to receive FM (VHF) and
then on, the driver is guided dynamically to MW, and is provided with a 4-channel pre-
his/her destination. It is also possible to dis- amplifier, 4 x 35 W max. power output, and
play the TMC reports in plain language on the TIM traffic information memory as standard.
screen together with the road numbers of au- This means that up to four complete traffic
tobahns, motorways, and national and first- reports can be stored and heard again at the
class roads. press of a button whenever they are needed.
Furthermore, with the TravelPilot DX-R70, it Apart from this, the unit also incorporates
is possible to adapt the route individually. For the RDS “program type” and “radio text”
instance, it is just as feasible to rule out certain functions, and furthermore it can also control
stretches of road as a traffic-jam function or in the IDC A09 5-CD changer or the CDC A08
a route list, as it is to draw-up a touring mem- 10-CD changer. The unit also has provision
ory with as many as ten points on the way to for the connection of a hands-off telephone,
the final destination which are to be stopped at and utilises the KeyCard as a theft-deterrent.
one after the other.
The car Hi-Fi stage of the TravelPilot DX-
R70 is equipped with the DigiCeiver which

7 TravelPilot DX-R70 dynamic radio navigation (shown fitted in the vehicle)

æ UKR0132Y
 Robert Bosch GmbH

74 Navigation systems Examples of equipment and accessories

Navigation software Additional POI

POI (Points Of Interest) are hotels, restau-
Digital cartography rants, sightseeing objectives, public authorities
Digitalisation and institutions whose names are well known
Digitalisation is based on highly accurate but not their addresses. These POI include ob-
maps, and satellite and aerial photographs jects in the sector of public authorities and in-
which have been officially approved and re- stitutions, as well as those of interest from the
leased. If, in a given area, only inadequate touristic/cultural aspect. These form the basis
documentation is available, measurement and for a wide variety of guidebooks and special
surveying is performed on-site, and highly guides.
trained experts (“road inspectors”) carry out
the digitalisation by hand using special digital- Quality check
isation computers. Subsequently, the names At every production step, a quality check is
and classification of the objects concerned performed with special testing software, so
(roads, streets, boundaries, lakes, rivers, and that errors in data collection can be immedi-
canals etc.) is integrated in the database. ately remedied. Moreover, sample on-site
checks are continually made to check geo-
Road inspection graphical accuracy, correctness and actuality.
As well as checking the data from the initial
digitalisation, the road inspectors register all Data formats
supplementary “traffic-relevant attributes” The data format is a regulation covering the
(e.g. one-way roads, bridges, subways, tunnels, storage of data in line with a set of organisa-
and right-of-way rulings at difficult road tional criteria governing their processing. In
crossings) (Fig. 8). the case of data which has been digitally regis-
The results of this road inspection are inte- tered, one differentiates between the registra-
grated in the database, and used in the pro- tion format (standardised exchange format
duction of digitalised road maps in CD for- such as GDF), and the application format (e.g.
mat. TravelPilot format).

8 Road inspectors carry out detailed on-site checks of the traffic routing
æ UKR0133Y
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Navigation systems Examples of equipment and accessories 75

GDF Basis CD
GDF (Geographic Data Files) is a standard- For a number of European countries,
ised international exchange format for pre- Blaupunkt and Tele Atlas have cooperated in
senting geographic features in the form of producing basic CDs which serve as the basis
vectors (refer below to “Vector map”). Among for navigation in the particular region. They
other things, the GDF format ensures that the incorporate the complete road network in
vehicle navigation unit outputs the familiar digital form (minor roads and overland or
driving instructions notwithstanding the pe- cross-country roads), and all traffic-related in-
culiarities of the particular country’s road net- formation such as one-way roads, “no turns”,
work. The “Tele-Atlas Co.”, played a decisive limited-access roads etc.).
role in the drawing up of the GDF format. For instance, for Germany, for all the major
economic areas and for all cities with more
Vector map than 50,000 inhabitants, all road/street names
The vector map generates geographic ele- are incorporated on the basis CD. And for
ments by means of a succession of straight Berlin. Hanover, Munich, and Stuttgart, even
lines (vectors). The beginning and end of each the house numbers are included. In addition,
vector is clearly defined by geographic coordi- many other destinations such as railway sta-
nates and by specific attributes (e.g. name, tions, airports, car-hire companies, hospitals,
classification etc.). Vector maps are imperative and holiday/vacation areas are also available.
for mathematical calculation of the route.
Guidebooks
GIS Together with Varta, Michelin, Merian scout,
GIS (Geografic Information System) ANWB, and De Agostini, Tele Atlas has also
is a software application which applies geo- issued “Travel Guides” for selected countries
graphic information for analytic and planning and cities/towns. Using such a Travel Guide, it
purposes. For instance, the calculation of is possible to compile a selection of destina-
radio cells for mobile-radio networks would tions according to one’s personal tastes.
be impossible without GIS. As a rule, the information is listed under
specific categories (e.g. overnight stays, food
Geo-Codierung and drink, the arts, architecture, touristic in-
By allocating them a coordinate pair (latitude formation, entertainment etc.). Information is
and longitude), Geo coding can incorporate also provided on hotels and restaurants (to-
additional objects or POI in the digital maps. gether with special quality awards such as
“stars” and “chef’s hats” etc.), and points of in-
TravelPilot format terest (POI). Of course, the system is also able
This is an application format for the navi- to navigate the driver to these destinations.
gation CD of the Bosch/Blaupunkt navigation
systems, as covered by the TravelPilot logo. Special guides
The data of the GDF exchange format must Such guides restrict themselves to points of
be converted to the TravelPilot format. special touristic interest. For instance, together
with Merian scout, Tele Atlas has drawn up a
special “Golf” guide.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

76 Navigation systems Tuning-fork yaw-rate sensor

Piezoelectric tuning-fork Method of operation

When voltage is applied, the bottom piezo
yaw-rate sensor elements start to oscillate and exite the up-
Application per section of the “tuning fork”, together
In order that it can use the digital road map with its upper piezo elements, which then
stored on the CD-ROM to calculate the dis- starts counter-phase oscillation.
tance driven, the computer in the vehicle’s
navigation system needs information on the Straight-ahead driving
vehicle’s movements (composite navi- With the vehicle being driven in a straight
gation). line there are no Coriolis forces applied at
the tuning fork, and since the upper piezo
When cornering (for instance at road junc- elements always oscillate in counter-phase
tions), the navigation system’s yaw-rate sen- and are only sensitive vertical to the direc-
sor registers the vehicles rotation about its tion of oscillation (Fig. 1a) they do not gen-
vertical axis. With the voltage signal it gener- erate a voltage.
ates in the process, and taking into account
the signals from the tachometer or the radar Cornering
sensor, the navigation computer calculates When cornering on the other hand, the
the curve radius and from this derives the Coriolis acceleration which occurs in con-
change in vehicle direction. nection with the oscillation (but vertical to
it) is applied for measurement purposes.
Design and construction The rotational movement now causes the
The angle-of-rotation sensor is a steel ele- upper portion of the tuning fork to leave the
ment shaped like a tuning fork, and incor- oscillatory plane (Fig. 1b) so that an AC
porates four piezo elements (two above, two voltage is generated in the upper piezo ele-
below, Fig. 1) and the sensor electronics. ments which is transferred to the navigation
It measures very accurately and is insensi- computer by an electronic circuit in the sen-
tive to magnetic interference. sor housing. The voltage-signal amplitude is
a function of both the yaw rate and the os-
cillatory speed. Its sign depends on the di-
rection (left or right) taken by the curve.
Fig. 1
a Excursion during
straight-ahead driving
1 “Tuning-fork” piezo yaw-rate sensor
b Excursion when
cornering
1
1 Tuning-fork direction a 3 2
b Ω
of oscillation resulting
from cornering 4
3
2 Direction of rotation 4 4
of the vehicle
4
3 Direction of oscilla-
tion resulting from
5
straight-ahead driving 5

4 Coriolis force 5
5
5 Upper piezo elements
(sensing)
7
6 Bottom piezo 7
æ UAE0877Y

6
elements (drive) 6
7 Excitation oscillation
7
direction 7
Ω Yaw
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Navigation systems Micromechanical yaw-rate sensor MM2 77

Micromechanical yaw- simpler manufacturing process result in far

lower costs, the measuring effect – which in
rate sensor MM2 any case is not very pronounced - is reduced
Application by the decrease in size, and with it the achiev-
In vehicles with Electronic Stability Program able accuracy. This leads to more severe de-
(ESP), the vehicle’s rotation about its vertical mands being made on the electronics.
axis is registered by micromechanical silicon The influence of non-rotational acceler-
yaw-rate ensors (also known as gyrometers) ation from the side is counteracted mechani-
and applied for the ESP vehicle dynamics con- cally. First of all by mounting the sensor in the
trol. These yaw-rate sensors also register the vehicle’s axis of gravity, and secondly due to
vehicle’s rate of roll as demanded by the the system’s high levels of flexural rigidity
rollover-sensing facility, and its yaw rate in or- against spurious acceleration.
der to define the current position as required
for the navigation system. 1 MM2 yaw-rate sensor. The micromechanical comb-
shaped elements can be seen in the background
50 m
Design and operating concept
The Si yaw-rate sensor’s construction is based
100% on surface micromechanics, and it op-
1 2
erates with an electrostatic closed-loop con-
trol system. A central-mounted rotary-oscilla-
Ω
tion element is electrostatically excited into
oscillation by comb-shaped elements (Figs. 1
and 2). The oscillation amplitude is held con-
stant by a capacitive pick-off of the same basic
design. At the same time, Coriolis forces result
in an “out-of-plane” rocking or tilting motion,
whose amplitude is proportional to the yaw
rate Ω and which is capacitively detected by
Fig. 1
electrodes below the oscillator.
1 Comb-shaped
æ UKR0135Y

In order to avoid excessive damping, the elements

3
sensor must be operated in a vacuum. And 2 Rotary oscillation
even though the smaller-sized chip and the element
3 Sensor
2 MM2 yaw-rate sensor (schematic)

CDrv1
CDrv2 1
CDrv Det1
Fig. 2
CDrv Det2 1 Comb-shaped
0.5 mm elements
2 Rotary oscillation
υ
element
2 3 Measuring axis
CDet1 CDet2 CDrv Drive electrodes
CDet Capacitive rotary-
Ω -FC +FC
æ UKI0044-1Y

oscillation pick-off
3
FC Coriolis force
υ Oscilllating velocity
Ω = ∆CDef, yaw rate to
be measured
 Robert Bosch GmbH

78 Traffic telematics Definition, assignment

Traffic telematics
For years now, although mobility has con- As well as informing the driver about the
stantly been on the increase, this has led to traffic situation on the particular route, the
massive overloading of our road systems. telematics system recommends alternative
Telematics optimises the traffic flow on the routes and provides the driver with other
existing road network, and in doing so makes useful information. He/she has the option of
a valuable contribution to improving the effi- being informed by display text or spoken
ciency of the road-system utilisation. Telem- word.
atic services apply telecommunications and
information technology in collecting infor- Traffic telematics can also transmit emer-
mation on the traffic status which they then gency and breakdown calls so that help can
process so that they can inform the driver be summoned (e.g. breakdown truck or am-
concerning the particular traffic situation, bulance).
and provide him/her with alternative route The vehicle’s own electronic system trans-
proposals. Apart from this, they receive and mits data which the breakdown service can
process data that has been transmitted by the use to draw-up a remote trouble-shooting
vehicle itself. chart (before leaving the workshops/garage).
Making use of crash sensors in the vehicle, it
Definition is possible to send off accident reports auto-
matically. In such cases, the vehicle applies
The word “Telematics” is formed from the the GPS localisation facility in order to in-
words “Telecommunications” and “Informa- form the emergency services about its pos-
tion technology”. “Traffic telematics” is under- ition.
stood to apply to all the facilities used for the Using similar principles and remote con-
transmission of traffic-related information to trol, a vehicle that has been reported as
and from road vehicles and for the subsequent stolen can be stopped automatically (for in-
evaluation of this information. Evaluation stance when it reaches a national border).
practically always takes place automatically.
Traffic telematics is also of considerable im-
Telematics utilises the virtual interaction of portance for transport and haulage compa-
the vehicle’s terminal unit, the GSM network, nies. The increasing amounts of freight fur-
and the services offer from the service ther aggravate the situation on the roads,
providers. and traffic jams and accidents cause delays
and losses. Each and every company that is
Assignment concerned with freight haulage is constantly
confronted by delays.
It is the job of Telematics to improve mobility Traffic telematics is a highly worthwhile
on the available road network notwithstand- control tool for efficient fleet management
ing the ever-increasing traffic volume, and to (refer also to the Chapter “Fleet manage-
provide the driver with further services. ment”). It permits more effective route plan-
The objective is to optimise the traffic ning and at the same time more efficient
flow on the existing road network, and in utilisation of the fleet vehicles.
the process to arrive at more efficient road
utilisation together with higher average
speeds.
A cellular phone or a GSM radio module,
with which conventional telephone calls can
be handled, serve as the interface for the in-
coming and outgoing data.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Traffic telematics Structure and method of operation 79

Structure and method of Whereas the human being can interpret spo-
ken information with his/her geographical
operation knowledge and the road signs in the vicinity,
Transmission paths these factors do not apply in case of com-
Presently, it is above all the mobile radio puter-controlled evaluation of information.
networks which are used for the transmis-
sion of telematics services (Fig. 1). A standardised coding of the designations
for geographical regions, longer stretches of
GSM is used to exchange data in both direc- autobahn/motorway (segments) and indi-
tions between the fleet vehicles and the head- vidual locations such as autobahn/motorway
quarters of the service providers. Since the intersections and cossings was drawn-up for
amount of information is limited by the transmissions using RDS-TMC (Radio Data
transmission-channel bandwidth, standard- System with Traffic Message Channel, see
ised coded information blocks are used which Chapter “Traffic-Information Radio Sys-
must be as redundance-free as possible. tems”).

Standardisation The services providers have introduced the

There is no standardisation at the protocol GATS standard (Global Automotive Telem-
level. The applied message standardisation atics Standard) for traffic telematics applica-
refers to the type of disturbance (such as tions using SMS (Short Message Services).
“traffic jam”, “road closed completely”), the GATS applies for emergency and breakdown
causes (such as “accident”, “black ice”), the calls, information services, and traffic-data
extent of the trouble, and how long the acquisition. It utilises the Floating Car Data
holdup is expected to last. It is also necessary Principle as described in the following. This
to code the holdup’s location. standard has not been successful though.

1 Traffic telematics for information acquisition and information transmission (Example applies to Europe)

Data
acquisition Autobahn/ Police traffic- Origin of report Autobahn/motor- Floating Car
motorway on traffic jam way bridge-
contact loop report office (e.g. ADAC*) mounted sensors Data (FCD)

Services provider
TEGARON Vodafon
DaimlerChrysler Passo Traffic-
master
Radio VW-Gedas GM (Opel)
stations OnStar ADAC*

Transmission
networks Radio
DAB FM(VHF) GSM Traffic message ISDN
RDS/TMC (SMS/GPRS) beacon (Pocsag,
Fiex)
DAB Car radio with Mobile telephone Receiver Pager Personal
Terminals car radio RDS/TMC (Traffic- (Traffic- home PC
RadioPhone
master) master)
æ UKR0077E

VT terminal
Navigation/F.I.S.

*ADAC= Germany’s largest automobile club

 Robert Bosch GmbH

80 Traffic telematics Structure and method of operation

Telematics services extent is fully automated, takes place in com-

Traffic telematics equipment is provided with bination with dynamic navigation, even
a GSM module and a GPS (Global Position- though strictly speaking this is not really
ing System) receiver. In addition to conven- telematics.
tional telephone conversation, the GSM mod- The standardised location of “Locations”
ule permits bidirectional transmission of re- (refer to “Standardisation”) and events, and
ports via SMS (Short Message Services) or their geographical extent and expected dur-
GPRS (General Packet Radio System). ation, means that it is possible for navigation
computers to evaluate the effects of a distur-
Thanks to the GPS module, the vehicle’s posi- bance on the route being taken, and as a result
tion can be defined with an accuracy of ±10 calculate whether a more favorable alternative
m, whereby this tolerance is practically com- is available.
pensated for by the intermediate storage of a In this case, the driver is informed that the
number of road reference points that have al- route has been recalculated due to traffic re-
ready been driven past. This equipment per- ports. The following recommendations on the
mits full use of such services as “Traffic infor- route to take are then based on the recalcu-
mation”, “Calls for help”, and “Breakdown lated route (Fig. 2). With dynamic navigation,
calls”. the CDs which usually carry the navigation
system’s digital road map also require a refer-
In future, such facilities as Internet and E-Mail ence table for the locations given in the traffic
will come more to the forefront of interest. reports.
For future GSM services, new software will
permit the equipment function to be ex- Traffic reports are received either through an
panded. FM(VHF) receiver with RDS decoder, or via
SMS from the GSM networks.
Dynamic navigation Dynamic navigation systems have been
The traffic information, which to the greatest available now since 1998, and are proliferating
due to their high levels of comfort and sophis-
2 Dynamic navigation (Example) tication for the driver.

Acquisition of information
The usefulness of traffic telematics increases
along with the quality of the available infor-
mation. In particular, the up-to-dateness of
the traffic reports is still problematic.
4

B
Registration using the road infrastructure
Fig. 2 For years now, on important stretches of road,
1 Original route 3
2 traffic-flow information has been collected by
2 Traffic jam
3 Alternative route
means of induction loops in the road. These
drawn up by the loops are able to measure the speed and the
driver number of the vehicles passing over
4 More favorable alter- them.Traffic density (vehicles per km) and
native route automati- traffic intensity (number of vehicles per hour)
cally calculated by L 1
are calculated from this information. More
the dynamic navi-
æ UKR0082Y

and more use is being made of such loops in

gation
A Autobahn/motorway
A the roadway, but their installation is an expen-
B National road sive and time-consuming business.
L Country road Alternatively, the services providers (DDG
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Traffic telematics Structure and method of operation 81

and TrafficMaster in Germany) have installed The final test of practicability is still to come,
sensors on autobahn/motorway bridges which since not enough vehicles took part in the
transmit their information by wireless. These field tests.
sensors are powered by solar cells (Fig. 3), and
even though they are light and inexpensive to
install, their measuring principle restricts
them to counting the number of vehicles with
a rough classification of speed.

Floating Car Data FCD

The Floating Car Data (FCD) principle repre-
sents a further alternative for registration of
traffic information.

A given car “floats” (thus 3 Traffic-data acquisition on autobahns/motorways

“floating car”) in the traffic

flow and periodically trans-
mits to a central reporting
point information on its
position, direction of travel,
distance travelled, and
speed. Here, statistical eval-
uation of the individually
registered data generates
up-to-date reports on the
traffic situation. This is
then used in statistical
prognosis models which
forecast the probability of
traffic holdups. Participa-
tion in the FCD system is
voluntary and as a rule is
rewarded by the services
provider with a rebate. This
system is suitable for all ve-
hicles with a bidirectional
connection (such as SMS).
Such a statistically-based
reliable forecast though ne-
cessitates a correspondingly
large percentage of appro-
priately equipped vehicles.
Since this percentage has Fig. 3
not yet been reached, this Solar-cell-powered
sensors are mounted
principle has up to now
on autobahn/motorway
æ UKR0081Y

only been applied in field

bridges to register the
trials. number of vehicles pass-
ing by, and their approxi-
mate speed
 Robert Bosch GmbH

82 Traffic telematics Examples of equipment and accessories

Examples of equipment and cally sends the vehicle’s starting location. The
route recommendation is then received via In-
accessories ternet and the unit continually furnishes the
OnlinePilot GPRS 82 vehicle’s location and outputs the route in-
In addition to radio and telephone, the On- structions. Here, if required, the text-to-
linePilot GPRS 82 presently provides “Offboard speech module in the internet radio provides
Navigation”, Internet, E-Mail, and further ser- him/her with voice instructions in addition to
vices for the car driver or passenger. The On- the output on the display. This also applies to
linePilot GPRS 82 is suitable for updating and the short messages (SMS) which have accu-
will therefore remain versatile enough a long mulated in the telephone, and to the web-
time into the future. The standard 1-DIN case based E-mails. In future, access to Internet will
holds the following components: be by means of high-speed “GPRS data pack-
 Hi-Fi radio with DigiCeiver and RDS, ages”. No dial-in or online costs will be in-
 High-performance GSM dual-band tele- volved, and charges will be aligned to the
phone with hands-off facility and GPRS, number of transmitted data packages.
 GPS module and yaw-rate sensor for pre-
cise registration of vehicle position, It is planned that in future the OnlinePilot will
 Equipment for sending and receiving short be able to process computer data. For in-
messages (SMS), stance, from the program software up to as far
 High-performance CD drive for music. as the MP3 music file on self-recorded CDs.
Furthermore, there is an option available
A service provider is responsible for the off- which permits combination with a PDA (Per-
board-navigation route calculation. Before sonal Digital Assistant). Connection of a PDA
driving off, this provider is sent the precise would also make it possible to operate the
road address in the city/town which is the dri- telephone via a touchscreen, or even produce
ver’s destination, and the GPRS 82 automati- an additional navigation map.

1 OnlinePilot GPRS 82

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 Robert Bosch GmbH

Traffic telematics Expo 2000: “Telematic landscapes” 83

 Expo 2000: “Telematic landscapes”

World Fairs were always forums for the comed by a “World Zoom” in the form of a
nations. Its a long time since such events were breathtaking camera journey through all
commemorated by colossal symbols such as dimensions: The cosmos, the earth, the conti-
the Eiffel Tower in Paris or the Atomium in nents, and then nations, streets, hands and
Brussels. In times of economic globalisation, finally the nerve cells. Each of these subjects
the Expo 2000 in Hannover was marked by corresponded to a theme in the Bosch pavil-
corporations having their own exhibition ion: Satellite technology, Internationalism, the
stands in addition to those for the individual Automobile, Household Technology, the Bosch
nations. Foundation, and finally the Bosch employees.
The Robert Bosch GmbH was also present Almost 50 interactive exhibits were installed
as a Product Partner at the Expo 2000. The in the pavilion, for the most part in over-sized
Bosch pavilion was in the form of an over- cubes which to a great extent were behind the
dimensional chip. The theme “Telematic Land- impression “telematic landscapes”.
scapes” dealt with the immensely important The product partner theme of “Traffic Tele-
interrelationship between man, environment, matics” was displayed in the pavilion: The ceil-
and technology. At the Expo 2000, Bosch was ing projection of the chaotic traffic scene in a
one of the few corporations which grappled large city. In the cube-shaped cabins, the visi-
with the implications of this three-cornered tors were able to disentangle the chaos with a
relationship. After all, the pioneering develop- “navigation joystick”. A further attraction was a
ments from Bosch are behind today’s automo- virtual drive around Lake Constance on a land-
bile being so safe and environmentally com- scape relief map. Here, the visitor was not only
patible. On the bottom line, this all adds up to guided by the “TravelPilot” navigation system,
less accidents, reduced exhaust emissions, but was also able to “visit” points of interest
and increased fuel economy. on the route which were displayed on a moni-
Visitors to the Bosch pavilion were wel- tor (as shown in the photo below).
æ UKR0145Y
 Robert Bosch GmbH

84 Fleet management Transportation and services

Fleet management
In today’s Internet age, classic logistic con- bilities afforded by optimal communications,
cepts and sequences have reached their lim- comes to the forefront. These are the pre-
its. Although the first fleet-management ap- requisites for making snap decisions and, for
plications were implemented using trunk- instance, implementing corrections very
ing principles, in the meantime data quickly in line with sudden order changes.
exchange between vehicles and their control
and disposition center takes place using the To fulfill these requirements though, the fleet-
SMS service in the GSM network. “Fleet- management control center must be able to
Commander GPS” and “TravelPilot DX-N process a vast amount of information, as well
Professional” are examples of such fleet- as being capable of intervening at any time
management systems. In addition, large ser- and anywhere.
vice providers of fleet-management soft- The technology to comply with these de-
ware and even Internet providers have now mands is in place: This ranges from fixing the
entered the scene with system solutions for vehicle’s position by means of the satellite po-
a variety of different countries and sitioning system GPS (Global Positioning
branches. System), coordinating the logistics program
in the control and disposition office, and goes
Transportation and services as far as applying data communication to ex-
change information with the fleet’s drivers by
In this Internet age, documents, services, and means of the GSM mobile telephone system’s
goods and merchandise must be available 24 SMS facility.
hours a day and every day. Furthermore, with Depending upon the organisational form,
regard to efficient delivery and collection, Internet can be used as the information inter-
competitive pressure is forcing package deliv- face.
ery services and haulage contractors to make
maximum possible use of all available ration- The following example vividly demonstrates
alisation potential. the fact that fleet management is not to be
confused with such assignments as the issue
The individual consumers too are increas- of filling-station vouchers, fuel-consumption
ingly making use of the convenience inherent calculations, repair and maintenance, or opti-
in the monitor at home. Not only articles of misation of leasing and purchase conditions.
everyday use can be ordered, but also the ser-
vices of a plumber or electrician for instance, The Internet order received late in the
or of a courier. And as far as possible, the or- evening after work has finished is processed
dered product, which most likely has been next morning in the supplier’s dispatch office,
paid with a credit card, is to be delivered at and by midday the package is waiting in the
the front door within only a few hours. warehouse ready for dispatch.

These changed demands mean that conven- The same afternoon, the shipment is in the
tional logistic sequences soon reach their hands of the logistics company which as per
limit. This makes it imperative that the func- contract is responsible for its distribution.
tions of order processing, control and dispo- The freight is then arranged according to re-
sition, fleet management, communications, gions, and is ready for collection by the trans-
and freight-flow monitoring must all be inte- port company.
grated to form a single system. In parallel to these operations, the com-
puter sends the data for the individual orders
When the goods or services are to reach the to the logistic company’s headquarters, where
customer as quickly as possible, modern-day the control and disposition clerk plans fur-
fleet management, combined with the possi- ther distribution accordingly.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Fleet management Transportation and services 85

1 FleetCommander GPS and TravelPilot DX-N. Both these systems support the control and disposition center in
organising the fleet’s operations. The location of individual vehicles is displayed on a large wall screen.

æ UKR0140Y

When the delivery van arrives at the distribu- On the following morning, the driver arrives
tion center, the number of packages for the at the orderer who signs to confirm delivery.
individual delivery areas has already been as- The driver reports to the fleet-management
certained. In case too many packages are to center that the order has been successfully
be delivered to a particular area, the control completed.
and disposition clerk can plan extra vehicles
for the delivery. An overview of the situation Without a fleet-management system, it is im-
is provided by his/her monitor which via In- possible to achieve the flexibility and speed as
ternet displays the current positions of the needed to comply with the very short dead-
fleet vehicles (Fig. 1). lines dictated by the need for customer satis-
faction.
The logistic company’s vehicles are equipped The Blaupunkt "FleetDirect" is a further-
with either the compact fleet-management developed data-transfer system. It has be-
system FleetCommander GPS 148 or the come widely accepted as an industrial stan-
TravelPilot DX-N Professional with dynamic dard and is compatible with the software
navigation function. products already used by the transport and
At brief intervals, these systems use SMS to logistics branch. Together with the systems
send their current position to the Internet introduced by Blaupunkt, it provides for a
services. These in turn transmit the informa- decisive improvement in the efficiency and
tion to the company’s fleet-management cen- capabilities of vehicle fleets.
ter. There, the control and disposition clerk
selects the most favorably situated vehicle and
places the order by means of SMS (Fig. 1).
 Robert Bosch GmbH

86 Fleet management Entertainment and information in buses

Entertainment and the driver on a large monitor. The same ap-

plies for alternative restaurants and hotels.
information in buses The Travel Guide CDs are full of alternatives
To make the journey even more pleasant for – special offers, prices, addresses, telephone
the passengers, and for the driver, so-called numbers, and the route to take.
“Coach Systems” are available for long-dis-
tance touring buses. These incorporate: The passengers can follow the route exactly on
 Navigation systems, the on-board monitor. A map display showing
 TV and video systems, towns and rivers, roads and countryside al-
 Audio systems. leviates any boredom and contributes to mak-
ing the journey more interesting. Even points
One of the most important factors on a long of interest (POI), and the next rest and con-
journey is that the passengers reach their venience area can also be shown.
destination safely and quickly. Safely and
with a minimum of stress, the high-preci- Modern long-distance coaches are equipped
sion TravelPilot DX-N Coach navigation sys- with video entertainment installations. The
tem guides the driver to his/her destination special bus monitors are an integral part of
along precisely defined routes, independent the bus furnishings (Fig. 2). And video players
of traffic holdups, detours and changes in specifically designed for mobile applications
the tour program. This system provides the not only provide information, but also enter-
driver with an absolute maximum in flexi- tain the passengers with up-to-date films.
bility. The TMC tuner automatically selects A TV tuner for mobile television reception
all the available TMC transmitter stations provides even more films and information so
along the route and automatically directs all that on long journeys the passengers can be
incoming traffic reports to the TravelPilot. informed about important sports events (for
By analysing the severity of the traffic jam, instance, international football matches or
the stretch of road concerned, and the ex- Grand Prix motor racing).
pected average speed, the TravelPilot per- Finally, mobile DVD players are available
forms the route calculation again, and pro- which guarantee excellent pictures in DVD
poses another route as an alternative if this quality. These can also be used to play Video
now appears to be better. This is displayed to and music CDs.

2 TV-video installations for long-distance coaches

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 Robert Bosch GmbH

Fleet management Examples of equipment and accessories 87

Examples of equipment and For instance, the basic function “Fleet Man-
agement” contains:
accessories  Transmission of the vehicle position to the
Depending upon the task definition and the fleet HQ (at specific times, or at certain lo-
amount of data required, professional fleet cations),
management for the most varied types of fleet  Display of reports, messages, and orders
can best be implemented with either the com- from fleet HQ,
pact FleetCommander GPS 148 or the  Transmission to the fleet HQ of confir-
TravelPilot DX-N Professional (Fig. 3). mation that order has been received and
Using such data-transfer standards as the understood,
“FleetDirect” protocol developed by  Selection of standardised status reports, and
Blaupunkt, and the integration in Internet ap- their transmission to HQ
plications, such systems are universally appli-  By means of “Download”, the fleet HQ can
cable. program the company-specific section of
the operator dialog specifically for the driver.
FleetCommander GPS 148
The GPS 148 FleetCommander system is the The RS 232 data interface serves for data com-
low-priced variant for all vehicle fleets in munication with the vehicle electronics or
which priority is given to vehicle location- peripheral equipment. For instance:
finding, communication with the driver and  Data transmission of the vehicle status (fuel
(where necessary) with the vehicle itself or the consumption, distance to next service, re-
freight-monitoring electronics. In addition, mote diagnosis etc.) as well as the freight sta-
the compact communication package also tus (temperature profile, delivery quantity,
permits direct telephone communication via trailer data, freight-capacity utilisation etc.),
the integral hands-off facility.  Connection of barcode readers for data
In a 1-DIN case, the FleetCommander transmission to HQ.
unites the RDS radio, the GPS telephone, the
computer platform for data communications, There is enough space in a 1-DIN radio bay
and the GSM telephone module. The driver is for all this equipment. This is a positive aspect
provided with information and messages from the point of view of costs, and with re-
from the control and disposition center gard to subsequent removal since no perma-
through the integral display. nent damage remains (important for in-
stance in leasing vehicles).

3 FleetCommander GPS 148 (a) und TravelPilot DX-N Professional (b)

b a
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 Robert Bosch GmbH

88 Fleet management Examples of equipment and accessories

TravelPilot DX-N Professional route accordingly so that the vehicle reaches

The TravelPilot DX-N Professional is the its destination as soon as possible.
right system when priority applies not only
to vehicle-position finding and precise navi- NAV-Video interface
gation to destination, but also to communi- This interface displays the navigation map
cation between fleet-management HQ and on the bus monitors.
the drivers.
Here too, data communication with the Video-NAV interface
fleet-management HQ uses the SMS (low- This interface displays the video sources
price Short Message Services) facility in the (CCTV, video, backup camera) on the navi-
GSM mobile-radio network. The telephone gation monitor.
can be connected directly in the FleetDirect
version. If data is to be processed before be- Software
ing sent, or peripheral equipment net- FleetCommander and TravelPilot DX-N
worked into the system, provision is also Professional each form the vehicle’s commu-
made for connection of an on-board com- nications basis. Above all due to the unprob-
puter. Thanks to the FleetDirect protocol, it lematical interplay with the fleet operator’s
is an easy matter to set up a mixed fleet in PC software (or that of the control and dis-
which some of the vehicles are equipped position clerk), these systems are particu-
with FleetCommander GPS 148, and the re- larly suitable as fleet-management systems
mainder with TravelPilot DX-N Professional. for the haulage contractor or fleet operator.
Similar to the conventional navigation In these systems, the Blaupunkt components
system, the recommended route is deter- use two different data protocols when work-
mined in the vehicle using the digital road ing with common software products and
map. The TravelPilot then guides the vehicle services from a wide range of different
to its destination by means of spoken com- providers.
mands and a visual display on its 12 cm The two standards “FleetDirect” (ideal for
color monitor. small and medium-size operations) and
One of the options provides for dynamic “PassoFleet” from Vodafon (for large vehicle
navigation which automatically adapts to fleets) both use the cost-free GSM-900 mo-
the current traffic situation. This utilises the bile-radio system. FleetDirect in particular
cost-free RDS-TMC traffic information. can be operated with a wide variety of fleet-
The “Professional DIO” (Data Input/Out- management software such as “PTV” (map
put) version not only combines all the perfor- & guide), “Interway” or “PPS/EDV”.
mance features of the high-end navigation Above all, novel Internet applications are
units, but can also be integrated in the on- arousing considerable interest. Here, the con-
board computer system. Since the logistics are trol and disposition clerk uses Internet for
completely taken care of, this opens up new his/her data communications with an Inter-
areas of application net provider who applies the SMS communi-
cation in the FleetDirect protocol to com-
TMC tuner box D-Namic plete the data-transfer chain to the vehicles.
The TMC automatically searches for and se- Blaupunkt, together with such partner com-
lects all the available TMC traffic-report panies such as “gedas telematics”,“Transport
transmitters on the selected route, and re- Online”, and “WEBfleet” has suitable system
peatedly transfers all incoming traffic re- solutions on the market. And Blaupunkt has
ports to the “TravelPilot DX-N” whose navi- specific equipment variants available for
gation computer continually analyses and every service which uses the “PassoFleet” pro-
assesses the traffic situation and adapts the tocol.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Mobile multimedia systems Application 89

Mobile multimedia systems

Basically speaking, Multimedia stands for The advantages of such multimedia systems
an alliance of different mediums. In this al- lies in the fact that the vehicle’s passengers
liance, all known mediums are networked have an extensive range of entertainment
with each other and are available to the user and information at their disposal. The infor-
or operator. mation includes such things as traffic re-
In the vehicle, a variety of different sound ports, news, sport, tourist hints etc.). The
and information carriers, as well as commu- term “infotainment” is derived directly from
nications systems, can be combined to form the combination of the words information
a mobile driver information system (FIS). and entertainment.
These sound and information carriers in-
clude: Car radio, cassette, CD, telephone, Complex driver information systems with
navigation equipment, and telematics high value levels are formed by the combi-
equipment. Multimedia even integrates nation with other systems in the vehicle.
computer, video, and TV. One example combines the infotainment
system (which provides the traffic infor-
Application mation) and the navigation system. This re-
sults in a dynamic navigation system which
New technologies in the fields of signal pro- gives the driver the optimum route depend-
cessing and data transfer are leading to rapid ing upon the current traffic situation. This
changes in communications technology and enables the vehicle to reach its destination as
to novel applications. This trend is also mak- quickly and as safely as possible (refer also to
ing itself felt in the automotive sector. the Chapter “Navigation Systems”).

Multimedia components Multimedia information

In the past, communications in the vehicle This means that in connection with DAB
comprised the analog car radio with extra (Digital Audio Broadcasting) it is possible to
sound carriers such as Compact Cassette transmit and receive practically everything
(CC) and Compact Disc (CD). This 100% that can be expressed in bits and bytes: That
audio service was complemented by addi- is, speech, music, text, software services, and
tional information such as the Radio Data images.
System (RDS), for instance, which permitted
transmitter identification on the radio dis- Since DAB technology permits flexible data
play. transmission, it is suitable as a multimedia
system. DAB terminals are not restricted to
The digital broadcast systems (e.g. DAB) de- digital sound broadcasts, but can also simul-
veloped in the past years permit the transfer taneously transmit texts, data, artwork, pho-
of all data at very high data rates. This tos and moving images (video). Thanks to
means that yesterday’s car radio has in the this versatility DAB has developed to be-
meantime developed to become a veritable come DMB (Digital Multimedia Broadcast-
multimedia system which can output audio ing). This is demonstrated by the following
data (music, speech), as well as text infor- examples:
mation (news), and video data (from single
images up to TV transmissions).

Since the combination of mobile communi-

cations mediums such as the GSM-based
cell phone enables interaction with a central
server, this means that interactive services
can also be made available.
 Robert Bosch GmbH

90 Mobile multimedia systems Application

Traffic and travel information  Simultaneous coverage of extensive geo-

The traffic and travel information can graphical areas independent of the lo-
contain the following services: cation,
 Such information can be provided either  Immediate availability of the newspaper
acoustically (synthetic voice) or with text once it has been printed,
and map sections (on a display),  Permanent availability by storing in the
 For navigation, digital road maps are computer,
transferred and processed in the vehicle’s  A large circle of readers can be reached at
navigation system in order to select the low costs per person (special chip card for
best route, subscribers),
 Guide books use a map to guide the driver  No paper required,
to his/her holiday destination, and pro-  Problem-free reception through the termi-
vide information on the holiday location, nal (e.g. PC),
the hotel (photos, prices for rooms, and  The information can be processed (ex-
other details), the local events, parking cerpts, hard copy etc.).
possibilities (together with still unoccu-
pied parking space), filling stations, Photo and artwork transmission
timetables, special offers from local retail- In order to transmit photos and other art-
ers in the particular area, etc. work material more quickly and with better
quality, the data can be compressed in line
Transfer of text with the JPEG standard (MPEG standard for
Text information is an extension of the moved pictures). The following applications
sound-broadcasting program and can con- are conceivable:
tain a very wide variety of supplementary  Transmission of photos during a news
information. This can include the name of broadcast,
the composer and the title of the music cur-  Transmission of the weather forecast and
rently being played, information on the cur- weather chart, and the traffic information
rent program, together with telephone num- with road map,
bers and/or addresses for requesting further  During music programs, overlay of the CD
information, and even an electronic pro- cover or photos of the performing artist,
gram-guide magazine. DAB specifications  Option of showing TV transmissions or
provide the following modes for the trans- videos,
mission of text:  Display of Fax transmissions with text and
 Station names and program types. photo/figure,
 Dynamic texts and information (dynamic  Internet pages can be received together
label) regarding the program. The speed with text, photos/figures, and sound.
of text and information is governed by the
broadcasting station.
 Interactive text pages in HTML or XML
format. These can be displayed in a var-
iety of different formats.

Electronic newspaper
To an increasing degree, various printed me-
dia also provide multimedia contents (news-
papers and magazines either online or locally
via CD-ROM). DAB has media services at its
disposal which make full use of the advan-
tages inherent in wire-less communication:
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Mobile multimedia systems Application 91

Mobile Internet are best complied with by a hybrid system:

The objective is to integrate the various  Mobile radio (GSM) with 9.6 kbit/s for
communications elements such as naviga- the “uplink”, and
tion system, car radio, mobile radio, digital  Digital radio (DAB) with up to 1.5 Mbit/s
radio, and Internet. for the “downlink”.
Two different aspects are highly important
when considering the mobile Internet con- With these interactive components, the
nection in the vehicle (or in a train): Recep- DMB (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting) as
tion though the interface represented by the developed by Bosch advances to become
air must remain reliable even at very high IDMB (Interactive Digital Multimedia
speeds. Apart from this, the data stream ne- Broadcasting) which permits three different
cessitates a larger bandwidth than is possible operating modes:
with the present 9.6 kbit/s of the already es-  Multimedia broadcasting for the transmis-
tablished GSM techniques as used in mobile sion of all forms of data (e.g. HTML
radio. GSM (Global System for Mobile pages) from the iDMB provider to inside
Communication) has been stipulated by the the vehicle. This ranges from digital radio
European telecommunications administra- to traffic reports with up-to-date traffic-
tive authorities as the international standard jam maps,
for digital radio networks such as the D-  Interactive Multimedia Broadcasting en-
Network in Germany (Refer also to the “Mo- ables a reaction to the received data, for
bile Radio” Chapter). instance via mobile radio,
Mobile Internet applications are charac-  With personal service, a given user can ex-
terised by the fact that even though large tract special data from the Internet. Here,
volumes of data are extracted (“downlink”), it is irrelevant whether the user extracts
only low volumes are generated in the op- specific information or merely reacts to
posite direction (“uplink”). Within the data received through one of the above
MEMO (Multimedia Environment for Mo- operating modes.
biles) project headed by Bosch, it has been
ascertained that these requirements (Fig. 1)

1 Mobile Internet (schematic)

DAB signal
Audio/Radio
Multiplexer

1 2
Traffic
information
B

Internet
M

DAB
iD

1.5 Mbit/s
200/1500 MHz
4
GSM
9.6 kbit/s
900/1800 MHz
3
Mobile Internet
In addition to the interference-free transmission of
music and traffic information, when combined with
a mobile-radio channel, Digital Audio Broadcasting Fig. 1
æ UKR0078E

(DAB) also permits direct access to Internet. The 1 Monitor

additional data services come from one (or more)
service providers (DMB). 2 iDMB provider
3 iDMB components
4 Antenna
 Robert Bosch GmbH

92 Mobile multimedia systems Applications

With the hybrid systems GSM + DMB, Internet as the open medium for all users
Bosch is developing not only the transmis- and providers of information, will have a
sion techniques, but also the terminals to be wide range of services available for the mo-
used in the vehicle with the TravelPilot navi- bile customer. It is still necessary for interna-
gation system (Fig. 2). System design is so tional committees to define and standardise
flexible that it provides for integration of the the corresponding interfaces. In order that
forthcoming mobile-radio generations such these new services can be made available at
as GPRS (General Packet Radio System) and any time and at any location:
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunica-  For instance, a hotel or restaurant could
tions System). give its location coordinates on its Web-
site so that these could be called-in by the
Even though, theoretically, GPRS and UMTS navigation system to guide the vehicle au-
have a higher data rate than today’s GSM tomatically to the required location.
standard, these figures only apply with the  The implementation of further vehicle
vehicle at standstill. When the vehicle is be- functions such as remote diagnosis and
ing driven, they drop considerably so that maintenance is also conceivable: In case of
for larger data volumes it becomes necessary a breakdown, the vehicle would automati-
to expand the installation by adding a DMB cally contact a service center by Internet.
module. A diagnosis of the vehicle’s status would
The DMB “downlink” also has the advantage then be carried out, and the vehicle
that, in comparison, the mobile-radio ser- guided to the next workshop, or the
vices are at present more costly and will re- breakdown service would be informed.
main so into the foreseeable future. Now  The traffic management of the future will
that Bosch has proved the full functionality also include route planning by Internet.
of this concept within the framework of the The online traffic flows in selected regions
MEMO research program, the world’s small- will be shown on displays, as will text-
est DMB module has also been developed oriented route lists. The Navigation sys-
on the hardware side. This module handles tem can then apply this information when
the complex decoding and signal-processing working out the most favorable route for
work. the vehicle.

2 Screen with Internet display

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 Robert Bosch GmbH

Mobile multimedia systems Applications 93

3 WAP network (schematic)

* For acronyms refer to abbreviations Page 108.

WEB Server Gateway Client

WAP Proxy
WML
WML WML
HTML- Encoder Binary WML
Browser
Filter

HTML WML
HTML

æ UKR0076E
HTTP HTTP WAP WAP
TCP/IP Wireless bearer

Furthermore, it is also possible to transmit of the browser integrated in the cellular phone
specially prepared services from the Inter- or in the car telephone so that they become
net. These include E-Mails and E-Com- legible on even the smallest display. An inde-
merce, as well as news and information on pendent format which does without high-
weather and sport. On-line bookings can resolution, graphically complicated web sites
also be made at banks, hotels, cinemas and is available for Internet access. Using WAP, in
travel agents: addition to text, map sections showing traffic
 Developments in the information-tech- jams and graphics, as well as photos, can also
nology (IT) branch are forcing ahead at be transferred to the cellular phone.
breakneck speed, and together with these Before being passed on to the Gateway, the
developments more and more functions pages which are in the WEB server are written
are being implemented via software. In in the page-description language by an HTML
future, the updating of such software will filter using the WML programming language
be an easy matter via Internet. (Fig. 3). WML = Wireless Markup Language.
 While the driver is being provided with a Selective data loss is applied in order to gener-
variety of services, the passengers can en- ate the correct format and clearly understand-
joy various forms of entertainment on able presentations on the cell phone.
their displays. Using DMB (Digital Multi- The WML pages already resident in the
media Broadcasting), apart from watching server are transferred directly to the Gateway
films and videos, they can also make full where a WAP Proxy stores those WML pages
use of Internet services. All these func- that are often used and holds them ready for
tions are just as efficient and interference- immediate access. TCP (Transport Control
free as they are at home or in the office. Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol) are re-
sponsible for the exchange of the internet
WAP messages. Subsequently, an encoder in the
Just as programming language HTML is used gateway converts the WML into a binary for-
with the Internet access HTTP, WAP (Wireless mat (binary WML).
Application Protocol) provides the Internet Carrier services (wireless bearers) or CSD
access for mobile radio technology. The essen- (Circuit Switched Data) transport the WAP
tial data for worldwide application are stan- information between the base station and the
dardised by the WAP forum. cell phone’s WML browser via the air inter-
Using this new WAP-forum world standard, face.
Internet messages can be processed by means
 Robert Bosch GmbH

94 Mobile multimedia systems Examples of equipment and accessories

Examples of equipment and The data is inputted to the memory through

an MP3 player or a reader unit. Similar to
accessories the MiniDisc, this memory can be ex-
Car radios with MP3 player changed at will or a different music program
Audio files in the MP3 format (a standard- stored on it.
ised compression process) require far less
storage capacity than other music files and DAB car radio with MP3 player
generate sound quality which is comparable The Woodstock DAB 52 DAB car radio
to that of a CD or MD. MP3-coded data can (Fig. 5) was the world’s first car radio to
just as well be stored from the Internet onto unite the DAB and MP3 digital techniques
a PC hard disc, as it can be transferred di- in a single case. A DigiCeiver with the D-Fire
rectly into the memory of an MP3 player. 2 DAB chip processes all DAB audio signals
Furthermore, using the software which is as well as the incoming FM(VHF), MW, and
available in Internet, MP3 tracks can be gen- LW signals. In addition to the conventional
erated from the audio tracks of a conven- CDs and CD-ROMs in MP3 format, MP3
tional music CD. This is made possible by music from an MMC can also be played.
two prototypes with DigiCeiver, DPE, and a DAB programs can even be recorded during
4 x 40 Watt output stage. the journey and played back later.
Using the CD-ROM drive of the Cape Furthermore, the MMC card reader also
Canaveral (“MP3-compatible drive” shown provides support for the FAT16 file system
in Fig. 4, below), in addition to conventional used for further processing the music files
CDs, CDs can also be played on which MP3 on the home PC, and for their playback with
tracks have been recorded. This procedure an MP3 player or cell phone. The unit MMC
permits the storage of up to around 170 mu- card reader incorporates a 4 x 45 Watt out-
sic titles. The “Silicon Valley” unit uses the put stage and a 4-channel preamp output. A
small Flash memory MMC (“MP3 Multi- TMC output permits the use of a dynamic
Media Card” shown in Fig. 4). navigation system.

4 Car radios with MP3 player

Fig. 4
Top: Silicon Valley
with “MP3 Multimedia
æ UKR0147Y

Card”
Bottom: Cape
Canaveral with “MP3-
compatible drive”
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Mobile multimedia systems Examples of equipment and accessories 95

5 DAB 52 Woodstock car radio with MP3 player

æ UKR0148Y
TravelPilot DX-N Online Using a specially installed interface to inter-
Apart from navigation, the TravelPilot DX-N link the navigation system with a GSM tele-
Online can also receive and transmit E-Mails phone permits reception and transmission
as well as calling in a variety of different of converted E-Mails and enables diversified
telematic services and Guidebook infor- route planning. Communication between
mation. Since it not only relies on the “on- the two units is through a freely-accessible,
board” data base, but also makes “offboard” standardised data protocol. This turns the
use of the external server, the unit is classi- TravelPilot DX-N Online into a services plat-
fied as belonging to the “hybrid navigation” form for conventional short SMS messages
product family. Nevertheless, the classical and for converted E-Mails which are trans-
navigation techniques still use a digital road ferred from the computer in SMS form. Pre-
map. One of the available options is the senting the information in this manner does
choice of dynamic route recommendations away with complicated operator dialogs in
which take the latest TMC traffic reports the vehicle, and the operator software leaves
into account. Furthermore, it is possible to it up to the driver as to where and when he
apply “online” optimisation of the data or she wants to read the received news/infor-
needed for the route search. mation (Fig. 6).

6 TravelPilot DX-N Online

æ UKR0155E
 Robert Bosch GmbH

96 Mobile multimedia systems Examples of equipment and accessories

From the home Internet connection, it is “Wide vision” monitor

also possible to program the TravelPilot DX- Wide vision provides for the subsequent up-
N Online for destination and/or trip trans- dating of the vehicle navigation with an
fer. For instance, external service providers electrically-powered swivel-type flip moni-
can place restaurant or hotel addresses in the tor (Fig. 7). Special measures are unneces-
navigation system, or even load the TravelPi- sary when fitting this alternative monitor for
lot with complete route recommendations the TravelPilot DX-N navigation system in
from an external server. The navigation the standard radio bay to be found in all
computer then loads the transmitted geo- classes of vehicle. The wide-vision monitor
graphical coordinates and uses them in cal- has a 6.5-inch display in 16:9 format and an
culating the route to be taken to reach the integrated TV-tuner which can relay TV
destination. broadcasts into the vehicle. Operation is by
means of infrared remote control or via
This TravelPilot DX-N Online system is an touch screen.
ideal partner for operator-supported call cen- In addition, the wide-vision monitor
ters since it is compatible for instance with forms the basis of a new high-end multime-
the ADAC telematic services. These contain dia system known as the TravelPilot DX-N
not only information which is tailormade for Multimedia. This not only permits TV re-
the TravelPilot DX-N Online, but also the in- ception and connection to the navigation
dividual “ADAC CoPilot” traffic service which computer, but also the connection of a
is available to road users 24 hours a day. Fur- “wide vision” FM-AM tuner for reception of
thermore, in case of an emergency or break- radio broadcasts. The RDS radio receives
down, this service is able to detect the vehi- both FM(VHF) and MW and has a 4 x 44
cle’s position and data concerning the vehicle Watt output stage and a 4-channel preamp
and its owner as soon as it is called. This pro- output as standard.
vides the emergency or breakdown services
with the information they need in order to
reach the stranded vehicle quickly.

7 “Wide vision” multimedia system with electrically-powered swivel monitor

æ UKR0149Y
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Mobile multimedia systems Entertainment in the automobile 97

 Entertainment in the automobile

Together with its components, InCar-Video is 16:9 format TFT monitor (which can be inte-
an entertainment system for the automobile. A grated in the headrest of the seat in front) is
signal converter is at the heart of the system, combined with a DVD player.
which can supply as many as four flat-screen The complete DVD player fits perfectly in
monitors from differing program sources. the standard radio bay in the cockpit or center
These range from the mobile TV receiver, console. It processes all the common audio
include the DVD player and the output of video and visual-disc formats, as well as self-record-
games, and extend as far as the display of the ed CD-R and CD-RW discs (single-recording
navigation-system road map. or multiple-recording Compact Discs respec-
tively), DVD (Digital Versatile Discs), and VCD
InCar-Video already has a long tradition (Video CD). And the CDs containing MP3
behind it as the video and TV installation in music files can also guarantee hours of good
touring and long-distance buses, as well as in musical entertainment.
trucks and trains (for instance in Germany’s The signal converter is able to supply a
ICE). A further step is represented by the number of seats in the vehicle with their own
components for retrofitting in passenger cars individual tailor-made entertainment programs.
and SUV vehicles. This equipment satisfies Using the commercially available transmission
the wide-ranging requirements of a large tar- standard “composite video”, and correspond-
get group which includes technically interest- ing audio connections, the signal converter
ed customers who want to update their vehi- distributes the signals from as many as four
cle’s navigation system, or heads of families different program sources to a maximum of
who want to counteract backseat boredom on four monitors. The program sources can be a
long trips. People on business trips also often DVD player as already dealt with, a TV tuner in
want to see videos and films. the form of a “black box”, a conventional video
Of course, InCar Video provides for the player, or, via the AUX input a video game from
inclusion of an audio installation for all seats, a playstation. Program selection is either via
as well as the selection of displays from the remote control, or takes place directly at each
vehicle’s navigation system. monitor using separate operator controls.
The basic configuration provides for numerous
entertainment possibilities. Here, a 7-inch,
 InCar video
elements
æ UKR0154Y
 Robert Bosch GmbH

98 Data transfer between electronic systems System overview, serial data transfer (CAN)

Data transfer between

electronic systems
Today’s vehicles are equipped with a con- Here is an example to demonstrate this
tinually growing number of electronic sys- point:
tems. These all require an extensive inter- Today, the wiring harness of an average mid-
change of data and information, whereby range automobile already contains about
the demands made on the data volumes and 300 plugs with a total of 2000 pins. Total
signalling speeds are increasing day by day. wiring length is about 1 mile (1.6 km).
The application of specific, vehicle-compat-
A good example here is the Electronic Sta- ible serial bus systems is the solution to this
bility Program ESP. In order to guarantee problem. Here, CAN has established itself as
highly effective control of the vehicle’s sta- the standard.
bility, ESP utilises the high-speed exchange
of large amounts of data with the engine- Serial data transfer (CAN)
management and transmission-shift con-
trols. CAN (Controller Area Network) is a linear
bus system which was specially developed
System overview for automotive applications (Fig. 2). In the
meantime, it has come into use in other
The increasing proliferation of communi- areas (for instance, in building technology).
cations systems, and electronic closed and The items of data are transmitted serially
open-loop control systems in the vehicle, to- on a common (bus) line. That is, they are
gether with the associated exchange of data transmitted one after the other. All CAN sta-
between these systems necessitates the net- tions (users) have access to the bus, and via
working of the individual ECUs. These com- a CAN interface in the ECUs, these stations
munications and control systems include: can all transmit and receive data on the
CAN network. Since a large amount of data
 Electronic engine management (EDC, can be exchanged on a single bus line, and
Motronic), the data can be repeatedly accessed, net-
 Electronic transmission-shift control, working means that considerably fewer lines
 Antilock Braking System (ABS), are needed.
 Traction Control System (TCS),
 Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
 Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), and
 Mobile multimedia systems together with 1 Conventional data transfer
their display elements.
Transmission-shift control Engine management
The conventional methods of transferring Station 1 Station 2

and exchanging this data by means of indi-

vidual wires and leads between the points
concerned has long since reached the limits
of its practicability (Fig. 1), and the wiring
harness has reached such proportions that it
can hardly be handled any more. The limit
on the numbers of pins in the plug-in con-
nectors also negatively affects ECU develop-
ment.
æ UAE0745E

ABS/TCS/ESP Instrument cluster

Station 3 Station 4
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Data transfer between electronic systems Serial data transfer (CAN) 99

Automotive applications Diagnosis applications

For CAN in the vehicle there are four areas The diagnosis applications using CAN are
of application each of which has different aimed at applying the already existing net-
requirements. These are as follows: work for the diagnosis of the connected
ECUs. The presently common form of diag-
Multiplex applications nosis using the special K line (ISO 9141)
Multiplex is suitable for use with applications then becomes invalid. Large quantities of
controlling the open and closed-loop control data are also transferred in diagnostic appli-
of components in the sectors of body elec- cations, and data transfer rates of 250 kbaud
tronics, and comfort and convenience. These and 500 kbaud are planned.
include climate control, central locking, and
seat adjustment. Real-time applications
Data transfer rates are typically between 10 Real-time applications serve for the open
kbaud and 125 kbaud (1 kbaud = 1 kbit/s). and closed-loop control of the vehicle's mo-
This is low-speed CAN. tion. Here, such electronic systems as engine
management, transmission-shift control,
Mobile communications applications and electronic stability program (ESP) are
In the area of mobile communications, CAN networked with each other via the CAN bus.
networks interconnect such multimedia Commonly, data transfer rates of between
components as navigation system, tele- 125 kbaud and 1 Mbaud (high-speed CAN)
phone, TV and audio installations etc. with are needed to guarantee the required real-
the vehicle’s central display and operating time response.
units. Networking here is aimed at standard-
izing operational sequences as far as poss- Bus configuration
ible, and at concentrating status information Configuration is understood to be the layout
at one point so that driver distraction is re- and interaction between the components in
duced to a minimum. With these appli- a given system. The CAN bus has a linear
cations, large quantities of data are transmit- bus topology (Fig. 2) which in comparison
ted, and data transfer rates are in the 125 with other logical structures (ring bus
kbaud range. In this case, it is impossible to and/or star bus) features a lower failure
directly transmit audio or video data. probability. If one of the stations fails, the
bus still remains fully accessible to all the
2 Linear bus topology other stations. The stations connected to the
Transmission-shift Engine
bus can be either ECUs, display devices, sen-
control management sors, or actuators. They operate using the
Station 1 Station 2
Multi-Master principle, whereby the stations
concerned all have equal priority regarding
their access to the bus. It is not necessary to
have a higher-order administration.

CAN
æ UAE0283-2E

ABS/TCS/ESP Instrument cluster

Station 3 Station 4
 Robert Bosch GmbH

100 Data transfer between electronic systems Prospects

Prospects ing interfaces and functional contents. The

CARTRONIC® from Bosch is the answer to
Along with the increasing levels of system- these stipulations, and has been developed
component performance and the rise in as a priority-override and definition concept
function integration, the demands made on for all the vehicle's closed and open-loop
the vehicle's communication system are also control systems. The possible sub-division of
on the increase. And new systems are con- the functions which are each controlled by a
tinually being introduced, for instance in the central coordinator can be seen in Fig. 1.
consumer-electronics sector. All in all, it is to The functions can be incorporated in vari-
be expected that a number of bus systems ous ECUs.
will establish themselves in the vehicle, each
of which will be characterised by its own The combination of components and sys-
particular area of application. tems can result in completely novel func-
tions. For instance, the exchange of data be-
In addition to electronic data transmission, tween the transmission-shift control and the
optical transmission systems will also come navigation equipment can ensure that a
into use in the multimedia area. These are change down is made in good time before a
very-high-speed bus systems and can trans- gradient is reached. With the help of the
mit large quantities of data as needed for au- navigation facility, the headlamps will be
dio and video components. able to adapt their beam of light to make it
optimal for varying driving situations and
Individual functions will be combined by for the route taken by the road (for instance
networking to form a system alliance cover- at road intersections). Car radios, sound-
ing the complete vehicle, in which informa- carrier drives, TV, telephone, E-mail, Inter-
tion can be exchanged via data buses. The net, as well as the navigation and terminal
implementation of such overlapping func- equipment for traffic telematics will be net-
tions necessitates binding agreements cover- worked to form a multimedia system.

1 CARTRONIC®: Design schematic

Functions
Vehicle coordination Mobile
Multimedia

Vehicle Bodywork and On-board

Drive electrical
movement interior system

Actuators
Sensors
Modules
æ UAE0674-3E
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Data transfer between electronic systems Multimedia networking 101

Multimedia networking On the other hand, the considerable differ-

ence in the product life cycles of computer
Networking concept and communications equipment (in ex-
The introduction of multimedia to the auto- treme cases, often a matter of only a few
mobile has had a number of consequences. months), and that of the vehicle itself (more
than 10 years), are behind the demand that
On the one hand, multimedia systems shift the units are easy to replace when updat-
an increasing number of classic computer ing/modernisation is due. This means that
and communications elements into the vehi- standardised networking becomes absolutely
cle. The components of the mobile radio are essential. This is realised in part by wiring,
a good example here (GSM units or GSM and in part by wire-less radio systems.
modules), or the computer-like architectures
encountered in the navigation and driver- Due to the extremely high data rates needed
information systems. for multimedia systems, the classic serial
data buses such as CAN bus with which we
Some time ago, the 1-DIN bay was stan- are familiar from vehicle applications can no
dardised for fitting the car radio. Today longer be used. For instance, even after effi-
though, it no longer suffices for a well- cient data compression, a CD-quality audio
equipped automobile and instead a 2-DIN signal still needs a data rate of approx. 100
bay must be provided with double the ca- kbit/s. And a DVD video signal with MPEG2
pacity. coding, requires a data rate of more than 10
Mbit/s (Fig. 1).
A high-performance network becomes nec- A number of years ago, therefore, devel-
essary as soon as further stages of moderni- opment started on special multimedia data
sation are envisaged, or in order to expand buses. These must be able to transfer control
the system during the product’s life cycle data, as well as audio and video signals
(for instance with such equipment as DVD which differ considerably from each other
player, CDC, rear-seat units). (Fig. 1) with respect to their characteristics
(bandwidth, non-varying/variable bit rate,
compressed/non-compressed data, etc.).

1 Multimedia components in the vehicle: Data types and data rates

100

Digital camera
Data rate [Mbit/s]

10 DVD DVD DV B
CD ROM
ROM Video
CD
MD
1 DAB DAB
Data Audio

CAN
0.1 MP 3

Drivetrain/comfort and Non-varying Variable

æ SKR0150E

Bulky data
convenience electronics data rate data rate
Asynchronous data Isochronous data
Data types
 Robert Bosch GmbH

102 Data transfer between electronic systems Multimedia networking

The wide range of different data types places MOST

severe demands on a networking concept. Every day, more and more data is transmit-
ted in digital form and there is thus an in-
Further development of multimedia creasing necessity for more bandwidth.
networking MOST (Media Oriented System Transport)
Networked driver-information systems have was developed to comply with these de-
been in use in the automobile since about mands. This is a further development of the
the mid-nineties. In these systems, the D2Boptical system, and provides a band-
wanted signals, that is the audio and video width (22.5 Mbit/s) that has been increased
signals, and the control data were transmit- by the factor 4. This data bus was specifically
ted separately. Different forms of bus, for in- developed for automotive applications, and
stance CAN, were used for the control data, not only were special chip sets developed
as well as a number of proprietary solutions but also a bus-management system (e.g. for
from a variety of different manufacturers. bandwidth administration, and power and
configuration management). Development
S/PDIF also included protocols and message cata-
A difference must be made between the digi- logs for the control of units and equipment.
tal and analog forms of data transfer. In ad-
dition to the conventional transmission of IEEE1394
analog audio and visual signals via copper Parallel to the development of MOST-based
wires, digital transmission of audio data in systems, work is progressing on the qualifi-
the S/PDIF format also made use of optical cation and standardisation of the IEEE1394
transmission links (Fig. 2). data bus (also known as FireWire™ or I-
Link™) which was originally conceived and
D2Boptical developed for the entertainment-electronics
Since 1995, a further development step in sector. This data bus is already being used as
Europe has involved work on a bus system the digital video interface on PCs, Laptops,
in which the control signals and the wanted Camcorders, and STB. Considering the high
signals use identical mediums for their overall quantities involved here (compared
transmission. to the automobile branch alone), this system
This development work resulted in the has the potential for lowering the price of
D2Boptical data bus which, as the name im- future driver information systems.
plies is an optical data bus. It features syn- At present, the bandwidth is 400 Mbit/s
chronous transmission and a 5.6 Mbit/s and this fact, together with the availability of
bandwidth (for a scanning frequency of fS = chip sets from a number of manufacturers
44.1 kHz). It is thus suitable for the transfer and standardised protocols for the transmis-
of control data and a number of audio chan- sion of all common types of data, means
nels. This bus system is also suitable for the that it has become possible to implement
transmission of wide-bandwidth data (for flexible systems with adequate resources to
instance, video data) through separate cover a number of product generations.
point-to-point connections. For the user, the interconnection of
portable equipment (laptops, Camcorders,
etc.) into the vehicle system by means of the
standardised data bus becomes an interest-
ing proposition. This facilitates the full utili-
sation of the resources integrated in the ve-
hicle system (e.g. play off of video films
from the Camcorder to one of the vehicle
displays, or access from the laptop to Inter-
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Data transfer between electronic systems Multimedia networking 103

net via a telephone integrated in the vehicle).

The transmission of all relevant data of an
infotainment system through the same data
bus considerably simplifies subsequent in-
stallation and extension of the system. Com-
bining IEEE1394 and the system architec-
ture developed in parallel with it means that
Plug & Play becomes a reality in the vehicle.

IDB-M
The further development of driver informa-
tion systems together with the proliferation
of driver-assist systems based on video (e.g.
backup camera, close-vicinity sensor tech-
nology) is reflected in the demands made on
future bus systems. In addition to the re-
quirement for more bandwidth (by the year
2005, a further 150 Mbit/s will be needed),
the demands for system availability (fail-
safe, data consistency etc.), will increase ac-
cordingly.
A variety of different technologies with
bandwidths of 50...150 Mbit/s (Fig. 2) are
being investigated for this future multimedia
bus standard IDB-M (Intelligent Data Bus
Multimedia).

2 Automotive multimedia buses: Development sequence

Point to point Ring topology Hybrid topology

30 mono channels
(audio) IDB-M
Development sequence

6 mono channels
(audio) Audio and
3 mono channels MOST video
(audio)
D2Boptical MOST
IEEE1394
2 mono channels A-LAN
(audio)
MML
HiQoS
S/PDIF
æ SKR0151E

Development 1989 1992 1995 1997 1999

Start 2.8 Mbit/s 2.8 Mbit/s 5.6 Mbit/s 22.5 Mbit/s >100 Mbit/s
@ fs = 44.1 kHz @ fs = variable
Fig. 2
Data-rate increase
fS Scanning frequency
 Robert Bosch GmbH

104 Index of technical terms

Index of technical terms

Technical Terms A (loudspeakers), 51
Acoustic oscillations, 6 Car-radio history, 41
Active radio antenne, 53 Carrier wave, 6
ADA Auto Directional Antenna, 36 Cartography (navigation), 74
Additional POI (navigation), 74 Cartronic, 100
Adjacent channel, 10 Cassette tuner, 30
Amplifier, 44 CD (Compact Disc), 45
Amplitude modulation AM, 7, 26 CD and CD-changer operation, 37
Amplitude, 5 CD changer, 44
Analog radio systems, 4 CD tuner, 30
Analog signal transmission, 4 Cellular telephone networks, 24
Announcement identity (cellular Centimeter waves, 5
phones), 59 Channel coding, 14
Antenna 2-way splitters Chip card (TMC, traffic-information
(duplexers), 56 radio), 61f
Antenna diversity receiver, 35 Coach systems (fleet management), 86
Antenna lead-in wires, 57 Coaxial loudspeaker, 50
Area identity (traffic-information radio), CODEM (reception concept), 35
59 COFDM process, 18
ARI (traffic-information radio), 59 Combination antennas, 55, 57
ASU (automatic FM/VHF interference Communications (satellite-supported),
suppression), 11, 36 13
Audio adjustments (radio functions), 37 Communications (using HF waves), 6
Audio frequencies, 6 Communications applications (CAN),
Audio signal, 4 99
Audio systems, 26 Compact Disc (CD), 45
Automotive information system, 65 Components (multimedia), 89
Auxiliary systems (car radio), 44 Components system (loudspeakers), 50
Availability (traffic-information Composite navigation, 21, 23
radio), 62 Conventional receivers, 28
Conventional scanning method (1-tuner
B diversity), 36
Basis CD (navigation software), 75 Conventional signal transmission, 4
Bass control (receiver), 30 Coordinate systems (position-finding),
Bass logic, 35 20, 21
Bass tube (loudspeaker), 50 Crystal loudspeakers, 49
Bus configuration (CAN), 99 CT code (Clock/Time), 16

C D
C network (cellular telephone D2Boptical, (multimedia networking),
networks), 24 102
Calling procedure, 25 DAB distribution network, 18
CAN (automotive applications), 99 DAB multiplex, 18
CAN (serial data transfer), 98 DAB radios, 40
CAN bus, 99 DAB receiver, 34
Capacitor loudspeakers, 49 Data acquisition (traffic-information
Car antennas, 52 radio), 61
Car loudspeakers, 48 Data evaluation (traffic-information
Car radio, 26, 38 radio), 61
Equipment with TIM function, 63 Data formats (navigation software), 74
Equipment with TMC function, 63 Data transfer (traffic-information radio),
Navigation equipment, 70ff 61
Traffic-telematics equipment, 82 Data transfer between electronic
Fleet-management equipment, 87f systems, 98
Multimedia equipment, 94ff Decimeter waves, 5
CarMagic Modular System Decoder (receivers), 30
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Index of technical terms 105

Demodulation, 7 F K
Demodulator (receivers), 28 Fading, 9 KeyCard theft-deterrence system, 37
DEQ (DigiCeiver), 33 Fleet management, 84
Destinations (navigation), 68 FleetCommander, 87 L
D-Fire (Digital Fully Integrated FleetDirect (fleet management), 85 Large-signal interference, 11
Receiver), 35 Floating Car Data FCD (traffic Lead-in wires (antennas), 57
Diagnosis applications (CAN), 99 telematics), 81 LF amplifier (receivers), 30
DigiCeiver, 31 FM modulator (CD changer), 45 Long waves LW, 5, 8
Digital Audio Broadcasting, 16 Forward agc (receiver), 28 Loudness (radio function), 37
Digital calling procedure, 25 Frequency modulation FM, 7, 26 Loudspeaker installation, 49
Digital cartography (navigation), 74 Frequency ranges, 5 Loudspeaker systems, 48
Digital Directional Antenna, 33 Frequency, 4 Loudspeakers, 6, 30, 48, 50
Digital equalizer DEQ, 33 FunLine car radios, 38 Low-pass (diplexer), 30, 35
Digital maps (navigation), 22 Low-pitch loudspeakers, 50
Digital Multimedia Broadcasting, 19 G
Digital Radio Mondial, 19 Gain control (receiver), 28 M
Digital radio systems, 14 GDF (navigation software), 75 M/S code (Music/Speech), 16
Digital receivers, 31 Geo coding (navigation software), 75 Magnetic loudspeakers, 48
Digital signal processor, 46, 51 GIS (navigation software), 75 Map directories (navigation), 68
Digital signal transmission, 14 GPRS (multimedia), 92 Map matching (navigation), 22, 67
Digital Sound Adjustment DSA, 33 GSM (multimedia), 91 Map presentation (navigation), 69
Diplexers (receivers), 30 Guidebooks (navigation), 68, 75 Max. power, 27
DMB (multimedia), 91 Gyrometer (navigation), 67, 76, 77 Medium waves MW, 5, 8
D-Network (cellular phones), 24 MEMO (multimedia), 91
DREAMS (sound system, H Microdrive hard disc, 45f
loudspeakers), 51 Handset, 43 Micromechanical yaw-rate sensor, 77
Drives (sound-carrier mediums), 30 Harmonic distortion (k-factor) HD 27 Microphone, 6
Dual-cone loudspeakers, 50 Heaviside layers, 8, 9 Midwoofer (loudspeakers), 49
Dynamic loudspeakers, 48f High input (amplifier), 44 Mixer stage (receiver), 28
Dynamic navigation (traffic telematics), High-frequency (HF) waves, 6 Mobile communications applications
80 High-gain antennas, 55 (CAN), 99
Dynamic Noise Covering DNC, 33 High-Pass (diplexer) 30, 35 Mobile Internet (multimedia), 91
Dynamic radio navigation, 72 High-power output stages (receivers), Mobile multimedia systems, 89
Dynamic routes (navigation), 68, 69 30 Mobile radio, 24
Mobile-radio antennas, 54, 55
E I Modulation (HF waves), 6
E Network (cellular phones), 24 IDB-M (multimedia networking), 103 Monitor “Wide screen”, 72
Earth’s field sensor (navigation), 67 IDC (CD changer), 45 Monitor “Wide vision”, 96
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), IDMB (multimedia), 91 MOST (multimedia networking), 102
13 IEEE1394 (multimedia networking), MP3 changer, 46
Electromagnetic waves, 6 102 MP3 playback unit, 45
Electronic newspaper (multimedia), 90 IF amplifier (receiver), 28 Multimedia broadcasting, 91
Electrostatic loudspeakers, 49 Ignition interference, 11 MultiMedia Card MMC, 47
Ensemble multiplex, 18 InCar Video, 97 Multimedia components, 89
Entertainment (in buses), 86 Information (in buses), 86 Multimedia information, 89
Entertainment (in passenger cars), 97 Information (multimedia), 89 Multimedia networking, 101
Equalizer, 44 Information acquisition (traffic tele- Multimedia systems (mobile), 89
Eureka 147 DAB system (components) matics), 80, 83 Multipath reception, 10
17 Input stage (receiver)), 28 Multiplex applications (CAN), 99
Installation (loudspeakers), 49 Multiplex, 19
Interactive Multimedia Broadcasting, Music signal power, 27
91 Musicam method, 18
Interference signals, 12
Internet (mobile, multimedia), 91
Ionic loudspeakers, 49
IR remote control, 43
 Robert Bosch GmbH

106 Index of technical terms

N Radio navigation, 70 Sine-wave power, 27

Navigation, 20 Radio reception (technical terms), 27 Skyline car radios, 39
Navigation antenna for GPS reception, Radio-antenna versions, 53 Software (fleet management), 88
57 Radiophone, 42 Software (navigation), 74
Navigation antennas, 56, 57 RDS services, 15 Sound systems (loudspeakers), 51
Navigation software, 74 RDS-TMC (radio functions), 37, 60 Sound-carrier playback mediums, 30
Navigation systems, 66 Real-time applications (CAN), 99 Source coding, 14
NAV-Video interface (fleet Receive characteristics (HF waves), 9 Space-diversity reception, 52
management), 88 Receivers, 28 Special guides (navigation software),
Neodymium tweeter (loudspeakers), Receivers (assignment), 6 75
50 Receivers (conventional), 28 Speech control VOCS, 43
Networking (multimedia), 101 Receivers (digital), 31 Speech output (traffic-information
Newspaper (electronic) (multimedia), Receiver stages for AM and FM, 28 radio), 62
90 Reception quality (DAB), 34 Split screen (monitor), 72
Reference systems (position-finding), Standardisation (traffic telematics), 79
O 20 Sub Out (receiver), 30
On-glass antennas, 55 Remote control, 43 Subwoofer (loudspeaker), 49f
OnlinePilot, 82 Retracting-type antennas, 54 Sub-X over (diplexer), 30
Options (RDS format), 15 Road inspection (navigation), 74 System overview (data transfer), 98
Orientation, 20 Road-map memory (navigation), 69
Oscillations, 4 Rod antennas, 53, 55 T
Oscillator (receivers), 28 Roof-mounted antennas, 53f Tachometer sensor (navigation), 67
Output power, 27 Route and direction recommendations Technical terms (radio reception), 27
Output stage (receivers), 30 (navigation), 68 Telematics services, 80
Over-modulation, 11 Route calculation (navigation), 68 Telematics, 78
RP theft-deterrence system, 37 TIM (radio function), 37
P RT code (Radio Text), 16 TIM (traffic-information radio), 59
Passive radio antennas, 52 T-Line car radios, 38
Personal service (multimedia), 91 S TMC (radio function), 37
PI code (Program Identity), 15 S/PDIF format (multimedia TMC chip card, 61f
Points of Interest POI, 74 networking), 102 TMC code (Traffic Message Channel),
Position-finding (navigation), 20, 67 Satellite navigation, 23 16
Power, 27 Satellite-navigation system, 22 TMC-Tunerbox D-Namic (Fleet
Preamp Out (receivers), 30 Satellite-supported communications, management), 88
Preamplifier (receivers), 30 13 Tone-data reduction, 18
Preselector stage (receivers), 30 Scan (radio function), 37 Tone-sequence call method, 25
Private mobile radio (PMR), 25 Selection method (multi-tuner TP/TA code (Traffic Program/Traffic
Professional DIO (fleet management), diversity), 36 Announcement), 15
88 Selection of destination (navigation), Traffic information (multimedia), 90
Programming using DSC (radio 68 Traffic telematics, 78
function), 37 Selective-call networks, 25 Traffic volume, 58
Propagation (HF waves), 8 Sensors (navigation), 67 Traffic-information-radio channels, 59
PS code (Program Service), 15 Serial data transfer (CAN), 98 Traffic-information-radio systems, 58
PTY code (Programme Type), 16, 31 Services (fleet management), 84 Traffic-information-radio data channel,
PTY RT (Radio Text), 16 Services (RDS), 15 60
SHARX (DigiCeiver), 31 Transfer of texts (multimedia), 90
Q SHARX function, 10 Transmission path (carrier wave), 6
Quality check (navigation software), 74 Short waves SW, 5, 9 Transmission path (traffic telematics),
Quantities and units (signal Short-rod antennas, 53f 79
transmission), 4 Side-mounting antennas, 54 Transmission techniques (conventional),
Signal identification (traffic-information 4
R radio), 59 Transmission techniques (digital), 14
Signal processing (DAB), 34 Transmitter tuning (station-finding
Radio antennas, 52f Signal strength, 13 facility), 37
Radio Data System, 15 Signal voltage, 13 Transmitters, 6
Radio functions (selection), 35 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 12, 27 Transportation (fleet management), 84
 Robert Bosch GmbH

Index of technical terms Abbreviations 107

Travel information (multimedia), 90 Abbreviations DVD: Digital Versatile Disc

TravelPilot format (navigation E
software), 75 A EBU: European Broadcasting Union
TravelPilot Professional, 88 ACK: Acknowledgement EFR: Enhanced Full Rate
TravelPilot, 70ff ADA: Auto Directional Antenna EMC: Electromagnetic Compatibility
Travelstore (radio function), 37 ADAC: Allgemeiner Deutscher EON: Enhanced Other Networks
Treble control (receiver), 30 Automobil Club (largest German ESP: Electronic Stability Program
Triaxial loudspeakers, 50 automobile club) ETI: Ensemble Transport Interface
Trunking networks, 25 ADP: Automatic Data Processing ETSI: European Telecommunication
Tuning-fork yaw-rate sensors AF: Audio Frequency Standards Institute
(navigation), 76 AM: Amplitude Modulation
Tweeter (loudspeaker), 49 AMP: Audio output amplifier F
TwinCeiver, 33 ARI: Traffic-information radio for the FCD: Floating Car Data
driver FDMA: Frequency Division Multiplex
U ASU: Automatic interference Access
Ultra-short waves, 5, 9 suppression FFT: Fast Fourier Transformation
UMTS (multimedia), 92 FIC: Fast Information Channel
B FIS: Driver information system
V BK: Area identity FM: Frequency Modulation
Vector map (navigation software), 75
Vehicle navigation, 23 C G
VHF traffic-information reports, 59 C/T: Clock/Time GATS: Global Automotive Telematics
VHF tuner (receiver), 28 CAN: Controller Area Network Standard
Video-NAV interface (fleet CC: Compact Cassette GDF: Geographic Data Files
management), 88 CCTV: Closed-Circuit TV GIS: Geographic Information System
Voice Control System, 43 CD: Compact Disc GPRS: General Packet Radio System
Voice control VOCS, 43 CDC: Compact Disc Changer GPS: Global Positioning System
Volume control (receiver), 30 CD-ROM: Compact Disc - Read Only GSM: Global System for Mobile
Volume, 27 Memory Communication
CODEM: Coincidence Demodulator
W COFDM: Coded Orthogonal H
WAP (multimedia), 93 Frequency Division Multiplexing HF: High Frequency
Wavelengths, 5 CSD: Circuit Switched Data Hi-Fi: High Fidelity
Wheel-speed sensors (navigation), 67 HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language
Wide screen (monitor), 72 D HTTP: Hyper Text Transport Protocol
Wide vision (monitor), 96 D/A: Digital/Analog (conversion)
Window-clamped antennas, 56 DAB: Digital Audio Broadcasting I
Windshield-integrated antennas, 54 DAC. Digital/Analog Converter I/O: Input/Output
Woofer (loudspeaker), 49 DDA: Digital Directional Antenna IDB-M: Intelligent Data Bus-
DEQ: Digitaler parametric Equalizer mit Multimedia
Y variabler Filtergüte (Q factor) IDC: In-Dash Changer
Yaw sensors (navigation), 67, 76, 77 D-Fire: Digital Fully Integrated iDMB: Interactive Digital Multimedia
Receiver Broadcasting
DigiCeiver: Digital Receiver IP: Internet Protocol
DIO: Data Input/Output IR: Infrared
DK: Announcement identification ISO: International Organization for
DMB: Digital Multimedia Broadcasting Standardization
DMS: Disc Management System ITS: Intelligent Telematic Services
DNC: Dynamic Noise Covering ITU: International Telecommunications
DPE: Digital Parametric Equalizer Union
DREAMS: Digital Room Enlargement
Automotive System K
DRM: Digital Radio Mondial Kfz: Vehicle
DSA: Digital Sound Adjustment
DSC: Direct Software Control
DSP: Digital Signal Processor
 Robert Bosch GmbH

108 Index of Technical Terms Abbreviations

L T
LW: Long Waves TA: Traffic Announcement
TCP: Transport Control Protocol
M TDMA: Time Division Multiplex Access
M/S: Music/Speech TETRA: Trans European Trunked
MD: Mini Disc Radio
MEMO: Multimedia Environment for TIM: Traffic Information Memory
Mobiles TMC: Traffic Message Channel
MMC: MultiMedia Card TOM: Turn On Message
MOST: Media Oriented Systems TP: Traffic Program
Transport
MPT: Ministry of Post and U
Telecommunication UKW: Ultra short waves
MSC: Multi-adaptive Spectral UMTS: Universal Mobile
Audio Coding Telecommunications System
MW: Medium Waves USB: Universal Serial Bus
UTM: Universal Transversal
N Mercator Projektion
NF: Low frequency
V
O VOCS: Voice Control System
OFDM: Orthogenal Frequency Division VSW: Very-Short Waves
Multiplexing VCD: Video CD
OMM: Surface micromechanics
W
P WAP: Wireless Application Protocol
PAD: Program Associated Data WML: Wireless Markup Language
PI: Program Identity
PLL: Phase-Locked Loop Z
POI: Points Of Interest ZF: Intermediate frequency (IF)
PMR: Private Mobile Radio
PS: Program Service
PTY: Program Type

R
RC: Remote Control
RDS: Radio Data System
REG: Regional Program
RP: Release Panel
RT: Radio Text

S
SAC: Spun Aluminum Cone
SAE: Society of Automotive Engineers
SAM: Short Additional Memory
SK: Signal identification
SMS: Short Message Service
SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SPIBUS: Serial Peripheral Interface
BUS
SW: Short Waves