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Chapter 9 – Topics to be Covered

 Topics to be addressed in this chapter

 Definition of GVF
 Dynamic Equations of GVF

 Channel Slopes

 Flow Profiles

 Computation of GVF

 Direct Step Method

GVF 1 Open Channel Flow

GVF in Open Channels

 In a channel, the flow will not be uniform in the vicinity of

 Channel transition
 Channel bed slope change location
 Fall etc
 The change in flow depth is small and this type of flow is called
Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)

GVF 2 Open Channel Flow

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GVF in Open Channels

 A steady (Q = const.) non-uniform flow in a prismatic

channel with gradual changes in its water-surface
elevation is named as Gradually Varied Flow (GVF).
 The backwater produced by a dam and weir across a
river, and drawdown produced at a sudden drop in a
channel are few typical examples of GVF.

 In a GVF, the velocity varies along the channel and

consequently the bed slope, water surface slope, and
energy line slope will differ from each other.
GVF 3 Open Channel Flow

Energy in OCF

GVF 4 Open Channel Flow

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Dynamic Equations of GVF

In GVF, y and V
vary slowly, and the
free surface is stable

To derive how the

depth varies with x,
consider the total
head

GVF 5 Open Channel Flow

Dynamic Equations of GVF

 Take the derivative of H with respect to channel length x

dH dzb dy d  V 2 
    
dx dx dx dx  2g 
 dH/dx is negative of the friction slope, and dZb/dx is also
negative of the bed slope dH dz
 S f and b
 S0
dx dx
 Inserting both S0 and Sf gives

dy d  V 2  dy d  V 2  dy
 S f  S0     or S0  S f    .
dx dx  2g  dx dy  2g  dx

GVF 6 Open Channel Flow

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Dynamic Equations of GVF

 Rearranging the previous equation

dy  d  V 2  S0  S f
........1
dy
S0  S f  1   or 
dx  dy  2g  dx d V 2 
1  
 Specific Energy dy  2g 
V2 Q2
E  y  y
2g 2g.A2
 Derivative of E with respect to y
Q2 Q2 dA
 1 . 2A .  1 3 .
dE 3 dA

dy 2g dy gA dy

GVF 7 Open Channel Flow

Dynamic Equations of GVF

 Now, consider a channel with top width T and small strip

Δy, so the small area becomes ‐
ΔA = T x Δy or T = ΔA/Δy = dA/dy
 Replacing T in the equation
V2 V2 T V2
 1 Fr2 .......2
dE
 1 .T  1 .  1
dy gA g A gD
 Again, Specific Energy
V2 d V 2  d V 2 
  y     1  ......3
dE d
E  y or
2g dy dy dy  2g  dy  2g 

GVF 8 Open Channel Flow

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Dynamic Equations of GVF

 From Eq (2) and (3), we get
dE d V 2  d V 2 
 1 Fr2  1   or,  Fr2   
dy dy  2g  dy  2g 
 So Eq (1) becomes
Sf
1
dy S0  S f
.......4
dy S0
 or,  S0.
dx 1 Fr2 dx 1 Ff2
 The equation give the variation of y in the longitudinal x
direction or slope of the water surface with respect to channel
bottom
GVF 9 Open Channel Flow

Dynamic Equations of GVF

 Now from Eq. 2 – variation of total energy, dE V2

 1
 For Critical Flow, dE/dy = 0, so dy gD
2 2 2
V V V D
1  0, or,1  , or,V 2  gD, or, 
gD gD 2g 2
Q2 D Q2 Q
or, 2
 , or, A D  , or, A D 
2
 Section Factor
2gA 2 g g
 Consider, Z as section Factor for GVF and Zc as Section Factor
for Critical Flow, so Q
Z  A D and Zc  Ac Dc 
g
GVF 10 Open Channel Flow

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Dynamic Equations of GVF

 Ratio of Section Factors becomes,

Q
Zc Ac Dc g Zc2 Q2 V2
  , or, 2  2   Fr2
Z A D A D Z gA D gD
 Again,
Q  k S f and Q  kn S0
where, k is the Conveyance and kn is the Conveyance for uniform flow
 Now, equating the conveyance eqs,
2
Sf k 
k S f  kn S0 , or,  n 
S0  k 
GVF 11 Open Channel Flow

Dynamic Equations of GVF

 If we put ratio of section factors and conveyances in Eq 4

2
k 
1  n 
 S0 .   2 ......5
dy k
dx Z 
1  c 
Z
 Agan, k and Z are exponential function of depth of flow, ie
kn2  c1 ynN & k 2  c1 y N
N
 yn 
1  
Zc2  c2 ycM & Z 2  c2 y M dy
 S0 .  M ......6
y
 Putting these in Eq 5 becomes, dx y 
1  c 
y
GVF 12 Open Channel Flow

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Dynamic Equations of GVF

N
2
y  These 3
1
Sf  kn 
1  n 
1   equations
dy S0  S f
 S0 .   2  S0 .  M
S0 k y are called
  S0 . Dynamic
dx 1 Fr 2
1 Fr2
Z  y 
1  c  1  c  Equations of
Z y GVF

dy S0  S f

dx 1 Fr2

GVF 13 Open Channel Flow

Backwater and Drawdown

 3 Cases of changes in water surface elevation:

(i) when dy  0 , the water surface is parallel to the channel
dx
bottom, ie. the flow is uniform
(ii) when dy  0 , the depth of flow increases in the d/s direction
dx
and the water surface represents a backwater curve
(iii) when dy  0 , the depth of flow decreases in the d/s
dx
direction and the water surface represents a drawdown curve

GVF 14 Open Channel Flow

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Channel Bottom Slopes

 A. Sustaining or Positive Slope
(S0>0)
(i) Mild or Subcritical Slope
(S0<Sc, yn>yc, Fr<1)
(ii) Critical Slope
(S0=Sc, yn=yc, Fr=1)
(iii) Steep or Supercritical Slope
(S0>Sc, yn<yc, Fr>1)
 B. Non-sustaining Slope
(S0=0 or S0<0)
(iv) Horizontal or zero Slope
(S0=0)
(v) Adverse or negative slope
GVF (S0<0) 15 Open Channel Flow

Bottom Slopes and Zones

Mild Slope

Slope Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

Slope: 5 types – M, S, C, H, A Mild M1 M2 M3
Zone: 3 types – 1, 2, 3
Critical C1 C2 (x) C3
No of flow profiles – 5 x 3 = 15
But 12 profiles possible for GVF Steep S1 S2 S3
Since H1, A1 – not possible theoretically Horizontal H1 (x) H2 H3
and C2 – denotes uniform flow Adverse A1 (x) A2 A3

GVF 16 Open Channel Flow

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Bottom Slopes and Zones

GVF 17 Open Channel Flow

Water Surface Profiles

2
 Behaviour of Surface Curves or Flow Profiles at y 
Specific Depths 1  n 
 S0 .  2
dy dy y
(i) when y  yn , dx  0 , ie. The profile becomes dx y 
tangential to the NDL 1  c 
dy  y
(ii) when y  yc , dx   , ie. The profile becomes
vertical while crossing the CDL
dy
(iii) when y  ,  S0 , ie. The profile becomes
dx
horizontal
dy
(iv) when y  0, is finite and the profile becomes
dx
makes a small angle with the inclined bottom

GVF 18 Open Channel Flow

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2
y 
1  n 
Profiles in Mild Slope Channels dy
dx
 S0 .  2
y
y 
1  c 
y
 Profiles in Zone 1 (y > yn > yc)  Profiles in Zone 2 (yn > y > yc)
Name: M1 Name: M2
dy dy  dy dy 
Sign of :   Sign of :  
dx dx  dx dx 
So, the M1 profile is a backwater So, the M2 profile is a drawdown
curve curve
Condition of u/s: y  yn , ie, the Condition of u/s: y  yn , ie, the
profile is tangential to the NDL profile is tangential to the NDL
Condition of d/s: y   , ie, the Condition of d/s: y  yc , ie, the
profile becomes horizontal profile becomes vertical while
crossing CDL
GVF 19 Open Channel Flow

2
y 
1  n 
Profiles in Mild Slope Channels dy
dx
 S0 .  2
y
y 
1  c 
y
 Profiles in Zone 3 (yn>yc>y)
Name: M3
dy dy 
Sign of :  
dx dx 
So, the M3 profile is a backwater
curve
Condition of u/s: y  0 , ie, the
profile makes a small angle
with the bottom
Condition of d/s: y  yc , ie, the
profile becomes vertical
GVF 20 Open Channel Flow

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Profiles in Mild Slope Channels

GVF 21 Open Channel Flow

2
y 
1  n 
Profiles in Steep Slope Channels dy
dx
 S0 .  2
y
y 
1  c 
y
 Profiles in Zone 1 (y>yc>yn)  Profiles in Zone 2 (yc>y>yn)
Name: S1 Name: S2
dy dy  dy dy 
Sign of :   Sign of :  
dx dx  dx dx 
So, the S1 profile is a backwater So, the S2 profile is a drawdown
curve curve
Condition of u/s: y  yc , ie, the Condition of u/s: y  yc , ie, the
profile is almost vertical profile is almost vertical
Condition of d/s: y   , ie, the Condition of d/s: y  yn , ie, the
profile becomes horizontal profile is tangential to the NDL

GVF 22 Open Channel Flow

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2
y 
1  n 
Profiles in Steep Slope Channels dy
dx
 S0 .  2
y
y 
1  c 
y
 Profiles in Zone 3 (yc>yn>y)
Name: S3
dy dy 
Sign of :  
dx dx 
So, the S3 profile is a backwater
curve
Condition of u/s: y  0 , ie, the
profile makes a small angle
with the bottom
Condition of d/s: y  yn , ie, the
profile is tangential to the NDL
GVF 23 Open Channel Flow

Profiles in Steep Slope Channels

GVF 24 Open Channel Flow

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2
y 
1  n 
Profiles in Critical Slope Channels dy
dx
 S0 .  2
y
y 
1  c 
y
 Profiles in Zone 1 (y > yn = yc)  Profiles in Zone 3 (yn = yc > y)
Name: C1 Name: C3
dy dy  dy dy 
Sign of :   Sign of :  
dx dx  dx dx 
So, the C1 profile is a backwater So, the C2 profile is a backwater
curve curve

 Profiles in Zone 2 (y = yn = yc)

C2 indicates uniform as well as
critical flow, it is not GVF
Zone 2 is a straight line

GVF 25 Open Channel Flow

dy Sf

Profiles in Horizontal Channels
M
dx y 
1  c 
y

 Profiles in Zone 1 (y > yn > yc)  Profiles in Zone 2 (y>yc)

In Horizontal Channels- Name: H2
Q2 Q2 Q2 dy dy 
S0   , or, y N
 Sign of :  
kn2 c1 ynN
n
c1S0 dx dx 
So, the H2 profile is a drawdown
Since, S0  0, yn  
curve
So, profile in zone 1 is impossible
Condition of u/s: y   , ie, the
Again, profile becomes horizontal
dy S0  S f Sf Sf
   Condition of d/s: y  yc , ie, the
dx 1 Fr 2
1 Fr2 y 
M

1  c  profile is almost vertical

y
GVF 26 Open Channel Flow

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dy Sf

Profiles in Horizontal Channels
M
dx y 
1  c 
y

 Profiles in Zone 3 (yc>y)

Name: H3
dy dy 
Sign of :  
dx dx 
So, the H3 profile is a backwater
curve
Condition of u/s: y  0 , ie, the
profile makes a small angle
with the bottom
Condition of d/s: y  yc , ie, the
profile is almost vertical
GVF 27 Open Channel Flow

dy  S0  S f

Profiles in Adverse Slope Channels
M
dx  yc 
1  
y

 Profiles in Zone 1 (y > yn > yc)  Profiles in Zone 2 (y>yc)

In Adverse Slope Channels- Name: A2
Q2 Q2 Q2 dy dy 
S0   , or, y N
 Sign of :  
kn2 c1 ynN
n
c1S0 dx dx 
So, the H2 profile is a drawdown
Since, S0  ve, yn  imaginary
curve
So, profile in zone 1 is impossible
Condition of u/s: y   , ie, the
Again, profile becomes horizontal
dy S0  S f  S0  S f  S0  S f
   Condition of d/s: y  yc , ie, the
dx 1 Fr2 1 Fr2  yc 
M

1   profile is almost vertical

y
GVF 28 Open Channel Flow

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dy Sf

Profiles in Adverse Slope Channels
M
dx y 
1  c 
y

 Profiles in Zone 3 (yc>y)

Name: A3
dy dy 
Sign of :  
dx dx 
So, the H3 profile is a backwater
curve
Condition of u/s: y  0 , ie, the
profile makes a small angle
with the bottom
Condition of d/s: y  yc , ie, the
profile is almost vertical
GVF 29 Open Channel Flow

Configurations of Surface Profiles in GVF

Introduction of GVF 30 Open Channel Flow

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Configurations of Surface Profiles in GVF

Introduction of GVF 31 Open Channel Flow

Examples of Surface Profiles

Introduction of GVF 32 Open Channel Flow

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Examples of Surface Profiles

Introduction of GVF 33 Open Channel Flow

Water Surface Profiles

 Summary
Backwater Curves (y2 > y1): all profiles in zone 1 (M1, S1, C1) and
zone 3 (M3, C3, S3, H3, A3)
Drawdown curves (y1 > y2): all profiles in zone 2 (M2, S2, H2, A2)
Subcritical Flow (y > yc): all profiles in zone 1 (M1, S1, C1) and zone
2 except S2 (M2, H2, A2)
Supercritical Flow (y < yc): all profiles in zone 3 and S2 (M3, C3, S3,
H3, A3)

 For drawing a flow profile  a control section or transition must be

present
GVF 34 Open Channel Flow

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Draw a Surface Flow Profile

Flow Profiles in a mild slope channel followed by a steep slope channel

Introduction of GVF 35 Open Channel Flow

Draw a Surface Flow Profile

Flow Profiles in a steep slope channel followed by a mild slope channel

Introduction of GVF 36 Open Channel Flow

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Examples-Mild and Steep Slope Channels

Free fall and sluice

gate on mild and
steep slope channels

Introduction of GVF 37 Open Channel Flow

Examples of Flow Profiles

Introduction of GVF 38 Open Channel Flow

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Examples of Flow Profiles

Introduction of GVF 39 Open Channel Flow

Examples of Flow Profiles

Introduction of GVF 40 Open Channel Flow

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Examples of Flow Profiles

Introduction of GVF 41 Open Channel Flow

Examples of Flow Profiles

Introduction of GVF 42 Open Channel Flow

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Water Surface Profiles

 Sketch possible flow profiles of the following serial arrangement of
channels. The flow is from left to right.
 Mild - Steep
 Steep – Mild
 Mild – Milder Mild
 Steep – Horizontal
 Steep – Adverse
 Steep – Critical
 Steep – Steeper Steep
 Steep – Milder Steep
 Mild – Milder Mild – Steep
 Steep – Horizontal – Steep
 Steep – Steeper – Mild – Milder Mild
 Horizontal – Steep – Adverse – Free Overfall
 Critical – Horizontal – Steep
 Mild – Steepter – Steep

GVF 43 Open Channel Flow

Water Surface Profiles

 Sketch possible flow profiles of the following serial arrangement of
channels. The flow is from left to right.
 Adverse - Critical
 Steep – Horizontal – Free Overfall
 Mild – Steep – Free Overfall
 Steep – Horizontal – Mild
 Adverse – Mild – Horizontal
 Critical – Steep – Mild
 Horizontal – Steep – Mild – Free Overfall
 Mild – Horizontal – Free Overfall
 Critical – Mild – Steep
 Horizontal – Adverse – Steep – Mild
 Adverse – Critical – Steep – Free Overfall
 Steep – Horizontal – Critical
 Steep – Adverse – Free Overfall
 Mild – Steeper Mild – Milder Mild – Free Overfall

GVF 44 Open Channel Flow

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Computation of Critical Depth

 Analytical Method:
q2
 For wide channel, yc  3
g

Q2
 For rectangular channel, yc  3
gb2

2Q2
 For triangular channel (s = side slope), yc  5
gs2

27cQ2
 For parabolic channel (z=cy2), yc  4
32g

GVF 45 Open Channel Flow

Computation of Critical Depth

 Compute the critical depth and velocity in a (i) wide rectangular
channel q = 3 m2/s and (ii) rectangular channel with b = 6 m and
Q = 20 m3/s. Assume α =1.12.
Sol: q2 3 1.12 32
y
(i) For wide channel, c  3   1.01m
g 9.81
q 3
Vc    2.97 m / s
yc 1.01
Q2 1.12 202
(ii) For rectangular channel, yc  3 3  1.08m
gb2 9.81 62
Q 20 20
Vc     3.08m / s
Ac 6 1.08 6.5
GVF 46 Open Channel Flow

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Computation of Critical Depth

 Trial and Error Method:
 For other geometric channel section like trapezoidal and circular
channel sections, yc can be obtained by trial and error method.
Q
 Section Factor for Critical Flow, Zc  Ac Dc 
g

 First compute Zc from Discharge Q
 Then, assumes several values of depth y and compute section factor
from Area A and Hydraulic Depth D until the value becomes close
to the calculated value of Zc.

GVF 47 Open Channel Flow

Computation of Critical Depth

 For a trapezoidal channel with b = 6 m and s = 2 compute the
critical depth and velocity if Q = 50 m3/s. Assume α =1.0.
Sol:
Q 50
Section Factor, Zc    15.964
g 9.81
 1
y (m) A (m2) T (m) D (m) Z=A√D Remarks A = (b+sy)y
1.0 8 10 0.8 7.155 ↑ T = b + 2sy
D = A/T
2.0 20 14 1.429 23.905 ↓
1.6 14.72 12.4 1.187 16.038 Close
1.59 14.596 12.36 1.181 15.862 ok

So, yc = 1.6 m and Vc = Q/Ac = 50/14.72 = 3.4 m/s

GVF 48 Open Channel Flow

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Computation of Normal Depth

 Trial and Error Method:
 Normal depth  Depth of uniform flow, yn
1
 Manning’s Formula, Qn  An Rn2 / 3Sn1/ 2
n
 Chezy’s Formula, Qn  CAn Rn1/ 2 Sn1/ 2
nQ
 Section Factor for uniform flow using Manning’s Formula, An Rn2 / 3 
S
 First compute Section Factor AR2/3 from Discharge Q
 Then, assumes several values of depth y and compute section factor
from Area A and Hydraulic Radius R until the value becomes close
to the calculated value.

GVF 49 Open Channel Flow

Computation of Normal Depth

 For a rectangula channel with b = 6 m, n = 0.025 and S0 =
0.0025, compute the normal depth and velocity if Q = 20 m3/s.
Sol:
nQ 0.0025 20
Section Factor, AR2 / 3    10
S0 0.0025

y (m) A (m2) P (m) R (m) AR2/3 Remarks A = by

1.0 6 8 0.75 4.952 ↑ P = b + 2y
R = A/P
2.0 12 10 1.2 13.55 ↓
1.6 9.6 9.2 1.043 9.876 Close
1.61 9.66 9.22 1.048 9.965 ok

So, yn = 1.61 m and Vn = Q/An = 20/9.66 = 2.07 m/s

GVF 50 Open Channel Flow

Prof Jahid, MIST 25

 8‐11‐2021

Examples on GVF
 A trapezoidal channel with b = 6m, n = 0.025, s = 2 and S0 = 0.001
carries a discharge of 28 m3/s. At a section A of the channel the depth
of flow is 1.3 m. (i) Determine the type of channel slope, (ii) Determine
the type of flow profile, (iii) If at another Section B, the depth of flow is
1.5 m, state whether section B is located u/s or d/s of Section A.
Sol:
For the given section: n, S0 and Q, the critical depth and normal depths
are found to be yc = 1.14 m and yn = 1.91 m.
Given, actual depth of flow at Section A, yA = 1.3 m
(i) since yn>yc, the channel slope is mild.
(ii) Since yn>yA>yc, the profile is M2.
(iii) Since the M2 profile is a drawdown profile and the depth at Section
B (=1.5 m) is more than the depth at Secction A (= 1.3 m), section B is
located u/s of Section A.
GVF 51 Open Channel Flow

Examples on GVF
 A rectangular channel 10 m wide and having α = 1.1 and n = 0.025 has
three reachees arranged serially. The bottom slopes of these reaches are
0.004, 0.0065 and 0.009, respectively. For a discharge of 35 m3/s in
the channel, sketch the resulting flow profile.
Sol:
Q2 3 1.1 352
Critical depth for the given condition: yc  3   1.11m
2
gb 9.8110
2

Since critical slope is the slope for which flow in the channel is both
uniform and critical, hence, consider yc = yn = 1.11 m
So, A = 10 x 1.11 = 11.12 m2, P = 10+2x1.11=12.22 m
and R = A/P = 0.91 m
2 2
 nQ   0.025 35 
sc   2 / 3      0.007
 AR   11.12 0.91
GVF 52 Open Channel Flow

Prof Jahid, MIST 26

 8‐11‐2021

Examples on GVF
Thus, the bottom slopes of the three reaches are mild, steepter mild and
steep, respectively. The resulting flow profiles are M2, M2 and S2 as
shown in the figure below

GVF 53 Open Channel Flow

Computation of Flow Profiles

 Methods:
 For Prismatic or regular channel: Direct Step Method
 For non-prismatic or irregular channel: Standard Step
Method

 Direct Step Method:

 In general, a step method is characterized by dividing the
channel into short reaches and carrying the computation step
by step from one end of the reach to the other.
 The method predicts a longitudinal disance x for a given
depth y explicitly without involving any trial.

GVF 54 Open Channel Flow

Prof Jahid, MIST 27

 8‐11‐2021

Direct Step Method

V2 V2
 Total Energy: H  zb  y  and Specific Energy: E  y 
2g 2g
 So, H  zb  E or, E  H  zb

 Now, differentiate E with respect to x

 H  zb  
dE d dH dzb
  S f  (S0 )  S0  S f
dx dx dx dx
dE
So,  S0  S f
dx

GVF 55 Open Channel Flow

Direct Step Method

 In Finite Difference form,

E
 S0  S f
x
E E E
or, x   2 1
S0  S f S0  S f
 where,
x  x2  x1, if x1 is known, then x2  x1  x
S f is the mean value of energy slope over the interval Δx
S S
Sf  f1 f 2
2
GVF 6 Open Channel Flow

Prof Jahid, MIST 28

 8‐11‐2021

Examples on Direct Step Method

A trapezoidal channel with b = 6 m and s = 2 is laid on a slope of
0.0025 and carries a discharge of 30 m3/s. The depth produced
by a dam immediately u/s of it is 2.5 m. Compute the resulting
flow profile. Take α = 1.12 and n = 0.025.

For the given data,

yc = 1.23 m, and
yn = 1.55 m

Since, yn>yc  Mild slope

& y>yn>yc  M1 profile

GVF 57 Open Channel Flow

Examples on Direct Step Method

y A P R V V2/2g E ΔE Sf Sf S0-Sf Δx x
(m) (m2) (m) (m)
2.5 27.50 17.18 1.601 1.091 0.0679 2.5679 - 0.000387 - - - 0.00
2.2 22.88 15.84 1.445 1.311 0.0981 2.2981 -0.2698 0.000658 0.000523 0.001978 -136.43 -136.43
2.0 20.00 14.94 1.338 1.500 0.1284 2.1284 -0.1697 0.000954 0.000806 0.001694 -100.18 -236.61
1.8 17.28 14.05 1.230 1.736 0.1721 1.9721 -0.1563 0.001429 0.001916 0.001308 -119.46 -356.07
1.7 15.98 13.60 1.175 1.887 0.2012 1.9012 -0.0709 0.001795 0.001612 0.000888 -79.84 -435.91
1.6 14.72 13.16 1.119 2.038 0.2371 1.8371 -0.0641 0.002235 0.002015 0.000485 -132.10 -568.01

A  (b  sy) y P  b  2 y 1 s2
n2V 2 n2Q2
Sf  
R4 / 3 A2 R4 / 3
Sf1  Sf 2
Sf 
2
GVF 58 Open Channel Flow

Prof Jahid, MIST 29