9–28E Consider a 2-ft 3 2-ft thin square plate in a room at 758F.

One side of the plate is maintained at a temperature of

1308F, while the other side is insulated. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the plate by natural convection if the
plate is (a) vertical, (b) horizontal with hot surface facing up, and (c) horizontal with hot surface facing down.

9–33 Consider a 15-cm 3 20-cm printed circuit board (PCB) that has electronic components on one side. The board is
placed in a room at 208C. The heat loss from the back surface of the board is negligible. If the circuit board is dissipating
8 W of power in steady operation, determine the average temperature of the hot surface of the board, assuming the
board is (a) vertical, (b) horizontal with hot surface facing up, and (c) horizontal with hot surface facing down. Take the
emissivity of the surface of the board to be 0.8 and assume the surrounding surfaces to be at the same temperature as
the air in the room. Evaluate air properties at a film temperature of 32.58C and 1 atm pressure. Is this a good
assumption? Answers: (a) 46.68C, (b) 42.68C, (c) 50.78C

9–44 In a plant that manufactures canned aerosol paints, the cans are temperature-tested in water baths at 558C before
they are shipped to ensure that they withstand temperatures up to 558C during transportation and shelving (as shown
in Fig. P9–44 on the next page). The cans, moving on a conveyor, enter the open hot water bath, which is 0.5 m deep, 1
m wide, and 3.5 m long, and move slowly in the hot water toward the other end. Some of the cans fail the test and
explode in the water bath. The water container is made of sheet metal, and the entire container is at about the same
temperature as the hot water. The emissivity of the outer surface of the container is 0.7. If the temperature of the
surrounding air and surfaces is 208C, determine the rate of heat loss from the four side surfaces of the container
(disregard the top surface, which is open). The water is heated electrically by resistance heaters, and the cost of
electricity is $0.085/kWh. If the plant operates 24 h a day 365 days a year and thus 8760 h a year, determine the annual
cost of the heat losses from the container for this facility.

9–52 Thick fluids such as asphalt and waxes and the pipes in which they flow are often heated in order to reduce the
viscosity of the fluids and thus to reduce the pumping costs. Consider the flow of such a fluid through a 100-m-long pipe
of outer diameter 30 cm in calm ambient air at 08C. The pipe is heated electrically, and a thermostat keeps the outer
surface temperature of the pipe constant at 258C. The emissivity of the outer surface of the pipe is 0.8, and the effective
sky temperature is 2308C. Determine the power rating of the electric resistance heater, in kW, that needs to be used.
Also, determine the cost of electricity associated with heating the pipe during a 10-h period under the above conditions
if the price of electricity is $0.09/kWh. Answers: 29.1 kW, $26.2
9–66 An incandescent lightbulb is an inexpensive but highly inefficient device that converts electrical energy into light.
It converts about 10 percent of the electrical energy it consumes into light while converting the remaining 90 percent
into heat. The glass bulb of the lamp heats up very quickly as a result of absorbing all that heat and dissipating it to the
surroundings by convection and radiation. Consider an 8-cm-diameter 60-W lightbulb in a room at 258C. The emissivity
of the glass is 0.9. Assuming that 10 percent of the energy passes through the glass bulb as light with negligible
absorption and the rest of the energy is absorbed and dissipated by the bulb itself by natural convection and radiation,
determine the equilibrium temperature of the glass bulb. Assume the interior surfaces of the room to be at room
temperature. Answer: 1698C

9–67 The water in a 40-L tank is to be heated from 158C to 458C by a 6-cm-diameter spherical heater whose surface
temperature is maintained at 858C. Determine how long the heater should be kept on.

9–103 Consider a 5-m-long vertical plate at 608C in water at 258C. Determine the forced motion velocity above which
natural convection heat transfer from this plate is negl

9–107 Consider a 5-m-long vertical plate at 858C in air at 308C. Determine the forced motion velocity above which
natural convection heat transfer from this plate is negligible.

9–109 A 12-cm-high and 20-cm-wide circuit board houses 100 closely spaced logic chips on its surface, each dissipating
0.05W. The board is cooled by a fan that blows air over the hot surface of the board at 358C at a velocity of 0.5 m/s. The
heat transfer from the back surface of the board is negligible. Determine the average temperature on the surface of the
circuit board assuming the air flows vertically upward along the 12-cm-long side by (a) ignoring natural convection and
(b) considering the contribution of natural convection. Disregard any heat transfer by radiation. Evaluate air properties
at a film temperature of 47.58C and 1 atm pressure. Is this a good assumption?

9–118 Determine the U-factor for the center-of-glass section of a double-pane window with a 13-mm air space for
winter design conditions. The glazings are made of clear glass having an emissivity of 0.84. Take the average air space
temperature at design conditions to be 108C and the temperature difference across the air space to be 158C.

9–119 The overall U-factor of a fixed wood-framed window with double glazing is given by the manufacturer to be U 5
2.76 W/m2.K under the conditions of still air inside and winds of 12 km/h outside. What will the U-factor be when the
wind velocity outside is doubled? Answer: 2.88 W/m2.K

9–122E Consider an ordinary house with R-13 walls (walls that have an R-value of 13 h.ft2.8F/Btu). Compare this to the
R-value of the common double-door windows that are double pane with 1 4 in of air space and have aluminum frames.
If the windows occupy only 20 percent of the wall area, determine if more heat is lost through the windows or through
the remaining 80 percent of the wall area. Disregard infiltration losses.
9–123 A double-door wood-framed window with glass glazing and metal spacers is being considered for an opening that
is 1.2 m high and 1.8 m wide in the wall of a house maintained at 208C. Determine the rate of heat loss through the
window and the inner surface temperature of the window glass facing the room when the outdoor air temperature is
288C if the window is selected to be (a) 3-mm single glazing, (b) double glazing with an air space of 13 mm, and (c) low-
e-coated triple glazing with an air space of 13 mm.

9–124 Determine the overall U-factor for a double-doortype wood-framed double-pane window with 13-mm air space
and metal spacers, and compare your result with the value listed in Table 9–6. The overall dimensions of the window are
2.00 m 3 2.40 m, and the dimensions of each glazing are 1.92 m 3 1.14 m.

9–129 A group of 25 power transistors, dissipating 1.5 W each, are to be cooled by attaching them to a black-anodized
square aluminum plate and mounting the plate on the wall of a room at 308C. The emissivity of the transistor and the
plate surfaces is 0.9. Assuming the heat transfer from the back side of the plate to be negligible and the temperature of
the surrounding surfaces to be the same as the air temperature of the room, determine the size of the plate if the
average surface temperature of the plate is not to exceed 508C. Answer: 43 cm 3 43 cm

9–133 Skylights or “roof windows” are commonly used in homes and manufacturing facilities since they let natural light
in during day time and thus reduce the lighting costs. However, they offer little resistance to heat transfer, and large
amounts of energy are lost through them in winter unless they are equipped with a motorized insulating cover that can
be used in cold weather and at nights to reduce heat losses. Consider a 1-m-wide and 2.5-m-long horizontal skylight on
the roof of a house that is kept at 208C. The glazing of the skylight is made of a single layer of 0.5-cm-thick glass (k 5 0.78
W/m.K and e 5 0.9). Determine the rate of heat loss through the skylight when the air temperature outside is 2108C and
the effective sky temperature is 2308C. Compare your result with the rate of heat loss through an equivalent surface
area of the roof that has a common R-5.34 construction in SI units (i.e., a thickness-to-effective-thermal-conductivity
ratio of 5.34 m2.K/W). Evaluate air properties at a film temperature of 278C and 1 atm pressure. Is this a good
assumption?
9–135E The components of an electronic system dissipating 180 W are located in a 4-ft-long horizontal duct whose cross
section is 6 in 3 6 in. The components in the duct are cooled by forced air, which enters at 858F at a rate of 22 cfm and
leaves at 1008F. The surfaces of the sheet metal duct are not painted, and thus radiation heat transfer from the outer
surfaces is negligible. If the ambient air temperature is 808F, determine (a) the heat transfer from the outer surfaces of
the duct to the ambient air by natural convection and (b) the average temperature of the duct. Evaluate air properties at
a film temperature of 1008F and 1 atm pressure. Is this a good assumption?

9–141E Hot water is flowing at an average velocity of 4 ft/s through a cast iron pipe (k 5 30 Btu/h.ft.8F) whose inner and
outer diameters are 1.0 in and 1.2 in, respectively. The pipe passes through a 50-ft-long section of a basement whose
temperature is 608F. The emissivity of the outer surface of the pipe is 0.5, and the walls of the basement are also at
about 608F. If the inlet temperature of the water is 1508F and the heat transfer coefficient on the inner surface of the
pipe is 30 Btu/h.ft2.8F, determine the temperature drop of water as it passes through the basement. Evaluate air
properties at a film temperature of 1058C and 1 atm pressure. Is this a good assumption?

9–142E A 0.1-W small cylindrical resistor mounted on a lower part of a vertical circuit board is 0.3 in long and has a
diameter of 0.2 in. The view of the resistor is largely blocked by another circuit board facing it, and the heat transfer
through the connecting wires is negligible. The air is free to flow through the large parallel flow passages between the
boards as a result of natural convection currents. If the air temperature at the vicinity of the resistor is 1208F, determine
the approximate surface temperature of the resistor. Evaluate air properties at a film temperature of 1708F and 1 atm
pressure. Is this a good assumption? Answer: 2118F
9–144 A 6-m-internal-diameter spherical tank made of 1.5-cm-thick stainless steel (k 5 15 W/m.K) is used to store iced
water at 08C in a room at 208C. The walls of the room are also at 208C. The outer surface of the tank is black (emissivity
e 5 1), and heat transfer between the outer surface of the tank and the surroundings is by natural convection and
radiation. Assuming the entire steel tank to be at 08C and thus the thermal resistance of the tank to be negligible,
determine (a) the rate of heat transfer to the iced water in the tank and (b) the amount of ice at 08C that melts during a
24-h period. The heat of fusion of water is 333.7 kJ/kg. Answers: (a) 15.4 kW, (b) 3988 kg

9–146 Consider a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide double-pane window consisting of two 3-mm-thick layers of glass (k 5 0.78
W/m.K) separated by a 3-cm-wide air space. Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this window and the
temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is maintained at 208C while the temperature of the
outdoors is 08C. Take the heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1 5 10 W/m2.K
and h2 5 25 W/m2. K and disregard any heat transfer by radiation. Evaluate air properties at a film temperature of 108C
and 1 atm pressure. Is this a good assumption?

9–147 A solar collector consists of a horizontal copper tube of outer diameter 5 cm enclosed in a concentric thin glass
tube of 9 cm diameter. Water is heated as it flows through the tube, and the annular space between the copper and
glass tube is filled with air at 1 atm pressure. During a clear day, the temperatures of the tube surface and the glass
cover are measured to be 608C and 328C, respectively. Determine the rate of heat loss from the collector by natural
convection per meter length of the tube. Answer: 17.4 W