Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance

1 (a) double helix ;

anti-parallel ;
sugar-phosphate ;
hydrogen ;
4
(b) (i) percentages / amount , C & G similar (in all organisms) ; mp 1 & 2 DO NOT CREDIT ref to a single organism
percentages / amount , A & T similar (in all organisms) ; mp 1 & 2 IGNORE ref to complementary
DO NOT CREDIT statements in context of organism size
different / named , organisms have different proportions of , e.g. statement that human has more A than E. coli /
bases / named base / AW ; human has the most AT / E. coli has the most CG
greatest similarity between human and grasshopper ; This mark is for a general statement
least similarity between E coli and the other three ;
E.. co has similar proportions of all bases /
E.coli has slightly more CG than AT /
(named) eukaryote has more AT than CG ;
comparative figs with units to support any statement ; e.g. human C = 19.8 % and G = 19.9 %
human A = 30.9 % and E. coli A = 24.7 %
‘human has more A (30.9%) than wheat (27.3%)’ = 2
(mp 3 & 7)
3 max

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Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance

(b) (ii) (suggests) A , bonds / pairs / links / connects / joins , to T ; IGNORE A – T or A = T unqualified
(suggests) C , bonds / pairs / links / connects / joins , to G ; IGNORE C – G or C = G unqualified
(suggests) purine bonds to pyrimidine ;
(evidence for) complementary base pairing / ACCEPT ‘bond’ instead of ‘pair’
which bases pair with each other / base pairing rules ;
suggests bases point ‘inwards’ rather than ‘outwards’ ;
2 max

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Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance

(c) Award 1 mark per correct row If a choice of answers is given, do not credit unless both
answers are valid (e.g. two and double strands for DNA /
ribose and pentose sugar)
feature DNA RNA

number of
two / double one / single ;
strands
ACCEPT letters instead of names of bases
thymine / T uracil / U Names of bases must be unambiguous, so
DO NOT CREDIT adenosine / thiamine / cysteine / etc.
bases (+ adenine (+ adenine ; If more bases mentioned than T and U, then all bases
present + c tosine + c tosine
+ guanine + guanine must be included
DO NOT CREDIT dioxyribose / oxyribose/ hexose / sugar
IGNORE pentose
sugar
deoxyribose ribose ;
present
3
(d) carries / transfers, the (complementary DNA) , IGNORE transcription
code / genetic information / copy of gene ; DO NOT CREDIT ref to the whole DNA code / molecule
out of the nucleus ;
(transfers it) to the, ribosome / RER / site of translation ;
for, protein / polypeptide, synthesis ; ACCEPT ‘to make protein’
2 max
Total 14

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 Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance
2 (a) (i) A hydrogen ; DO NOT CREDIT ‘H bond’ as this is not a name
B glycosidic ; Correct spelling only.
2 IGNORE  or  or numbers
(a) (ii) hydrolysis / addition of water ;
1
(a) (iii) β / beta , glucose ; Must be qualified as  or beta or B or b
1
(b) enzymes are specific ;
the , carbohydrate molecules / substrates ,
are different shapes ;
active site and substrate are complementary ;
so that substrate will fit / formation of ESC ;
lock and key / induced fit ;
3 max

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Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance
(c) (i) pH much , higher / less acidic , than optimum (for enzyme 2) ; Needs idea of much greater or too high
DO NOT CREDIT just ‘higher than’ or 'above’
DO NOT CREDIT too / more , alkaline
change in charge of active site ;
hydrogen / ionic , bonds break ; DO NOT CREDIT peptide / disulphide , bonds break
DO NOT CREDIT in context of heat / vibration
tertiary structure / 3D shape / active site shape , altered ; IGNORE ref to denaturing active site
enzyme / tertiary structure , denatured ; IGNORE ref to denaturing active site
DO NOT CREDIT kill / die
substrate no longer fits active site / ESC does not form ; ‘substrate doesn’t bind to enzyme’ is not quite enough
3 max
(c) (ii) st
Mark 1 response on each numbered line unless no answer on IGNORE ref to time
one line, then mark 1st 2 answers
temperature ;
substrate concentration ;
enzyme concentration ;
2 max

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Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance
(d) Marking points 2 – 6 can be applied to the standard
solutions or the sample

1 using , standard / known , concentrations (of reducing sugar) ; e.g. serial dilutions

2 heat with , Benedicts (solution) / CuSO4 + NaOH ; ALLOW boil / > 80oC DO NOT CREDIT warm
3 (use of) same volumes of solutions (each time) ; DO NOT CREDIT amount / quantity
4 (use of) excess Benedicts ;
5 changes to , green / yellow / orange / brown / (brick) red ;
6 remove precipitate / obtain filtrate ; CREDIT description of method
e.g. filtering / centrifuging & decanting
7 calibrate / zero , colorimeter ;
8 using , a blank / water / unreacted Benedicts ;
9 use (red) filter ;

10 reading of , transmission / absorbance ; ACCEPT ‘measure how much light , does / does not ,
pass through’
11 more transmission / less absorbance , of filtrate
If precipitate is clearly indicated as being present in
= more sugar present ; ora
sample, ALLOW ‘less transmission / more absorbance ,
= more sugar present’
12 (obtain) calibration curve ;
13 plotting , transmission / absorbance ,
against (reducing) sugar concentration ;

14 use reading of unknown sugar solution and read off graph

to find conc. ;
6 max
Total 18

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 Question Expected Answers Mark Additional Guidance
3 (a) (i) The word ‘host’ must appear at least once in order to
gain 3 marks

lives , in / on , host ; IGNORE lives off host

IGNORE binds to host

gains nutrition / feeds , from (host) ; ACCEPT e.g. feeds on blood / get food from it / obtains
nutrients from the larger organism

at the expense of / harms (host) ; DO NOT CREDIT sometimes harm

3 ACCEPT causes disease
(a) (ii) mosquito / vector / Anopheles , feeds on blood ; IGNORE insect

breaks skin / skin cannot act as barrier / mosquito pierces IGNORE anticoagulant prevents clot formation (as
skin / mosquito bites skin ; primary defence has already been breached)
2

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Question Expected Answers Mark Additional Guidance
(a) (iii) suitable / AW , climate / temperature , for , mosquito / vector ACCEPT ‘warm enough for mosquitoes’
/ Anopheles ; ora IGNORE tropical as AW for ‘warm’
IGNORE mosquito is adapted to survive there
more mosquitoes live there / AW ; ora

idea of relatively poor so methods of prevention less ACCEPT e.g. can’t afford , drugs / mosquito nets /
effective ; habitat management / insecticides
1 ACCEPT lack of education
(a) (iv) 1 climate change / global warming / AW , may result in
spread to other parts of the world / AW ;

2 idea of increased movement of (infected) people ; 2 ACCEPT increased tourism / easier to travel
2 ACCEPT inadvertent transport of mosquitoes

3 idea that (non-malaria) countries fund anti-malaria

measures via international aid ;

4 resistance of , parasite to drugs / mosquito to 4 IGNORE ‘resistance’ without further qualification

insecticides ; 4 DO NOT CREDIT immune
2 max
(b) (i) Mark the first answer. If the answer is correct and
another answer is given that is incorrect or contradicts
the original answer, then = 0 marks
A antigen ;

B (extension of) cytoplasm ; B ACCEPT pseudopod (ia / ium) or close spelling

B IGNORE neutrophil

C lysosome ; C IGNORE lysome / lysozyme

D phagosome / phagocytic vesicle / phago-lysosome ; D ACCEPT phagocytic vacuole / secondary lysosome

4

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Question Expected Answers Mark Additional Guidance
(b) (ii) (different) chemicals that attract phagocytes (released from ACCEPT in the context of chemicals released by
infected erythrocytes) ; erythrocyte or Plasmodium
ACCEPT cytokines / histamine / interleukin , released
IGNORE references to antigens on surface
1
(c) Globular
G1 ball (shaped) / spherical / AW ; G1 IGNORE round / globular

G2 hydrophilic , (R-)groups / regions , on outside (of 3-D

structure) / hydrophobic (R-)groups on inside ;

G3 form H-bonds with water ;

G4 soluble ;

G5 example of globular protein (other than haemoglobin) ; G5 ACCEPT (named) enzyme / hormone / antibody /
channel / carrier
G5 IGNORE metabolic / transport

H1 haemoglobin , carries / transports , oxygen / carbon H1 ACCEPT references to buffering

dioxide ;

H2 haemoglobin contains , prosthetic group / haem / Fe2+ / H2 IGNORE Fe3+

iron ion (to allow oxygen to be carried) ;

H3 (polypeptide chains within) haemoglobin have tertiary H3 ACCEPT haemoglobin has tertiary structure
structure (in a ball shape) ;

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F212
Mark Scheme
June 2015
F1
Fibrous
linear / long (chain) ; F1 ACCEPT straight / rope-like
F1 IGNORE strand
F2
(chains can) form (H) bonds with aadjacent
(within molecule)chains
;
F2 IGNORE fibre / fibril
F2 ACCEPT ‘strand’ as AW for ‘chain’ for F2 only
F2 ACCEPT crosslink as AW for bond for F2 only
F2 DO NOT CREDIT molecule as ‘AW’ for ‘chain’
F2 IGNORE attractions / (named) covalent bonds
F3 insoluble / few hydrophilic groups ;

F4 strong / provide strength ;

F4 IGNORE flexible / inelastic / withstands pressure
F5 have structural role ;

C1 collagen has high proportion of glycine , so chains can

lie close together / AW ;
C2 collagen forms , crosslinks / covalent bonds , between
molecules ;
C2 ACCEPT (micro / macro) fibrils / fibres , as AW for
molecules
C3 crosslinks / ends of molecules, are staggered to avoid ,
weak points / AW ;
C3 ACCEPT (micro / macro) fibrils / fibres , as AW for
molecules
C4 collagen forms part of , tendon / cartilage / ligament /
bone / connective tissue / bronchi / bronchioles / C4 IGNORE blood vessel / artery / vein , wall
trachea / skin ;
C4 IGNORE lips
7 max
QWC – use of haemoglobin and collagen as examples 1 AWARD if any H mark and any C mark are awarded
Total [21]

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