aan Number System A system in which we deal with different types of number is termed as ‘number system’ Numbers (Numerals), which are the symbolical representation in mathematical language are the base of Mathematics. In Hindu-Arabic system, ten digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are used to represent any number. Numeration Systems Numeration means expressing a number in words. We express numbers in (wo Ways. These (wo syslems of ‘numeration are 1. Indian system 2. International system Indian/Hindu-Arabic System Periods | Crore ‘aks Thoveendd Units se 8 i z vues 68 88 a8 a de | ig fe | ge | g- se | 6g | 58) 38 és g2 | § ag | og | &3 5 Naneat} —a 3 a a a a i é To read the number name, we normally read number alongwith periods except in the case of digits in the ones period. The above numeral is written as 43, 25, 23, 716. It is read as forty three crore twenty five lakh twenty three thousand seven hundred sixteen. International System = eat a § z a8 58 | vue | #2 | 28 fig ag ki Fe) se) g- 58 ee - 5° 5 = Nome] 4 | 3 EE 5 2 3 7 7 6It is most commonly used system in the world. In this system given numeral is written as 432, 523, ‘716. It is read as four hundred thirty two million five hundred twenty three thousand seven hundred sixteen. Example] Write in words : 95,876 (a) Ninety five thousand eight hundred sixty seven. (b) Ninety five thousand eight hundred seventy six (6) Nine thousand five hundred eighty seven six (4) Ninety five thousand seven hundred eighty six Sol. (b) The numeral is written as 95,876. It is read as ninety five thousand eight hundred seventy six. Example 2 Write in figures : Seventy thousand three hundred sixty four. (a) 70364 (b) 73064 (6) 73046 (a) 70346 ‘Sol. (a) It is written as 70364. Types of Numbers Natural Numbers Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... etc, which are used for counting are called natural numbers. (The number zero (0) is not a natural number, Whole Numbers All natural numbers together with 0 (zero) are called whole numbers. Thus, 0, 1,2, 3,4, ..., ete, are whole numbers, CF Vis the smallest whole number. Prime Numbers A number greater than | which cannot be divided by any other number except 1 and itself, is called a prime number, e.g. 2, 3. 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 etc. 2 is the least prime number. Composite Numbers A positive integer that has atleast one divisor other than 1 and itself is called acomposite number, ¢.g. 4, 6, 8, 9 are all composite numbers. CF (i) 1 is neither prime nor composite. (i) 4 is the smallest composite number. Even Numbers Those numbers which are divisible by 2 are known as even numbers, ¢.g. 2, 4,6, 8, 10 etc. 2s the smallest even number. Odd Numbers Numbers which are not divisible by 2are called odd numbers ¢.g. 1, 3, 5, 7,9, 11, 13 ete. 1 is the smallest odd number. Helping Tips Sum of any 2, 4,6, von number = Sumol any 3.5.7, 0d number. '« Difference ot any 2 odd numbers must be an even. rambo ‘odd numbers must be an ‘odd numbers must be an Tests of Divisibility By 2 If the last digit of a number is either 2, 4. 6, 8 or 0, the number is divisible by 2, e.g. 242, 306, 488, 500. By 3 If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 3, the number is divisible by 3, e.g 243, 2427, 3456. 244439 3 So, 243 is divisible by 3. By 4 If the last two digits of a number are divisible by4 or 100, the number is divisible by 4, e.g. 1424, 1500, 1748. e.g. 1424 €g.243 = Dividing the last two digits by 4, we get, * . So, 1424, is divisible by 4. By 5 If the last digit of a number is either 5 or 0, the number is divisible by 5, e.g. 375, 3460, 6575. By 9 If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 9, the number is divisible by 9. c.g. 243, 3438, 4554, etc. e.g. 243, According to divisibility test, 2+443_9 9 So, 243 is divisible by 9. By 10 If the last digit of a number is 0, the number is divisible by 10, c.g. 540, 1860, 2370. Important Formulae ‘= Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder sDivisor = Dividend Remainder ‘Quotient Dividend Remainder Divisor ‘= Quotient =Example 3 On dividing 18270 by a certain number, the quotient is 186 and the remainder is 42. Find the divisor. @9 ~~) d) 100 Sok (o)Divisor = Dividend Remainder ‘Quotient _ 1827042 _18228 _ 4g 186 186 Place Value and Face Value ina Given Number Place value of unit digit = (Unit digit) x 1 Place value of tens digit = (Tens digit) x 10 Place value of hundreds digit = (Hundreds digit) x 100 Place value of thousands digit = (Thousands digit) x 1000 and so on. In a numeral, the face value of a digit is the value of the digit itself irrespective of its place in the numeral. Example 4 Find the place value and face value of 3 in the number 53974. (a) 300, 3 {b) 30, 3000 (©) 3000, 3, (a) 30000, 300 Sol. (c) The place value of 3 = 31000 = 3000 ‘The face value of 3 = 3 CF The face value of a digit in a number is the value of digit itself, Example 5 What is the place value of 8 and 7 in the number 86754? (a) 8000, 700 (b) 80000, 7000 (©) 800, 7000 (a) 80000, 700 Sol, (d) Place value of 8 = 8 x10000 = 80000 Place value of 7 =7 100 = 700 How to write greatest n-digitnumber? Since, we know that 9 is the greatest digit given tall digits in Hindu-Arabic system, hence 9 is the only digit which can be used to form the greatest number. 2 digit If we want to write two digit greatest number, we must write 9 twice, i€.99 3 digit If we want to write three digit greatest number, we must write 9 thrice, ic. 999, 4 digit If we want to write four digit greatest number, we must write 9 four times, ic. 9999 and so on. How to write smallest n-digit number? Since, we know that 0 is the smallest and 1 is the second smallest to all digits in Hindu-Arabic system. So, | and 0 are the only digits which can be used to form the smallest number and 1 must be placed before 0, since occurrence of 0 at first place has no meaning due to its face value. 2 digit If we want to write two digit smallest number, we must write 1 at first place and thereafter single 0 must be placed. ie. 10 3 digit If we want to write three digit smallest number, we must write 1 at first place and thereafter double 0 must be placed. Le. 100 4 digit If we want to write four digit smallest number, we must write 1 at first place and thereafter triple 0 must be placed. i.e. 1000 and so on. Example 6 The greatest 8-digit number with given digits 3, 5, 1, 2, 2, 7,0 and 4 is (a) 75432210 (&) 75432201 (6) 75432021 (a) 75430221 Sob (a) The greatest 8-digit number = 75432210. Example 7 Which of the following is smallest three digit number? (2)900 ~ (b)100(<)999 (A) 990 Sol (b) The smallest number of three digit will be 100. Approximate Value Sometimes, we face the conditions, where we have to depend on approximate values. eg. If we are celebrating a party in our home, then we arrange the party for approximate number of ‘guests. Suppose, in a particular month, a person’s expenditure is 8 1976, he can assume it to be & 2000, Example 8 The approximate value of 25986 is (a) 25000 (b) 25500 (c) 26000 (d) 26500 Sol. (c) Here, 986 = 1000 (Led, + 25000 +1000 = 26000 Roman Numbers ‘The numbers which we use are called ‘Arabic Numbers’ but sometimes we use the another system for writing numbers called Roman System.‘Mostly, Roman numbers are used to denote the class standard and position (rank) of a cant in faces of clocks, in page numbering etc, The letters used in roman numbers are Roman Numbers Chart Roman Arabic Roman Arabic x 10 oO 501 xt " DK 530 xi 12 DL 550 Xa 13 Deow! 707 xv “4 becexe 290 xv 15 ou 900 x 16 i) 1500 xulL 7 woccc 1800 xv 18 MM 2000 Example 9 Number 51 write in Roman number. (a) XL. (oy LI (ix (a) Lt Sol. (b) In Roman number So,51=LI Practice Exercise 1. Write in words (International System) 243, 183, 017 (a) Two hundred forty three million one hundred eighty three thousand seventeen (b) Two hundred forty million thirty one hundred eighty thousand seventeen (c) Two hundred forty three million one hundred eighty three thousand seventy one (d) Twenty five hundred thirty one million eighty three thousand seventeen 2, Write the numeral (International System) ‘Two hundred twenty five million five hundred thousand seven hundred eighty three. (a) 225, $70, 783 (6) 225, 583, 000 (b) 225, 500, 783 (a) 200, 225, 783 3. Write in the numeral : Three crore fifty one lakh two thousand sixty one. (a)3,51,02,061 —(b) 3, 52,02, 061 (c) 3, 51, 20, O61 (d) 3, 51, 02, 016 4, How many prime numbers between Land 15? (a5 (0)8 ©7 @6 ‘5. The sum of all even numbers below 10 is (a) 20 (b) 10 (c) 19 (a)24 6. Which one of the following statements is true? (a) All even numbers are composite numbers (b) All odd numbers are prime numbers (c) There are infinite prime numbers (d) A prime number can be written as the product of more than two natural number 7. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 32 (a) 687 (b) 340 (c) 712 (d) 551. 8. 7386032 is divisible by (a3 (b)4 (9 (dy ut 9. Which one of the following numbers is divisible by 92 (a) 7532458 (b) 6812348. (C) 6234588 (d) 4701828 10. On dividing a number by 9, the quotient is 12 and remainder is 7. Find the number. (a) 16 (bp 115 (e) 120 (a) 1255 15. v7. 1" 2 6. 7. If Divisor = 132, Quotient = 29, Remainder = 12. Find the dividend. (a) 3480 (b) 3840 (c) 3540 (d) 3380 If Dividend = 19587, Divisor = 156, Remainder = 87. Find the quotient. (a) 150 (b) 75 (c) 125 (d) 110 Find the place value of 9 in the number 9063. {a} 90000 (b) 9800 (c) 9000 (d) 9999 Find the difference of place values of 6 in the number 568976. (a) 54999 (b) 59499 (6) 59949 (a) 59994 The sum of face value of 3 in 6231, 6321 and 3621 is (a) 3033 (b) 9 (c) 3330 (d) 3333 Find the difference between the largest and least number of five digits. (a) 99999 (b) 98999 (¢) 89899 (d) 89999 What is the difference between largest 24 number of four digits and least number of three digits? 2s. (a) 9899 (b) 9989 (©) 998 (a) 8999 ‘The greatest number of five digit which starts from 8 and ends with 7 is 113, So, total number of prime numbers = six. All even numbers below 10 are 2. 4, 6, 8 ~ SuM=(2+4+6+8 =20 There are infinite prime numbers For a number to be divisible by 3, its sum of 19. ‘The sum of the greatest and smallest number of 3 digits is (a) 1099 (b) 1100 (c) 1999 (d) 1090 .. Find the largest number which can be formed by 5, 7, 8, 6. (a) 8765 (b) 7865" (c) 8756 (a) 7856 Find the smallest number which can be formed by 3, 8, 7, 9. (a) 8973 (b) 3789 (¢) 9783 (a) 7398 ‘Choose the correct option, if numbers 806, 860, 086, 260 and 800 are arranged in ascending order (a) 086, 806, 860, 800, 260 (b) 800, 860, 086, 260, 806 (€) 086, 260, 800, 806, 860 (4) 800, 806, 860, 086, 260 The smallest even number formed by using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 is (ay 12345, (b) 12435 (c) 12354 (d) 12453 4152 rounded off to the nearest thousand is (a) 4000 (b) 5000 (c) 4500 (a) 5500 Number 2185 in Roman number. (a) MMCLXXXV_ (b) MMMCLXxV (c) MMCLXXIV (d) MMCLXXXVI In number 97580, if the digits 7 and 5 interchange their places, the difference wie wae Se (a) 1800 (b) 1080 (c) 1008 (d) 1000 Answers la foes wes te fs Te [io | 2 o ls te. testo [16a 19 Ta |= T@ o late late ee I I Hints & Solutions ‘Two hundred forty three million one hundred digits must be divisible by 3. cighty three thousand seventeen, 64847 2 Here, 687 = at 225,500,783 3 }. 3, 51,02,061 ©. 687 is divisible by 3. }. Prime numbers between | and 15 = 2,3, 5, 7, 8. The given number is 7386032. ‘The sum of the digits =7434846+0+3+2=29 and 29 is not divisible by 3, 9 and 11 But, last two digits of a number is 32 which is divisible by 4. Hence, the given number is divisible by 4.y . By option (c), Sum of digits of number 6234588 = 6424344454 8+8=36 Which is divisible by 9. Hence, the number is divisible by 9. ). Number = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder 9x12+7=108+7=115 visor x Quotient + Remainder 32x 29412 = 3828 + 12= 3840 Dividend 156 «Place value of 9 = 91000 = 9000 568976 L_.toxie6 610000 = 60000 Required difference = 6000-6 Write the number 78921092" in international system (@) Seventy eight lakh ninety two thousand ten hundred and ninety two (0) Seven crore eighty nine lakh twenty one thousand and ninety two (©) Seventy eight milion nine hundred twenty one. thousand and ninety two (6) Seven crore eighty nine lakh twenty one thousand and ninety two Which one of the following numbers is divisible by3? (2) 2876423 (b) 9866003 (c) 2845678 (d) 4006020 Dividend = 100400, Quotient = 392, Remainder 18, Divisor = ? (2) 126 (0)226 (0) 256). 268 Find the sum of place and face values of 8 in 43836. (85 (0) 808 (c} 880 (A) 888 The difference between the largest 5-digit ‘number and the smallest 3-digit number is (a) 99809 (0) 89099 (c} 99890 _(d) 98899 Try Yourself Required value= 3+3+3=9 Largest number of five digits = 99999 Least number of five digits = 10000 So, difference = 99999-10000 = 89999 17. Largest number of four digits = 9999 Least number of three digits = 100 <: Difference = 9999-100 = '89997 is the required number. ‘» Greatest number of 3 digits = 999 Smallest number of 3 digits = 100 2. Sum = (999+109 = 1099 20. Largest number = 8765 21, smallest number formed by 3, 8, 7, 9 will be 3789. 22, Required order = 086,260,800,806,860 23. -.Required even number = 12354 24, 4152 rounded off to the nearest thousand is. 4000. 25, 2185 = MMCLXXxV 26. * Original number = 97580 New number = 95780 ‘._ Dilference = 97580-95780 = 1800 Ba 55 6) The number 49532 rounded otf to the nearest thousand is (@) 41000 (b) 59000 (c) 49000 (4) 49500 7) Write the following four numbers in descending order 1, 4203567 2, 4203657 3. 4203756 4, 4203675 (1.2.3.4 (0)9,4,2,1 1,243 (3.2.41 8) In the given number 890436, it you write 0 in place of 4, by how much the resulting number be less than the given number? (@)40——(b) 400 (0) 436d) 36 9) Write 73 as a Roman numeral (@) VIR —(b) LXXIN (6) LOOK (A) LX 10) Write XIX as a number. @2 18 = (19.16 Answers 10 2 30 40 $S@ 6m 70 8% 9h wea4 ~ Fraction and Decimal Fractions Fraction The number of the form e where a and 6 are natural numbers are known as fraction. 123 234 Here, a is called numerator and bis called denominator. eg. A fraction may also be defined as the quotient, obtained on dividing the numerator by denominator. Some figures are given below to understand the fraction in better way. Types of Fraction Proper Fraction Ina fraction when numerator is less than the denominator, it is called as proper fraction, .g. 4/7 is a proper fraction. Improper Fraction Ina fraction when numerator is greater than the denominator, it is called as improper fraction , e.g. 7/4 is an improper fraction. Mixed Fraction AA fraction with a whole number part and a 9 2 fractional partis called as mixed fraction, e.g. 45 is a mixed fraction, Cf Every mixed fraction can be expressed as improper fraction and vice-versa. ° 4 3x744 25 & 7 7 7 Decimal Fraction This type of fractions, is a fraction whose denominator is 10 or a power of 10. 79 3 ¢ ete E 101001000Example1 Express ¢ 2.25 in fraction. 3 1 1 1 MF 2 2% ws; 259 Sob (c) 225 = 13> = 7 = 25 Operations on Fraction Addition of Fractions (i) If denominator of all the fractions are same, then numerators of fractions are added and their addition is divided by denominator. _14547 3 ae (ii) 1f denominator of all the fractions are not same (ie. unequal), take LCM of all the denominators and then divide the LCM by each denominator and then multiply the quotient to the numerator => ? ex. 3,44 7°37 21 = G1/7) x3 + 21/3) x11 4 @1/2) x4 21 3x34 7x1141 x4 947744 21 “OU 21,4, 2, 242433205 7737975 315 461 350 n a ns es igs 4,2 Soi) 2+tete2ar (2213) +8 aa) -(2%e4) (28.3) we ted NN 315 on 410841404126 46 315 M5 Subtraction of Fractions (i) When denominator of all the fractions are same. ir rr rr (ii) When denominator of all the fractions are not same (i.c. unequal) 26 1 ee Seis = 104 13) 12 = (104 /8) x 6 = 104 /13) x1 104 8X12-13x6-8x1_96-78-8 ~ 104 “108 96-86 10 5 104 "104 52 Example 3 Find the value of fraction 752 184 @ 8 Multiplication of Fractions If fraction is in simple form (icc. Proper/Improper fraction), then multiply all the ‘numerators together and denominators separately, then reduce the fraction in its, simplest form, TAS 53 eg txt PARAS ES) 3°56 "2 3x5xox2 spy sx 2x22 Example 4 Multiply 5— x = x 2—. ple By 3 2 7 @ ; OF 12 2,23 Gok (5545 7h Bara 720? 3 3 Division of Fractions If fraction is in simple form, retain the fraction as it is, but take the inverse of all the fraction(s) after division, then multiply them, 2.4.25 105 eg. 2,422.2 3°5°3"4 Cf For multiplication or division of mixed fractions ‘convert them into improper fractions first.Example 5 Simplify the expression 11 : + 153. 29 259 0) a9 © a 451 Sob (b) 14 0153-7 w7 3 "106 Comparison of Fraction ‘There are two Methods of comparison of fraction. 1. Comparing Like Fractions Like fraction are easy to compare, since they have the same denominators. In a series of two or more fractions, if denominators of all the fractions are same, then (i) that fraction will be smallest whose Numerator will be smallest. (ii) that fraction will be highest whose Numerator will be greatest. 7 973 eg. Arrange >, 7, 3 in descending order 8°10" 10"10 : Since, denominator of all are same, then the fraction having greater numerator must be greater as 9 > 7 > 3. And the fraction with Tesser numerator (smaller numerator) must be smaller, 50 the order of the fraction is given below 95753 22,2 10” 10710 2. Comparing Unlike Fractions Two cases arise while comparing unlike fractions Case 1 Fractions with the Same Numerator 5 5 eg. Arrange >, >, 3,9 in ascending order. Se SEw 122331711 : In this case the fraction which has a bigger denominator is smaller. Hence, in the above fractions > is the smallest. 23 Next > V7 then and > is the largest. 2 Therefore, ?< >< B72 Sn Case Il Fractions with Different Numerators Convert these unlike fractions into like fractions bby making the denominator same. eg. Arrange 2, © and 2 in ascending order, The easiest way todo it is to find the LCM of all the denominators. LCM of 3, 5 and 6 is 30. ‘Now, multiply both the numerator and the denominator of all the fractions by suitable ‘numbers to get the denominator as 30. x6_24 5x6 30 Example 6 Arrange the fractions in ascending order @icdet Ria she ‘Sol. (d) First take the LCM of denominators of all the fractions ie, LCM of 3, 7,2=42 1xl4_14 5x6 _ 30 Now, —=— 3x 42 7x6 a2 = teat 21 2x21” 42 1421 Inaseending order, <3 < Example 7 Find the value of 2+02 +002 + 0.002 is (a)2.222 (b) 2.022 (c) 2.220 Sol. (a) 2+ 0.2 +002 + 0.002 =? => 2000 +0.200 +0020 +0002 =? 2000, 200, 20, 2 = ON Se? 1000 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000 2222 222 1000 (a) 2.2222@ Practice Exercise 9. Simplify the decimal fraction 1088.88 + 1800.08 + 1880.80 {a) 0.075 (b)0.75 — (c) 0.0075 (d) 75 (a) 8790.86 (b) 15185.86 1. Change 7% into decimal fraction. 100 * ‘ (c) 5588.80 (d) 4769.76 2. Convert 0.4776 into the fraction. 3 ) A778 10. Arrange 0.583, 0.666 and 0.375 in the 90 (0000 ascending order. 3776 ai” (a) 0.666 > 0.583 > 0.375 ‘F000 100, (b) 0.375 > 0.583 > 0.666 (c) 0.666 > 0.375 > 0.583 Bt Aas ddA) (d) 0.583 > 0.375 > 0.666 t ani (oer ied LL. The number which is to be added 10 0.001 9 toget 1.111 a 10r (a) OAL (b) 0.112 (cy Lt (d) Lat (193 (b) 1.093 12, f 1 _ = 00276, then the value of (c) 1.903, (d) 1.0093 3618 la 5. Arrange the fraction 21,1430 jn amuias ee 42°42 42 ‘| (a) 276 (b) 2760 Cb Ge OL abt (6) 27600 (4) 0.002760 Oana 13, Select the correct answer of a >l4, 30 444.44 +504 45554555 =? 42° 42° 42 (a) 472.88 (b) 495.22 aus. (c) 577.2 (d) None of these 6. Divide the 1.2875 +25. 3 4 (a) 0515 (b) 0.0515 14, 25+ + is equal to (c) 0.00515 (4) 5.15 100 1000 3 5 8 (a) 25.34 (b) 25.304 7. Find the sum of — + + in (c) 25.034, (d) 25.0034 i 100 1000, 5 decimal form. 18, Siddhant spent 2 of his time studying (a) 0853 (0) 3.38 8 (0) 835 (a) 0358 hindi. He spent fas much time studying 8. Simplify th ion 343 PE HES Rimes ai 2 mathematics as hindi, then what fraction B 15 of siddhant’s study time was spent le oe studying mathematics? 4 " 1 3 un 3 wt ae wy m2 wh we Answers 1jo[2fo[s3lol«l@l[slolelm[7l@[sfe |) slolwle ni@ [ato [3 lw oto [1s lw IHints & Solutions 9. 1088.83, 1800.08 +1880.80 4769.76 10. In ascending order 0375.< 0583 < 0666 W. 1111-0001=11 ‘5. Here, the denominator are equal then the 12. Multiply both sides by 10° to get the answer. fraction with smaller numerator must be 13, 44-4444 504+ 5554555 = 62398 smallest, se ~ 30 14, 25+ > + +. = 254 003+ 0004 = 25034 In descending order 75 > 45> 45 100" 1000) 1S. Let the total time of study be x’. So, 6g, 12875 _12875 194 = 515x104 = 00515 «Time for Mathematics = xx2 x= xx B58) Hence, Siddhant spent fof his time studying Mathematics. Try Yourself 1) Simply 0.8697 + 0249+ 009+ 09. 7) Twenty-six and twenty-six hundredths is (a) 2.1025, {b) 2.1087 weitten as (c) 1.1081 (d) 2.5087, (a) 2626 (b) 26.26 = (c) 262.6 (d) 2.626 2 et-121 8) (1+ 11+ 114 1) x11x11=2x 0.121, find the i Stems ese ego eg value of question (2) mark @S oer ost wet ws) Os ba as 5 1 18 8 9) What should come in the following at the place 3) Simplify 165+ 15 + 5x 10. of blank space? (a) 78 (o) 61 (c) 65 (A) 68 0.001 x0.01 = 0.44. 418 24 (a) 0.09999 (b) -0.9900 © Smear ats (©) -90009 (@) -9999 @; OF @f of 10) ‘Aman spent part ot his income on food, = 5) Simply 3084 — (1002 - 2004) part on rent and the remaining & 630 on other (a soseoa by 108208 expenses. His house rent is (0) 5012.04 (6) 3052.52 (a) 85040 (b) 83520 si 1+ 35 (c) & 4840 (@) 8 4458 9 SmelN oe7 Answers 1 1 1 1 4 wo) BI a 1 2@ 3% 40 5 @ © 5 ‘ 2 © 10 @ 9 6 © 7 & 8 @ 9 ( 10