Unit 2 Practice programs in C language

Difficulty level (Low - L, Medium – M, High – H )

Swap two numbers using pointers: (L)

#include <stdio.h>

void swap(int *a, int *b) {

int temp = *a;

*a = *b;

*b = temp;

int main() {

int x = 5, y = 10;

printf("Before swap: x = %d, y = %d\n", x, y);

swap(&x, &y);

printf("After swap: x = %d, y = %d\n", x, y);

return 0;

Array manipulation using pointers: (L)

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int *ptr = arr;

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%d ", *ptr);
ptr++;
}

return 0;
}
Pointer arithmetic: (L)
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int *ptr = arr;

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("Value: %d, Address: %p\n", *ptr, ptr);
ptr++;
}

return 0;
}

Dynamic memory allocation using pointers: (M)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int *ptr;
ptr = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
*ptr = 10;

printf("Value: %d\n", *ptr);

free(ptr);
return 0;
}

Function returning a pointer: (M)

#include <stdio.h>

int *multiplyByTwo(int num) {

int result = num * 2;
return &result;
}

int main() {
int x = 5;
int *ptr = multiplyByTwo(x);

printf("Result: %d\n", *ptr);

return 0;
}

Array of pointers: (L)

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int *ptrArr[5];

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

 ptrArr[i] = &arr[i];
printf("Value: %d, Address: %p\n", *ptrArr[i], ptrArr[i]);
}

return 0;
}

Pointer to functions: (L)

#include <stdio.h>

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;
}

int main() {
int (*ptr)(int, int) = &add;

int result = (*ptr)(10, 5);

printf("Result: %d\n", result);

return 0;
}

Pointer as function parameter: (M)

#include <stdio.h>

void square(int *num) {

*num = (*num) * (*num);
}

int main() {
int x = 5;
square(&x);

printf("Square: %d\n", x);

return 0;
}

String manipulation using pointers: (L)

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
char str[] = "Hello, World!";
char *ptr = str;

while (*ptr != '\0') {

printf("%c", *ptr);
ptr++;
}

return 0;
}

Pointer and Function:

Function Pointer with Parameters:
#include <stdio.h>

// Function that adds two numbers

int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

int main() {
// Declare a pointer to a function that takes two ints and returns an int
int (*ptr)(int, int) = add;

// Call the function using the pointer

int result = ptr(3, 4);

// Print the result

printf("Result: %d\n", result);

return 0;
}

Array of Function Pointers:

#include <stdio.h>

// Function to add two numbers

int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

// Function to subtract two numbers

int subtract(int a, int b) {
return a - b;
}

int main() {
// Declare an array of pointers to functions with the same signature
int (*ptr[2])(int, int) = {add, subtract};

// Call the functions using the array of pointers

printf("Addition result: %d\n", ptr[0](5, 3));
printf("Subtraction result: %d\n", ptr[1](5, 3));

return 0;
}

Function Pointer as a Parameter:

#include <stdio.h>

// Function that takes a function pointer as a parameter

void performOperation(int (*operation)(int, int), int a, int b) {
int result = operation(a, b);
 printf("Result: %d\n", result);
}

// Functions for different operations

int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

int subtract(int a, int b) {

return a - b;
}

int main() {
// Call the performOperation function with different operations
performOperation(add, 8, 3);
performOperation(subtract, 8, 3);

return 0;
}

pointer to string:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
// Declare a pointer to a string (array of characters)
char *message = "Hello, World!";

// Print the string using the pointer

printf("Message: %s\n", message);

// Modify the string through the pointer

message = "Modified String";
printf("Modified Message: %s\n", message);

return 0;
}

C program on malloc()
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int n;

// Get the size of the array from the user

printf("Enter the size of the array: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

// Dynamically allocate memory for an array of integers

int *dynamicArray = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));

// Check if memory allocation is successful

if (dynamicArray == NULL) {
 printf("Memory allocation failed.\n");
return 1; // Exit with an error code
}

// Input elements into the dynamically allocated array

printf("Enter %d elements:\n", n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &dynamicArray[i]);
}

// Display the elements of the dynamically allocated array

printf("Elements in the dynamically allocated array:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("%d ", dynamicArray[i]);
}

// Deallocate the dynamically allocated memory

free(dynamicArray);

return 0;
}

C program on calloc()

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int n;

// Get the size of the array from the user

printf("Enter the size of the array: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

// Dynamically allocate memory for an array of integers using calloc

int *dynamicArray = (int *)calloc(n, sizeof(int));

// Check if memory allocation is successful

if (dynamicArray == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed.\n");
return 1; // Exit with an error code
}

// Input elements into the dynamically allocated array

printf("Enter %d elements:\n", n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &dynamicArray[i]);
}

// Display the elements of the dynamically allocated array

printf("Elements in the dynamically allocated array:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 printf("%d ", dynamicArray[i]);
}

// Deallocate the dynamically allocated memory

free(dynamicArray);

return 0;
}

C program on realloc()

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int n, new_size;

// Get the initial size of the array from the user

printf("Enter the initial size of the array: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

// Dynamically allocate memory for an array of integers

int *dynamicArray = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));

// Check if memory allocation is successful

if (dynamicArray == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed.\n");
return 1; // Exit with an error code
}

// Input elements into the dynamically allocated array

printf("Enter %d elements:\n", n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &dynamicArray[i]);
}

// Display the elements of the dynamically allocated array

printf("Elements in the dynamically allocated array:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("%d ", dynamicArray[i]);
}

// Ask the user for the new size of the array

printf("\nEnter the new size of the array: ");
scanf("%d", &new_size);

// Resize the dynamically allocated array using realloc

int *resizedArray = (int *)realloc(dynamicArray, new_size * sizeof(int));

// Check if reallocation is successful

if (resizedArray == NULL) {
printf("Memory reallocation failed.\n");
 free(dynamicArray); // Free the initial memory allocation
return 1; // Exit with an error code
}

// Update the pointer to the resized array

dynamicArray = resizedArray;

// Input additional elements into the resized array

printf("Enter %d additional elements:\n", new_size - n);
for (int i = n; i < new_size; i++) {
scanf("%d", &dynamicArray[i]);
}

// Display the elements of the resized array

printf("Elements in the resized array:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < new_size; i++) {
printf("%d ", dynamicArray[i]);
}

// Deallocate the dynamically allocated memory

free(dynamicArray);

return 0;
}

C program on free()

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int n;

// Get the size of the array from the user

printf("Enter the size of the array: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

// Dynamically allocate memory for an array of integers

int *dynamicArray = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));

// Check if memory allocation is successful

if (dynamicArray == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed.\n");
return 1; // Exit with an error code
}

// Input elements into the dynamically allocated array

printf("Enter %d elements:\n", n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &dynamicArray[i]);
}

// Display the elements of the dynamically allocated array

 printf("Elements in the dynamically allocated array:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("%d ", dynamicArray[i]);
}

// Deallocate the dynamically allocated memory using free

free(dynamicArray);

// The pointer dynamicArray is now invalid, do not use it anymore

return 0;
}

Pointer to Structure

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

// Define a structure for a person

struct Person {
char name[50];
int age;
float height;
};

int main() {
// Declare a variable of type struct Person
struct Person person1;

// Declare a pointer to struct Person

struct Person *ptrPerson;

// Initialize the pointer to point to person1

ptrPerson = &person1;

// Access and modify members using the pointer

strcpy(ptrPerson->name, "John");
ptrPerson->age = 30;
ptrPerson->height = 6.0;

// Access members using the pointer

printf("Person's name: %s\n", ptrPerson->name);
printf("Person's age: %d\n", ptrPerson->age);
printf("Person's height: %.2f\n", ptrPerson->height);

return 0;
}