C Programming (CSC110)

Sulav Nepal
Email: nep.sulav@live.com
Contact No.: 9849194892
Master’s in Computer Information System (MCIS) – Pokhara University
Bachelor of Science. Computer Science & Information Technology (B.Sc. CSIT) – Tribhuwan University
Microsoft Technology Associate (MTA): Windows Server Administration Fundamentals
Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS): Windows Server 2008 R2, Server Virtualization
Microsoft Specialist (MS): Programming in HTML5 with JavaScript and CSS3
Microsoft Students Partner (MSP) 2012 for Nepal
P
R
E Syllabus
P
A
R
 UNIT 5: Control Statement
E o Conditional Statements
D

B
Y o Decision Making and Branching (if, if else, nested if else, else if ladder,
switch statements)
S
U
L
A
o Decision Making and Looping (for, while, do while loops)
V

N o Exit function
E
P
A o Break and Continue
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E
P
A
R

UNIT 5
E
D

B
Y

S CONTROL STATEMENT
U
L
A
V

N
E
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Error Types in C Programming
P
A
R
 While writing C programs, errors may occur which are also known as
E bugs.
D

B
Y  Errors may occur unwillingly which may prevent the program to
S compile and run correctly as per the expectation of the programmer.
U
L
A
V
 Basically there are three types of errors in C programming:
 Runtime Errors
N
E  Compile Errors
P
A  Logical Errors
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Runtime Errors in C
P
A
R
 C runtime errors are those errors that occur during the execution of a
E C program and generally occur due to some illegal operation
D
performed in the program.
B
Y

S  Examples of some illegal operations that may produce runtime errors

U are:
L
A  Dividing a number by zero
V
 Trying to open a file which does not exist
N  Lack of free memory space
E
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Compile Errors in C
P
A
R
 Compile errors are those errors that occur at the time of compilation
E of the program.
D

B
Y  C compile errors may be further classified as:
S  Syntax Errors
U  Example: 𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎, 𝑏:
L
A  This will produce syntax error as the statement is terminated with ∶ rather than ;
V

N  Semantic Errors
E
P  Example: 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎;
A  Here, we are trying to assign a value of 𝑎 in the value obtained by adding 𝑏 and 𝑐
L which has no meaning in C.
 The correct statement will be: 𝑎 = 𝑏 + 𝑐; 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Logical Errors in C
P
A
R
 Logical errors are the errors in the output of the program.
E
D
 The presence of logical errors leads to undesired or incorrect output.
B
Y

S  These errors are caused due to error in the logic applied in the
U
L program to produce the desired output.
A
V

N  Logical errors could not be detected by the compiler, and thus,

E
P
programmers has to check the entire coding of a C program line by
A line.
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Control Statements
P
A  The statement which alter the flow of execution of the program are known
R
E as control statements.
D

B  Sometimes we have to do certain tasks depending on whether a condition is

Y true or not.
S
U
L  Similarly, it is necessary to perform repeated actions or skip some
A statements.
V

N  For these operations, control statements are needed.

E
P
A
L  There are two types of control statements:
 Decision Making (or branching) Statements
6/28/2022 6:11 AM
 Loop or Repeating Construct
P
R
E Control Statements
P
A  Decision Making (or branching) Statements
R
E
 If statement
D  If…Else statement
 Else…If statement
B
Y
 Nested If…Else statement
 Switch statement
S
U
L  Loop or Repeating Construct
A  For loop
V  While loop
N  Do…While loop
E
P
A  NOTE:
L  Branching is deciding what actions to take
 Looping is deciding how many times to take a certain action
6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Decision Making in C
P
A  Programmer specifies one or more
R
E
conditions to be evaluated.
D

B  If the condition is determined to be true, a

Y statement is executed.

S
U  If the condition is determined to be false,
L the other statements is to be executed.
A
V
 Typical decision making structure found
N
E in most of the programming language is:
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E if Statement
P
A
R
 An if statement consists of a
E Boolean expression followed by
D
one or more statements.
B
Y

S  Syntax:
U if(boolean_expression)
L
A {
V
/* statement(s) will execute if the
N Boolean expression is true */
E
P }
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E if Statement
P
A
R
 If the Boolean expression evaluates to true, then the block of code
E inside the “if ” statement will be executed.
D

B
Y  If the Boolean expression evaluates to false, then the first set of code
S after the end of “if ” statement will be executed.
U
L
A
V
 C programming language assumes any non-zero and non-null values
as true and if it is either zero or null, then it is assumed as false
N
E value.
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Example - 1
P
A
R
#include<stdio.h>
E #include<conio.h>
D
void main()
B
Y {
S
int a=10;
U if(a<20)
L
A {
V
printf("a is less than 20\n");
N
E
}
P
A
printf("Value of a is: %d\n", a);
L getch();
} 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E if…else Statement
P
A
R
 An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which
E executes when the Boolean expression is false.
D

B
Y  Syntax:
S if(boolean_expression)
U
L
{ /* statement(s) will execute if the Boolean expression is true */
A }
V
else
N
E
{ /* statement(s) will execute if the Boolean expression is false */
P }
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E if…else Statement
P
A
R
E
D

B
Y

S
U
L
A
V

N
E
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E if…else Statement
P
A
R
 If the Boolean expression evaluates to true, then the if block will be
E executed, otherwise, the else block will be executed.
D

B
Y  C programming language assumes any non-zero and non-null values
S as true and if it is either zero or null, then it is assumed as false
U value.
L
A
V

N
E
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Example - 2
P
A #include<stdio.h>
R #include<conio.h>
E
D void main()
{
B int a=100;
Y
if(a<20)
S {
U printf("a is less than 20\n");
L
A
}
V else
{
N
E
printf("a is not less than 20\n");
P }
A printf("Value of a is %d", a);
L
getch();
} 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E if…else if…else Statement
P
A  An if statement can be followed by an optional else if . . . else
R
E statement, which is very useful to test various conditions.
D

B  Syntax:
Y
if(boolean_expression1)
S
U
{ /* statement(s) will execute if the Boolean expression 1 is true */
L }
A
V else if(boolean_expression2)
{ /* statement(s) will execute if the Boolean expression 2 is true */
N
E }
P else
A
L { /* statement(s) will execute if both Boolean expressions are false */
}
6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Example - 3
P
A #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
R
void main()
E
{
D int a=100;
if(a==10)
B {
Y printf("Value of a is 10\n");
}
S else if(a==20)
U {
L printf("Value of a js 20\n");
A }
else if(a==30)
V
{
printf("Value of a is 30\n");
N }
E else
P {
A printf("None of the values are matching\n");
L }
printf("Exact value of a is %d\n",a);
getch(); 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
}
P
R
E Nested if Statement
P
A
R
 It is always legal in C programming to nest if-else statements, i.e. you
E can use one if or else if statement inside another if or else if
D
statement(s).
B
Y

S  Syntax:
U if(boolean_expression1)
L
A { /* statement(s) will execute if the Boolean expression 1 is true */
V
if(boolean_expression2)
N
E
{/* statement(s) will execute if the Boolean expression 2 is true */
P }
A
L }
6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Example - 4
P
A #include<stdio.h>
R #include<conio.h>
E
D void main()
{
B int a=100, b=200;
Y
if(a==100)
S {
U if(b==200)
L
A
{
V printf("Value of a is 100 & b is 200\n");
}
N
E
}
P printf("Exact value of a is: %d\n",a);
A printf("Exact value of b is: %d\n",b);
L
getch();
} 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Loop Control Statements
P
A
R
 Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence.
E
D
 When execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were
B
Y created in that scope are destroyed.
S
U
L  C supports the following control statements:
A
V  break statement
 continue statement
N
E  goto statement
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Break Statement
P
A
R
 The break statement in C programming has the following two usages:
E  When a break statement is encountered inside a loop, the loop is
D
immediately terminated and the program control resumes at the next
B statement following the loop.
Y

S
U  It can be used to terminate a case in the switch statement.
L
A
V
 Syntax:
N break;
E
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Example - 5
P
A #include<stdio.h>
R #include<conio.h>
E
D void main()
{
B int a=10;
Y
while(a<20)
S {
U printf("Value of a: %d\n",a);
L
A
a++;
V if(a>15)
{
N
E
break;
P }
A }
L
getch();
} 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Continue Statement
P
A  The continue statement in C programming works somewhat like the break
R
E statement.
D

B  Instead of forcing termination, it forces the next iteration of the loop to

Y take place, skipping any code in between.
S
U
L  For the for loop, continue statement causes the conditional test and
A increment portions of the loop to execute.
V

N  For the while and do…while loops, continue statement causes the program
E
P control to pass to the conditional tests.
A
L
 Syntax:
6/28/2022 6:11 AM
continue;
P
R
E Example - 6
P
A #include<stdio.h>
R
E int main()
D
{
B int i=1; //initializing a local variable
Y
//starting a loop from 1 to 10
S for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
U
L
{
A if(i==5)
V { //if value of i is equal to 5, it will continue the loop
continue;
N
E }
P printf("%d \n",i);
A } //end of for loop
L
return 0;
} 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E break vs. continue
P
A
R
break continue
E
D The break statement is used to terminate the
The continue statement is used to bypass the
control from the switch…case structure as well in
B execution of the further statements.
the loop.
Y
When the break statement is encountered, it
When the continue statement is encountered, it
S terminates the execution of the entire loop or
bypasses single pass of the loop.
U switch case.
L
It doesn’t bypass the current loop though it
A It is used to bypass current pass through a loop.
V transfers the control out of the loop.
The loop doesn’t terminate when continue is
N The loop terminates when a break is encountered.
encountered.
E
P Syntax: break; Syntax: continue;
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E goto Statement
P
A
R
 To alter the normal sequence of program execution by
E unconditionally transferring control to some other part of the
D
program.
B
Y

S  General expression:
U  goto label:
L
A  Here, label is an identifier used to label the target statement to which the control
V would be transferred.
N
E
P  Generally the use of goto statement is avoided as it makes program
A
L
illegible.
6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E goto Statement
P
A
R
 This statement is used in unique situations like:
E  Branching around statements or group of statements under certain
D
conditions.
B
Y
 Jumping to the end of a loop under certain conditions, thus bypassing
S
U the remainder of the loop during current pass.
L
A
V  Jumping completely out of the loop under certain conditions,
N
terminating the execution of a loop.
E
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Example - 7
P
A /* Program to calculate the sum and average of positive numbers. If the user enters a negative number, the sum and
R average are displayed */
E #include <stdio.h>
D int main()
{
B int maxInput = 100,i;
Y double number, average, sum = 0.0;
for (i = 1; i <= maxInput; ++i)
S {
U printf("%d. Enter a number: ", i);
scanf("%lf", &number);
L
if (number < 0.0)
A {
V goto jump; // go to jump if the user enters a negative number
}
N sum += number;
E }
P jump:
A average = sum / (i - 1);
L printf("Sum = %.2f\n", sum);
printf("Average = %.2f", average);
return 0;
6/28/2022 6:11 AM
}
P
R
E Switch Statement
P
A  Switch statement allows a program to select one statement for execution of a set of alternatives.
R
E  Only one of the possible statements will be executed, the remaining statements will be skipped.
D
 The multiple usage of if…else statement increases the complexity of the program, hard to read, and difficult to follow the
program.
B
Y
 Switch statement removes these disadvantages by using a simple and straight forward approach.
S
 Syntax:
U
switch(expression)
L { case caseConstant1:
A statement(s);
V break;
case caseConstant2:
N statement(s);
break;
E
.
P .
A .
L default:
statement;
} 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Switch Statement
P
A  The following rules apply to a switch statement:
R  The expression used in a switch statement must have an integral or enumerated type.
E
D  You can have any number of case statements within a switch. Each case is followed by the value to be
compared to and a colon.
B
Y  The caseConstant for a case must be the same data type as the variable in the switch, and it must be a
constant or a literal.
S
U  When the variable being switched on is equal to a case, the statements following that case will execute
L until a break statement is reached.
A
V  When a break statement is reached, the switch terminates, and the flow of control jumps to the next
line following the switch statement.
N
E  Not every case needs to contain a break. If no break appears, the flow of control will fall through to
P subsequent cases until a break is reached.
A
L  A switch statement can have an optional default case, which must appear at the end of the switch. The
default case can be used for performing a task when none of the cases is true. No break is needed in
the default case. 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Example - 8
P
#include<stdio.h>
A
#include<conio.h>
R void main()
E {
D int choice;
LOOP:
printf("Select 1 for file, 2 for Edit, 3 for Save\n");
B printf("1==>File\n2==>Edit\n3==>Save\n");
Y scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
S {
case 1:
U
printf("\nYou have chosen File Menu Item\n");
L break;
A case 2:
V printf("\nYou have chosen Edit Menu Item\n");
break;
case 3:
N printf("\nYou have chosen Save Menu Item\n");
E break;
P default:

A printf("\nINVALID OPTION CHOSED\n");

goto LOOP;
L }
getch();
} 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Loop or Repeating Construct
P
A
R
 You may encounter situations, when a block of code needs to be
E executed several number of times.
D

B
Y  Programming languages provide various control structures that allow
S for more complicated execution paths.
U
L
A
V
 A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of
statements multiple times.
N
E
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E for Loop
P
A  A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a
R specific number of times.
E
D  The syntax for a for loop in C programming language is:
for(init ; condition ; increment)
B { statement(s);
Y }

S  The init step is executed first, and only once. This step allows you to declare and initialize any loop control
U variables.
L
A  Next, the condition is evaluated. If it is true, the body of the loop is executed. If it is false, the body of the loop
V does not execute and the flow of control jumps to the next statement just after the for loop.

N  After the body of the for loop executes, the flow of control jumps back up to the increment statement. This
E statement allows you to update any loop control variables. This statement can be left blank, as long as a
P semicolon appears after the condition.
A
L  The condition is now evaluated again. If it is true, the loop executes and the process repeats itself. After the
condition becomes false, the for loop terminates.
6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Example - 9
P
A
R
#include<stdio.h>
E
D
#include<conio.h>
B
void main()
Y {
S int a;
U
L for(a=10;a<=20;a++)
A
V {
N printf("Value of a is %d\n",a);
E
P }
A
L getch();
} 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E while Loop
P
A  A while loop in C programming repeatedly executes a target statement as
R
E long as a given condition is true.
D

B  The syntax for a while loop in C programming language is:

Y
while(condition)
S { statement(s);
U }
L
A
V
 Statement(s) may be a single statement or a block of statements.
N
E
P  The condition may be any expression, and true is any nonzero value.
A
L
 The loop iterates while the condition is true.
6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Example - 10
P
A
R
#include<stdio.h>
E #include<conio.h>
D
void main()
B
Y {
S
int a=10;
U while(a<20)
L
A {
V
printf("Value of a is %d\n",a);
N
E
a++;
P
A
}
L getch();
} 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E do…while Loop
P
A  Unlike for and while loops, which test the loop condition at the top of the
R
E loop, the do…while loop in C programming checks its condition at the
D bottom of the loop.
B
Y  A do…while loop is similar to a while loop, except the fact that it is
S guaranteed to execute at least one time.
U
L
A  The syntax for a do…while loop in C programming language is:
V
do
N { statement(s);
E } while(condition);
P
A
L
 Conditional expression appears at the end of the loop, so the statement(s)
in the loop executes once before the condition is tested. 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Example - 11
P
A
R
#include<stdio.h>
E #include<conio.h>
D
void main()
B
Y {
S
int a=10;
U do
L
A {
V
printf("Value of a is %d\n",a);
N
E
a++;
P
A
} while(a<20);
L getch();
} 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E for vs. while
P
A
R
for while
E
D It is definite loop It may be definite and may not be definite

B
The loop expression is scattered throughout the
The loop expression is within a one block
Y program
It contains three expressions It contains only one expression
S
U Syntax: Syntax:
L for(init; condition; increment/decrement) while(test expression)
A { statement(s); } { body of loop }
V

N
E
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E while vs. do…while
P
A
R
while do…while
E
D do…while loop is exit-controlled loop. i.e. the
while loop is entry-controlled loop. i.e. test
body of the loop is executed first without checking
B condition is evaluated first and body of loop is
condition and at the end of body of loop, the
Y executed only if this test is true.
condition is evaluated for repetition of next time.
S The body of the loop may not be executed at all if
U the condition is not satisfied at the very fist The body of loop is always executed at least once.
L attempt.
A
V Loop is not terminated with semicolon. Loop is terminated with semicolon.
Syntax:
N Syntax:
do{
E while(test expression)
Body of loop
P { body of loop }
A
}while(test expression);
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Nested loops in C
P
A
R
 C programming allows to use one loop inside another loop.
E
D
 The inner loop is said to be nested within the outer loop.
B
Y  Nested for loop
S  Nested while loop
U
L
 Nested do…while loop
A
V

N
E
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Nested for loop
P
A
R
for(init; condition; increment)
E
D
{ for(init; condition; increment)
B
{ statement(s);
Y }
S statement(s);
U
L }
A
V

N
E
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Nested for loop
P
A #include<stdio.h>
R
E #include<conio.h>
D
void main()
B {
Y
int i, j;
S
U for(i=1; i<=9; i++)
L {
A
V for(j=1; j<=i; j++)
N printf("%d",i);
E printf("\n");
P
A }
L
getch();
} 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Nested while loop
P
A
R
while(condition)
E
D
{ while(condition)
B
{ statement(s);
Y }
S statement(s);
U
L }
A
V

N
E
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Nested while loop
P
A #include <stdio.h>
R
E
int main()
D {
int a = 1, b = 1;
B while(a <= 5)
Y
{
S b = 1;
U while(b <= 5)
L {
A printf("%d ", b);
V b++;
}
N printf("\n");
E a++;
P }
A
return 0;
L
}
6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Nested do…while loop
P
A
R
do
E
D
{ statement(s);
B
do
Y { statement(s);
S } while(condition);
U
L }while(condition);
A
V

N
E
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E Nested do while loop
P
A #include <stdio.h>
R
E int main()
D
{
B do
Y
{
S printf("I'm from outer do-while loop ");
U do
L
{
A
V printf("\nI'm from inner do-while loop ");
}
N while(1 > 10);
E
P }
A while(2 > 10);
L
return 0;
} 6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E exit function
P
A  The C library function void exit(int status) terminates the
R
E calling process immediately.
D

B #include<stdio.h>
Y
#include<conio.h>
S void main()
U
L {
A printf("Start of the program . . . \n");
V
printf("Exiting the program . . . \n");
N exit(0);
E
P printf("End of the program . . . \n");
A
L
getch();
}
6/28/2022 6:11 AM
P
R
E
P
A
R
E
D

B
Y

S
END OF UNIT FIVE
U
L
A
V

N
E
P
A
L

6/28/2022 6:11 AM