Maximising and Minimising Across

Multicolour Pathways
Green Steel World Conference
Essen, 26-27 June 2024

Joachim von Schéele

Making our world more productive

Linde Offerings for Steel Decarbonization

Blue H2 Green H2 Ammonia & H2 Underground

Pipelines
SMR/ATR Electrolysis Methanol Plants Liquefaction storage
Hydrogen Supply

CO2 Capture Compression & Cryogenic Logistics &

CO2

pretreatment OASE © BLUE HISORP© CC Separation distribution Storage (CCS)

Low Carbon Fuels Syngas with Hot Oxygen Technology

Oxyfuel burner technology

Oxyfuel Combustion H2 Combustion

2
World Steel Production; Status Quo – Quo Vadis?

2023 Leading Natural Gas Based

DRI Producing Countries
Country DRI (Mt)
Iran 35
Russia 8
Saudi Arabia 7
Egypt 6
Mexico 6
USA 5
UAE 4
Algeria 3

Steel production in Europe represents

about 7% of current world output
Some Estimates on the Future Steel Production

• World steel production to grow with a CAGR at 1.0-1.5%

per year over the next 15 years
• World steel scrap availability to grow more than steel
production
• China, Europe, US production development all flat or
declining
• Biggest production growth in India, +150 Mt/y, half of
world growth until 2040
• Doubling production in Middle East including Iran
• Total CO2 emissions from steel production to be reduced
• Largest reductions of CO2 emissions in China
• The expected change of CO2 emissions from the steel
industry until 2040:
• Europe: -60% (less production, more scrap input)
• China: -40% (more scrap input, less production)
• India: +100%
Increase of DRI Production and Use of Hydrogen

• Production of DRI is estimated to have

roughly doubled by 2040, reaching about
250 Mt/y
• Production of DRI in Europe by 2040 could
reach up to 20 Mt/y, but probably less
• Use of hydrogen in the steel industry by
2040 is estimated at 15 Mt/y, equivalent to
around 100 GW electrolyzer capacity in
operation, however, likely to mainly be
supplied as “blue hydrogen”
• Increased use of DRI and hydrogen will
Current world electrolyzer manufacturing capacity is estimated reduce the CO2 emissions from the world
at <10 GW/y, expected to reach maximum 20 GW/y by 2030
steel industry by about 20% in 2040

5
Low Emission Steel Standard (LESS) – Germany

BF

DRI

Goal

6
Maximising and Minimising

• Low carbon footprint electricity

• Electrification
• Scrap input
• Blast furnaces: Pellets, HBI
• Stove Oxygen Enrichment
• Blast furnace top gas recycling
• Carbon Capture
• Syngas from “waste”
• Energy-efficiency
• Oxyfuel combustion
• Hydrogen as a reductant and a fuel
• Replace batch operation with
continuous operation
7
On track to meet our 1 2 3 4
commitment and beyond... Greater energy
and
Higher use of
scrap in the
Expansion of the
forestry base
and invesment
Investments in
new technology
opperational production and open
in renewable
efficiency matrix innovation
energy

t C O 2e p e r t o n n e o f s t e e l

0.93 0.05
0.03 0.03 Gerdau 2023 steel output:
0.82 0.10 13 Mt across the Americas
0.72 0.32

Neutrality
2050
0.40

GERDAU

2020 Energy and

Opperational
Coke Route Renewable
Electricity
TARRGET

2031 100%
OPPORTUNITY

2031 Update BFs/

DRI/ HBI
Disruptive
Technology
Improvements Renewable
Efficiency (Commitment) Electricity + Compensation
Stove Oxygen Enrichment

Dome T/C ► Dome T/C ►

Hot Blast ◄ Hot Blast ◄

Comb Air ► CA+O2 ►

►Exhaust ►Exhaust
Hot BFG+NG ► ◄Cold Blast Hot BFG ► ◄Cold Blast

BFG + NG/COG “sweetening” BFG + OE Air

Decarbonization of Blast Furnaces
COG, NG

Blast Furnace Gas

Power Stoves Hot Strip Mill,

Plant Other
CO2 t/t 1.0 t/t 0.4 t/t 0.6 t/t
% CO2 18.5% 29%* 24%
Flow, Nm3/h 800,000 215,000 400,000
2.5 Mt/y BF

LINDE CO2 OASE® Blue HISORP® CC HISORP® CC

CARBON CAPTURE
Technology HISORP® CC
FUELS

H2
CO2 Storage

Syngas
with
HOT* CO2 Utilization

*HOT = Hot Oxygen Technology 10

Decarbonization of Direct Reduction Plant

Flue Gas

High Purity

Top Gas

CO2 Removal CO2 Removal Flue Gas

CO2 t/t 0.3 t/t 0.2 t/t
% CO2 95% 9-15%
Flow, Nm3/h 50,000 355,000
2.5 Mtpa DRI
Bustle Gas CO2, MTPA 0.75 MTpa 0.50 Mtpa
2.5 MTPA DRI
Process
Gas
LINDE CO2 CO2 Processing OASE® Blue
Natural Gas CARBON CAPTURE
Heater Technology Unit (CPU) HISORP® CC

H2

COG
If excess COG is available

11
HISORP® CC Adsorptive CO2 Removal

Features TRL 9
▪ CO2 capture rate >95% @
<400 kWh/ton CO2
▪ 100% renewable power
possible
▪ No steam requirement =
no secondary CO2
emissions
▪ No washing agents
▪ Dry CO2 output. Less
post-treatment

Linde References (selected)

DRI Process [Nm3/h]
COREX/MIDREX 500,000
Finex 105,000
HYL 165,000
COREX 320,000
COREX 320,000
4/6/2024 12
Main Hydrogen Supply Options

24 MW PEM Electrolyzer at
Yara in Porsgrunn, Norway. It is much, much easier to transport CO2, ATR with CCS supplying
Currently world’s largest. than to transport hydrogen. Celense I Texas

All Hydrogen Supply Options are Good as Long as They Lower the Carbon Footprint
13
Typical Carbon Footprint of Hydrogen Produced by Electrolyzer

kg CO2 per kg H2

1
2

10

Cost of electric power typically represents 60-70% 5

of cost to produce hydrogen in an electrolyzer

Today, about half of the components in an

electrolyzer, are “standard components”

14
Why Low Carbon Hydrogen?
Transition NG → Blue → Green

Compared to hydrogen from electrolyzer:

• LCH is cheaper than Green H2 in many geographies. Natural gas → ATR + CCS → Blue Hydrogen
• Available at large scale (1 GW plant = 220,000 t/y)
• Technology is mature and ready for commercial
implementation.

Compare to steel mill CO2 capture:

• Multi-point CO2 capture is expensive. LCH can be
sent to multiple locations in the steel mill to
decarbonize the whole plant.

Blue ATR

BF DRI EAF Reheat Pellet

Carbon footprint can be at 1-2 kg CO2 per kg H2

H2
15
 Low Carbon Fuels; Generation of Syngas

Linde’s Hot Oxygen Technology

Gasification of low carbon feedstocks
SOLID*
• Biomass
• Municipal Solid Waste
• Plastics
LIQUID
• Ethanol
• Pyoil
GAS
• Coke oven gas
• Natural Gas

▪ Efficient, small-scale gasifier to generate hot syngas

▪ Up to 35,000 Nm3/h syngas per unit

Blast Furnace DRI

▪ Maximize injectant levels, coke replacement ▪ Alternate approach to decarbonization of DRI
▪ Achieve CO2 savings without cost penalty ▪ Advantages over H2:
▪ Maximize BF decarbonization, asset utilization ▪ Cost/economics
▪ Source of carbon for DRI

16
* Solid feedstocks require a primary gasifier before HOT
Route to Decarbonize Melting and Heating Operations

Natural Gas Hydrogen

(carbon-containing fuel) (carbon-free fuel)
Fuel
Savings
Oxygen Combustion
O2 + NG O2 + H2

20-50%

Air + NG
Air H2 Air Combustion

0% 20-50% 100%
CO2 Reduction
17
REBOX® Oxyfuel Solutions in Steel Reheating and Annealing
180+ Installations at 40+ Steel Mills

Installations of REBOX Flameless Oxyfuel Solutions in Steel

Reheating have Resulted in:
➢Capacity Increase by up to 50%
➢Fuel Savings of up to 50% (some cases 65%)
➢Reduction of CO2 Emission by up to 50%, by 100% with H2
➢Reduction of NOX Emission
➢Improved temperature uniformity, <5°C
➢Decrease of Scale Losses by up to 50%

18
REBOX® HLL
Hybrid Solution
Linde patented add-on system, typically put in the
pre-heating and/or heating zones. 26 installations.

High-velocity oxygen lancing combined with air-

fuel. No shutdown required for installation.

10-30% lower fuel consumption and CO2 emissions,

lower NOx emissions; increased throughput.

Commissioned in 2022 and 2023:

• Jindal Stainless, India
• Celsa, Norway
• Amsteel, Malaysia
• ArcelorMittal, Duisburg, Germany
• Outokumpu, Avesta, Sweden
• ArcelorMittal, Hamburg, Germany
To be commissioned in 2024
• Tata Steel, Jamshedpur, India
REBOX HLL is in operation in 300 t/h Walking Beam Furnaces at SSAB • Erdemir, Turkey
in Sweden and Masteel in China
• Siam Yamato Steel, Thailand 19
World’s First Fossil Free Heated Steel

Ovako Steel, Hofors, Sweden

18th of March 2020
25 tons of ball bearing steel heated with
REBOX Flameless Oxyfuel using 100% Hydrogen

Full-scale permanent installation

commissioned early 2024, in operation in
24 Soaking Pit Furnaces, saving 20,000 t
CO2 annually
20
REBOX® - Saving Fuel, Prepared for Hydrogen
From Air-fuel to 100% Full Flameless Oxyfuel

>25% Less Fuel Consumption

50% Less NOx Emissions

2023 Conversion at Imatra A Hydrogen Ready System

Steel Mill in Finland

75 t/h Walking Beam Furnace

for Reheating of Blooms

21
REBOX®
Hydrogen as a fuel in a Walking Beam Furnace

First-of-its-kind, industry-scale demonstration of

hydrogen fired continuous walking beam reheating
furnace to take place at a Gerdau steel mill in the USA
REBOX® DST Installation at Yongxing, Huzhou, China
Continuous Annealing of Wire Rod, 60 t/h

➢ Stainless steel wire rod 200 and 300 series,

4-20 mm diameter
➢ Continuous process replacing Batch Processes
➢ This is the world’s most energy efficient
stainless wire rod annealing: 80 -90% fuel
savings compared to batch annealing
➢ Use of energy-efficient REBOX Flameless Oxyfuel
➢ Continuous Environmental Authority online
monitoring of NOx

23
OXYGON® Flameless Oxyfuel Ladle Preheating
200+ Installations; Ready for Using Hydrogen as Fuel

➢ Faster heating providing shorter heating cycles for less

ladles in circulation
➢ 75-80% reduced flue gases due to less fuel and no
nitrogen in combustion
➢ Up to 60% lower fuel consumption and CO2 emissions
➢ More homogeneous heat distribution and improved
temperature uniformity in the ladle
➢ Possibility to reach very high pre-heating temperatures
if wanted (e.g., 1500oC); a recent installation reported
20 kWh/t electricity savings in the EAF
➢ Ultra low NOx emissions
➢ Can operate with H2 or mixtures of H2 and other fuels;
100% H2 can give 100% reduction of CO2 emissions

24
Near-term Activities, Multiple Solutions, Long-term
Development Projects

Carbon Carbon Free

Near-Term (to ~2030) Mid-Term (to ~2040) Long-Term (to ~2050)

Pellets replacing sinter Carbon Capture Full use of hydrogen as

More charge of scrap and DRI Low-carbon fuels a reductant
Increased Energy-efficiency Partial use of hydrogen as Hot end at renewable
a reductant energy supply, cold end at
Use of hydrogen as a fuel
market
Carbon Footprint Certificates Low Carbon Footprint Steel is
the norm Green Steel is the norm

The pace will be different in different parts of the world. Viable supply
of renewable power might be more pace-determining than technology.
25
The Role of Europe in Decarbonizing the Steel Industry

Some Strengths
• Has maintained a „though leadership“
• Stringent legislation
• Good technology position
• Home of reference installations for transition
• Impact of CBAM
Some Weaknessess
• Continued decrease in relative economic power
• Decreasing global soft power
• Contradicting approaches towards China
• Ongoing deindustrialisation
• Facing fiscal constraints?
• A rather tiny player in the world steel industry
 Thank you for your attention!
joachim.von.scheele@linde.com
www.linde.com

Making our world more productive