In engineering science, 2 machine can be defined as: ‘Apparatus using mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task.’ The simplest example is the lever, for even though it has no moving parts it meets the description. The single sheave pulley block, which in its basic form, serves only to reverse the direction of the force is the simplest moving machine. (© LEA ACADEMY P1E 2015 v1.0 Module 7z Weight and Force Although not strictly true, we will consider weight and force to be equal and expressed in the same units. Ina lifting machine a small weight or force is used to lift a larger weight or force. We call the force required to do the lifting, the effort, and the force being lifted, the load. If we consider the single pulley and ignore friction, then if the load and effort are equal they will be in balance and remain stationary, that is to say be in Equilibrium. (© LEEA ACADEMY P1E 2015 v1.0 Module 7The Lever and Moments of Force At the beginning of this module, we mentioned that a lever may be considered as the most basic of machines. There are many examples of the Lever in our every day life, some are obvious others not so obvious, eg a spanner is an obvious example but a less obvious example is a jib crane.When a force is applied to a Lever it gives it a turning effect, which is known as the Moment of Force or Turning Moment. The Moment of Force = Force x shortest distance to the line of action of the force Foor) ‘isan (D) When we apply a force (F) on the spanner at a distance (d) from the centre of the bolt, the turning moment on the bolt is F x d © LEEA ACADEMY P1E 2015 v1.0 Module 7=. £ Torque Torque is important to the examiner and tester. For example the nuts of wire rope grips must be set to the correct torque, as must the foundation bolts of crane structures. These are set using a Torque Wrench, which allows the nuts to be tightened to a known torque. In the course of our duties it is often necessary to check that nuts have been correctly tightened to the required torque. © LEEA ACADEMY P1E 2015 v1.0 Module 7The Couple This type of Turning Moment is known as a Couple, where two equal and parallel forces are applied symmetrically about a point. Here they act about a bolt centre (0). The forces here are acting anti clockwise and would cause the bolt to turn. If however the forces were applied in opposite directions the lever would remain stationary, that is in Equilibrium, as the Anti clockwise Moment about point 0 = Clockwise Moment about point 0, Point ‘0’ is the Pivot Point or Fulcrum about which the forces act. @) fe (© LEEA ACADEMY P1E 2015 v1.0 Module 7on cE Mechanical Advantage Any increase in the effort will move the load. In more complicated machines, e.g. a hand chain hoist, the effort required to move the load is usually much smaller than the load. Their relationship is known as the Mechanical Advantage. The mechanical advantage allows the device to perform the task for which it was designed. If we consider the Mechanical Advantage of a simple winch, we can see that by increasing the lines of cable between the winch and the vehicle being pulled, we can pull more then the working load limit of the winch, e.g: 1t WLL winch and 1 line of cable = 1t Max. tow weight 1t WLL winch and 2 lines of cable = 2t Max. tow weight 1t WLL winch and 3 lines of cable = 3t Max. tow weight (ignoring friction) © LEEA ACADEMY P1E 2015 v1.0 Module 7E Mechanical Advantage A chain hoist is operated by hand. An operator will pull down on one of the chain loops on one side of the chain. This will turn a pulley mechanism inside the chain hoist housing. When this pulley turns, it will lift up the end of the other chain which usually has a hook on the end. By pulling down on one chain, the manual hoist is actually able to increase the mechanical work that is being done. This is caused by the gear ratio inside the manual chain hoist. Typically, the force exerted on the hand chain can be multiplied by the gearbox as much as 30 times. aie praeanewir sake caauuandayoo z Mechanical Advantage In our opening comments we saw that the relationship of Load (W) to Effort (P) is known as the Mechanical Advantage (MA) Hence Mechanical Advantages =2%4, gy 44m Effort P Since the units of load and effort are the same MA has no units and is a simple ratio. If we know the load to be lifted and the effort applied to a machine we can calculate the Mechanical Advantage. © LEA ACADEMY P1E 2015 v1.0 Module 7Velocity Ratio The machine can move very large forces by applying only small ones. Unfortunately, as we all know, you never get something for nothing and in order to move the load a short distance it is necessary for the effort to travel a greater distance. The relationship between these movements is called the Velocity Ratio (VR). Distance moved by effort Distance moved by load Hence VR= The illustration opposite shows a series of pulleys where the load travels 1 metre for 4 metres of line pulled through the system. VR= 4 er kX MOeanT eae an: to ee,No matter how well a machine is designed we can never get out more in total than we put in, in fact we get out far less. This is due in the main to Friction, which is the enemy of movement. For example, in a simple pulley a loss of between 5% 8% of the force is accounted for by Friction in the sheave, therefore the more sheaves the greater the loss and the lower the Efficiency as the friction is cumulative We can determine the Efficiency by comparing the total input with the total output and this is known as Work Done. In a lifting machine the Work Input is the effort and distance moved by the effort, the Work Output is the load and distance moved by the load, The Efficiency will therefore be the Work Output divided by the Work input. (© LEA ACADEMY P1E 2015 v1.0 Module 7 Now Efficiency Now efficiency Work Input Soveffcioney = Loa! xDistce Moved By Load Effort x Distance Moved By Effort i U0 44 ang Districe Moved By Load Effort Distance Moved By Effort Inversion of VR which expressed as recon say 1 Ma Efficiency = MA x— or <> fceney= MA or Exficioncy is expressed as a percentage sowe say: yeild Effiiancy = 100 is theWhat is the turning moment, applied to the spanner shown, if a force of 15N is applied at a distance of 2.5m? (Enter number only) 37.5 LST cy Lardy