Study Guide

Department of Statistics

Statistics 110

STK 110

© 2024 University of Pretoria

Table of Contents
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Welcome ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Module calendar: important dates and overview ........................................................... 1
1.3 Learning approach in the discipline ................................................................................ 2
2 Administrative information........................................................................................ 2
2.1 General information ...................................................................................................... 2
3.1.1 clickUP............................................................................................................................................... 2
3.1.2 Code of Conduct ............................................................................................................................... 2
3.1.3 MindTap ............................................................................................................................................ 3
3.1.4 Students with special needs ............................................................................................................. 3
3.2 Communication with students ....................................................................................... 3
3.2.1 Emails ................................................................................................................................................ 3
3.2.2 clickUP............................................................................................................................................... 3
3.3 Contact details .............................................................................................................. 3
3.4 Timetable ..................................................................................................................... 4
3.5 Study material and purchases ........................................................................................ 5
4 Module information .................................................................................................. 5
4.1 Purpose of the module .................................................................................................. 5
4.2 Articulation with other modules in the programme........................................................ 5
4.3 Credit map and notional hours for STK110 ..................................................................... 6
4.4 Weekly activity schedule (subject to change) ................................................................. 7
4.5 Course structure (study units) ........................................................................................ 8
4.6 Assessment ................................................................................................................... 9
4.6.1 Tests of 2024 (all tests are written on campus) ................................................................................ 9
4.6.2 Sick tests ......................................................................................................................................... 10
4.6.3 Composition of semester mark....................................................................................................... 10
4.6.4 Composition of final mark .............................................................................................................. 10
4.6.5 Plagiarism........................................................................................................................................ 10

5 Support services ...................................................................................................... 11

5.1 Other support services ................................................................................................ 11
5.2 EMS student support by Faculty Student Advisors * ..................................................... 12
6 Study components & learning objectives ................................................................. 13
SYLLABUS THEME I ....................................................................................................................................... 13
SYLLABUS THEME II ...................................................................................................................................... 18
SYLLABUS THEME III ..................................................................................................................................... 22
1 Introduction
1.1 Welcome
We would like to welcome you as a valued student enrolled for the STK110 module in the 2024
academic year. We trust that you will find the course educational and interesting and that it will be of
considerable value to you in your future studies and career. We also trust that you intend to make a
success of this module as it is a determining factor for admission to certain other modules in further
years of study. Inform yourself very carefully regarding these requirements as stipulated in the
yearbook for your specific program of study.

Note that regular preparation and regular class attendance are of cardinal importance for success in
this module. The nature of the learning areas is such that it cannot be mastered in a brief period before
a test. It requires sustained and continuous attention on a daily basis. Students who are motivated
and hardworking will make a success of STK110. The staff in the department are also committed to do
everything possible to provide advice with respect to academic problems that you may encounter.

We hope that you have a joyful time learning about statistics and how this discipline already fits into
all facets of your life.

1.2 Module calendar: important dates and overview

The University’s flipped learning model for full-time students assumes three phases in teaching and
learning, namely (a) preparation before class, (b) engagement in class and (c) consolidation after class.
With regards to the teaching model for STK110, the transfer of information takes place by pre-reading
of the textbook and notes, accessing pre-recorded videos available in clickUP and using the MindTap
interactive online-homework system for pre- and post-class assignments as well as Excel assignments,
occasionally also available in clickUP. As such, clickUP forms an integral part of our learning tools and
therefore it is essential to visit the STK110 clickUP page on a daily basis.

Activities will commence on 19 February 2024 with a hybrid teaching program following the dates set
out in Section 4.4 of this document (subject to change). The formal teaching activities will be face-to-
face, namely three lectures and one tutorial (four different groups) as well as practical sessions in the
Informatorium (refer to Section 3.4 for the complete timetable). The test dates for 2024 (all written
on campus) are scheduled as follows:

Test Date Time Scope

Module Test 1 Friday, 12 April 17:30 – 19:00 Chapters 1-6

Module Test 2 Friday, 17 May 17:30 – 19:00 Chapters 5-9

Module Sick Test Thursday, 30 May 17:30 – 19:00 Chapters 1-10 (i.e., all content)
Sessions to
Practical Test 20-22 May All practicals (1-6)
be booked*
Practical Sick Test Wednesday, 29 May TBA All practicals (1-6)

Examination PRELIM: 12 June TBA All content

* Registration lists will be open over at least a two-day period and signing up for a session is essential. Students who fail to
sign up for a session, will automatically be assigned to a particular session. Detailed arrangements will be announced closer
to the time of the test.

1
© 2024 University of Pretoria
 1.3 Learning approach in the discipline

During class
Before class (clickUP) After class
(scheduled class time)
CONSOLIDATE: revise and apply
PREPARE: textbook, pre-recorded
ENGAGE: more complex during Tutorial sessions, peer
videos, class notes
questions and discussions engagement, and practical sessions
Formative assessment: simple
Formative assessment: Summative assessment: clickUP
online homework activities
mobile clicker participation tests, MindTap post-assignments,
(MindTap pre-assignments & Excel)
Practicals, Module Tests and Exam

Teaching and learning remains based on the flipped classroom model which emphasises the
importance of preparation in order to focus on students’ questions and misconceptions during class.
Quality instruction requires students to attend classes prepared, as this enables teaching engagement
to actively build on common prior knowledge. Detailed information on how to prepare for each
session is posted in the weekly announcements in clickUP and the Weekly Activity Schedule (see
Section 4.4 of this document).

It is the student’s responsibility to realise the importance of self-learning and to engage and interact
with the course content in clickUP, with tutors, their peers and lecturers on a regular basis. Lecturers
and tutors will be available during dedicated time slots for assistance as indicated in the Contact
Details folder in clickUP. Lecturers will also be attending to personal- and admin-related student e-
mail enquiries in stk110.support@up.ac.za. All content-related queries can be posted as conversations
linked to a particular document in clickUP (using the -icon), or using the Discussions tool.

Guidelines to face-to-face consultation:

• Lecturers will provide students with their consultation hour(s) in the first lecture. If an
additional consultation time is needed, an email, clearly labelled as Consultation Request:
Date and Time with ……., needs to be sent to stk110.support@up.ac.za for consideration by
individual lecturers only in exceptional cases.
• Tutors will be available in the Post-Graduate Centre 1-66 during their allocated consultation
hours (see Contact Details folder in clickUP).

2 Administrative information
2.1 General information

3.1.1 clickUP
Lecturer- and tutor information, all course material, marks, and the Code of Conduct will be available
in clickUP.

3.1.2 Code of Conduct

An agreement that is set with all the general rules and regulations for STK110 will be discussed in the
first lecture. By completing a short self-evaluation of the content, you can earn 5 bonus marks towards
your continuous assessment score. A non-response will be considered as a default agreement and you
will be bound by the content.

2
© 2024 University of Pretoria
3.1.3 MindTap
MindTap, an online, cloud-based system, is used in 2024. It incorporates the e-textbook, learning
material, quizzes, videos and online homework apps called CNow and Aplia.

CNow and Aplia are two online homework systems available in MindTap. Assignments based on both
CNow (pre-class assignments) and Aplia (post-class assignments) will be done on a regular basis and
marked online with immediate feedback. A student can use a maximum of 3 attempts for each
assignment in order to achieve a better assignment mark. The maximum mark (of the 3 attempts) will
be used for the final mark of a pre-class assignment, whereas the average mark (of the 3 attempts)
will be used for the final mark of a post-class assignment.

3.1.4 Students with special needs

The University of Pretoria is keen to accommodate students with special needs. These needs are
catered for without influencing academic standards. It is, however, the student’s responsibility to
inform the lecturer in good time of any special needs in order to ensure effective communication in
this regard.

Your Faculty Student Advisor (FSA) can advise you on goal-setting, adjustment to
university life, time management, study methods, stress management and career
exploration. Book an individual consultation or attend a workshop. For other support
services, see Section 5.

3.2 Communication with students

3.2.1 Emails
All emails from the EMS Faculty and the University of Pretoria will be sent to you at your UP (i.e.,
tuks.co.za) email address. It is assumed that any emails sent to this UP-email address will be read by
yourself. You are strongly advised to check this email address at least twice a day, and EMS proposes
that you do this during the course of the morning and again by close of business.

3.2.2 clickUP
Announcements relating to STK110 specifically will be posted in clickUP (on a weekly basis). While
every effort may be made to communicate with you through other available channels, you must have
read any announcements posted in clickUP. It is also strongly advised that you check clickUP at least
twice a day, and EMS proposes that you do this during the course of the morning and again by close
of business.

3.3 Contact details

All lecturers can be emailed at stk110.support@up.ac.za - please add the name of the particular
lecturer in the subject line. See Contact details in clickUP for lecturer- and tutor consultation hours.

Name Office Telephone number

Module coordinator Dr Ané van der Merwe IT 6-16 012 420 3562
Lecturer Dr Fransonet Reyneke IT 6-11 012 420 3863
Lecturer Mr Arno van Wyk IT 6-26 To be confirmed
Lecturer Mr Lindo Magagula IT 6-25 012 420 3864
Lecturer Ms Thea Corbett IT 6-5 012 420 3868
Tutors See Contact details in clickUP

3
© 2024 University of Pretoria
 3.4 Timetable
STK110 2024 Time table

Group Session Day Time Venue

Lecture 1 Monday 14:30 - 15:20 Thuto 3-1

AE du Toit
Lecture 2 Tuesday 11:30 - 12:20
Auditorium
Group 1
Lecture 3 Thursday 14:30 - 15:20 Thuto 3-1

Tutorial Friday 08:30 - 09:20 Thuto 3-2

Lecture 1 Monday 14:30 - 15:20 IT 4-1

Lecture 2 Tuesday 11:30 - 12:20 IT 2-23

Group 2
Lecture 3 Thursday 14:30 - 15:20 IT 4-1

Tutorial Friday 10:30 - 11:20 Large Chemistry

Lecture 1 Monday 11:30 - 12:20 Thuto 1-1

Lecture 2 Tuesday 09:30 - 10:20 Thuto 1-2

Group 3
Lecture 3 Thursday 08:30 - 09:20 Thuto 1-2

Tutorial Friday 09:30 - 10:20 Thuto 3-2

Lecture 1 Monday 16:30 - 17:20 Thuto 3-1

Lecture 2 Wednesday 08:30 - 09:20 Thuto 1-2

Group 4
Lecture 3 Thursday 10:30 - 11:20 Thuto 3-1

Tutorial Friday 11:30 - 12:20 Thuto 3-2

Monday 09:30 - 10:20 Brown lab

Monday 10:30 - 11:20 Brown lab

Monday 11:30 - 12:20 Brown lab

Monday 13:30 - 14:20 SIT 1 lab

Wednesday 08:30 - 09:20 Red lab

Practical*
(attend any one session)
Wednesday 09:30 - 10:20 Red lab

Wednesday 10:30 - 11:20 SIT 1 lab

Wednesday 11:30 - 12:20 SIT 1 lab

Thursday 11:30 - 12:20 SIT 1 lab

Thursday 12:30 - 13:20 SIT 1 lab

* Practical sessions are not compulsory – these sessions are available if you need the additional assistance.

4
© 2024 University of Pretoria
 3.5 Study material and purchases
♦ Prescribed e-textbook – no need to buy a hard copy:
Anderson, Sweeney, Williams, Camm and Cochran: Modern Business Statistics with Microsoft
Excel, 7th Edition (South-Western CENGAGE Learning).

♦ Suitable smart device to activate the Clicker Mobile App (i.e., PointSolutions).
Your smart device should be registered for a PointSolutions account. Please follow the guidelines
under Clicker Registration and Information in the Study Material folder in clickUP. You will be
guided on how to download the PointSolutions App and register with your student email address
(i.e., u12345678@tuks.co.za).

Important:
You will be using the PointSolutions App to participate in class, and obtain attendance/tutorial
marks. Marks will be published in the Grade Center in clickUP on a weekly basis.
It remains your responsibility to peruse these marks on a weekly basis – no changes will be made
later than one week after publication.
If you are not logged in correctly (i.e., with you 8-digit student email address), you will loose out
on the marks and get zero.

♦ Other recommended material:

1. Keller, G; Warrack, B: Statistics for Management and Economics, (Duxbury), Fifth Edition, 2000
2. Steyn, A.G.W., Smit, C.F., Du Toit, S.H.C. and Strasheim, C.: Modern Statistics in Practice, (Van
Schaik), Second revised impression, 1996

4 Module information
4.1 Purpose of the module
The main competencies and attributes that will be focused on in STK110 is (1) descriptive statistics,
including sampling and the collection of data; frequency distributions and graphical representations;
descriptive measures of location and dispersion, and (2) probability and inference, particularly,
introductory probability theory and theoretical distributions; sampling distributions; estimation
theory and hypothesis testing of sampling averages and proportions (one- and two-sample cases).
Statistical concepts are demonstrated and interpreted through practical coding and simulation within
a data science framework.

4.2 Articulation with other modules in the programme

STK110/120 serve as modules in many different degree programmes across different faculties. We
therefore encourage you to read more about the relevance of Statistics to your specific degree
programme. A basic Google search that includes the terms “Statistics + your degree major” (for
example “Statistics + Supply Chain Management”) will yield ample articles that should provide more
clarity on why statistics forms part of your programme.

Statistics at first year level consists of two semesters, STK110 and STK120 (or STC122). A pass should
have been obtained for STK110 in order to continue with STK120. If you must complete STK in your

5
© 2024 University of Pretoria
2nd and/or 3rd year, you have to enroll for STC122 in semester 2 of your first year, on condition that
the following prerequisite is met:

In order to transfer to STC122 in Semester 2 a final mark of at least 60% for STK110 is, however,
required.

Should you not have met entry requirements for STC122 in semester 2 of your first year, the option
to proceed with STK120 is available and if a final mark of at least 60% is obtained for STK120, you may
enrol for the STC122 summer school in January 2025. Should STC122 be passed at summer school, you
will be able to proceed to second year level in Statistics. Note that your registration for 2024 will need
to be adjusted accordingly (from STC122 to STK120) in your student portal, or else Faculty
Administration can be contacted to assist.

The decision tree below aims to assist you in the route you need to follow:

Student can
STK110 STC122 continue with 2nd
and 3rd year
Statistics.

Student cannot
continue with 2nd
STK110 STK120 and 3rd year
Statistics.

Note that should STK110 have been failed, you will not be able to proceed to STC122 and the ONLY
option available is to reconsider your programme of study.

4.3 Credit map and notional hours for STK110

The number of credits allocated to a module gives an indication of the volume of learning required for
the completion of that module and is based on the concept of notional hours.

Given that this module carries a weight of 13 credits, it follows that you should spend an average of
10 × 13 = 130 hours of study in total on the module (1 credit = 10 notional hours). This includes time
for lectures, consultation, assessments, preparation, self-study, tests and exams. This means that you
should spend approximately 9 hours per week to reach 130 notional hours over a period of 14 weeks.

You may consider the following table as a guideline:

Lecture MindTap & Formal Independent work

Practicals Tutorials
sessions clickUP tests Assessments & consultation

30 hours 24 hours 24 hours 20 hours 8 hours 24 hours

Total hours 130 = credits 13 x 10 notional hours (per credit)

6
© 2024 University of Pretoria
 4.4 Weekly activity schedule (subject to change)
Week Description (Activity)
Mo 19/2 Orientation lecture
WEEK 1: Mo 19/2 – Su 25/2 Orientation lecture: Admin; Code of Conduct; Excel; MindTap; Online textbook; Mobile clickers;
Lecture/Prac pre-recorded videos
Lectures: Problem solving in class Ch 1
NO TUT/PRAC
Mo 26/2 MindTap: Read Chapters 1 and 2, Pre-class Assignment 2 due 26/2 at 8am
WEEK 2: Mo 26/2 - Su 3/3 Lectures: Problem solving in class Ch 2
TUT: TUT 1 & 2 on Ch 1 & 2
PRAC: Practical 1 MindTap: Excel (3 activities) – due 29/2 at 8am
Mo 4/3 MindTap: Read Chapter 3, Pre-class Assignment 3 due 4/3 at 8am
WEEK 3: Mo 4/3 - Su 10/3 Lectures: Problem solving in class Ch 3
TUT: TUT 3 on Ch 3
PRAC: Practical 1 Prac 1 due 8/3 at 4pm MindTap: Excel (2 activities) – due 7/3 at 8am
Mo 11/3 MindTap: Read Chapter 4.1 to 4.4, Pre-class Assignment 4 due 11/3 at 8am
WEEK 4: Mo 11/3 - Su 17/3 Lectures: Problem solving in class Ch 4
TUT: TUT 4 on Ch 4
PRAC: Practical 2 MindTap: Post-class Ass 1 (Ch 2&3) due 14/3 at 8am
Mo 18/3 MindTap: Read Chapter 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 & 5.5, Pre-class Assignment 5 due 18/3 at 8am
WEEK 5: Mo 18/3 - Wed 20/3 Lectures: Problem solving in class Ch 5
Tu 19/3 = Thursday timetable TUT: TUT 5 on Ch 5 (during Wednesday’s lectures)
We 20/3 = Friday timetable PRAC: Practical 2 Prac 2 due 22/3 at 4pm
Th 21/3 = Public holiday
[Week 6] UP RECESS FROM 21/3 – 1/4
Mo 1/4 MindTap: Read Chapter 6.1 and 6.2, Pre-class Assignment 6 due 2/4 (Tuesday) at 8am
WEEK 7: Mo 1/4 - Su 7/4 Lectures: Problem solving in class Ch 6
Mo 1/4 = Public holiday TUT: TUT 6 on Ch 6
PRAC: Practical 3 Prac 3 due 5/4 at 4pm MindTap: Post-class Ass 2 (Ch 4&5) due 4/4 at 8am
[Week 8] EMS First Test Week: 8/4 – 14/4 (no lectures) Fr 12/4: Module Test 1 (Ch 1-6) 17:30-19:00
Mo 15/4 MindTap: Read Chapter 7, Pre-class Assignment 7 due 15/4 at 8am
WEEK 9: Mo 15/4 - Su 21/4 Lectures: Problem solving in class Ch 7
TUT: TUT 7A on Ch 7
PRAC: Practical 4 Prac 4 due 19/4 at 4pm MindTap: Excel (2 activities) – due 18/4 at 8am
Mo 22/4 MindTap: Revise Chapters 5-7
WEEK 10: Mo 22/4 – Su 28/4 Lectures: Module Test 1 feedback; Revision classes on Ch 5-7
TUT: TUT 7B on Ch 7
PRAC: Practical 5 MindTap: Post-class Ass 3 (Ch 6&7) due 25/4 at 8am
Mo 29/4 MindTap: Read Chapter 8, Pre-class Assignment 8 due 29/4 at 8am
WEEK 11: Mo 29/4 - Su 5/5 Lectures: Problem solving in class Ch 8
We 1/5 = Public holiday TUT: TUT 8 on Ch 8
Th 2/5 = Wednesday timetable PRAC: Practicals 5 & 6 Prac 5 due 3/5 at 4pm MindTap: Excel (1 activity) – due 2/5 at 8am
Mo 6/5 MindTap: Read Chapter 9, Pre-class Assignment 9 due 6/5 at 8am
WEEK 12: Mo 6/5- Su 12/5 Lectures: Problem solving in class Ch 9
TUT: TUT 9 on Ch 9
PRAC: Practical 6 Prac 6 due 10/5 at 4pm MindTap: Excel (2 activities) – due 9/5 at 8am
[Week 13] EMS Second Test Week: 13/5 – 19/5 (no lectures) Fr 17/5: Module Test 2 (Ch 5-9) 17:30-19:00
Mo 20/5 clickUP: Read Chapter 10, Pre-class Assignment 10 due 20/5 at 8am
WEEK 14: Mo 20/5 - Su 26/5 Lectures: Problem solving in class Ch 10
TUT: TUT 10 on Ch 10
MindTap: Post-class Ass 4 (Ch 8&9) due 23/5 at 8am
PRAC: All PRAC timeslots from 20/5 will be used for student consultation
Prac Test on ALL practicals: 20-22 May (sessions to be booked)
Mo 27/5
WEEK 15: Mo 27/5 - Su 2/6 Lectures: Revision
TUT: No TUT
MindTap: Post-class Ass 5 (Ch 10) due 30/5 at 8am
Prac Sick Test on ALL practicals: Wednesday, 29 May
Module Sick Test (Ch 1-10): Thursday, 30 May
Mo 3/6
WEEK 16: Mo 3/6 - Fr 7/6 Lectures: Revision
Lectures end Thursday, 6 June; Consultation per appointment
TUT: No TUT
End of Quarter 2 / Prelim Exam Date: 12 June 2024
7
© 2024 University of Pretoria
 4.5 Course structure (study units) *
SYLLABUS TEXTBOOK
STUDY UNIT STUDY UNIT THEME
THEME SECTION
I Descriptive 1 Data and 1.2 Data
Statistics Statistics 1.4 Descriptive Statistics
1.5 Statistical Inference
1.6 Statistical Analysis using Microsoft Excel,
and using your calculator
2 Tabular and 2.1 Summarising Data for a Categorical
Graphical Variable
Displays 2.2 Summarising Data for a Quantitative
Variable
2.3 Summarising Data for two Variables
using Tables
2.4 Summarising Data for two Variables
using Graphical Displays

3 Numerical 3.1 Measures of Location

Measures 3.2 Measures of Variability
3.3 Measures of Distribution Shape, Relative
Location and Detecting Outliers
3.4 Five-Number Summaries and Boxplots
3.5 Measures of Association between Two
Variables

II Probability 4 Introduction to 4.1 Experiments, Counting Rules and

Probability Assigning Probabilities
4.2 Events and their Probabilities
4.3 Some Basic Relationships of Probability
4.4 Conditional Probability
5 Discrete 5.1 Random Variables
Probability 5.2 Developing Discrete Probability
Distributions Distributions
5.3 Expected Value and Variance
5.5 Binomial Probability Distribution

6 Continuous 6.1 Uniform Probability Distribution

Probability 6.2 Normal Probability Distribution
Distributions

*
Please refer to Section 6 for details on the study components and learning objectives.

8
© 2024 University of Pretoria
III Statistical 7 Sampling and 7.2 Simple Random Sampling
Inference Sampling 7.3 Point Estimation
Distributions 7.4 Introduction to Sampling Distributions
7.5 Sampling Distribution of 𝑥𝑥̅
7.6 Sampling Distribution of 𝑝𝑝̅
7.7 Other Sampling Methods

8 Interval 8.1 Population Mean: 𝜎𝜎 known

Estimation 8.2 Population Mean: 𝜎𝜎 unknown
8.4 Population Proportion
9 Hypothesis 9.1 Developing Null and Alternative
Tests Hypotheses
9.2 Type I and Type II Errors
9.3 Population Mean: 𝜎𝜎 known
9.4 Population Mean: 𝜎𝜎 unknown
9.5 Population Proportion
10 Inferences 10.1 Inferences about the Difference between
About Means Two Population Means: 𝜎𝜎1 and 𝜎𝜎2 known
and 10.2 Inferences about the Difference between
Proportions Two Population Means: 𝜎𝜎1 and 𝜎𝜎2
with Two unknown
Populations

4.6 Assessment

4.6.1 Tests of 2024 (all tests are written on campus)

Test Date Time Scope

Module Test 1 Friday, 12 April 17:30 – 19:00 Chapters 1-6

Module Test 2 Friday, 17 May 17:30 – 19:00 Chapters 5-9

Module Sick Test Thursday, 30 May 17:30 – 19:00 Chapters 1-10 (i.e., all content)
Sessions to
Practical Test 20-22 May All practicals (1-6)
be booked*
Practical Sick Test Wednesday, 29 May TBA All practicals (1-6)

Examination PRELIM: 12 June TBA All content

* Registration lists will be open over a two-day period and signing up for a session is essential. Students who fail to sign up
for a session, will automatically be assigned to a particular session. Detailed arrangements will be announced closer to the
time of the test.

9
© 2024 University of Pretoria
4.6.2 Sick tests
In terms of University regulations, all apologies for module tests should be submitted within three (3)
working days of the assessment date (which includes the university’s recess periods).

All medical certificates should be sent to rhuhanda.bron@up.ac.za. In other cases, a sworn affidavit
will be required. Medical certificates or sworn affidavits should be sent, at the latest, by 17:00 to
Rhuhanda Bron on the 3rd working day after the test date.

• In case of illness, a doctor who treated the student should certify on a medical certificate that
the particular student was, in his/her opinion, not in a fit state to prepare for or sit for the test
as a result of ill health. It is the University’s policy that a medical certificate indicating that the
student was according to his/her own opinion unfit to prepare for or sit for the test, is
unacceptable.

• In cases where a reason other than sickness is relied upon, the student should submit an
affidavit that reflects the reason for his/her absence from the test with clear evidence. The
worn excuses of having overslept or read the timetable incorrectly will not be accepted.

4.6.3 Composition of semester mark

Assessment activities Weight

Module Tests 50
Practical Assignments and Practical Test 20
Continuous assessment (i.e., MindTap assignments, TUTs and lecture attendance) 30
TOTAL 100

4.6.4 Composition of final mark

• Students with a semester mark of at least 40% are admitted to the examination.

• The final mark will be the maximum of a mark based on a ratio of 50:50 or 40:60 between the
semester- and examination mark.

• A final mark of at least 50% is required to pass.

• Students should have a sub minimum of 40% in the examination to pass.

4.6.5 Plagiarism
Plagiarism is a serious form of academic misconduct. It involves both appropriating someone else’s
work and passing it off as one’s own work afterwards. Thus, you commit plagiarism when you present
someone else's written or creative work (words, images, ideas, opinions, discoveries, artwork, music,
recordings, computer-generated work, etc.) as your own. Only hand in your own original work.
Indicate precisely and accurately when you have used information provided by someone else.
Referencing should be done in accordance with a recognised system. Indicate whether you have
downloaded information from the Internet. For more details, visit the library’s website:
http://www.library.up.ac.za/plagiarism/index.htm.

10
© 2024 University of Pretoria
5 Support services
5.1 Other support services
• Think carefully before
dropping modules (after
the closing date for
amendments or
FLY@UP: cancellation of modules). www.up.ac.za/fly@up
The Finish • Make responsible choices
Line is Yours with your time and work email: fly@up.ac.za
consistently.
• Aim for a good semester
mark. Don’t rely on the
examination to pass.
Academic support for students
with learning disabilities:
• Assistive technological
services
https://www.up.ac.za/disability-
• Facilitation of test and
unit
examination
Disability accommodations
012 420 2064
Unit • Test and exam concession
email: du@up.ac.za
applications
• Accessible study venues
and a computer lab
• Referrals for recommended
textbooks in electronic
format

Student
Provides counselling and 012 420 2333
Counselling
therapeutic support to students studentcounselling@up.ac.za
Unit

Student
Promotes and assists students 012 420 5233
Health
with health and wellness 012 420 3423
Services

Provides support for UP students

The Careers careerservices@up.ac.za
and graduates as they prepare
Office 012 420 2315
for their careers

24-hour Operational 012 420-2310

Department Management Centre 012 420-2760
of Security
Services 24-hour Operational Manager 083 654 0476
Crisis Line 0800 006 428

11
© 2024 University of Pretoria
 Enquiries concerning studies,
Department 012 420 2371/4001
accommodation, food, funds,
of Student Roosmaryn Building, Hatfield
social activities and personal
Affairs campus
problems

Centre for
Sexualities, Identifies and provides training
012 420 4391
AIDS and of student peer counsellors
Gender

Fees and http://www.up.ac.za/enquiry

012 420 3111
funding www.up.ac.za/fees-and-funding

012 420 3051

IT Helpdesk For student IT related queries studenthelp@up.ac.za

5.2 EMS student support by Faculty Student Advisors *

The services offered by the Faculty Student Advisors (FSAs) include individual consultation and/or
group workshops dealing with:

• Adjustment to university life

• Academic support - Goal setting & motivation, Time Management, Study methods, Test/Exam
preparation, Stress management
• Career exploration
• UPO 107 module queries – For 1st year students only
• EMS Y2 Plus queries – For 2nd & 3rd year students only

Contact the EMS Faculty Administration to make an appointment.

*Services are free of charge

FSAs at your service

Ms Zukiswa November Ms Zinhle Sibiya Ms Khetsiwe Nkosi

EMS Administration Building, EMS Administration Building, EMS Administration

Room 1-13.3 Room 1-13.2 Building, Room 1-13.1

zukiswa.november@up.ac.za zinhle.sibiya@up.ac.za khetsiwe.nkosi@up.ac.za

Tel: (012) 420 6743 Tel: (012) 420 3322 Tel: (012) 420 6992

For EMS Student Administration, please follow the link: https://www.up.ac.za/faculty-of-economic-

and-management-sciences/article/2594638/student-administration

12
© 2024 University of Pretoria
6 Study components & learning objectives

SYLLABUS THEME I
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
(Chapters 1,2,3)

STUDY UNIT 1
Data and Statistics

1.2 STUDY UNIT THEME: Data

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• identify and define the terms elements, variables and observations
• identify and define the difference between cross-sectional and time series data
• identify and define the difference between quantitative and qualitative data
• categorise data according to the scales of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio

1.4 STUDY UNIT THEME: Descriptive Statistics

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• explain the concept descriptive statistics

1.5 STUDY UNIT THEME: Statistical Inference

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• distinguish between a population and a sample
• explain the concept statistical inference

1.6 STUDY UNIT THEME: Statistical Analysis using Microsoft Excel

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• calculate basic statistical functions (e.g. average and median) using theoretical formulae, or
an Excel worksheet

13
© 2024 University of Pretoria
STUDY UNIT THEME: Using your calculator

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• enter data into the calculator using the STAT function
• calculate the average by using the STAT function on the calculator

The following sections in Chapter 1 of the textbook can be read: 1.1; 1.3; 1.7 – 1.9

Terminology:
Data
Variable
Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
Interval scale
Ratio scale
Qualitative data
Quantitative data
Cross-sectional data
Time series data
Descriptive statistics
Population
Sample
Statistical inference

STUDY UNIT 2
Tabular and Graphical
Displays

2.1 STUDY UNIT THEME: Summarising Data for a Categorical Variable

Learning Objectives

The student must be able to

• construct and interpret the following for categorical data: frequency and relative frequency
distributions, bar graphs and pie charts
• use Excel’s COUNTIF function to construct a frequency distribution and the Charts Tools to
construct a bar graph and pie chart

14
© 2024 University of Pretoria
2.2 STUDY UNIT THEME: Summarising Data for a Quantitative Variable (Excluded from
scope: Dot Plot)

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• construct and interpret the following for quantitative data: frequency and relative frequency
distributions, cumulative frequency and cumulative relative frequency distributions
• use Excel’s PivotTable Tool to construct a frequency distribution
• use the Histogram tool in the Data Analysis Toolpak to construct a histogram
• construct, use and interpret a histogram, an ogive and stem-and-leaf display as graphical
summaries of quantitative data

2.3 STUDY UNIT THEME: Summarising Data for Two Variables using Tables (Excluded from
scope: Simpson’s Paradox)

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• construct and interpret cross tabulations for two variables
• use Excel’s PivotTable Tool to construct a cross tabulation

2.4 STUDY UNIT THEME: Summarising Data for Two Variables using Graphical Displays

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• construct and interpret a scatter diagrams including a trend line.
• construct side-by-side and stacked bar charts and using Excel’s Chart Tool to construct side-
by-side and stacked bar charts.

The following section in Chapter 2 of the textbook can be read: 2.5

Terminology:
Frequency distribution
Relative frequency distribution
Bar graph
Pie chart
Class midpoint
Histogram
Cumulative frequency distribution
Cumulative relative frequency distribution
Ogive
Exploratory data analysis
Stem-and-leaf display
Cross tabulation
Scatter diagram

15
© 2024 University of Pretoria
 STUDY UNIT 3
Numerical Measures

3.1 STUDY UNIT THEME: Measures of Location (Excluded from scope: Geometric Mean)

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• identify and interpret the various measures of location
• compute the mean, median, mode, weighted mean, grouped mean (use class notes),
quartiles and percentiles
• use Excel to compute all measures of location, quartiles and percentiles

3.2 STUDY UNIT THEME: Measures of Variability

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• identify and interpret the various measures of variability
• compute the range, interquartile range, variance, grouped variance (use class notes),
standard deviation, grouped standard deviation (use class notes), and coefficient of variation
• use Excel to compute range, interquartile range, variance, standard deviation and coefficient
of variation
• use Excel’s Descriptive Statistics Tool

3.3 STUDY UNIT THEME: Measures of Distribution Shape, Relative Location and Detecting
Outliers (Excluded from scope: Chebyshev’s Theorem)

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• identify the shape of the distribution
• calculate and interpret 𝑧𝑧-scores
• use the empirical rule for bell-shaped distributions to determine the percentage of the data
expected within a specified number of standard deviations from the mean
• use 𝑧𝑧-scores and IQR-method to identify outliers

3.4 STUDY UNIT THEME: Five-Number summaries and box plots

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• construct and interpret a 5-number summary and a box plot
• use Excel to perform a comparative analysis using box plots

16
© 2024 University of Pretoria
3.5 STUDY UNIT THEME: Measures of Association between Two Variables

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• compute and interpret covariance and correlation as measures of association
between two variables
• use Excel to compute and interpret the sample covariance and sample correlation
coefficient

The following section in Chapter 3 of the textbook can be read: 3.6

Terminology:
Sample statistic
Population parameter
Mean
Median
Mode
Percentile
Quartile
Range
Interquartile range (IQR)
Variance
Standard deviation
Coefficient of variation
Outlier
Five-number summary
Box plot
Covariance
Correlation coefficient
Weighted mean
Grouped data

17
© 2024 University of Pretoria
 SYLLABUS THEME II
PROBABILITY

STUDY UNIT 4
Introduction to
Probability

4.1 STUDY UNIT THEME: Experiments, Counting Rules, and Assigning Probabilities

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• identify the concepts: experiment, experimental outcome, sample space and sample point
• assign probabilities using counting rules, combinations and permutations
• apply the two basic requirements for probabilities
• apply the three methods commonly used for assigning probabilities and identify when they
should be used

4.2 STUDY UNIT THEME: Events and their Probabilities

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• define an event and list the corresponding sample points
• calculate the probability of an event

4.3 STUDY UNIT THEME: Some Basic Relationships of Probability

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• identify the complement of an event
• compute probabilities using the complement rule
• calculate probabilities for the union and intersection of two events
• apply the addition law (with mutually exclusive or independent events)

4.4 STUDY UNIT THEME: Conditional probabilities

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• calculate marginal, joint and conditional probabilities in a two-way table
• apply the definition of independence in a two-way table
• apply the formula to calculate conditional probabilities
• apply the formulae to determine if two events are independent

18
© 2024 University of Pretoria
4.5 STUDY UNIT THEME: Bayes’ Theorem - excluded from scope

Terminology:
Probability
Sample space
Sample point
Classical method
Relative frequency method
Subjective method
Event
Conditional probability
Joint probability
Marginal probability
Independent events

STUDY UNIT 5
Discrete Probability
Distributions

5.1 STUDY UNIT THEME: Random Variables

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• identify and define the concept of a random variable
• distinguish between discrete and continuous random variables

5.2 STUDY UNIT THEME: Developing Discrete Probability Distributions

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• apply the basic requirement conditions for a discrete probability function
• set up a discrete probability distribution
• compute probabilities using a probability distribution
• identify and apply the discrete uniform probability distribution

5.3 STUDY UNIT THEME: Expected Value and Variance

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• compute and interpret the expected value, variance and standard deviation for a discrete
random variable
• compute these measures using Excel’s SUMPRODUCT function

5.4 STUDY UNIT THEME: Bivariate Distributions, Covariance, and Financial Portfolios -
excluded from scope
19
© 2024 University of Pretoria
5.5 STUDY UNIT THEME: Binomial Probability Distribution

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• identify the properties of a binomial experiment
• compute probabilities using a binomial distribution
• compute these probabilities using Excel’s BINOM.DIST function
• construct and interpret the cumulative binomial distribution
• compute probabilities using a cumulative binomial distribution as generated by Excel
• calculate the expected value and variance of a binomial distribution

Terminology:
Random variable
Discrete random variable
Continuous random variable
Probability distribution
Discrete uniform probability distribution
Expected value
Variance
Standard deviation
Binomial experiment
Binomial probability distribution

5.6 STUDY UNIT THEME: Poisson Probability Distribution - excluded from scope

5.7 STUDY UNIT THEME: Hypergeometric Probability Distribution - excluded from scope

STUDY UNIT 6
Continuous Probability
Distributions

6.1 STUDY UNIT THEME: Uniform Probability Distribution

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• compute probabilities for discrete and continuous random variables, respectively
• compute probability values for a continuous uniform probability distribution
• compute the expected value and variance for a continuous uniform probability distribution
• compute and interpret percentiles of a continuous uniform probability distribution

20
© 2024 University of Pretoria
6.2 STUDY UNIT THEME: Normal Probability Distribution

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• compute probabilities and percentiles of a normal probability distribution, and identify the
role of the standard normal distribution in this process
• apply Excel’s NORM.S.DIST and NORM.S.INV functions to compute probabilities and
𝑧𝑧 −values for the standard normal distribution
• apply Excel’s NORM.DIST and NORM.INV functions to compute probabilities and 𝑥𝑥 −values
for any other normal distribution

Terminology:
Probability density function
Uniform probability distribution
Normal probability distribution
Standard normal probability distribution

6.3 STUDY UNIT THEME: Exponential Probability Distribution - excluded from scope

21
© 2024 University of Pretoria
 SYLLABUS THEME III
STATISTICAL INFERENCE
(Chapters 7,8,9,10)

STUDY UNIT 7
Sampling and Sampling
Distributions

7.2 STUDY UNIT THEME: Selecting a Sample

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• illustrate the importance of sampling by using results from samples to provide estimates of
population parameters such as the population mean, the population standard deviation and
the population proportion
• define simple random sampling is and select simple random samples
• select a simple random sample using Excel’s RAND() function or the Random Number
generator Tool
• distinguish between sampling from a finite or infinite population

7.3 STUDY UNIT THEME: Point Estimation

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• distinguish between a population parameter and sample statistic; point estimator and point
estimate
• calculate the point estimates for 𝜇𝜇, 𝜎𝜎 and 𝑝𝑝
• calculate the sampling errors for the sample mean, sample variance, sample standard
deviation and sample proportion

7.4 STUDY UNIT THEME: Introduction to Sampling Distributions

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• illustrate the concept of a sampling distribution

7.5 STUDY UNIT THEME: Sampling Distribution of 𝒙𝒙

�

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• apply the central limit theorem
• identify the distribution (and the characteristics) of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean and its parameters
NOTE: Finite population correction factor for 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥� is excluded from the scope
22
© 2024 University of Pretoria
7.6 STUDY UNIT THEME: Sampling Distribution of 𝒑𝒑
�

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• identify the distribution (and the characteristics) of the sampling distribution of the sample
proportion and its parameters
NOTE: Finite population correction factor for 𝜎𝜎𝑝𝑝� is excluded from the scope

7.7 STUDY UNIT THEME: Other sampling methods

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• identify and apply the methods involved in the following sampling procedures: stratified
random sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling, convenience sampling and
judgment sampling

7.8 STUDY UNIT THEME: Practical Advice: Big Data and Errors in Sampling - excluded from
scope

Terminology:
Simple random sampling
Sampling with replacement
Sampling without replacement
Sampling distribution
Point estimator
Point estimate
Sampling error
Unbiasedness
Finite population correction factor
Standard error
Central limit theorem
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling
Convenience sampling
Judgment sampling

23
© 2024 University of Pretoria
 STUDY UNIT 8
Interval Estimation

8.1 STUDY UNIT THEME: Population Mean: 𝝈𝝈 known

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• construct and interpret an interval estimate of a population mean for the 𝜎𝜎 known case
• use Excel to construct an interval estimate of a population mean for the 𝜎𝜎 known case

8.2 STUDY UNIT THEME: Population Mean: 𝝈𝝈 unknown

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• construct and interpret an interval estimate of a population mean for the 𝜎𝜎 unknown case
• identify the properties of a 𝑡𝑡-distribution and apply it in constructing an interval estimate for
a population mean
• use Excel to construct an interval estimate of a population mean for the 𝜎𝜎 unknown case

8.3 STUDY UNIT THEME: Determining the Sample Size - excluded from scope

8.4 STUDY UNIT THEME: Population Proportion (Excluded from scope: Determining the
Sample Size)

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• construct and interpret an interval estimate of a population proportion
• use Excel to construct an interval estimate of a population proportion

8.5 STUDY UNIT THEME: Practical Advice: Big Data and Interval Estimation - excluded from
scope

Terminology:
Interval estimate
Margin of error
Sampling error
Confidence level
Level of significance
Degrees of freedom

24
© 2024 University of Pretoria
 STUDY UNIT 9
Hypothesis Tests

9.1 STUDY UNIT THEME: Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• formulate hypotheses about a population mean and proportion

9.2 STUDY UNIT THEME: Type I and Type II Errors

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• define the type I and type II errors when conducting a hypothesis test
• identify and interpret the type I and type II errors in the context of a problem

9.3 STUDY UNIT THEME: Population Mean: 𝝈𝝈 known

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• test one- and two-sided hypotheses about a population mean for the 𝜎𝜎 known case
• use Excel to conduct one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests about a population mean for
the 𝜎𝜎 known case
• compute and interpret 𝑝𝑝 −values using tables and Excel

9.4 STUDY UNIT THEME: Population Mean: 𝝈𝝈 unknown

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• test one- and two-sided hypotheses about a population mean for the 𝜎𝜎 unknown case
• use Excel to conduct one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests about a population mean for
the 𝜎𝜎 unknown case
• compute and interpret 𝑝𝑝 −values using tables and Excel

9.5 STUDY UNIT THEME: Tests About a Population Proportion

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• test one- and two-sided hypotheses about a population proportion
• use Excel to conduct one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests about a population
proportion
• compute and interpret 𝑝𝑝 −values using tables and Excel

25
© 2024 University of Pretoria
9.6 STUDY UNIT THEME: Practical Advice: Big Data and Hypothesis Testing - excluded from
scope

Terminology:
Null hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis
Type I error
Type II error
Level of significance
Test statistic
Rejection region
One-tailed test
Two-tailed test
Critical value
𝑝𝑝 −value

STUDY UNIT 10
Inference about Means
with Two Populations

10.1 STUDY UNIT THEME: Inferences about the Difference between Two Population Means:
𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 and 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 known

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• test one- and two-sided hypotheses about the difference between the means of two
populations for the 𝜎𝜎1 and 𝜎𝜎2 known case
• identify and apply the properties of the sampling distribution of the difference between two
sample means (𝑥𝑥̅1 − 𝑥𝑥̅2 )
• use Excel to conduct one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests about the difference between
two population means for the 𝜎𝜎1 and 𝜎𝜎2 known case
• construct an interval estimate of the difference between two population means (𝜇𝜇1 − 𝜇𝜇2 )

10.2 STUDY UNIT THEME: Inferences about the Difference between Two Population Means:
𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 and 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 unknown and unequal (Excluded from scope: 𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 and 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 unknown and equal)

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• test one- and two-sided hypotheses about the difference between the means of two
populations for the 𝜎𝜎1 and 𝜎𝜎2 unknown case
• identify and apply the properties of the sampling distribution of the difference between two
sample means (𝑥𝑥̅1 − 𝑥𝑥̅2 )
• use Excel to conduct one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests about the difference between
two population means for the 𝜎𝜎1 and 𝜎𝜎2 unknown case
• construct an interval estimate of the difference between two population means (𝜇𝜇1 − 𝜇𝜇2 )

26
© 2024 University of Pretoria
10.3 STUDY UNIT THEME: Inferences about the Difference between Two Population Means:
Matched Samples (not for exam purposes)

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• test hypotheses about the difference between the means of two populations for matched
samples
• use Excel to conduct one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests about the difference between
two population means for matched samples
• calculate the interval estimate of the difference between two population means by using
single population methodology of Chapter 8

10.4 STUDY UNIT THEME: Difference between the Proportions of Two Populations (not for
exam purposes)

Learning Objectives
The student must be able to
• test hypotheses about the difference between the proportions of two populations
• identify and apply the properties of the sampling distribution of the difference between two
sample proportions (𝑝𝑝̅1 − 𝑝𝑝̅2 )
• use Excel to conduct one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests about the difference between
two population proportions
• calculate the interval estimate of difference between two population proportions (𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 )

Terminology:
Independent samples
Interval estimate
Matched samples

27
© 2024 University of Pretoria