Terms

 Quantitative Research: research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical
form.
 Qualitative Research: seeks in-depth, open-ended responses, not yes or no answers.
 Correlational research: the study of the naturally occurring relationships among
variables.
 Cross-sectional study: a study in which people of different ages are compared with one
another.
 Experimental research: studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by
manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others
(holding them constant).
 Independent variable: variable that is manipulated.
 Dependent variable: The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research
is interested.
 Non-experimental research: a descriptive study that does not exhibit a great amount of
control over variables.
 Experimental hypothesis: a clear and specific prediction of how the independent
variable will influence the dependent variable.
 Null hypothesis: A prediction that there is no difference between groups or conditions, or
a statement or an idea that can be falsified, or proved wrong.
 Between-subjects design: A research design in which different groups of participants are
randomly assigned to experimental conditions or to control conditions.
 Within-subjects design: an experimental design in which the same subjects are tested
under each condition.
 Carry over effects: occur when one treatment condition produces a change in the
participants that affects their scores in subsequent treatment conditions.
 Counterbalancing: A method of controlling for order effects in a repeated measure
design by either including all orders of treatment or by randomly determining the order
for each subject.

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 Secondary analysis: a variety of research techniques that make use of previously
collected and publicly accessible information and data.
 Longitudinal study: a study that observes the same participants on many occasions over
a long period of time.
 Falsibility: Can the claim be disproved?
 Extraneous variable: In an experiment, a variable other than the IV that might cause
unwanted changes in the DV.
 Confounding variable: extraneous factor that interferes with the action of the
independent variable on the dependent variable.
 Attrition bias: occurs when participants drop out of a long-term experiment or study.
 Situational variables: features in the environment that participants might encounter.
 Participant variables: Individual differences in the personal characteristics of research
participants that, if not controlled, can confound the results of the experiment.
 Investigator effects: Where the action/behaviour/wording of the experimenter
unconsciously effects participant behaviour.
 Demand characteristics: Occurs in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior
is expected.
 Continuous variable: A variable (such as age, test score, or height) that can take on a
wide or infinite number of values.
 Categorical variable: a variable that names categories (whether with words or numerals)
e.g. gender, ethnicity, favourite colour.
 Discrete variable: a quantitative variable that has either a finite number of possible
values or a countable number of possible values e.g. number of children in family.
 Nominal Data: Data which consists of names, labels, or categories.
 Ordinal data: a type of data that refers solely to a ranking of some kind.
 Interval Data: Interval data are based on numeric scales in which we know the order and
the exact difference between the values. Organised into even divisions or intervals, and
intervals are of equal size e.g. IQ.
 Ratio Data: data with an absolute 0. Ratios are meaningful. (Length, Width, Weight,
Distance)

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 Non-parametric: A category of statistical tests used when certain assumptions about the
data are violated (i.e., normal distribution) or when using ordinal (ranked data). Examples
of non-parametric tests include the sign test, Wilcox signed rank test, and the Mann
Whitney test.
 Parametric: inferential statistical tests involving interval- or ratio-level data to make
inferences about the population.
 Random sampling: a sample that fairly represents a population because each member
has an equal chance of inclusion.
 Stratified random sampling: Population divided into subgroups (strata) and random
samples taken from each strata.
 Hierarchical sampling: cases sampled from within pre-existing identified higher-level
groupings (e.g. type of school).
 Cluster sampling: A probability sampling technique in which clusters of participants
within the population of interest are selected at random, followed by data collection from
all individuals in each cluster.
 Opportunity sampling: A sample of participants produced by selecting people who are
most easily available at the time of the study.
 Snowball sampling: recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referrals
from other participants.
 Descriptive statistics: numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of
groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.
 Inferential statistics: numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample
data the probability of something being true of a population.
 Outlier: A value that "lies outside" (is much smaller or larger than) most of the other
values in a set of data.
 Variance: standard deviation squared.
 Standard deviation: a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean
score, square root of variance.
 Standard normal distribution: A normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard
deviation of 1.

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 Z-score: a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the norm
(average or mean).
 Percentile: A point on a ranking scale of 0 to 100. The 50th percentile is the midpoint;
half the people in the population being studied rank higher and half rank lower.
 Population: collection or set of all units of interest.
 Sample: a subset of the population.
 Census: the official count of a population.
 Big Data: a broad term for datasets so large or complex that traditional data processing
applications are inadequate.
 Validity: The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure.
 Content validity: The degree to which the content of a test is representative of the
domain it's supposed to cover.
 Criterion validity: How well a measure is associated with other related measures?
 Reliability: consistency of measurement.
 Probability: likelihood that a particular event will occur.
 P-value: The probability level which forms basis for deciding if results are statistically
significant (not due to chance).
 Type 1 error: Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true.
 Type 2 error: Accepting null hypothesis when you should have rejected it.
 One-tailed hypothesis: only one direction of an effect or relationship is predicted in the
alternative hypothesis of the test.
 Two-tailed hypothesis: both directions of an effect or relationship are considered in the
alternative hypothesis of the test.
 One-tailed test: A hypothesis test in which rejection of the null hypothesis occurs for
values of the test statistic in one tail of its sampling distribution.
 Two-tailed test: A hypothesis test in which rejection of the null hypothesis occurs for
values of the test statistic in either tail of its sampling distribution.
 Open-ended questions: questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.
 Close-ended questions: Questions that can be answered in short or single word
responses.

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 Likert Scale: a numerical scale used to assess attitudes; includes a set of possible
answers with labeled anchors on each extreme.
 Response bias: anything in a survey design that influences responses.
 Response style: tendency for subjects to respond to questions or test items in a specific
way, regardless of the content.
 Construct validity: The extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a
particular hypothetical construct.
 Face validity: Measures whether a test looks like it tests what it is supposed to test.
 Inter-rater reliability: measure of agreement among observers on how they record and
classify a particular event.
 Test-retest reliability: a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a
test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions.
 Parallel forms reliability: consistency between/among alternate versions of the same
instrument; e.g. creating 2 parallel forms of a questionnaire (with difficult questions) and
both tests show correlation.
 Internal consistency: A measure of reliability; the degree to which a test yields similar
scores across its different parts, such as on odd versus even items.
 Reverse-worded items: Survey questions that cause respondents to slow down and think
about their answers; intended to weed out yea-sayers and nay-sayers.
 Median split: Dividing a data set into two categories by placing respondents below the
median in one category and respondents above the median in another.
 Summative scale: An index derived from the summing of selected scores on a test or
subtest.
 Cronbach's alpha: a correlation-based statistic that measures a scale's internal reliability
 Split-half reliability: A measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and
an individual's scores on both halves are compared.
 Histogram: A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of
data.
 Normal distribution: A function that represents the distribution of variables as a
symmetrical bell-shaped graph.

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 Kurtosis: how flat or peaked a normal distribution is.
 Platykurtic: flat curve.
 Leptokurtic: peaked curve.
 Skewness: a measure of the degree to which a distribution is asymmetrical.
 Positive skew: Tail at positive end, the mean is higher than median.
 Negative skew: Tail at negative end, mean is lower than median.
 Bimodal distribution: a frequency distribution having two different values that are
heavily populated with cases.
 Scatterplot: a graphical depiction of the relationship between two interval or ratio
variables
 Bivariate data: Data with two variables.
 Multivariate: involving more than two variables.
 Univariate: one variable.
 Line of best fit: a line drawn in a scatter plot to fit most of the dots and shows the
relationship between the two sets of data.
 Correlation coefficient: a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -
1 to +1).
 Cross-tabulation table: a table in which data are compared using a row and column
format. IV goes in column and DV in rows.
 Boxplot: A plot of data that incorporates the maximum observation, the minimum
observation, the first quartile, the second quartile (median), and the third quartile.
 Upper quartile: The median of the upper half of a set of data.
 Lower quartile: The median of the lower half of a set of data.
 Interquartile range: The difference between the upper and lower quartiles.
 Missing completely at random (MCAR): type of missing data that occurs if the
probability of missing responses in a variable is not explained by any other variable in the
study.
 Missing at random (MAR): occurs if the probability of missingness in a variable is not
random but its missingness may be fully explained by the other measured variables in the
dataset.

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 Missing not at Random (MNAR): Cannot make conclusions about the likely value of
missing data.
 Psychometrics: the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and
traits.
 Discriminating power: each item should contribute an additional bit of information to
what is being measured and not be redundant.
 Factor analysis: a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called
factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a
person's total score.
 Exploratory factor analysis: a method of factor analysis in which researchers do not
propose a formal hypothesis but instead use the procedure to broadly identify underlying
components.
 Confirmatory factor analysis: A procedure in which researchers, using factor analysis,
consider the theory associated with a test and propose a set of underlying factors that they
expect the test to contain; they then conduct a factor analysis to see whether the factors
they proposed do indeed exist.
 Principle component analysis: A type of factor analysis used to identify the most
independent variables and their relative strength/position.
 Factor loading: A correlation between a single measure and the factor to which it's being
related.
 Pearson's r: a statistic that measures the direction and strength of the linear relation
between two variables that have been measured on an interval or ratio scale.
 Homoscedasticity: the variance around the regression line is the same for all values of
the predictor variable (X).
 Curvilinear relationship: Relationship increases then slows down and stabilizes.
 Spearman's rho: the non-parametric equivalent of a correlation coefficient for rank-
ordered scores.
 Chi-square: Involves categorical variables. Looks at 2 distributions of categorical data to
see if they differ from each other.
 Contingency table: A data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination of
possible responses to multiple variables; cross tabulation results.
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 Expected frequencies: anticipated values of the frequencies based on probability
resulting from theory, should be greater than 5.
 Observed frequencies: the actual cell counts in the cross-tabulation table.
 Degrees of freedom: number of scores that can vary in the calculation of a statistic.
 Independent t-test: a test using the t-statistic that establishes whether two means
collected from independent samples differ significantly.
 Df for independent t test: n-2
 Df for paired samples t-test: n-1
 Levene's test: An F-test used to determine if the variances from data sets are
significantly different.
 Mann-Whitney U test: non-parametric equivalent of independent t-test.
 Paired t-test: A test designed to determine the statistical difference between two groups'
means where the participants in each group are either the same or matched pairs.
 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test: A nonparametric statistical test used to compare two
paired (dependent) samples.
 Errors: deviation from an observed value from the unobserved value of the population
mean.
 Residuals: the difference between an observed value and the sample mean.
 Eta squared: an inferential statistic for measuring effect size with an ANOVA.
 Diminishing returns: the property whereby the benefit from an extra unit of an input
declines as the quantity of the input increases.
 Multicollinearity: A situation in which several independent variables are highly
correlated with each other. This characteristic can result in difficulty in estimating
separate or independent regression coefficients for the correlated variables.
 Grand mean (GM): the mean of all scores, regardless of treatment.
 Total variation: The sum of the squared differences between each observation and the
overall mean.
 Between group variation: interaction between the samples (SS (B)).
 Within-groups variation: differences within individual samples (SS (w)).

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 F-test: The ratio test used to statistically evaluate the differences between the group
means in ANOVA.
 One-way ANOVA: Compares differences in the means of three or more independent
(unrelated groups). The IV has at least three levels.
 Post hoc tests: additional significance tests conducted to determine which means are
significantly different for a main effect.
 Repeated Measures ANOVA: Used to compare three or more group means where
participants are the same in each group i.e. same participants take part in 3 different
conditions of the IV.
 Sphericity assumption: assumption of the repeated measures (within-subjects) ANOVA
that pairs of scores in the population have equal variance.
 Two-way ANOVA: compares the mean differences between groups that have been split
on two independent variables e.g. gender and education, looks for interaction as well as
main effects.
 Homogeneity of variance: the assumption that the variances are equal for the two (or
more) groups you plan to compare statistically.
 Mixed ANOVA: Compares mean differences between groups that have been split on two
IVs where one is 'within' subjects and the other is 'between' subjects.
 ANCOVA: looks for differences in adjusted (for covariate) means.
 MANOVA: A statistical test used to evaluate the relationship between three or more
levels of an independent variable and two or more dependent variables.
 Regression analysis: makes predictions between a set of independent variables and a
dependent variable.
 Regression Intercept: estimated value of Y when X is 0, where the the regression line
crosses X axis.
 Regression slope: estimated change in the average of Y as a result of one unit change in
X.
 R squared: a measure of the strength of a linear relationship, how much of the variance
in the DV can be explained by model.
 B value: Slope of regression line and strength of a relationship.

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 Adjusted r squared: correlation coefficient squared and adjusted for the number of
independent variables used to make the estimate.
 Standard error: the standard deviation of a sampling distribution.
 Multiple regression: a statistical technique that computes the relationship between more
than one predictor variable and a criterion variable, controlling for other predictor
variables.
 Plane of best fit: Used in multiple regression to look at relationship between IVs and
data points.
 Hierarchical regression: Form of regression in which the researcher determines the
order or sequence in which the independent variables are presumed to influence the
dependent variable.

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1. The most basic distinction between types of data is that some data are quantitative while
other data are qualitative. Quantitative data generally consists of:
A. Numbers
B. Equations
C. Open-ended responses
D. Survey and questionnaire data
E. Any data can be considered quantitative.
CorrectAnswer
A. Numbers
Explanation
Quantitative data refers to information that can be measured or expressed numerically. It
includes numbers, such as measurements, counts, or ratings. In this case, the answer "Numbers"
correctly identifies quantitative data as one of the types of data. Quantitative data can be
analyzed using mathematical and statistical methods to draw conclusions and make predictions.
It is different from qualitative data, which is descriptive and non-numerical in nature.

2. Qualitative data generally can include:

o A. Only written material that respondents provide in response to open-ended

items.

o B. Any sort of data that can be summarized with numbers.

o C. Text, pictures, videos, sound recordings.

o D. Survey and questionnaire data.

o E. Equations

Correct Answer
C. Text, pictures, videos, sound recordings.

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 Explanation
Qualitative data refers to non-numerical data that is collected through observations,
interviews, or open-ended questions. It focuses on capturing the richness and depth of
information rather than quantifying it. The answer "Text, pictures, videos, sound
recordings" aligns with this definition as these forms of data capture subjective
experiences, opinions, and behaviors. They provide descriptive and contextual
information that cannot be easily summarized with numbers.
3. The most fundamental difference between qualitative data and quantitative data is that:

o A. The type of judgment that is used to make meaning of the data, and how
the data are manipulated.

o B. The research questions can be addressed using each of the types of data.

o C. The topics about which the data are being collected.

o D. The respondents provided the data.

o E. There really is no difference.

Correct Answer
A. The type of judgment that is used to make meaning of the data, and how the data are manipulated.
Explanation
Qualitative data and quantitative data differ in terms of the type of judgment used to
interpret the data and how the data are manipulated. Qualitative data involves subjective
judgment and interpretation, focusing on understanding the underlying meanings, themes,
and perspectives. On the other hand, quantitative data involves objective judgment and
statistical analysis, focusing on numerical measurements and patterns. The way these two
types of data are analyzed and manipulated also differs, with qualitative data often using
methods like coding and thematic analysis, while quantitative data involves statistical
tests and calculations.

4. Considering the way researchers handle data, it is helpful to remember that:

o A. It is not possible to convert qualitative data into quantitative data.

o B. If qualitative data are converted into quantitative data, validity always

suffers.

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 o C. Researchers often will often use quantitative data so that they avoid any
subjective or qualitative judgments.

o D. A researcher who converts qualitative data into quantitative data ensures

that the validity of the research will be improved.

o E. Although some data are collected quantitatively, there are many qualitative
judgments that go into how those responses are collected.

Correct Answer
E. Although some data are collected quantitatively, there are many qualitative judgments that go into
how those responses are collected.
Explanation
The answer is explaining that even though some data are collected quantitatively, there
are still qualitative judgments involved in how those responses are collected. This means
that even when researchers use quantitative data, there are subjective decisions and
qualitative aspects involved in the process. Therefore, the statement is highlighting the
fact that qualitative judgments are present in the collection of quantitative data.

5. The "Levels of Measurement" are typically placed in a sequence in which higher levels
contain the attributes of the lower levels but add some attributes. At the lowest level, it is
not even meaningful to average the numbers, while at the highest level, it is possible to use
inferential statistics. The sequence of "levels of measurement" from lowest to highest is:

o A. (lowest) nominal-->ordinal-->interval-->ratio (highest)

o B. (lowest) interval-->nominal-->ordinal-->ratio (highest)

o C. (lowest) ratio-->interval-->ordinal-->nominal (highest)

o D. (lowest) interval-->ordinal-->nominal-->ratio (highest)

o E. (lowest) nominal-->ratio-->interval-->nominal (highest)

Correct Answer
A. (lowest) nominal-->ordinal-->interval-->ratio (highest)
Explanation
The correct answer is the first option, "nominal-->ordinal-->interval-->ratio." This

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 sequence represents the correct order of levels of measurement from lowest to highest.
Nominal level measurement involves categorizing data into distinct groups or categories.
Ordinal level measurement involves arranging data into a specific order or ranking.
Interval level measurement involves measuring data on a scale with equal intervals
between values. Ratio level measurement is the highest level and includes all the
attributes of the previous levels, but also has a true zero point and allows for the use of
mathematical operations like multiplication and division.
6. In research, data are generally being collected that are meant to describe, measure, or
otherwise characterize a construct. A construct is most correctly described as:

o A. The process by which the data will be analyzed.

o B. How correct the data are relative to what they are supposed to describe.

o C. Whether the right kind of data are collected for the research question to be
answered.

o D. The theoretical idea or concept that is being described or analyzed in the

process of research.

o E. The term "construct" has no set meaning in research.

Correct Answer
D. The theoretical idea or concept that is being described or analyzed in the process of research.
Explanation
A construct refers to the theoretical idea or concept that is being described or analyzed in
the process of research. It represents an abstract concept that researchers aim to measure
or understand through data collection and analysis. Constructs can be things like
intelligence, motivation, or personality traits, and they are often defined and
operationalized in research studies to guide the data collection process. By focusing on
constructs, researchers can gain insights into the underlying theories or concepts they are
investigating and draw meaningful conclusions from the data they collect.
7. In research, the term validity refers to:

o A. How meaningful it is to generalize based on the research.

o B. How well the researcher did what was planned.

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 o C. The accuracy of the measures used.

o D. The same as "reliability".

o E. How well the researcher explains what she/he means by the key terms used
in the research.

Correct Answer
A. How meaningful it is to generalize based on the research.
Explanation
Validity in research refers to the extent to which the findings and conclusions of a study
are accurate, meaningful, and applicable to the larger population or phenomenon being
studied. It assesses whether the research adequately measures what it intends to measure
and whether the results can be generalized to other contexts or populations. Therefore,
the answer "How meaningful it is to generalize based on the research" accurately captures
the concept of validity in research.

8. When numbers are used in a study as labels--in place of names--the numbers are said to
be at a level of a measurement called ______ data.
Correct Answer
nominal
Explanation
In this question, the correct answer is "nominal." Nominal data refers to a type of
measurement where numbers are used as labels or categories, rather than representing
quantities or values. In a study, when numbers are used as identifiers or placeholders for
names, it is considered nominal data. This type of data is used to categorize or classify
information, but does not have any inherent order or numerical meaning.

9. When the numbers that are collected as data in research have a true "0" point, such the
numbers can be correctly manipulated mathematically; the data are said to be at a level of
a measurement called _____ data.
Correct Answer
ratio
Explanation
Ratio data is a level of measurement where the numbers collected as data have a true "0"
point. This means that the values can be manipulated mathematically, such as adding,
subtracting, multiplying, or dividing. In ratio data, the ratios between the values are
meaningful and can be compared. For example, if we have data on the height of

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 individuals in centimeters, a person with a height of 180 cm is twice as tall as a person
with a height of 90 cm. Therefore, the correct answer is ratio data.
10. The approximate truth of propositions, inferences, or conclusions in research is
referred to as ________.
Correct Answer
validity
Explanation
Validity refers to the extent to which a research study accurately measures or reflects
what it intends to measure. It is concerned with the accuracy and soundness of the
research design, methods, and data analysis. In other words, validity determines whether
the findings and conclusions of a study are reliable and trustworthy. It ensures that the
research is free from biases, confounding factors, and errors, and that the results can be
generalized to the larger population. Therefore, validity is crucial in establishing the
credibility and usefulness of research findings.
Which of the following is NOT a method of quantitative research?

o A. Grounded Theory Research

o B. Correlational Research

o C. Quasi-Experimental Research

o D. Experimental Research

Correct Answer
A. Grounded Theory Research
Explanation
Grounded Theory Research is not a method of quantitative research because it is a
qualitative research approach. Unlike quantitative research, which focuses on numerical
data and statistical analysis, grounded theory research aims to develop theories and
concepts based on the interpretation of qualitative data. It involves collecting and
analyzing textual or observational data to generate theories that are grounded in the data
itself. Therefore, grounded theory research does not fit within the scope of quantitative
research methods.
2. The grounded theory approach was developed by

A. Heidegger

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 o B. Glaser and Strauss

o C. Husserl

o D. Denzin

Correct Answer
B. Glaser and Strauss
Explanation
The grounded theory approach was developed by Glaser and Strauss.
3. Deductive Reasoning is applied in the:

o A. Qualitative research

o B. Quantitative research

o C. Action research

o D. Applied research

Correct Answer
B. Quantitative research
Explanation
Deductive reasoning is applied in quantitative research because it involves the use of
logical reasoning and general principles to make specific predictions or hypotheses. In
quantitative research, data is collected and analyzed using statistical methods to test these
hypotheses and draw conclusions. Deductive reasoning allows researchers to make
specific predictions based on existing theories or knowledge and then test them through
empirical evidence. This approach is particularly useful in quantitative research as it
allows for the systematic and objective investigation of relationships between variables
and the generalization of findings to a larger population.
4. Which of the following is a qualitative research design where lived experiences of
individuals are examined in their "lifeworld"?

o A. Ethnography

o B. Etiology

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 o C. Phenomenology

o D. Grounded theory

Correct Answer
C. Phenomenology
Explanation
Phenomenology is a qualitative research design that focuses on exploring and
understanding the lived experiences of individuals within their "lifeworld." It aims to
uncover the essence and meaning of these experiences by examining the subjective
perspectives of participants. Unlike ethnography, which studies cultural groups, or
grounded theory, which develops theories from collected data, phenomenology delves
into the individual's unique experiences and perceptions. Therefore, phenomenology is
the correct answer to the question.
5. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?

o A. Deductive process

o B. Control over the context

o C. Fixed research design

o D. Inductive process

Correct Answer
D. Inductive process
Explanation
Qualitative research is characterized by an inductive process. This means that it starts
with specific observations and data, and then develops theories or generalizations based
on these findings. Unlike deductive research, which starts with a hypothesis and tests it,
qualitative research allows for flexibility and exploration of new ideas. It focuses on
understanding the context and meaning behind phenomena, rather than controlling or
manipulating variables. Therefore, the correct answer is the inductive process.

 6. The qualitative research design involves

o A. Emergent design

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 o B. Correlative design

o C. Experimental design

o D. Cohort design

Correct Answer
A. Emergent design
Explanation
Emergent design is a qualitative research design that allows for flexibility and adaptation
during the research process. It involves continuously refining the research questions,
methods, and data collection techniques based on emerging findings and insights. This
design acknowledges that the research process is dynamic and that new ideas and
perspectives may arise as the study progresses. It is particularly useful when exploring
complex or understudied phenomena, as it allows for a deeper understanding and
discovery of unanticipated patterns or connections.
 7. The phenomenological study involves all the following features EXCEPT.

o A. Bracket out

o B. Intuition

o C. Analysis

o D. Description

o E. Manipulation

Correct Answer
E. Manipulation
Explanation
The correct answer is manipulation because phenomenological study focuses on
understanding and describing subjective experiences as they are, without attempting to
manipulate or control them. It involves bracketing out preconceived notions, relying on
intuition to gain insight, analyzing the data collected, and providing a detailed description
of the phenomenon under investigation. However, manipulation, which refers to actively
altering or controlling the phenomenon, is not a part of phenomenological study.

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  8. Which of the following qualitative methods focuses on the description and
interpretation of cultural behavior?

o A. Phenomenology

o B. Grounded theory

o C. Ethnography

o D. Symbolic interactionism

Correct Answer
C. Ethnography
Explanation
Ethnography is a qualitative method that focuses on the description and interpretation of
cultural behavior. It involves immersing oneself in a particular culture or social group to
understand their beliefs, values, and practices. Ethnographers observe and participate in
the daily lives of individuals within the culture, conducting interviews and collecting data
to gain a deep understanding of their experiences and perspectives. By studying cultural
behavior in its natural context, ethnography provides valuable insights into the social and
cultural dynamics of a specific group or community.

 9. The area of inquiry in the grounded theory approach is

o A. The holistic view of culture

o B. Lived experiences

o C. The behavior is observed over time in a natural context.

o D. Social structural processes within a social setting

Correct Answer
D. Social structural processes within a social setting
Explanation
The grounded theory approach focuses on understanding social structural processes
within a social setting. This means that it seeks to analyze how social structures, such as

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 hierarchies, norms, and power dynamics, influence individuals' behavior and interactions
within a specific social context. By studying these processes, researchers can gain
insights into how social structures shape individuals' experiences and guide their actions.
This approach is different from focusing solely on the holistic view of culture, lived
experiences, or observing behavior over time, as it specifically emphasizes the role of
social structures in shaping individuals' behavior and interactions.

 10. The research design in which the area inquiry is the manner by which people
make sense of social interactions:

o A. Grounded theory

o B. Phenomenology

o C. Symbolic interactionism

o D. Ethnography

Correct Answer
C. Symbolic interactionism
Explanation
Symbolic interactionism is a research design that focuses on how individuals give
meaning to social interactions. It examines the symbols, gestures, and language used by
people to interpret and communicate with each other. This approach emphasizes the
importance of understanding the subjective experiences and perspectives of individuals in
shaping social reality. Symbolic interactionism is distinct from grounded theory,
phenomenology, and ethnography, as it specifically focuses on the symbolic aspects of
social interactions rather than broader themes or cultural contexts.

 11. The term triangulation was coined by:

o A. Denzin (1989)

o B. Leininger (1985)

o C. Glaser and Strauss (1967)

21
 o D. Heidegger

Correct Answer
A. Denzin (1989)
 12. In qualitative research, a guiding principle in deciding sample size is:

o A. Effect size

o B. Number of variables

o C. Data saturation

o D. Sub-group analysis

Correct Answer
C. Data saturation
Explanation
Data saturation is a guiding principle in qualitative research when deciding sample size.
This refers to the point in the research process where new data no longer provides
additional insights or information. Researchers aim to reach data saturation to ensure that
they have gathered enough data to thoroughly understand the phenomenon being studied.
By achieving data saturation, researchers can be confident that they have captured the
necessary information and can draw meaningful conclusions from their analysis.

 13. The term refers to the use of multiple referents to draw conclusions about what
constitutes the truth:

o A. Item analysis

o B. Factor analysis

o C. Error measurement

o D. Triangulation

Correct Answer
D. Triangulation

22
 Explanation
Triangulation is a term used to describe the practice of using multiple referents to draw
conclusions about the truth. It involves gathering data from different sources or using
different methods to validate or corroborate findings. By using triangulation, researchers
can increase the reliability and validity of their conclusions by reducing the potential for
bias or error. This approach helps ensure that the conclusions drawn are more accurate
and robust, as they are based on multiple perspectives and sources of evidence.

 14. Characteristics of qualitative research design are

o A. Flexible and elastic design

o B. Use of mixed methodologies

o C. Ongoing analysis to formulate subsequent strategies

o D. The researcher becomes the instrument.

o E. All of the above

Correct Answer
E. All of the above
Explanation
Qualitative research design is characterized by its flexibility and elasticity, allowing for
adaptability and responsiveness to the research context. It also involves the use of mixed
methodologies, combining different approaches to gather comprehensive data. Ongoing
analysis is a crucial aspect of qualitative research, as it helps in formulating subsequent
strategies and refining the research process. Additionally, qualitative research emphasizes
the role of the researcher as the instrument, recognizing their subjective influence on data
collection and interpretation. Therefore, all of the mentioned characteristics accurately
describe qualitative research design.

 15. The tendency in qualitative research to derive a complex array of data from a
variety of sources, using a variety of methods, is termed as:

o A. Triangulation

23
 o B. Bricolage

o C. Cross-tabulation

o D. Confirmability

Correct Answer
B. Bricolage
Explanation
Bricolage refers to the tendency in qualitative research to gather a diverse range of data
from different sources and employ various methods to analyze and interpret it. This
approach allows researchers to create a rich and comprehensive understanding of the
research topic by utilizing multiple perspectives and data types. Bricolage acknowledges
the complexity of qualitative research and emphasizes the importance of flexibility and
creativity in the research process.

 16. The term “action research” was coined by:

o A. Kurt Lewin

o B. Glaser & Strauss

o C. Karl Pearson

o D. Jacob Cohen

Correct Answer
A. Kurt Lewin

 17. The standards for critiquing qualitative research include except:

o A. Descriptive vividness

o B. Methodological Congruence

o C. Analytical and interpretative preciseness

24
 o D. Heuristic relevance

o E. Chance for committing Type-I error

Correct Answer
E. Chance for committing Type-I error
Explanation
The standards for critiquing qualitative research include descriptive vividness,
methodological congruence, analytical and interpretative preciseness, and heuristic
relevance. However, the chance for committing Type-I error is not considered as one of
the standards for critiquing qualitative research. Type-I error refers to the incorrect
rejection of a true null hypothesis, which is a statistical concept rather than a criterion for
evaluating the quality of qualitative research.
 18. A method of analyzing qualitative data that involves an interactive approach to
testing the research hypothesis:

o A. Analytic induction

o B. Axial coding

o C. 'Blind' review

o D. Inquiry audit

Correct Answer
A. Analytic induction
Explanation
Analytic induction is a method of analyzing qualitative data that involves an interactive
approach to testing the research hypothesis. It involves a continuous process of
comparing and contrasting data to develop theories and concepts. This method allows
researchers to refine their hypotheses by examining the patterns and connections within
the data, making it a valuable tool in qualitative research.

 19. The process of identifying and holding in abeyance any preconceived beliefs and
opinions one has about the phenomena of understanding is:

o A. Bricolage

25
 o B. Content Analysis

o C. Bracketing

o D. Bricoleur

Correct Answer
C. Bracketing
Explanation
Bracketing refers to the process of temporarily setting aside one's preconceived beliefs
and opinions in order to approach the phenomena of understanding with an open and
unbiased mindset. It involves suspending personal biases and assumptions in order to
engage in a more objective analysis and interpretation of the subject matter. This allows
for a more thorough examination of the phenomena and facilitates a deeper understanding
of the topic at hand.

 20. A design that unfolds in the course of a qualitative study as the researcher
makes ongoing design:

o A. Experimental design

o B. Quasi-experimental design

o C. Exploratory design

o D. Emergent design

Correct Answer
D. Emergent design
Explanation
Emergent design is the correct answer because it refers to a design that evolves and
develops during the course of a qualitative study. Unlike other designs listed, such as
experimental and quasi-experimental designs which are predetermined and fixed,
emergent design allows the researcher to adapt and modify the design as they gain more
insights and understanding from the data. This flexibility enables the researcher to
explore new avenues, adjust research questions, and incorporate emerging themes or
patterns that were not initially anticipated.

26
Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
1. Which research paradigm is based on the pragmatic view of reality?
a. quantitative research
b. qualitative research
c. mixed research
d. none of the above

2. Which research paradigm is least concerned about generalizing its findings?

a. quantitative research
b. qualitative research
c. mixed research
d. none of the above

3. Which of the following best describes quantitative research?

a. the collection of nonnumerical data
b. an attempt to confirm the researcher’s hypotheses
c. research that is exploratory
d. research that attempts to generate a new theory

4. A condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories is called ___.
a. a constant
b. a variable
c. a cause-and-effect relationship
d. a descriptive relationship

5. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called a(n):

a. categorical variable
b. dependent variable
c. independent variable
d. intervening variable

6. All of the following are common characteristics of experimental research except:

a. it relies primarily on the collection of numerical data
b. it can produce important knowledge about cause and effect
c. it uses the deductive scientific method
d. it rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or environment

7. Qualitative research is often exploratory and has all of the following characteristics except:
a. it is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest
b. it relies on the collection of nonnumerical data such as words and pictures
c. it is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the world
d. it uses the inductive scientific method

8. Which type of research provides the strongest evidence about the existence of cause-and-effect
relationships?
a. nonexperimental Research
b. experimental Research

27
9. What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research?
a. extraneous variables are never present
b. a positive correlation usually exists
c. a negative correlation usually exists
d. manipulation of the independent variable

10. In _____, random assignment to groups is never possible and the researcher cannot manipulate
the independent variable.
a. basic research
b. quantitative research
c. experimental research
d. causal-comparative and correlational research

11. What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?

a. resistance to manipulation
b. manipulation of the independent variable
c. the use of open-ended questions
d. focuses only on local problems

12. A positive correlation is present when _______.

a. two variables move in opposite directions.
b. two variables move in the same direction.
c. one variable goes up and one goes down
d. several variables never change.

13. Research in which the researcher uses the qualitative paradigm for one phase and the quantitative
paradigm for another phase is known as ______.
a. action research
b. basic research
c. quantitative research
d. mixed method research
e. mixed model research

14. Research in which the researcher uses both qualitative and quantitative research within a stage or
across two of the stages in the research process is known as ______.
a. action research
b. basic research
c. quantitative research
d. mixed method research
e. mixed model research

15. Research that is done to understand an event from the past is known as _____?
a. experimental research
b. historical research
c. replication
d. archival research

28
16. ______ research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent variable.
a. causal-comparative research
b. experimental research
c. ethnography
d. correlational research

17. Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?

a. age, temperature, income, height
b. grade point average, anxiety level, reading performance
c. gender, religion, ethnic group
d. both a and b

18.. What is the opposite of a variable?

a. a constant
b. an extraneous variable
c. a dependent variable
d. a data set

19. Which of the following is the type of nonexperimental research in which the primary independent
variable of interest is categorical?
a. causal-comparative research
b. experimental research
c. qualitative research
d. mixed research

20. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?

a. age
b. annual income
c. grade point average
d. religion

21. In research, something that does not "vary" is called a ___________.

a. variable
b. method
c. constant
d. control group

22. When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two variables, it is
very important to avoid _______.
a. checking the strength of relationship
b. jumping to the conclusion of causality
c. checking the direction of the relationship
d. expressing a relationship with a correlation coefficient

23. A researcher studies achievement by children in poorly funded elementary schools. She
develops a model that posits parent involvement as an important variable. She believes that

29
 parent involvement has an impact on children by increasing their motivation to do school
work. Thus, in her model, greater parent involvement leads to higher student motivation,
which in turn creates higher student achievement. Student motivation is what kind of
variable in this study?
a. Manipulated variable
b. Extraneous variable
c. Confounding variable
d. Mediating or intervening variable

24. The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research
methods?
a. Experimental
b. Causal-comparative
c. Correlational
d. Ethnography

25. Which correlation is the strongest?

a. +.10
b. -.95
c. +.90
d. -1.00

26. The correlation between intelligence test scores and grades is:
a. Positive
b. Negative
c. Perfect
d. They are not correlated

1. What is the primary goal of quantitative research?

a) To explore and describe a phenomenon in-depth
b) To identify patterns and relationships between variables
c) To generate new theories and hypotheses
d) To understand the subjective experiences of participants

Answer: b) To identify patterns and relationships between variables

2. Which of the following is NOT a common type of quantitative research design?

a) Correlational
b) Experimental
c) Case study
d) Quasi-experimental

Answer: c) Case study

3. What is the most common method of data collection in quantitative research?

30
 a) Interviews
b) Focus groups
c) Observation
d) Surveys/questionnaires

Answer: d) Surveys/questionnaires

4. Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of quantitative research?

a) Objective
b) Systematic
c) Subjective
d) Structured

Answer: c) Subjective

5. What is the purpose of a hypothesis in quantitative research?

a) To guide the research process and methodology
b) To provide a theoretical framework for the study
c) To ensure the ethical treatment of participants
d) To provide a detailed description of the study population

Answer: a) To guide the research process and methodology

6. What is the main advantage of using a random sample in quantitative research?

a) It ensures that all members of the population have an equal chance of being included in the
study
b) It allows for more in-depth analysis of individual cases
c) It eliminates the need for statistical analysis
d) It reduces the risk of bias in the data collection process

Answer: a) It ensures that all members of the population have an equal chance of being included
in the study

7. Which of the following statistical tests is used to determine if there is a significant

relationship between two variables?
a) T-test
b) ANOVA
c) Correlation coefficient
d) Chi-square

Answer: c) Correlation coefficient

8. Which of the following is an example of a nominal level of measurement?

a) Age
b) Weight

31
 c) Gender
d) Income

Answer: c) Gender

9. What is the purpose of a pilot study in quantitative research?

a) To test the feasibility of the research design and methodology
b) To provide an overview of the study population
c) To collect preliminary data for use in the final analysis
d) To ensure the ethical treatment of participants

Answer: a) To test the feasibility of the research design and methodology

10. What is the main disadvantage of using secondary data in quantitative research?
a) It may not be relevant to the research question or hypothesis
b) It is often too expensive to obtain
c) It is difficult to obtain ethical approval for the use of secondary data
d) It is less reliable than primary data

Answer: a) It may not be relevant to the research question or hypothesis

PART A: PRINCIPLES AND PLANNING FOR RESEARCH

1. Which of the following should not be a criterion for a good research project?

a. Demonstrates the abilities of the researcher

b. Is dependent on the completion of other projects
c. Demonstrates the integration of different fields of knowledge
d. Develops the skills of the researcher

Answer: b. Is dependent on the completion of other projects

2. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of
premises?

a. Objective reasoning
b. Positivistic reasoning
c. Inductive reasoning
d. Deductive reasoning

Answer: d: Deductive reasoning

3. Research that seeks to examine the findings of a study by using the same design but a
different sample is which of the following?

32
 a. An exploratory study
b. A replication study
c. An empirical study
d. Hypothesis testing

Answer: b: A replication study

4. A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence job-

seeking behaviours. The main purpose of the study was:

a. Description
b. Prediction
c. Exploration
d. Explanation

Answer: d: Explanation

5. Cyber bullying at work is a growing threat to employee job satisfaction. Researchers

want to find out why people do this and how they feel about it. The primary purpose of the
study is:

a. Description
b. Prediction
c. Exploration
d. Explanation

Answer: c: Exploration

6. A theory:

a. Is an accumulated body of knowledge

b. Includes inconsequential ideas
c. Is independent of research methodology
d. Should be viewed uncritically

Answer: a: Is an accumulated body of knowledge

7. Which research method is a bottom-up approach to research?

a. Deductive method
b. Explanatory method
c. Inductive method
d. Exploratory method

Answer: c: Inductive method

33
8. How much confidence should you place in a single research study?

a. You should trust research findings after different researchers have replicated the findings
b. You should completely trust a single research study
c. Neither a nor b
d. Both a and b

Answer: a: You should trust research findings after different researchers have replicated the
findings

9. A qualitative research problem statement:

a. Specifies the research methods to be utilized

b. Specifies a research hypothesis
c. Expresses a relationship between variables
d. Conveys a sense of emerging design

Answer: d: Conveys a sense of emerging design

10. Which of the following is a good research question?

a. To produce a report on student job searching behaviours

b. To identify the relationship between self-efficacy and student job searching behaviours
c. Students with higher levels of self-efficacy will demonstrate more active job searching
behaviours
d. Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching
behaviours?

Answer: d: Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching
behaviours?

11. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher
to:

a. Provide an up-to-date understanding of the subject, its significance, and structure

b. Guide the development of research questions
c. Present the kinds of research methodologies used in previous studies
d. All of the above

Answer: d: All of the above

12. Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection is not
recommended by:

a. Ethnomethodology
b. Grounded theory

34
 c. Symbolic interactionism
d. Feminist theory

Answer: b: Grounded theory

13. The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:

a. Cost and time required to conduct the study

b. Access to gatekeepers and respondents
c. Potential ethical concerns
d. All of the above

Answer: d: All of the above

14. Research that uses qualitative methods for one phase and quantitative methods for the
next phase is known as:

a. Action research
b. Mixed-method research
c. Quantitative research
d. Pragmatic research

Answer: b: Mixed-method research

15. Research hypotheses are:

a. Formulated prior to a review of the literature

b. Statements of predicted relationships between variables
c. B but not A
d. Both A and B

Answer: c: B but not A

16. Which research approach is based on the epistemological viewpoint of pragmatism?

a. Quantitative research
b. Qualitative research
c. Mixed-methods research
d. All of the above

Answer: c: Mixed-methods research

17. Adopting ethical principles in research means:

35
 a. Avoiding harm to participants
b. The researcher is anonymous
c. Deception is only used when necessary
d. Selected informants give their consent

Answer: a: Avoiding harm to participants

18. A radical perspective on ethics suggests that:

a. Researchers can do anything they want

b. The use of checklists of ethical actions is essential
c. The powers of Institutional Review Boards should be strengthened
d. Ethics should be based on self-reflexivity

Answer: d: Ethics should be based on self-reflexivity

19. Ethical problems can arise when researching the Internet because:

a. Everyone has access to digital media

b. Respondents may fake their identities
c. Researchers may fake their identities
d. Internet research has to be covert

Answer: b: Respondents may fake their identities

20. The Kappa statistic:

a. Is a measure of inter-judge validity

b. Compares the level of agreement between two judges against what might have been
predicted by chance
c. Ranges from 0 to +1
d. Is acceptable above a score of 0.5

Answer: b: Compares the level of agreement between two judges against what might have been
predicted by chance

PART B: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Which research paradigm is most concerned about generalizing its findings?

a. Quantitative research
b. Qualitative research
c. Mixed-methods research
d. All of the above

Answer: a: Quantitative research

36
2. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called:

a. An intervening variable
b. A dependent variable
c. An independent variable
d. A numerical variable

Answer: c: An independent variable

3. A study of teaching professionals posits that their performance-related pay increases

their motivation which in turn leads to an increase in their job satisfaction. What kind of
variable is ‘motivation”’ in this study?

a. Extraneous
b. Confounding
c. Intervening
d. Manipulated

Answer: c: Intervening

4. Which correlation is the strongest?

a. –1.00
b. +80
c. –60
d. +05

Answer: a: –1.00

5. When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two

variables, it is important not to:

a. Assume causality
b. Measure the values for X and Y independently
c. Choose X and Y values that are normally distributed
d. Check the direction of the relationship

Answer: a: Assume causality

6. Which of the following can be described as a nominal variable?

a. Annual income
b. Age
c. Annual sales
d. Geographical location of a firm

37
Answer: d: Geographical location of a firm

7. A positive correlation occurs when:

a. Two variables remain constant

b. Two variables move in the same direction
c. One variable goes up and the other goes down
d. Two variables move in opposite directions

Answer: b: Two variables move in the same direction

8. The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that:

a. The independent variable is manipulated

b. Hypotheses are proved
c. A positive correlation exists
d. Samples are large

Answer: a: The independent variable is manipulated

9. Qualitative research is used in all the following circumstances, EXCEPT:

a. It is based on a collection of non-numerical data such as words and pictures

b. It often uses small samples
c. It uses the inductive method
d. It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest

Answer: d: It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest

10. In an experiment, the group that does not receive the intervention is called:

a. The experimental group

b. The participant group
c. The control group
d. The treatment group

Answer: c: The control group

11. Which generally cannot be guaranteed in conducting qualitative studies in the field?

a. Keeping participants from physical and emotional harm

b. Gaining informed consent
c. Assuring anonymity rather than just confidentiality
d. Maintaining consent forms

Answer: c: Assuring anonymity rather than just confidentiality

38
12. Which of the following is not ethical practice in research with humans?

a. Maintaining participants’ anonymity

b. Gaining informed consent
c. Informing participants that they are free to withdraw at any time
d. Requiring participants to continue until the study has been completed

Answer: d: Requiring participants to continue until the study has been completed

13. What do we call data that are used for a new study but which were collected by an
earlier researcher for a different set of research questions?

a. Secondary data
b. Field notes
c. Qualitative data
d. Primary data

Answer: a: Secondary data

14. When each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected, this is called:

a. A snowball sample
b. A stratified sample
c. A random probability sample
d. A non-random sample

Answer: c: A random probability sample

15. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample of hospitals?

a. Randomly selecting a district and then sampling all hospitals within the district
b. Numbering all the elements of a hospital sampling frame and then using a random
number generator to pick hospitals from the table
c. Listing hospitals by sector and choosing a proportion from within each sector at random
d. Choosing volunteer hospitals to participate

Answer: b: Numbering all the elements of a hospital sampling frame and then using a random
number generator to pick hospitals from the table

16. Which of the following statements are true?

a. The larger the sample size, the larger the confidence interval
b. The smaller the sample size, the greater the sampling error
c. The more categories being measured, the smaller the sample size
d. A confidence level of 95 percent is always sufficient

39
Answer: b: The smaller the sample size, the greater the sampling error

17. Which of the following will produce the least sampling error?

a. A large sample based on convenience sampling

b. A small sample based on random sampling
c. A large snowball sample
d. A large sample based on random sampling

Answer: d: A large sample based on random sampling

18. When people are readily available, volunteer, or are easily recruited to the sample, this
is called:

a. Snowball sampling
b. Convenience sampling
c. Stratified sampling
d. Random sampling

Answer: b: Convenience sampling

19. In qualitative research, sampling that involves selecting diverse cases is referred to as:

a. Typical-case sampling
b. Critical-case sampling
c. Intensity sampling
d. Maximum variation sampling

Answer: d: Maximum variation sampling

20. A test accurately indicates an employee’s scores on a future criterion (e.g.,

conscientiousness). What kind of validity is this?

a. Predictive
b. Face
c. Content
d. Concurrent

Answer: a: Predictive

PART C: DATA COLLECTION METHODS

1. When designing a questionnaire it is important to do each of the following EXCEPT

a. Pilot the questionnaire

40
 b. Avoid jargon
c. Avoid double questions
d. Use leading questions

Answer: d: Use leading questions

2. One advantage of using a questionnaire is that:

a. Probe questions can be asked

b. Respondents can be put at ease
c. Interview bias can be avoided
d. Response rates are always high

Answer: c: Interview bias can be avoided

3. Which of the following is true of observations?

a. It takes less time than interviews

b. It is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave as they do
c. Covert observation raises fewer ethical concerns than overt
d. All of the above

Answer: b: It is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave as they do

4. A researcher secretly becomes an active member of a group in order to observe their

behaviour. This researcher is acting as:

a. An overt participant observer

b. A covert non-participant observer
c. A covert participant observer
d. None of the above

Answer: c: A covert participant observer

5. All of the following are advantages of structured observation, EXCEPT:

a. Results can be replicated at a different time

b. The coding schedule might impose a framework on what is being observed
c. Data can be collected that participants may not realize is important
d. Data do not have to rely on the recall of participants

Answer: b: The coding schedule might impose a framework on what is being observed

41
6. When conducting an interview, asking questions such as: "What else? or ‘Could you
expand on that?’ are all forms of:

a. Structured responses
b. Category questions
c. Protocols
d. Probes

Answer: d: Probes

7. Secondary data can include which of the following?

a. Government statistics
b. Personal diaries
c. Organizational records
d. All of the above

Answer: d: All of the above

8. An ordinal scale is:

a. The simplest form of measurement

b. A scale with an absolute zero point
c. A rank-order scale of measurement
d. A scale with equal intervals between ranks

Answer: c: A rank-order scale of measurement

9. Which term measures the extent to which scores from a test can be used to infer or
predict performance in some activity?

a. Face validity
b. Content reliability
c. Criterion-related validity
d. Construct validity

Answer: c: Criterion-related validity

10. The ‘reliability’of a measure refers to the researcher asking:

a. Does it give consistent results?

b. Does it measure what it is supposed to measure?
c. Can the results be generalized?
d. Does it have face reliability?

Answer: a: Does it give consistent results?

42
11. Interviewing is the favoured approach EXCEPT when:

a. There is a need for highly personalized data

b. It is important to ask supplementary questions
c. High numbers of respondents are needed
d. Respondents have difficulty with written language

Answer: c: High numbers of respondents are needed

12. Validity in interviews is strengthened by the following EXCEPT:

a. Building rapport with interviewees

b. Multiple questions cover the same theme
c. Constructing interview schedules that contain themes drawn from the literature
d. Prompting respondents to expand on initial responses

Answer: b: Multiple questions cover the same theme

13. Interview questions should:

a. Lead the respondent

b. Probe sensitive issues
c. Be delivered in a neutral tone
d. Test the respondents’ powers of memory

Answer: c: Be delivered in a neutral tone

14. Active listening skills means:

a. Asking as many questions as possible

b. Avoiding silences
c. Keeping to time
d. Attentive listening

Answer: d: Attentive listening

15. All the following are strengths of focus groups EXCEPT:

a. They allow access to a wide range of participants

b. Discussion allows for the validation of ideas and views
c. They can generate a collective perspective
d. They help maintain confidentiality

Answer: d: They help maintain confidentiality

43
16. Which of the following is not always true about focus groups?

a. The ideal size is normally between 6 and 12 participants

b. Moderators should introduce themselves to the group
c. Participants should come from diverse backgrounds
d. The moderator poses preplanned questions

Answer: c: Participants should come from diverse backgrounds

17. A disadvantage of using secondary data is that:

a. The data may have been collected with reference to research questions that are not those
of the researcher
b. The researcher may bring more detachment in viewing the data than original researchers
could muster
c. Data have often been collected by teams of experienced researchers
d. Secondary data sets are often available and accessible

Answer: a: The data may have been collected with reference to research questions that are not
those of the researcher

18. All of the following are sources of secondary data EXCEPT:

a. Official statistics
b. A television documentary
c. The researcher’s research diary
d. A company’s annual report

Answer: c: The researcher’s research diary

19. Which of the following is not true about visual methods?

a. They are not reliant on respondent recall

b. The have low resource requirements
c. They do not rely on words to capture what is happening
d. They can capture what is happening in real time

Answer: b: The have low resource requirements

20. Avoiding naïve empiricism in the interpretation of visual data means:

a. Understanding the context in which they were produced

b. Ensuring that visual images such as photographs are accurately taken
c. Only using visual images with other data gathering sources
d. Planning the capture of visual data carefully

44
Answer: a: Understanding the context in which they were produced

PART D: ANALYSIS AND REPORT WRITING

1. Which of the following is incorrect when naming a variable in SPSS?

a. Must begin with a letter and not a number

b. Must end in a full stop
c. Cannot exceed 64 characters
d. Cannot include symbols such as ?, & and %

Answer: b: Must end in a full stop

2. Which of the following is not an SPSS Type variable?

a. Word
b. Numeric
c. String
d. Date

Answer: a: Word

3. A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called:

a. A bar chart
b. A pie chart
c. A line graph
d. A vertical graph

Answer: a: A bar chart

4. The purpose of descriptive statistics is to:

a. Summarize the characteristics of a data set

b. Draw conclusions from the data
c. None of the above
d. All of the above

Answer: a: Summarize the characteristics of a data set

5. The measure of the extent to which responses vary from the mean is called:

a. The mode
b. The normal distribution
c. The standard deviation

45
 d. The variance

Answer: c: The standard deviation

6. To compare the performance of a group at time T1 and then at T2, we would use:

a. A chi-squared test
b. One-way analysis of variance
c. Analysis of variance
d. A paired t-test

Answer: d: A paired t-test

7. A Type 1 error occurs in a situation where:

a. The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact true

b. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact false
c. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true
d. The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact false

Answer: c: The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true

8. The significance level

a. Is set after a statistical test is conducted

b. Is always set at 0.05
c. Results in a p-value
d. Measures the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis

Answer: d: Measures the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis

9. To predict the value of the dependent variable for a new case based on the knowledge of
one or more independent variables, we would use

a. Regression analysis
b. Correlation analysis
c. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
d. One-way analysis of variance

Answer: a: Regression analysis

10. In conducting secondary data analysis, researchers should ask themselves all of the
following EXCEPT:

a. Who produced the document?

b. Is the material genuine?
46
 c. How can respondents be re-interviewed?
d. Why was the document produced?

Answer: c: How can respondents be re-interviewed?

11. Which of the following are not true of reflexivity?

a. It recognizes that the researcher is not a neutral observer

b. It has mainly been applied to the analysis of qualitative data
c. It is part of a post-positivist tradition
d. A danger of adopting a reflexive stance is the researcher can become the focus of the
study

Answer: c: It is part of a post-positivist tradition

12. Validity in qualitative research can be strengthened by all of the following EXCEPT:

a. Member checking for accuracy and interpretation

b. Transcribing interviews to improve accuracy of data
c. Exploring rival explanations
d. Analysing negative cases

Answer: b: Transcribing interviews to improve accuracy of data

13. Qualitative data analysis programs are useful for each of the following EXCEPT:

a. Manipulation of large amounts of data

b. Exploring of the data against new dimensions
c. Querying of data
d. Generating codes

Answer: d: Generating codes

14. Which part of a research report contains details of how the research was planned and
conducted?

a. Results
b. Design
c. Introduction
d. Background

Answer: b: Design

15. Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by managers and other
professionals to address issues in their organizations and/or professional practice?

47
 a. Action research
b. Basic research
c. Professional research
d. Predictive research

Answer: a: Action research

16. Plagiarism can be avoided by:

a. Copying the work of others accurately

b. Paraphrasing the author’s text in your own words
c. Cut and pasting from the Internet
d. Quoting directly without revealing the source

Answer: b: Paraphrasing the author’s text in your own words

17. In preparing for a presentation, you should do all of the following EXCEPT:

a. Practice the presentation

b. Ignore your nerves
c. Get to know more about your audience
d. Take an advanced look, if possible, at the facilities

Answer: b: Ignore your nerves

18. You can create interest in your presentation by:

a. Using bullet points

b. Reading from notes
c. Maximizing the use of animation effects
d. Using metaphors

Answer: d: Using metaphors

19. In preparing for a viva or similar oral examination, it is best if you have:

a. Avoided citing the examiner in your thesis

b. Made exaggerated claims on the basis of your data
c. Published and referenced your own article(s)
d. Tried to memorize your work

Answer: c: Published and referenced your own article(s)

20. Grounded theory coding:

a. Makes use of a priori concepts from the literature

48
 b. Uses open coding, selective coding, then axial coding
c. Adopts a deductive stance
d. Stops when theoretical saturation has been reached

Answer: d: Stops when theoretical saturation has been reached

Question 1: Which of the following is not a characteristic of qualitative research?

a) Focuses on subjective experience
b) Uses statistical analysis
c) Emphasizes context and complexity
d) Allows for multiple perspectives
Answer: b) Uses statistical analysis

Question 2: Which of the following is a commonly used data collection method in qualitative
research?
a) Surveys
b) Experiments
c) Observations
d) Correlational studies
Answer: c) Observations

Question 3: Which of the following is not a type of qualitative research design?

a) Case study
b) Phenomenology
c) Correlational study
d) Grounded theory
Answer: c) Correlational study

Question 4: Which of the following is a key goal of qualitative data analysis?

a) Reductionism
b) Objectivity
c) Categorization
d) Quantification
Answer: c) Categorization

Question 5: Which of the following is a potential limitation of qualitative research?

a) Difficulty generalizing findings
b) Lack of depth in data
c) Inability to capture subjective experiences
d) High level of researcher bias
Answer: a) Difficulty generalizing findings

Question 6: Which of the following is not an ethical consideration in qualitative research?

a) Informed consent
b) Confidentiality
c) Data falsification
d) Voluntary participation

49
Answer: c) Data falsification

Question 7: Which of the following is a commonly used software program for qualitative data
analysis?
a) SPSS
b) Excel
c) NVivo
d) SAS
Answer: c) NVivo

Question 8: Which of the following is a strength of case study research?

a) Can provide rich, detailed data
b) Allows for generalization to a larger population
c) Can establish causation
d) Typically involves a large sample size
Answer: a) Can provide rich, detailed data

Question 9: Which of the following is a potential bias in qualitative research?

a) Sampling bias
b) Observer bias
c) Confirmation bias
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

Question 10: Which of the following is not a method for enhancing the trustworthiness of qualitative
research?
a) Triangulation
b) Member checking
c) Pre-testing
d) Peer debriefing
Answer: c) Pre-testing

Question 11: What is the main purpose of qualitative research?

A) To test hypotheses and establish causality
B) To quantify data and draw statistical conclusions
C) To understand and explore phenomena in-depth
D) To predict future outcomes based on past data
Answer: C) To understand and explore phenomena in-depth

Question 12: Which of the following is a primary data collection method used in qualitative
research?
A) Surveys
B) Experiments
C) Questionnaires
D) Interviews
Answer: D) Interviews

50
Question 13: What is a key characteristic of qualitative data analysis?
A) Numerical computations and statistical tests
B) Random sampling and large sample sizes
C) Objective and unbiased interpretation
D) Thematic coding and pattern recognition
Answer: D) Thematic coding and pattern recognition

Question 14: Which of the following is a common sampling technique in qualitative research?
A) Simple random sampling
B) Stratified sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Cluster sampling
Answer: C) Convenience sampling

Question 15: In qualitative research, what is the term used for the process of ensuring the accuracy
and credibility of findings?
A) Standardization
B) Triangulation
C) Replication
D) Meta-analysis
Answer: B) Triangulation

Question 16: Which of the following is NOT a qualitative research approach?

A) Grounded theory
B) Ethnography
C) Case study
D) Randomized controlled trial
Answer: D) Randomized controlled trial

Question 17: What is reflexivity in qualitative research?

A) The ability to remain objective and detached during data collection
B) The process of conducting multiple interviews with the same participant
C) The practice of acknowledging the researcher’s influence on the study
D) The use of technology to transcribe and analyze qualitative data
Answer: C) The practice of acknowledging the researcher’s influence on the study

Question 18: Which data collection method involves observing and recording behavior without direct
interaction with participants?
A) Focus groups
B) Participant observation
C) Content analysis
D) Phenomenological interviews
Answer: B) Participant observation

Question 19: In qualitative research, what is the concept of data saturation?

A) The point when the researcher is satisfied with the collected data
B) The process of cleaning and organizing the data

51
C) The point when no new information or themes emerge from the data
D) The process of cross-checking data with other sources
Answer: C) The point when no new information or themes emerge from the data

Question 20: Which of the following is a common method of reporting qualitative research findings?
A) Pie charts and bar graphs
B) T-test and ANOVA tables
C) Narratives and quotes from participants
D) Regression analysis and correlation coefficients
Answer: C) Narratives and quotes from participants

Question 21: Which of the following is an advantage of qualitative research?

A) It allows for generalization to a larger population.
B) It provides precise numerical data for analysis.
C) It helps to uncover complex and nuanced insights.
D) It requires a shorter time frame for data collection.
Answer: C) It helps to uncover complex and nuanced insights.

Question 22: What is the main difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
A) Qualitative research deals with words and meanings, while quantitative research deals with numbers
and statistics.
B) Qualitative research is more objective, while quantitative research is more subjective.
C) Qualitative research uses large sample sizes, while quantitative research uses smaller sample sizes.
D) Qualitative research focuses on causation, while quantitative research focuses on correlation.
Answer: A) Qualitative research deals with words and meanings, while quantitative research deals with
numbers and statistics.

Question 23: Which of the following is an ethical consideration in qualitative research?

A) Ensuring the study has a control group for comparison.
B) Protecting the privacy and confidentiality of participants.
C) Using statistical tests to analyze the data.
D) Conducting a meta-analysis of multiple studies.
Answer: B) Protecting the privacy and confidentiality of participants.

Question 24: What is a researcher’s role in qualitative research?

A) To manipulate variables to observe cause-and-effect relationships.
B) To remain detached from the research process to avoid bias.
C) To actively engage with participants and understand their perspectives.
D) To conduct experiments with large sample sizes.
Answer: C) To actively engage with participants and understand their perspectives.

Question 25: Which of the following is an appropriate data analysis method for thematic
analysis in qualitative research?
A) Chi-square test
B) Descriptive statistics
C) Content analysis
D) Grounded theory

52
Answer: C) Content analysis

Question 26: Which of the following is an example of open-ended questions in qualitative research?
A) “Did you agree with the statement? Yes or No.”
B) “On a scale of 1 to 5, rate your satisfaction with the product.”
C) “Can you tell me about your experience with the product?”
D) “What is your age and gender?”
Answer: C) “Can you tell me about your experience with the product?”

Question 27: In qualitative research, what does “member checking” refer to?
A) Checking the accuracy of data by comparing it with other sources.
B) Checking the credibility of the findings with the research team.
C) Checking the researcher’s biases and preconceptions during data collection.
D) Checking the accuracy of interpretations with participants.
Answer: D) Checking the accuracy of interpretations with participants.

Question 28: Which of the following is an appropriate way to enhance the trustworthiness of
qualitative research findings?
A) Relying solely on quantitative data for analysis.
B) Using a large sample size to ensure representativeness.
C) Clearly documenting the research process and decisions made.
D) Conducting the research in a controlled laboratory setting.
Answer: C) Clearly documenting the research process and decisions made.

Question 29: Which qualitative research approach focuses on understanding the lived experiences of
individuals?
A) Grounded theory
B) Case study
C) Ethnography
D) Phenomenology
Answer: D) Phenomenology

Question 30: Which of the following terms refers to the process of selecting participants in qualitative
research until data saturation is achieved?
A) Purposive sampling
B) Snowball sampling
C) Quota sampling
D) Theoretical sampling
Answer: D) Theoretical sampling

1) Who was the author of the book named "Methods in Social Research"?
Kerlinger
CR Kothari
Goode and Hatt
Wilkinson
Answer: c) Goode and Halt

53
Explanation: The book named "Methods in Social Research" was authored by Goode and Hatt
on Dec 01, 1952, which was specifically aimed to improve student's knowledge as well as
response skills.

2) What is the major attribute of Correlation Analysis?

Association among variables
Difference among variables
Regression among variables
Variations among variables
Answer: a) Association among variables
Explanation: Mainly the correlational analysis focus on finding the association between one or
more quantitative independent variables and one or more quantitative dependent variables.

3) What is the name of the conceptual framework in which the research is carried out?
Research hypothesis
Synopsis of Research
Research paradigm
Research design
Answer: d) Research design
Explanation: A conceptual framework can be understood as a Research design that you require
before research.

4) What is the main role of research in education?

To upsurge one's social status.
To increase one's job prospects.
To augment one's personal growth.
To help an applicant in becoming a renowned educationalist.
Answer: d) To help an applicant in becoming a renowned educationalist
Explanation: Educational research can be defined as an assurance for reviewing and improving
educational practice, which will result in becoming a renowned educationalist.

5) Which of the following features are considered as critical in qualitative research?

Collecting data with the help of standardized research tools.
Design sampling with probability sample techniques.
Collecting data with bottom-up empirical evidence.
Gathering data with top-down schematic evidence.
Answer: c) Collecting data with bottom-up empirical evidence.
Explanation: In qualitative research, we use an inductive methodology that starts from
particular to general. In other words, we study society from the bottom, then move upward to
make the theories.

6) How is random sampling helpful?

Reasonably accurate
An economical method of data collection
Free from personal biases
All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
54
Explanation: In random sampling, for each element of the set, there exist a possibility to get
selected.

7) A research intends to explore the result of possible factors for the organization of
effective mid-day meal interventions. Which research method will be most appropriate for
this study?
Descriptive survey method
Historical method
Ex-post facto method
Experimental method
Answer: c) Ex-post facto method
Explanation: Mainly in the ex-post facto method, the existing groups with qualities are
compared on some dependent variable. It is also known as quasi-experimental for the fact that
instead of randomly assigning the subjects, they are grouped on the basis of a particular
characteristic or trait.

8) Tippit table refers to as _________

Table of random digits
The table used in sampling methods
The table used in statistical investigations
All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Tippit table was first published by L.H.C Tippett in 1927.

9) In order to pursue the research, which of the following is priorly required?

Developing a research design
Formulating a research question
Deciding about the data analysis procedure
Formulating a research hypothesis
Answer: b) Formulating a research question
Explanation: Before starting with research, it is necessary to have a research question or a topic
because once the problem is identified, then we can decide the research design.

10) The format of thesis writing is the same as in

Writing of Seminar representation
Preparation of research paper/article
A research dissertation
Presenting a workshop/conference paper
Answer: c) A research dissertation
Explanation: The format of thesis writing is similar to that of a research dissertation, or we can
simply say that dissertation is another word for a thesis.

11) Which one among the following statements is false in the context of participatory
research?
It recognizes knowledge as power
It is a collective process of inquiry
It emphasizes people as experts
55
Its sole purpose is the production of knowledge
Answer: d) Its sole purpose is the production of knowledge
Explanation: Participatory action research is a kind of research that stresses participation and
action.

12) Which one among the following statement is true in the context of the testing of
hypotheses?
It is only the alternative hypotheses that can be tested.
It is only the null hypotheses that can be tested.
Both the alternative and the null hypotheses can be tested.
Both the alternative and the null hypotheses cannot be tested.
Answer: b) It is only the null hypothesis that can be tested.
Explanation: Hypotheses testing evaluates its plausibility by using sample data.

13) What are the conditions in which Type-I error occurs?

The null hypotheses get accepted even if it is false
The null hypotheses get rejected even if it is true
Both the null hypotheses as well as alternative hypotheses are rejected
None of the above
Answer: b) The null hypotheses get rejected even if it is true
Explanation: The Type-I Error can be defined as the first kind of error.

14) Research and Development become the index of development of the country. Which of
the following reasons are true with regards to this statement?
R&D targets human development
R&D can enhance people's standard of living in the country
R&D reflects the actual economic and social conditions being prevailed in the country
All the above
Answer: d) All of the above.
Explanation: No explanation.

15) What does the longitudinal research approach actually deal with?
Long-term research
Short-term research
Horizontal research
None of the above
Answer: a) Long-term research
Explanation: In general, the longitudinal approach is long-term research in which the
researchers keep on examining similar individuals to detect if any change has occurred over a
while.

16) What do you understand by the term "Anusandhan"?

Goal-oriented
Following an aim
Attaining an aim
Praying to achieve an aim
Answer: b) Following an aim
56
Explanation: No explanation.

17) Evaluation Research is concerned with __________

How well are we doing?
Why are we doing?
What are we doing?
None of the above
Answer: a) How well are we doing?
Explanation: Instead of focusing on the process, the evaluation research measures the
consequences of the process, for example, if the objectives are met or not.

18) Which of the following does not correspond to characteristics of research?

Research is not passive
Research is systematic
Research is not a problem-oriented
Research is not a process
Answer: d) Research is not a process
Explanation: Research is an inspired and systematic work that is undertaken by the researchers
to intensify expertise.

19) Which of the following options are the main tasks of research in modern society?
To learn new things
To keep pace with the advancement in knowledge
To systematically examine and critically analyze the investigations/sources with the objective
All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Research is an inspired and systematic work that is undertaken by the researchers
to intensify expertise.

20) What is the main aim of interdisciplinary research?

To over simplify the problem of research
To bring out the holistic approach to research
To create a new trend in research methodology
To reduce the emphasis on a single subject in the research domain
Answer: b) To bring out the holistic approach to research
Explanation: Particularly in interdisciplinary research, it combines two or more hypothetical
disciplines into one activity.

21) The main aim of the scientific method in the research field is to _________
Improve data interpretation
Confirm triangulation
Introduce new variables
Eliminate spurious relations
Answer: d) Eliminate spurious relations
Explanation: Scientific research aims to build knowledge by hypothesizing new theories and
discovering laws.

57
22) A researcher is interested in studying the prospects of a particular political party in an
urban area. So, what tool should he prefer for the study?
Rating Scale
Interview
Questionnaire
Schedule
Answer: c) Questionnaire
Explanation: Since it is an urban area, so there is a probability of literacy amongst a greater
number of people. Also, there would be numerous questions over the ruling period of a political
party, which cannot be simply answered by rating. The rating can only be considered if any
political party has done some work, which is why the Questionnaire is used.

23) The conclusions/findings of which type of research cannot be generalized to other

situations?
Casual Comparative Research
Historical Research
Descriptive Research
Experimental Research
Answer: b) Historical Research
Explanation: One cannot generalize historical research in the USA, which has been done in
India.

24) How to judge the depth of any research?

By research title
By research duration
By research objectives
By total expenditure on research
Answer: c) By research objectives
Explanation: Research objectives concisely demonstrate what we are trying to achieve through
the research.

25) Who can successfully conduct Research?

Someone who is a hard worker
Possesses post-graduation degree
Has studied research methodology
Possesses thinking and reasoning ability
Answer: c) Has studied research methodology
Explanation: Anyone who has studied the research methodology can undergo the research.

26) Which of the following is not the method of Research?

Survey
Historical
Observation
Philosophical
Answer: c) Observation

58
Explanation: Mainly the research method comprises strategies, processes or techniques that are
being utilized to collect the data or evidence so as to reveal new information or create a better
understanding of a topic.

27) A research problem is feasible only when

It has utility and relevance
It is new and adds something to knowledge
It is researchable
All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: A research problem can be defined as a statement about the area of interest, a
condition that is required to be improved, a difficulty that has to be eradicated, or any disquieting
question existing in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to be solved.

28) Circle graphs are used to show

How is one part related to other parts?
How various sections share in the whole?
How is one whole related to another whole?
How are various parts related to the whole?
Answer: d) How are various parts related to the whole?
Explanation: A circle graph helps in visualizing information as well as the data.

29) Authenticity of a research finding is its

Validity
Objectivity
Originality
All of the above
Answer: b) Objectivity
Explanation: No explanation.

30) Which one is called non-probability sampling?

Quota sampling
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified random sampling
Answer: a) Quota sampling
Explanation: In non-probability sampling, all the members do not get an equal opportunity to
participate in the study.

31) What does a good thesis involve?

a) Reducing punctuations as well as grammatical errors to minimalist
b) Correct reference citations
c) Consistency in the way of thesis writing
d) Well defined abstract
Select the answers from the codes given below:
b), c) and d)
a), b), c) and d)

59
a), b) and c)
a), b) and d)
Answer: B. a), b), c) and d)
Explanation: All of the above.

32) Which one among the following statements is correct in context to research?
a) Research refers to a series of systematic activity or activities undertaken to find out the solution to a
problem.
b) It is a systematic, logical and unbiased process wherein verification of hypotheses, data analysis,
interpretation and formation of principles can be done.
c) It is an intellectual inquiry or quest towards truth,
d) It enhances knowledge.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
a), b), c) and d)
a), b) and c)
b), c) and d)
a), c) and d)
Answer: A. a), b), c) and d)
Explanation: All of the above.

33) On what basis did Jean Piaget give his theory of cognitive development of humans?
Evaluation Research
Fundamental Research
Applied Research
Action Research
Answer: b) Fundamental Research
Explanation: Jean Piaget, in his cognitive-developmental theory, proposed the idea that children
can actively construct knowledge simply by exploring and manipulating the world around them.

34) What are the core elements of a dissertation?

Introduction; Data Collection; Data Analysis; Conclusions and Recommendations
Executive Summary; Literature Review; Data Gathered; Conclusions; Bibliography
Research Plan; Research Data; Analysis; References
Introduction; Literature Review; Research Methodology; Results; Discussions and Conclusions
Answer: d) Introduction; Literature Review; Research Methodology; Results; Discussions and
Conclusions
Explanation: The core elements of the dissertation are as follows:
Introduction; Literature Review; Research Methodology; Results; Discussions and Conclusions

35) "Sampling Cases" can be defined as

Sampling using a sampling frame
Identifying people who are suitable for research
Literally the researcher's brief case
A sampling of people, newspapers, television programs etc.
Answer: d) A sampling of people, newspapers, television programs etc.

60
Explanation: In general, sampling in case study research involves decisions made by the
researchers regarding the strategies of sampling, the number of case studies, and the definition of
the unit of analysis.

36) Which technique is generally followed when the population is finite?

Systematic Sampling Technique
Purposive Sampling Technique
Area Sampling Technique
None of the above
Answer: a) Systematic Sampling Technique
Explanation: Systematic sampling can be understood as a probability sampling method in which
the members of the population are selected by the researchers at a regular interval.

37) Research problem is selected from the standpoint of

Social relevance
Financial support
Researcher's interest
Availability of relevant literature
Answer: a) Social relevance
Explanation: No explanation.

38) The F-test:

Is essentially a two-tailed test.
Is essentially a one-tailed test.
Can be one-tailed as well as two-tailed depending on the hypotheses.
Can never be one tailed test.
Answer: c) Can be one-tailed as well as two-tailed depending on the hypotheses
Explanation: An F-test corresponds to a statistical test in which the test statistic has an F-
distribution under the null hypothesis.

39) Which one among the following is the most comprehensive source of population data?
Census
National Sample Surveys
Demographic Health Surveys
National Family Health Surveys
Answer: a) Census
Explanation: Census is an official survey that keeps track of the population data.

40) The process not needed in experimental research is

Controlling
Observation
Reference collection
Manipulation and replication
Answer: b) Observation
Explanation: No explanation.

61
41) What are those conditions where a research problem is not viable?
It is new and adds something to knowledge
It can be researched
It has utility and relevance
It contains dependent and independent variables
Answer: d) It contains dependent and independent variables
Explanation: A research problem can be defined as a statement about the concerned area, a
condition needed to be improved, a difficulty that has to be eliminated, or a troubling question
existing in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice pointing towards the need of delivering a
deliberate investigation.

42) How can we enhance the research objective?

By making it more valid
By making it more reliable
By making it more impartial
All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: The research objectives must be concisely described before starting the research as
it illustrates what we are going to achieve as an end result after the accomplishment.

43) Action-research can be understood as ___________

A longitudinal research
An applied research
A kind of research being carried out to solve a specific problem
All of the above
Answer: c) A kind of research being carried out to solve a specific problem
Explanation: In general, action research is termed as a philosophy or a research methodology,
which is implemented in social sciences.

44) On what basis can one formulate the assumptions?

The cultural background of the country
Universities
Some specific characteristics of castes
All of the above
Answer: a) The cultural background of the country
Explanation: An assumption can be identified as an unexamined belief, which we contemplate
without even comprehending it. Also, the conclusions that we draw are often based on
assumptions.

45) Which one among the following falls under the category of research development?
Descriptive Research
Philosophical Research
Action Research
All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: No explanation.

62
46) What is the use of Factorial Analysis?
For setting the hypotheses
To understand the difference between two variables
To understand the relationship between two variables
To understand the difference between various variables
Answer: b) To understand the difference between two variables
Explanation: Factor analysis can be understood as a statistical method that defines the
variability between two variables in terms of factors, which are nothing but unobserved
variables.

47) What is the best-suited name for a process that doesn't necessitate experimental
research?
Manipulation
Controlling
Content analysis
Observation
Answer: a) Manipulation
Explanation: In an experimental research design, whenever the independent variables (i.e.,
treatment variables or factors) decisively get altered by researchers, then that process is termed
as an experimental manipulation.

48) Which one among the following variables cannot be expressed in quantitative terms?
Numerical Aptitude
Marital Status
Socio-economic Status
Professional Attitude
Answer: d) Professional Attitude
Explanation: A professional attitude is an ability that inclines you to manage your time, portray
a leadership quality, make you self-determined and persistent.

49) The "Sociogram" technique is used to study _________

Vocational Interest
Human Relations
Professional Competence
Achievement Motivation
Answer: b) Human Relations
Explanation: The term sociogram can be defined as a graphical representation of human relation
that portrays the social links formed by one particular person.

50) Which one among the following phrases does not correspond to the meaning of
research as a process?
Problem Solving
Trial and Error
Objective Observation
Systematic Activity
Answer: c) Objective Observation

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Explanation: The research process comprises classifying, locating, evaluating, and investigating
the data, which is required to support your research question, followed by developing and
expressing your ideas.

Chapter 8 – Sampling in quantitative research

1. A sampling frame is:

A. a summary of the various stages involved in designing a survey.
B. an outline view of all the main clusters of units in a sample.
C. a list of all the units in the population from which a sample will be selected.
D. a wooden frame used to display tables of random numbers.

2. A simple random sample is one in which:

A. from a random starting point, every nth unit from the sampling frame is selected.
B. a non-probability strategy is used, making the results difficult to generalize.
C. the researcher has a certain quota of respondents to fill for various social groups.
D. every unit of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

3. It is helpful to use a multi-stage cluster sample when:

A. the population is widely dispersed geographically.
B. you have limited time and money available for travelling.
C. you want to use a probability sample in order to
3
ot he
1. ________ is the first step in the research process.
 Collecting data
 Formulating a research question
 Analyzing data

Drawing conclusion
2. Which of the following is an example of qualitative research methods?
 Survey
 Case Study
 Experiment
 Meta-analysis

3.[2.] What is a hypothesis in research?

 A conclusion drawn from data analysis
 A summary of research findings
 A measurement of data accuracy
 A statement of predicted relationship between variables

4.[3.] What is the purpose of a literature review in research?

 To identify the research gaps
 To summarize research findings
 To collect primary data

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  To analyze data

5.[4.] What is a dependent variable in research?

 The variable that is manipulated by the researcher
 The variable that remains constant throughout the research
 The variable that is measured and observed
 The variable that is not relevant to the research question

6.[5.] What is the purpose of a research proposal?

 To present research findings
 To provide a rationale for the study
 To establish causality
 To guide the data collection process

7.[6.] What is a research design?

 A plan for data analysis
 A method for data collection
 A statistical technique
 A framework for conducting research

8.[7.] What is the purpose of statistical analysis in research?

 To summarize research findings
 To collect primary data
 To draw conclusion from data
 To develop research hypotheses

9.[8.] What is the appropriate statistical analysis for comparing means between two
groups?
 Chi-squared test
 Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
 Regression analysis
 T-test

10.[9.] What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

 To provide a baseline for comparison
 To receive the experimental treatment
 To control for confounding variables
 To ensure internal validity

11.[10.] Which of the following is an example of a primary source of data?

 Research article
 Textbook
 Meta analysis
 Interview transcript

12.[11.] _________ is the characteristics of qualitative research.

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  Large sample size
 Standardize data collection methods
 Emphasis on context and social interactions
 Objectives and detached perspective

13.[12.] ________ is NOT a common data collection method in qualitative research.

 Participant observation
 Structured interviews
 Content Analysis
 Focus Groups

14.[13.] ________ is the primary focus of qualitative research.

 Causality
 Understanding the meanings and interpretations of individuals
 Hypothesis testing
 Statistical analysis

15.[14.] In qualitative research, data collection methods typically include

 Structured questionnaires
 Experiments
 Surveys
 Interviews and Observations

16.[15.] Which of the following is an example of a qualitative research question?

 What is the prevalence of depression in college students?
 How does gender influence job satisfaction ?
 What is the relationship between income and happiness?

 What are the factors that contribute to successful weight loss?

17.[16.] Which of the following research methods is primarily associated with
qualitative research?
 Experimental research
 Longitudinal research
 Phenomenology
 Correlation research

18.[17.] __________ is an example of a quantitative research method.

 Case study
 Ethnography
 Correlational Study
 Phenomenological study

19.[18.] _________ is the main purpose of a research hypothesis.

 To provide a clear research direction
 To analyze data
 To establish causality

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  To summarize research findings

20.[19.] Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good research question?

 Clear and Focused
 Relevant and significant
 Testable and measurable
 Broad and ambiguous

21.[20.] What is a random sample in research?

 A sample that is selected by chance
 A sample that is selected based on specific criteria
 A sample that is selected from population in a systematic way
 A sample that is selected based on convenience

22.[21.] What is a case study in research?

 A survey of a large population
 An in-depth investigation of a single individual or group
 An experimental design that tests a hypothesis
 An analysis of existing statistical data

23.[22.] _____________ is a research population.

 The group of people who participate in the study
 The larger group from which the participants are selected
 The variables being studied
 THe data collected in the study

24.[23.] Which of the following is a measure of central tendency in statistics?

 Standard Deviation
 Correlation Coefficient
 Mean
 Chi-square test

25.[24.] _____________ is a non-experimental research design.

 Randomized controlled trial
 Quasi-experimental design
 Case Study
 Cross-sectional study

26.[25.] What is the appropriate statistical test to test the association between two
categorical variables in a research study?
 T-test
 ANOVA
 Regression Analysis
 Chi-square test

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27.[26.] Which statistical test is appropriate to test the difference between proportions of
two groups?
 T-tests
 ANOVA
 Chi-square test
 Z-test

28.[27.] Which of the following statistical tests is appropriate to test the difference
between medians of two groups?
 T-test
 ANOVA
 Wilcoxon rank-sum test
 Regression analysis

29.[28.] Which of the following statistical tests is appropriate to test the difference
between means of two related samples?
 T-test
 ANOVA
 Chi-square test
 Paired-sample test

30.[29.] Which of the following statistical tests is appropriate to test the relationship
between two continuous variables while controlling other variables?
 T-test
 ANOVA
 Chi-square test
 Regression Analysis

31.[30.] What is the main purpose of a pilot study in research?

 To gather primary data
 To establish the sample size
 To test the research hypothesis
 To refine the research methodology

32.[31.] __________ is a non-probability sampling technique.

 Convenience Sampling
 Stratified Sampling
 Cluster Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling

33.[32.] What is the primary purpose of inferential statistics in research?

 To summarize and describe data
 To explore relationships between variables
 To interpret qualitative data
 To test hypotheses and make inferences about a population

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34.[33.] ________ is NOT a type of research data.
 Primary data
 Secondary data
 Tertiary data
 Meta data

35.[34.] What is a literature review?

 A summary of book
 A summary of research study
 A summary of the literature on a particular topic
 A summary of a movie

36.[35.] What is the first step in conducting a literature review?

 Identify the research question
 Identify the study population
 Identify the research hypothesis
 Identify the research methodology

37.[36.] What is the purpose of a conceptual framework in research?

 To provide a summary of the main concepts related to the research topic
 To establish the theoretical foundation for the research study
 To outline the research design and methods
 To report the findings of the research study

38.[37.] ________ is NOT a step in the research process.

 Literature review
 Data analysis
 Research question
 Data collection

39.[38.] Which of the following is NOT a criterion for establishing causality in

research?
 Temporal order
 Covariation
 Association
 Control of confounding variables

40.[39.] What is a research instrument?

 The research question
 The research design
 The data collection method
 The data analysis plan

41.[40.] ________ is a data analysis plan.

 A plan for collecting data in as research study
 A plan for analyzing data collected in a research study

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  A plan for reporting research findings
 A plan for selecting research participants

42.[41.] Which of the following is an example of qualitative descriptive data?

 Age of participants in a research study
 Gender of participants in a research study
 Scores on a likert scale in a questionnaire
 Responses to open-ended questions in a survey

43.[42.] Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?

 Standard Deviation
 Variance
 Median
 Range

44.[43.] What is the mode in descriptive data analysis?

 The value that appears most frequently in a dataset
 The average of a dataset
 The middle value of a dataset
 The difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset

45.[44.] ______________________, is NOT a characteristic of fundamental research.

 It is exploratory in nature.
 It is aimed at developing new theories
 It is focused on solving practical problems
 It is conducted without a specific application

46.[45.] Which of the following is a type of research bias?

 Descriptive bias
 Sampling bias
 Causal bias
 Inferential bias

47.[46.] What is recall bias in data collection?

 The tendency of participants to provide socially desirable responses
 The systematic error in measurement instruments
 The distortion of memory in reporting past events
 The influence of the researcher’s expectations on data collection

48.[47.] How can researcher bias be minimized in data collection?

 Using random sampling techniques
 Double-blind data collection
 Using multiple data collection methods
 Ensuring strict adherence to research protocols

49.[48.] What is bias in research methodology?

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  A measure of central tendency
 A measure of variability
 A systematic error in data collection
 A random error in data collection

50.[49.] How can researchers minimize bias in data collection?

 By using a small sample size
 By using biased data collection instruments
 By using non-random sampling techniques
 By using appropriate data collection and analysis methods

_______research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount.

A. Qualitative
B. Descriptive
C. Quantitative
D. Numerical
View Answer
C. Quantitative

______ describes the present state of affairs as it exists without having any control over
variables.
A. Analytical research
B. Descriptive research
C. Applied research
D. Distinctive research
View Answer
B. Descriptive

In the _______research, the researcher has to use facts or information already available.
A. Analytical
B. Descriptive
C. Applied
D. Distinctive
View Answer
A. Analytical

_____ research is concerned with qualitative phenomena.

A. Qualitative
B. Descriptive
C. Quantitative
D. Numerical
View Answer
A. Qualitative

______ is related to some abstract ideas or theory.

A. Contextual research

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B. Conceptual research
C. Ideal research
D. Empirical research
View Answer
B. Conceptual research

______ is data-based, coming up with conclusions that are capable of being verified, by
observation or by experiment.
A. Contextual research
B. Conceptual research
C. Ideal research
D. Empirical research
View Answer
D. Empirical research

The objective of ______ is the development of hypotheses rather than their testing.
A. Laboratory research
B. Diagnostic research
C. Exploratory research
D. Empirical research
View Answer
C. Exploratory research

A ________ refers to some difficulty that a researcher experiences in either a theoretical or

practical situation
A. research hypothesis
B. research experience
C. research problem
D. research crisis
View Answer
C. research problem

_______ as a testable statement of a potential relationship between two or more variables.

A. research hypothesis
B. research experience
C. research problem
D. research crisis
View Answer
A. research hypothesis

Research design is a _________for conducting the marketing research project.

A. strategy
B. framework
C. blueprint
D. both B & C
View Answer

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D. both B & C

______ is a hypothetical statements denying what are explicitly indicated in working

hypotheses.
A. Null hypotheses
B. Working hypotheses
C. Descriptive hypotheses
D. Relational hypotheses
View Answer
A. Null hypotheses

A Blue print of Research work is known as _______

A. sampling design
B. research design
C. research hypotheses
D. research approach
View Answer
B. research design

Research design is a blue print, outline and a _________

A. guidance
B. control
C. plan
D. strategy
View Answer
C. plan

The choice of research design is influenced by the ________

A. the nature of the research problem
B. the audiences for the study
C. the researchers’ personal experiences
D. all of the above
View Answer
D. all of the above

A Blue print of Research work is called ____

A. Research design
B. Research Problem
C. Research methods
D. Research tools
View Answer
A. Research design

_______affect the choice of research methods.

A. Whether the research is ethical or not
B. Time and money available

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C. Aims of the researcher
D. all of the above
View Answer
D. all of the above

________ is the name of the conceptual framework in which the research is carried out.
A. Research paradigm
B. Synopsis of Research
C. Research design
D. Research hypothesis
View Answer
C. Research design

The longitudinal research approach mainly deal with _____

A. Horizontal research
B. Vertical Research
C. Short-term research
D. Long-term research
View Answer
D. Long-term research

Authenticity of a research finding is its ____

A. Objectivity
B. Tangibility
C. Originality
D. Validity
View Answer
A. Objectivity

Research design is a blue print, outline and a ______

A. Strategy
B. System
C. Guide
D. Plan
View Answer
D. Plan

1. A good qualitative problem statement:

a. Defines the independent and dependent variables
b. Conveys a sense of emerging design
c. Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested
d. Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find

2. The “tool” function of theory is to:

a. Summarize existing knowledge
b. Summarize existing hypotheses

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c. Suggest new relationships and make new predictions
d. Suggest new theories

3. The statement of purpose in a research study should:

a. Identify the design of the study
b. Identify the intent or objective of the study
c. Specify the type of people to be used in the study
d. Describe the study

4. Why is the statement “What are the effects of extracurricular activities on cognitive
development of school age children” not a good statement of a quantitative research
question?
a. Because there is no connection between extracurricular activities and cognitive
development
b. Because there are not enough school age children engaged in extracurricular activities
to conduct the study
c. Because the study would be too difficult to do given all the different extracurricular
activities
d. Because the statement was not specific enough to provide an understanding of
the variables being investigated

5. A qualitative research question:

a. Asks a question about some process, or phenomenon to be explored
b. Is generally an open-ended question
c. both a and b are correct
d. None of the above

6. According to the text, which of the following orders is the recommended in the flowchart
of the development of a research idea?
a. Research topic, research problem, research purpose, research question, hypothesis
b. Research topic, research purpose, research problem, research question, hypothesis
c. Research topic, research problem, research purpose, research question, hypothesis
d. Research topic, hypothesis, research problem, research question, research purpose

7. It is essential that you evaluate the quality of internet resources because information
obtained via the internet ranges from very poor to very good.
a. True
b. False

8. One step that is not included in planning a research study is:

a. Identifying a researchable problem
b. A review of current research
c. Statement of the research question
d. Conducting a meta-analysis of the research
e. Developing a research plan

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9. Sources of researchable problems can include:
a. Researchers’ own experiences as educators
b. Practical issues that require solutions
c. Theory and past research
d. All of the above

10. A key characteristic of past research that guides researchers in new research questions
is that:
a. Extensive research conclusively and definitively answers research questions
b. Studies typically generate more research questions than they answer

11. Which of the following is a function of theory?

a. Integrating and summarizing current knowledge
b. Making predictions
c. Explaining phenomena
d. All of the above are important functions of theory

12. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher
to do which of the following?
a. To become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of interest
b. To identify potential methodological problems in the research area
c. To develop a list of pertinent problems relative to the phenomenon of interest
d. All of the above
13. Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection
is not recommended by grounded theorists.
a. True
b. False

14. What kind of ideas can’t be empirically researched?

a. Effectiveness of different methods of instruction
b. Description of educational practices
c. Issues of values and morality such as the correctness of having prayer in schools
d. Factors helpful in predicting future drug use

15. Which of the following is not a database containing information to be used during the
literature review?
a. ERIC
b. PsychINFO
c. SocioFILE
d. all of the above are potentially useful data bases

16. Computer database searches can be done:

a. With a computer with CD-ROM drive
b. At the library
c. Online
d. All of the above

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17. The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:
a. Cost and time required to conduct the study
b. Skills required of the researcher
c. Potential ethical concerns
d. All of the above

18. A formal statement of the research question or “purpose of research study” generally
______.
a. Is made prior to the literature review
b. Is made after the literature review
c. Will help guide the research process
d. All of the above
e. b and c

19. Is the following qualitative research purpose statement “well stated” or “poorly
stated”? “The focus of the present study was to explore distressing and nurturing encounters of
patients with caregivers and to ascertain the meanings that are engendered by such encounters.
The study was conducted on one of the surgical units and the obstetrical/gynecological unit of a
374-bed community hospital.”
a. It is a well stated
b. It is poorly stated
20. Which of the following quantitative research questions is superior?
a. “What is the effect of participation in various extracurricular activities on academic
performance?”
b. “What effect does playing high school football have on students’ overall grade point
average during the football season?”

21. A statement of the quantitative research question should:

a. Extend the statement of purpose by specifying exactly the question(s) the researcher will
address
b. Help the research in selecting appropriate participants, research methods, measures, and
materials
c. Specify the variables of interest
d. All of the above

22. The research participants are described in detail in which section of the research plan?
a. Introduction
b. Method
c. Data analysis
d. Discussion

23. Research hypotheses are ______.

a. Formulated prior to a review of the literature
b. Statements of predicted relationships between variables
c. Stated such that they can be confirmed or refuted

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d. b and c

24. Hypotheses in qualitative research studies usually _____.

a. Are very specific and stated prior to beginning the study
b. Are often generated as the data are collected, interpreted, and analyzed
c. Are never used
d. Are always stated after the research study has been completed

25. A research plan _____.

a. Should be detailed
b. Should be given to others for review and comments
c. Sets out the rationale for a research study
d. All of the above

26. The Method section of the research plan typically specifies

a. The research participants
b. The results of prior studies that address the phenomena of interest
c. The apparatus, instruments, and materials for the research study
d. The planned research procedures
e. a, c and d

27. The Introduction section of the research plan

a. Gives an overview of prior relevant studies
b. Contains a statement of the purpose of the study
c. Concludes with a statement of the research questions and, for quantitative research, it includes
the research hypothesis
d. All of the above

28. According to your text, which of the following is not a source of research ideas?
a. Everyday life
b. Practical issues
c. Past research
d. Theory
e. All of the above ARE sources of research ideas

Good research question must be.

A. Accurate
B. Illogical
C. Unclear
D. Vague
View Answer
A. Accurate

A research design is.

A. Idea
B. Plan
C. Phenomena

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D. None of them
View Answer
B. Plan

Identify a study design.

A. Cross sectional
B. Before-after
C. Control experiment
D. All of them
View Answer
D. All of them

In quantitative research, there are.

A. Three scales
B. Two scales
C. Four scales
D. Five scales
View Answer
A. Three scales

Summated rating scale is also known as.

A. Likert
B. Thurstone
C. Guttmann
D. Equal appearing interval
View Answer
A. Likert

Last step in calculating attitudinal score is.

A. Administer statement
B. Assemble statement
C. Construct questionnaire
D. Calculate score
View Answer
C. Construct questionnaire

Identify a measurement scale.

A. Ordinal
B. Ratio
C. Interval
D. All of them
View Answer
D. All of them

Thurstone scale calculates.

A. Weight
B. Attitudinal value

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C. Schemas
D. Weight and attitudinal scale
View Answer
D. Weight and attitudinal scale

Quantitative and qualitative research differs in.

A. Method
B. Procedure
C. Idea
D. Method and procedure
View Answer
D. Method and procedu

‘Less hard work would lead to failure’ is a statement called.

A. Concept
B. Hypothesis
C. Variable
D. Idea
View Answer
B. Hypothesis

Researcher X rejects a hypothesis whereas it is true refers to.

A. Concept
B. Type I error
C. Variable
D. Design
View Answer
B. Type I error

Researcher Y conclusion was wrong, it might be due to incorrect.

A. Data collection
B. Instrument
C. Sample
D. All of them
View Answer
D. All of them

Researcher is not involved in.

A. Participant observation
B. Non participant observation
C. Interview
D. None of them
View Answer
B. Non participant observation

Flexible interview is called.

A. Clear

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B. Unstructured interview
C. Survey
D. None of them
View Answer
B. Unstructured interview

Spontaneous response can’t be observed through.

A. Questionnaire
B. Cost
C. Identity
D. None of them
View Answer
A. Questionnaire

In depth information can be collected through questions.

A. Open ended
B. Closed ended
C. Ambiguous
D. None of them
View Answer
A. Open ended

Second phase of hypothesis testing is.

A. Gathering evidence
B. Construction
C. Analysis
D. None of them
View Answer
A. Gathering evidence

Hypothesis must be tested through.

A. Analysis
B. Idea
C. Knowledge
D. None of them
View Answer
A. Analysis

Type of hypothesis is.

A. Alternate
B. Research
C. Logical
D. Alternate and research
View Answer
D. Alternate and research

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Information gathered using first approach is.
A. Primary source
B. Secondary source
C. Mixed source
D. None of them
View Answer
A. Primary source

Primary source is.

A. Observation
B. Interviewing
C. Questionnaire
D. All of them
View Answer
D. All of them

Situation in which observation can be made.

A. Natural
B. Controlled
C. Critical
D. Natural and controlled
View Answer
D. Natural and controlled

Identify characteristic of structured interview

A. Flexible
B. Open
C. Closed
D. Open
View Answer
C. Closed

Most common approach to collect information is.

A. Mailed questionnaire
B. Collective administration
C. Online questionnaire
D. None of them
View Answer
A. Mailed questionnaire

Questionnaire can be administered in a.

A. Public place
B. Health Centre
C. Shopping Centre
D. All of them
View Answer
D. All of them

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Questions can be explained in.
A. Interview
B. Survey
C. Observation
D. Questionnaire
View Answer
A. Interview

Wider application is of.

A. Survey
B. Interview
C. Observation
D. None of them
View Answer
B. Interview

Quality of data depends upon interaction in.

A. Survey
B. Interview
C. Observation
D. None of them
View Answer
B. Interview

Interview can be used with.

A. Population
B. Children
C. Illiterate
D. All of them
View Answer
D. All of

Quality of data in interview depends upon interviewer.

A. Experience
B. Skill
C. Commitment
D. All of them
View Answer
D. All of them

Effective questions be asked in.

A. Simple language
B. Double barrel questions
C. Leading questions
D. None of them
View Answer

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A. Simple language

Unemployment is increasing, what you think is a question called.

A. Double barrel
B. Leading
C. Simple
D. None of them
View Answer
B. Leading

How many cigarettes do you smoke in a day is question called.

A. Double barrel
B. Presumed
C. Simple
D. All of them
View Answer
B. Presumed

Smoking is bad, isn’t is a question called.

A. Leading
B. Presumed
C. Logical
D. All of them
View Answer
A. Leading

Ambiguous question contain more than one.

A. Meaning
B. Variables
C. Hypothesis
D. None of them
View Answer
A. Meaning

There is a greater investigator bias in question.

A. Open ended
B. Closed ended
C. Double barrel
D. None of them
View Answer
B. Closed ended

How often and how much time you exercise is question called.
A. Double barrel
B. Ambiguous
C. Clear

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D. None of them
View Answer
A. Double barrel

Step 2 in constructing research instrument is to specify.

A. Objectives
B. Questions
C. Hypothesis
D. None of them
View Answer
C. Hypothesis

Last step in construction of instrument is to formulate.

A. Questions
B. Objectives
C. Hypothesis
D. None of them
View Answer
A. Questions

Oral histories involve.

A. Active listening
B. Passive listening
C. Culture
D. Active and passive listening
View Answer
D. Active and passive listening

Narratives have context.

A. No predetermined
B. Predetermined
C. Ambiguous
D. None of them
View Answer
B. Predetermined

In depth interviews are.

A. Simple
B. Complex
C. Vague
D. None of them
View Answer
A. Simple

Difference between qualitative and quantitative research depends on.

A. Extraction
B. Analysis

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C. Communication
D. All of them
View Answer
D. All of them

Secondary source is.

A. Government publication
B. Newspapers
C. Television
D. All of them
View Answer
All of them

Problem with secondary source data is.

A. Reliability
B. Complication
C. Restriction
D. None of them
View Answer
A. Reliability

301. ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ on a specific presentation of the various steps in the process of

research.
A. research design
B. Research problem
C. Research report
D. none of these.
Answer» A. research design

302. ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ is the plan structure & strategies of investigation conceived so as to

obtain answers to research questions & to control “Variance”.
A. Research design
B. Research problem
C. Research report
D. Sample design
Answer» A. Research design
discuss
303. After selecting the topic &problems, defining concepts , & framing hypothesis, a
researcher has to think about ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐.
A. Research design
B. Research problem
C. data collection
D. Sample design.
Answer» A. Research design

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discuss
304. ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ deal with the method of selecting items to be observed for the given
study.
A. observational design
B. sampling design
C. Statistical design
D. operational design.
Answer» A. observational design
discuss
305. ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ concern with the quantitative, & statistical aspects of the design
such as technique of study, the methods of model building etc.
A. Sample design
B. Observation design
C. Statistical design
D. operational design.
Answer» C. Statistical design
discuss
306. ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ deal with the operational part of a research work.
A. Sampling design
B. Observational design
C. Statistical design
D. operational design.
Answer» D. operational design.
discuss
307. Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by teachers,
councelors,&other professionals to answer questions they have & to specifically
him them solve local problems?
A. Action research
B. Basic research
C. (‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐)
D. (‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐).
Answer» A. Action research
discuss
308. Which of the following best describes quantitative research?
A. The collection of non numerical data.
B. An attempt to confirm the researchers hypothesis.
C. Research that is exploratory.
D. research the attempts to generate a new theory.
Answer» B. An attempt to confirm the researchers hypothesis.
discuss

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309. A condition or characteristic that can take on different values / categories is
called ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐.
A. A constant
B. A variable
C. A cause and effect relationship
D. A descriptive relationship.
Answer» B. A variable
discuss
310. A variable that is presumed to case a change in another variable is called
A. Categorical variable
B. Dependent variable
C. Independent variable
D. Intervening variable.
Answer» C. Independent variable
discuss
311. Qualitative research is often exploratory & has all of the following
characteristics except.
A. It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic interest.
B. It relies on the collection of non numerical data such as words and pictures.
C. It is used to generate hypothesis & develop theory about phenomena in the wor
Answer» A. It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic
interest.
discuss
312. (‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐)
A. extraneous variable are never preset.
B. A positive correlation usually exists.
C. Negative correlation usually exists.
D. Manipulation of the independent variable.
Answer» D. Manipulation of the independent variable.
discuss
313. What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?
A. Resistance to manipulation
B. Manipulation of the independent variable.
C. The use of open‐ended of questions.
D. Focuses only on local problems.
Answer» D. Focuses only on local problems.
discuss
314. Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?
A. Age, temperature, income, height.
B. Grade point average, anxiety level, reading performance.
C. Gender, religion.
D. Both a &b.

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314. Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?
Answer» D. Both a &b.
discuss
315. What is the opposite of variable?
A. a constant
B. An extraneous variable
C. A dependent variable
D. A data set.
Answer» A. a constant
discuss
316. In research, something that does not “vary” is called a ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐.
A. Variable
B. Method
C. Constant
D. Control group.
Answer» C. Constant
discuss
317. Which of these is not a method of data collection.
A. Questionnaires
B. Interviews
C. Experiments
D. Observations.
Answer» C. Experiments
discuss
318. Secondary data may include which of the following?
A. official documents
B. personal documents
C. Research data
D. all of the above.
Answer» D. all of the above.
discuss
319. Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected
at an earlier time by originally collected at an earlier time by different person
for a different purpose?
A. Primary data
B. Secondary data
C. experimental data
D. field notes.
Answer» D. field notes.
discuss

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320. Researchers use both open‐ended &closed‐questions to collect data. which of the
following statements is true?
Open‐ended questions directly provide quantitative data based on the researchers
A.
predetermined response categories.
B. Closed ended questions provide quantitative data in the participants our wards.
C. open –ended questions provide qualitative data (‐‐‐‐) own words.
D. none
Answer» B. Closed ended questions provide quantitative data in the participants our
wards.
discuss
321. Open‐ended questions provide primacy ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐.
A. Confirmatory data
B. Qualitative data
C. Predictive data
D. none of these.
Answer» C. Predictive data
discuss
322. Which of the following is true concerning observation?
A. It takes less time than self‐report approaches.
B. It costs less money than self‐report approaches.
C. It is often not possible to determine exactly why the people behave as they do.
D. All of the above.
Answer» B. It costs less money than self‐report approaches.
discuss
323. Which of the following is not one of the six major methods of data collection
that are used by educational researchers?
A. Observations
B. Interviews
C. Questionnaire
D. Checklists.
Answer» C. Questionnaire
discuss
324. Which one of the following is not a major method of data collection?
A. Questionnaires
B. Interviews
C. Secondary data
D. Focus groups (e) All of the above.
Answer» D. Focus groups (e) All of the above.
discuss (1)
325. A census taken often collects data through which of the following?

A. Standardized tests

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325. A census taken often collects data through which of the following?

B. Interviews

C. Secondary data

D. observations.

Answer» B. Interviews

Qualitative
research:

A) preserves the form and content of human interaction.

B) is not empirically based.

is interested in isolating one aspect of the communication phenomenon

C) to study.

D) aims for objectivity.

Feedback: Qualitative research is interested in the whole of the

phenomenon, aims for subjectivity, and preserves the form and content of
human interaction

2 CORRECT
In qualitative research, discourse is:

A) transformed to numerical equivalents.

B) the set of naturally occurring messages used as data.

C) subjected to statistical testing.

D) the statement written by the researcher about the people observed.

Feedback: Discourse is never transformed to numerical equivalents in

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325. A census taken often collects data through which of the following?
qualitative research and is not subjected to statistical testing.

3
INCORREC Inductive analysis:
T

A) is the same as deductive reasoning.

is achieved when researchers create distance between the research

B) participants and themselves.

is the discovery and development of theory as they emerge from

C) qualitative data.

D) moves from general to specific.

Feedback: Deductive reasoning moves from general to specific and is not a

part of inductive analysis.

4
INCORREC The model for qualitative research demonstrates that:
T

A) the research process is not linear.

B) cannot be planned in its entirety before entering the scene.

C) research questions guide the investigation.

interpretation and analysis can begin as soon as data are collected or

D) shortly after.

E) All of the above.

Feedback: This is only one characteristic of the qualitative research model.

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325. A census taken often collects data through which of the following?
INCORREC Credibility is essential to qualitative research because:
T

A) multiple interpretations are likely in qualitative research.

researchers using qualitative methods want to prove that some reality

B) exists.

C) qualitative research is objective.

researchers using qualitative methods want to demonstrate the quality

D) of their interpretations.

E) a and d

Feedback: Credibility is essential in qualitative research because multiple

interpretations are plausible and researchers want to demonstrate the
quality of their interpretations.

6
INCORREC Triangulation is used by qualitative researchers to:
T

A) find more data.

B) find three themes to answer each research question.

C) bring participants in to the interpretation process.

D) enhance credibility of their findings.

E) None of the above.

Feedback: Triangulation is used to enhance credibility of findings.

93
325. A census taken often collects data through which of the following?

7
INCORREC In qualitative research, research questions:
T

A) are quite similar to research questions for quantitative research.

B) provide the researcher with a focus.

C) give the researcher considerable latitude.

D) usually ask "how" or "what."

E) all except a.

Feedback: Research questions in qualitative research provide the researcher

with a focus, yet give the researcher considerable latitude, and usually ask
“how” or “what.”

8 CORRECT
In qualitative research, data:

A) is restricted to what can be counted.

have few restrictions. Anything that can be observed or captured could

B) count as data

C) must be at the microlevel of evidence.

D) includes the interpretation of the researcher.

Feedback: In qualitative research, data have few restrictions. Data are not
required to be at the microlevel of evidence, and the data itself never
includes the interpretation of the researcher.

94
325. A census taken often collects data through which of the following?
9
INCORREC Threats to credibility in qualitative research exist when:
T

A) data are accurate and complete.

B) the interpretation is objective.

when data that fail to fit the explanation or interpretation are not
C) addressed.

the researcher does not consider why some data are more salient than
D) others.

Feedback: Threats to credibility occur when data are inaccurate and

incomplete and when data that fail to fit the explanation or interpretation
are not addressed.

10
INCORREC Member checks, or member validations, are useful because:
T

A) they enhance credibility of data interpretation for participants.

they give participants a chance to comment on or even edit the

B) preliminary research report.

participants’ contributions are often the source of valuable insight for

C) the researcher.

D) all of the above

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