juk;:09

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myF:03 - ,yq;ifapd; rka> Njrpa kWkyu;r;rp

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,yq;ifapd; rka> Njrpa kWkyu;r;rp njhlu;ghd mwpKfk;:

 ,yq;ifapd; ePz;l fhykhf epiyj;jpUe;j r%f mikg;Gk; fyhrhuKk;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;> xy;yhe;ju;> Mq;fpNyaupd; tUifAld; gy;NtW khw;wq;fSf;F
cl;gl;ld.

 mjdbg;gilapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; cNuhkd; fj;Njypf;f kjj;ijAk;> xy;yhe;ju;

Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;ijAk; jkJ Ml;rpg;gpuNjrq;fspy; gug;gpdu;.

 NkYk; fp.gp 1815 Mk; Mz;L ,yq;if KOtJk; gpupj;jhdpa FbNaw;w ehlhd
NghJ vkJ ehl;bw;F te;j gy;NtWgl;l kp]dup ,af;fq;fSk; fpwp];jt
rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F Kad;wikahy; ,e;ehl;by; ghuk;gupa rka fyhrhuq;fs;
khw;wkila njhlq;fpaJ.

 ,jdhy; vkJ fyhrhuq;fs; vjpu;Nehf;fpa Mgj;jhd epiyahy; gj;njhd;gjhk;

E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapd; ngsj;j> ,e;J> ,];yhk; kf;fspilNa
rka Njrpa tplaq;fspy; ngUk; vOr;rp Vw;gl;lJ.
1. kp]dup ,af;fq;fSk; mtw;wpd; eltbf;iffSk;:

 gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; fpwp];jt kjj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;fhf

ntspehLfspypUe;J ,e;ehl;bw;F tUif je;j njhz;lu; mikg;Gf;fNs kp]dup
,af;fq;fs; MFk;.

 mjdbg;gilapy; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kd;diug;gFjpapy; ,yq;iff;F

tUif je;j kp]dup ,af;fq;fs; tUkhW.

kp]dup ,af;fq;fs; ,yq;iff;F te;j fhyk; ,yq;ifapy; nraw;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;

yz;ld; kp]dup 1804 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ngg;b]; kp]dup 1812 nfhOk;ig ikakhf nraw;gl;ldu;.
nt];ypad; kp]dup 1814 – 1815 tlf;F> fpof;F gpuNjrq;fs;.
mnkupf;fd; kp]dup 1816 aho;g;ghzk;> tlf;F gpuNjrq;fs;.
Nru;[; kp]dup 1818 nfhOk;G> fhyp> fw;gpl;b> kd;dhu;> fz;b

 kp]dup ,af;fq;fs; rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F fy;tp> Nghjid> r%f Ntit

eltbf;iffs; vd;gtw;iw gpujhd Clfkhf nfhz;ldu.
2. kp]dup ,af;fq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; ntw;wp ngWtjpy; nry;thf;F
nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;:
 fy;tpapid toq;fpaik.
 rpq;fs> jkpo; nkhopfisf; fw;Wf;nfhz;l kp]dup FUkhu;fs; fpuhkpa
ghlrhiyfspy; RNjr mkhopfspYk;> efu;g;Gwg; ghlrhiyfspy; Mq;fpy nkhop
%yKk; fy;tp eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
 ,jdhy; rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;Fk; Nkiyj;Nja ehfupfj;ij ,e;ehl;by;
r%fkag;gLj;jTk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;.
 rka Nghjidfs; kw;Wk; vOj;jhf;fq;fis gad;gLj;Jjy;.
 kp]dup ,af;fq;fs; jkJ rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;fhf mr;rpl;l ntspaPLfs;
tUkhW.
1. khrpf;f Njf;f
2. cufy
3. yq;fh epjhda
4. cja jhuif
 r%f Nrit eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
 Vio kf;fSf;F gupRg; nghUl;fis toq;Fjy;> NehahspfSf;F rpfpr;ir
mspj;jy; Nghd;w r%f Nrit eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;L> kp]dupkhu;
nghJkf;fis neUq;Ftjw;fhd Kaw;rpfspy; <Lgl;ldu;.
 murhq;f cjtpfs; fpilj;jik.
 kp]dupfspilNa fhzg;gl;l fl;likg;G uPjpahd gyk;.
3. ,yq;ifapy; rka vOr;rp Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;:

 gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp miug;gFjpahFk;NghJ ,e;ehl;L ngsj;j kf;fs;

kl;Lkd;wp ,e;J> ,];yhkpa kf;fspilNaAk; rka vOr;rp cUthdJ. ,t;thwhd
rka vOr;rp Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs; tUkhW.

1. kp]dupfspd; rka gpur;rhuj;jhy; Njrpa rkaq;fs; jhf;fg;gl;lik.

2. rpq;fs> jko; nkhopf; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fj;jpdhy;

eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhik.

3. gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpahy; jkJ rka fyhrhuk; mopTWk; vDk; czu;T

kf;fspilNa Njhd;wpaik.
4. ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fk;:

 gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpapd;NghJ kpf tpiuthf gutyile;j fpwp];jt kjj;jpdhy;

ghjpg;gile;j ngsj;j kjj;ij kPz;Lk; Gj;Japu; ngwitj;jikNa ngsj;j kj
kWkyu;r;rp MFk;.

 ,t; ngsj;j kj kWkyu;r;rpapy; Muk;gj;jpy; ngsj;j gpf;Ffs; nraw;gl;l NghjpYk;

gpw;fhyj;jpy; fy;tpkhd;fSk; nraw;gl;ldu;.

 ngsj;j kj kWkyu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;j Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; tUkhW:

1. gpupNtdhf;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.

2. mr;rfq;fis mikj;J mr;R Clfq;fis ntspapl;lik.

3. tpthjq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lik.

4. Mq;fpy nkhop %ykhd ngsj;j ghlrhiyfis epWtpaik.

5. Njrpa fyhrhuj;ij ghJfhf;f eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lik.

5. gpupNtdhf;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik:

 fy;tpkhd;fshd gpf;Ffs; rpyupd; topfhl;Ljyhy; Gjpa gpupNtdhf;fs;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

 mjdbg;gilapy; ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l gpupNtdhf;fs;

tUkhW:

jiyik tfpj;j gpf;Fkhu; cUthf;fg;gl;l gpupNtdhf;fs;

tyhNd rpj;jhe;j Njuu; ,uj;kyhid gukjk;k Nrjpa gpupNtdh
`pf;fLt = Rkq;fy Njuu; khspfhfe;j tpj;jpNahja gpupNtdh
,uj;kyhid = ju;kNyhf Njuu; Ngypanfhl tpj;jpahyq;fhu gpupNtdh

 ,t;thW cUthf;fg;gl;l gpupNtdhf;fspy; rpq;fs> ghsp> rk];fpUj nkhopfis

Kiwahf fw;Wf;nfhz;l fy;tpkhd;fs; Njhd;wpaNjhL ngsj;j kWkyu;r;rpf;F
mtu;fsJ cjtpfSk; fpilf;fg;ngw;wd.
6. mr;rfq;fis mikj;jikAk; mr;R Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpaikAk;:

 gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kd;diug; gFjpapy; kp]dup ,af;fq;fsplk; gy

mr;rfq;fs; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk;> ngsj;ju;fsplk; xd;WNk fhzg;gltpy;iy.

 ,jdhy; Gsj;fk jk;khyq;fhu = Rkdjp];] Njuu; kpfr; rpukj;Jld; epjpia

jpul;b ngsj;ju;fSf;nfd mr;rfk; xd;iw epWt eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

 mjdbg;gilapy; fp.gp 1862 Mk; Mz;L fhypapy; yq;Nfhgfhu vd;Dk; mr;rfj;ij

epWtpdhu;.

 ,jdhy; gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rPiffs; Nghd;w gy;NtW ntspaPLfs; ntspaplg;gl;ld.

mt;thW ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf ntspaplg;gl;l ntspaPLfs; tUkhW:
1. yf;kpdp g`d
2. rpq;fs [hjpa
3. ru]tp re;jnu]
4. rpq;fs ngsj;jah
7. tpthjq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lik (Ik;ngUk; tpthjq;fs;):

 Mq;fpy nkhopapy; Nju;r;rpaile;j ngsj;j FUkhUk; kp]dup FUkhUk;

,yq;ifapd; Ie;J nhUk; gpuNjrj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;l gfpuq;f tpthjNk Ik;ngUk;
tpthjk; MFk;.

 ,t; tpthjq;fs; eilngw;w gpuNJrq;fs; tUkhW.

Ik;ngUk; tpthjk; eilngw;w Mz;L
gj;Njfk 1865
tuhnfhl 1865
cjk;tpl;l 1866
fk;gis 1871
ghzhe;Jiw 1873
 ,t; tpthjq;fspy; Kjd;ik ngw;w tpthjkhf 1873 Mk; Mz;L kPnfl;Ltj;Nj
Fzhde;j Njuupd; jiyikapy; eilngw;w ghzhe;Jiw tpthjk; MFk;.

 ,t; tpthjq;fSf;F jiyikjhq;fpa jiytuhf kPnfl;Ltj;Nj Fzhde;j Njuu;

Kjd;ik ngw;Ws;shu;. ,tUf;F Jidahf `pf;fLt = Rkq;fy Njuu;>
nghj;Jtpy ,e;jpuN[hjp Njuu;> t];fLt RG+jp Njuu;> ,uj;kyhid ju;kNyhf
Njuu;> Nghd;wtu;fSk; tpsq;fpdu;.
7. tpthjq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lik (Ik;ngUk; tpthjq;fs;):

 ,t; tpthjj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; tUkhW:

1. ngsj;j kjj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid kp]dup Fukhu;fs; tpsq;fp nfhz;lik.

2. ngsj;j kjj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsq;fp nfhz;l Ntw;W ehl;L Ntw;W

kjj;jtu;fs; ,yq;iff;F te;J ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F khwpdu;.

vLj;Jfhl;lhf:
 mkupf;f gpui[ahd n`d;wp ];by; xy;nfhl;.
 u];a gpui[ahd n`nydh gst];fp mk;ikahu;
8. Mq;fpy nkhop %ykhd ngsj;j ghlrhiyfis epWTjy;:

 fp.gp 1880 Mk; Mz;by; n`d;wp ];by; xy;nfhl; mtu;fSk;> gst];fp mk;ikahUk;
,yq;iff;F tUif je;J ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F khwpa gpd;Ng ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy
nkhop %ykhd ngsj;j ghlrhiyfs; epWTk; epiy Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

 NkYk; ngsj;j Jwtwj;jhUk;> ,y;ywj;jhUk; ,ide;J gzpahw;wf;$ba mikg;ghd

gpuk;kQhd rq;fj;ij n`d;wp ];by; xy;nfhl; vd;gtupd; topfhl;lypy; nfhOk;gpy;
epWtpdu;.

 mjdbg;ilapy; Mq;fpy nkhop %ykhd ngsj;j ghlrhiyfis epWTtjpy; n`d;wp

];by; xy;nfhl; Kd;dpd;W nraw;gl;lhu;. NkYk; ngsj;j JwtpfSk;> ,y;ywj;jhUkhd
fy;tpkhd;fs; gyUk; Kd;dpd;W nraw;gl;ldu;. mt;thwhd jiytu;fs; rpyu; tUkhW:
1. kPnfl;Ltj;Nj Fzhde;j Njuu;.
2. `pf;fLt = Rkq;fy Njuu;.
3. ,uj;kyhid ju;kNyhf Njuu;.
4. mefhupf ju;kghy.

 mt;thW gpuk;kQhd rq;fj;jhy; epWtg;gl;l ngsj;j ghlrhiyfs; tUkhW:

1. nfhOk;G Mde;jh fy;Y}up.
2. fhyp k`pe;jh fy;Y}up.
3. fz;b ju;kuh[ fy;Y}up.
4. ehtyg;gpl;ba mEUj;j tpj;jpahyak;.
5. nfhOk;G kpA+rpa]; tpj;jpahyak;.
9. Njrpa fyhrhuj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lik:

 gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpapd;NghJ Njrpa fyhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;gl;l rthy;fshy;

Njrhgpkhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gp Njrpa fyhrhuj;jpd; Nkd;ikia czu;j;Jtjw;F ,e;
ehl;bd; ngsj;j jiytu;fs; jk;ik mu;g;gzpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. mjdbg;gilapy;
Kd;dpd;W nraw;gl;l jiytu;fshf:
1. mefhupf ju;kghy.
2. typrpq;` `upr;re;jpu.
3. gpajh] rpupNrd.
4. N[hd;j rpy;th.
5. B.gP. [ajpyf

 mt;thW Njrpa fyhrhuj;ijg; ghJfhf;f Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; tUkhW:

1. B.gP. [ajpyf mtu;fs; ,isQu;fspilNa Njrpa czu;it Vw;gLj;j nfhOk;G
ngsj;j ,isQu; rq;fj;ij mikg;gjpy; Kd;Ndhbahf nraw;gl;lhu;.
2. typrpq;` `upr;re;jpu mtu;fs; mDuhjGuj;jpy; rpijtile;j ngsj;j topghl;L
,lq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; ,af;fk; xd;iw Muk;gpj;jhu;.
3. mefhupf ju;kghy mtu;fs; ,e;jpahTf;Fr; nrd;W mq;Fs;s ngsj;j topghl;L
,lq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
4. N[hd;j rpy;th mtu;fs; tuyhw;W epfo;TfisAk;> ngsj;j NghjidfisAk;
fUthff; nfhz;l ehlfq;fis vOjp NkilNaw;wpdhu;.
5. gpajh] rpupNrd mtu;fs; ehty;fis vOjpAk;> gj;jpupiffisg; gad;gLj;jpAk;
Njrpa fyhrhuj;jpd; Nkd;ikia ntspf;nfhzug; ghLgl;lhu;.
10.ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf `pf;fLt = Rkq;fy Njuupd; gq;fspg;G:

 fp.gp 1821 Mk; Mz;L `pf;fLitapy; gpwe;j ,tu; fp.gp 1840 Mk; Mz;L
`pf;fLt = Rkq;fy Njuu; vDk; ngaUld; JwT G+z;lhu;.

 ,tu; jdJ ngsj;j fy;tpapid tyhNd rpj;jhu;j;j Njuuplk; fw;whu;.

 ,tu; ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l gq;fspg;Gf;fs; tUkhW:

1. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; cUthd ngsj;j kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fj;jpd;
Kd;ddpj; jiytuhf nraw;gl;lhu;.
2. fp.gp 1873 Mk; Mz;L khspfhfe;j tpj;jpNahja gpupntdhit epWtpaik.
3. rpjj;rq;fhu rd;d]> fhtpaNrfu rd;d] Nghd;w E}y;fis vOjpdhu;.
4. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpf; fhyg;gFjpapy; ,e;ehl;bd; ngsj;j fy;tpapd;
Nkk;ghl;bw;F Nritahw;wpdhu;.
11.ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf kPnfl;Ltj;Nj Fzhde;j Njuupd; gq;fspg;G:

 njd; khfhzj;jpd; gyg;gpl;bapy; cs;s kPnfl;Ltj;Nj gpwe;j ,tu; gpw;fhyj;jpy;

kPnfl;Ltj;Nj Fzhde;j Njuu; vDk; ngaUld; JwT G+z;lhu;.

 ,tu; ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l gq;fspg;Gf;fs; tUkhW:

1. fp.gp 1873 Mk; Mz;L kp]dup Fukhu;fSld; ghze;Jiwapy; ru;tNjr Gfo;
ngw;w tpthjj;jpid elhj;jpdhu;.
2. nfhOk;gpy; gpuk;kQhd rq;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpf;f Kd;Ndhbahf nraw;gl;lhu;.
3. Mq;fpy nkhop %ykhd ngsj;j ghlrhiyfis cUthf;f Kd;Ndhbahf
nraw;gl;lhu;.
12.ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf n`d;wp ];by; xy;nfhl;bd; gq;fspg;G:

 1832 Mk; Mz;L If;fpa mkupf;fhtpd; epA+ N[u;]p efupy; gpwe;j ,tu; jdJ
Muk;g fy;tpia epA+Nahu;f; ghlrhiy xd;wpy; fw;whu;. gpd; jdJ gl;lg; gbg;ig
nfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fw;whu;.
 ,tu; Muk;gj;jpy; If;fpa mkupf;fhtpd; flw;gilapy; gzpahw;wpAs;shu;.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; u];a gpui[ahd n`Nydh gst];fp mk;ikahUld; Nru;e;J
epA+Nahu;f; gpuNjrj;jpy; rka uPjpahd gpuk;kQhd rq;fj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy;
Kd;Ndhbahf nraw;gl;lhu;.
 NkYk; ghzhe;Jiw tpthjk; njhlu;ghf gj;jpupif %yk; mwpe;J ngsj;j rkak;
njhlu;ghf tpsf;fj;ij ngw;w> ,tu; `pf;fLt = Rkq;fy NjuUlDk;
kPf;nfl;Ltj;j Fzhde;j NjuUlDk; fbjj; njhlu;igf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
 mjdbg;gilapy; 1880 Mk; Mz;L ,yq;iff;F te;jhu;. mt;thW tUif je;j
n`d;wp ];by; xy;nfhl; ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l gq;fspg;Gfs;
tUkhW:
1. ngsj;jghlrhiyfSf;fhd epjpak; xd;iw cUthf;f Kd;Ndhbahf
nraw;gl;lhu;.
2. QhapW rkag; ghlrhiyfis Muk;gpj;jhu;.
3. ntrhf; jpdj;ij murhq;f tpLKiwahf;Ftjw;F ghLgl;lhu;.
4. ngsj;j nfhbia epu;khdpg;gjpy; gpf;Fkhu;fSlDk;> jiytu;fSlDk; Nru;e;J
gq;fspg;G nra;jik.
5. rurtp re;jnu] gj;jpupifapd; %yk; ngsj;j kf;fis mwpT+l;baik.
13.ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf mefhupf ju;kghytpd; gq;fspg;G:

 1864 Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;gpy; gpwe;j ,tupd; ,aw; ngau; njhd; Nltpl; N`th
tpjhuz vd;gjhFk;.
 ,tu; Muk;gf; fy;tpia Gdpj Njhk]; fy;Y}upapYk;> cau; fy;tpia Gdpj
ngdbf; fy;Y}upapYk; Nwhay; fy;Y}upapYk; fw;whu;.
 ,tu; `pf;fLt = Rkq;fy NjuuplKk;> Vida gpf;FfsplKk; ghsp nkhopiaAk;
jpupgPlj;ijAk; fw;w gpd; ngsj;j gpuk;kQhd rq;fj;jpy; Nru;e;J jdJ ngaupid
ju;kghy vd khw;wpf;nfhz;L gpuk;kr;rupa tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
 NkYk; ,tu; jdJ ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; = Njtkpj;j vDk; ngaupy; ,e;jpahtpy;
JwT G+z;lhu;.
 ,tu; ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l gq;fspg;Gf;fs; tUkhW:
1. ngsj;j ghlrhiyfis mikf;Fk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
2. Njrpa fyhrhuj;ijg; ghJfhf;f ghLgl;lik.
3. ,yq;ifau;fis kJghtidapy; ,Ue;J tpLtpg;gjw;fhf kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;
jiytu;fspy; xUtuhfr; nraw;gl;lhu;.
4. ,e;jpahtpd; Gj;jfah cl;gl ngsj;j topghl;L ,lq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;sg; ghLgl;lik.
5. “rpq;fs ngsj;jah” vDk; gj;jpupifiaAk; “kfh Nghjp” vDk; rQ;rpifiaAk;
nrspapl;lik.
14.,e;J rka kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fk;:

 kp\dup ,af;fq;fspd; nraw;ghl;bdhy; ,e;J kjKk; ghjpg;Gf;Fl;gl;lJ. tpNrlkhf

aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrj;jpy; jPtpukhf kp\dup ,af;fq;fs; gutpr; nrd;wikapdhy;
,e;J rkak; gy rthy;fis vjpu; nfhz;lJ.

 mjdhNyNa gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpapd;NghJ kpf tpiuthf gutyile;j fpwp];jt

kjj;jpdhy; ghjpg;gile;j ,e;J kjj;ij kPz;Lk; Gj;Japu; ngwitj;jikNa ,e;J
rka kWkyu;r;rp MFk;.

 ,e;J rka kWkyu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;j Kd;Ndhbfshf nraw;gl;l egu;fs; tUkhW:

1. =y= MWKf ehtyu;.
2. Nru; nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd;.
3. Nru; nghd;dk;gyk; mUzhryk;.
15.,e;J rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf =y= MWKf ehtyupd; gq;fspg;Gfs;;:

 1822 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;j ,tu; kp\dup ghlrhiyapy; fy;tp fw;W> gpd;du;
nkjb];l; rigapd; kj Futhd gPw;wu; Ngu;\pty; mbfshupd; fPo; Nritahw;wpdhu;.

 ,jdhy; kp\dup ,af;fj;jpd; nraw;ghL njhlu;ghd mDgtk; ehtyUf;F mjpfk;

fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jdhNyNa mopTw;w ,e;J kjj;ij kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;g gpd;tUk;
gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;:
1. ,yq;ifapy; ,e;J rka kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fj;jpd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpid ngw;wik.
2. ,e;J rka khztu;fSf;F ghlrhiyfis epWtpaik.
cjhuzkhf:
1. tz;zhu;gz;izapy; irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahyak;
2. 1872 Mk; Mz;L aho;g;ghzj;jpy; irt Mq;fpy ghlrhiy. ( jw;NghJ
aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ)
3. ,e;J rka fyhrhuj;ijAk;> jkpo; nkhopiaAk; ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; tsu;g;gjw;Fg;
ghLgl;lhu;.
4. rpWtu;fSf;nfd ghyu; ghlk; vd;w ngaupy; ghlE}y;fis vOjp rkaj;ij
tsu;f;f ghLgl;lhu;.
5. tlnkhopapy; fhzg;gl;l E}y;fis jkpOf;F nkhopngau;j;jhu;.
cjhuzkhf: ngupa Guhzk;> fe;jGuhzk;
6. ,e;J rkaj;jpd; fyhrhuj;jpidAk; ngUikaiaAk; jkpo; kf;fSf;F
czu;j;Jtjw;fhf “cjaghZ” vDk; gj;jpupifia ntspapl;lik.
15.,e;J rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf Nru;. nghz; ,ukehjdpd; gq;fspg;Gfs;;:

 1851 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;j ,tu; nfhOk;G Nwhay; fy;Y}upapy; fw;W> gpd;du;
tof;fwpQuhf nraw;gl;lhu;.

 ,tu; ,e;J rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l gzpfs; tUkhW:

1. =y= MWKfehtyupd; gpd; ,e;J rka kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fj;jpd;
jiyikj;Jtj;jpid ngw;whu;.
2. ,e;J rka khztu;fspd; fy;tp Nkk;ghl;bw;fhfg; ghlrhiyfis epWtpdhu;.
cjhuzkhf:
1. jpUney;Ntyp guNk];tuh tpj;jpahyak;.
2. kUjzhu;klk; ,uhkehjd; tpj;jpahyak;.
3. ,e;J rka tsu;r;rpf;fhf ,e;E Myaj;jpid cUthf;fpdhu;.
cjhuzkhf: nfhOk;G nghz;zk;gythNd];tuk;.

 Nru; nghz; ,uhkehjdpd; murpay; gzpfs;:

1. 1879 Mk; Mz;L Nfhs;GWf; fkudpd; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; rl;lthf;f fof cWg;gpduhf
njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
2. 1910 Mk; Mz;L FW} kf;fyk; rPu;jpUj;jjpd;gb 1912 Mk; Mz;L rl;lthf;f
fofj;jpw;F gbj;j ,yq;ifau; rhu;ghf njupthdhu;.
16.,];yhkpa rka kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fk;:

 gpupj;jhdpau; fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j ,e;J rka kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fq;fisg;

NghyNt ,];yhkpa kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

 mjdbg;gilapy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpapd;NghJ kpf tpiuthf gutyile;j

fpwp];jt kjj;jpdhy; ghjpg;gile;j ,];yhk; kjj;ij kPz;Lk; Gj;Japu;
ngwitj;jikNa ,]yhkpa rka kWkyu;r;rp MFk;.

 ,];yhkpa rka kWkyu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;j Kd;dpd;W nraw;gl;l jiytu;fs;

tUkhW:
1. vk;.rP. rpj;jpnyg;ig.
2. B.gP. [hah.
17.,];yhkpa rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf mwpQu; vk;.rP. rpj;jpnyg;igapd;
gq;fspg;Gfs;;:
 1838 Mk; Mz;L fz;b fynfjiuapy; gpwe;j ,tu; Xu; rpwe;j tof;fwpQuhfTk;
nraw;gl;Ls;shu;.

 gpupj;jhdpau;fspdhy; vfpg;J ehl;by; (If;fpa muGf; FbauR) ,Ue;J ehL

flj;jg;gl;l “mugp gh\h” vd;gtupd; gq;fspg;Gld; ,];yhkpa rka kWkyu;r;rpia
Vw;gLj;j ghLgl;lhu;.

 mjdbg;gilapy; ,];yhkpa rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf mwpQu; vk;.rP rpj;jpnyg;ig

mtufspd; gzpfs; tUkhW:
1. ,];yhkpau;fs; muG nkhopapidAk;> Mq;fpy nkhopapidAk; fw;gjd;
mtrpaj;ij czu;j;jpdhu;.
2. fhyj;jpd; Njitf;F Vw;g “kj;u]h” vDk; ,];yhkpa ghlrhiyia Gduikg;Gr;
nra;jhu;.
3. ,];yhkpau;fSf;F mwpT+l;Ltjw;fhf “K];ypk; Nerd;> Qhz jPgk;” vd;Dk;
gj;jpupiffis ntspapl;lhu;.
4. ,];yhkpa kf;fspd; fy;tpf;fhf ,];yhkpa ghlrhiyfis cUthf;fpdhu;.
cjhuzkhf:
1. fz;b rpj;jpnyg;ig fy;Y}up.
2. nfhOk;G rh`puhf; fy;Y}up.
18.,];yhkpa rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf b.gP. [hahtpd; gq;fspg;Gfs;;:

 1890 Mk; MzL fz;b fynfjiuapy; gpwe;j ,tu; Nty;]; ,sturu;

fy;Y}upapYk;> nfhOk;G Mde;jh fy;Y}upapYk; Mrpupauhf gzpahw;wpAs;shu;.

 ,jd;NghJ ,];yhkpa rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf gpd;tUk; gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;:

1. nfhOk;G rh`puhf; fy;Y}upapd; mjpguhf nraw;gl;L ehnlq;Fk; rh`puhf;
fy;Y}upia cUthf;f ghLgl;lhu;.
2. ,];yhkpa kf;ffspd; fy;tpf;fhf ghLgl;lhu;.
3. ,];yhkpa rka fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl “rpNyhd; K];ypk; uptpt;” vDk;
rQ;rPifia ntspapl;lhu;.
END