Building and Spaces

India | UAE | Nigeria | Uzbekistan | Montenegro | Iraq |

Egypt | Thailand | Uganda | Philippines | Indonesia
www.empyrealpublishinghouse.com
 Building and Spaces

Edited By:

Ar. Preeti Nair

Department of Architecture, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida

Prof. Pranay Tanwar

Dean Academics, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India

Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid

Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering at Delhi
Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India

Ar. Swati Punyal

Department of Architecture, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida
First Impression: May 2023

Building and Spaces

ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Rs. 1000/- ($80)

No part of the book may be printed, copied, stored, retrieved, duplicated and reproduced
in any form without the written permission of the editor/publisher.

DISCLAIMER
Information contained in this book has been published by Empyreal Publishing House
and has been obtained by the editors from sources believed to be reliable and correct to
the best of their knowledge. The authors are solely responsible for the contents of the
articles compiled in this book. Responsibility of authenticity of the work or the
concepts/views presented by the authors through this book shall lie with the authors and
the publisher and editors have no role or claim or any responsibility in this regard.
Errors, if any, are purely unintentional and readers are requested to communicate such
error to the author to avoid discrepancies in future.

Published by:
Empyreal Publishing House
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Editors would like to thank everyone who contributed to this book, especially the
authors and review team members. This book would not have been possible without
their help.
First and foremost, the Editors would like to thank all authors for their efforts. We
sincerely thank the chapter authors for donating their time and skills to this publication.
They gave their knowledge and helpful input in the goal of ensuring the manuscript is of
the highest possible quality.
Second, the Editors would like to thank the reviewers for their substantial contributions
to the improvement of chapter quality, coherence, and content presentation. Some
authors also served as referees; we highly appreciate their double task.
The vision of publishing book could not have been realized without the unwavering
support of management and higher officials at the institute level. Their patience and
advice made this task possible.
Special thanks go to the book's Editorial and Empyreal Publishing House (EPH) team
for their vision in organizing this volume and diligence in compiling the entire book in a
professional manner.

Ar. Preeti Nair

Prof. Pranay Tanwar
Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid
Ar. Swati Punyal

IV
 Table of Contents

Acknowledgement IV
Table of Contents V - VI

Title of the chapter Page No.

TINY LIVING: MAXIMIZING SMALL SPACE USAGE IN MICRO 1–7
APARTMENTS

Amitesh Vijay Mourya and Khushboo Agarwal

APPLICATION OF BIOMIMICRY IN BUILDING DESIGN 8 – 15

Seema Sharma and Pankaj Prabhakar

ILLUSIONISM IN ARCHITECTURE: AN EXPERIENCE 16 – 24

Asla Ashraf and Amisha Sinha

ORNAMENTATION IN ARCHITECTURE 25 – 36

Pooja Thareja and Shreya Dubey

REVIVAL OF ABANDONED INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS VIA ADAPTIVE 37 – 51

REUSE

Tanya Gupta and Jatin Rawat

INTERIOR LANDSCAPING AS TOOL FOR A SUSTAINABLE AIRPORT 52 – 74

DESIGN

Swati Punyal and Naaz Warsi

VERNACULAR IDENTITY IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE 75 – 85

(COMPOSITE CLIMATE)

Charu Jain and Aniket Rana

EXPLORATION OF SENSES AT VARIED SCALES: ADOPTING A 86 – 91

MULTISENSORY DESIGN APPROACH IN RECREATIONAL SPACES

Preeti Nair and Ritik Sharma

HEALING THROUGH ARCHITECTURE IN HEALTHCARE 92 – 101

Gandharva Swami and Shri Kant

V
HEALTHCARE CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL DESIGN: THE ROLE OF 102 – 107
ARCHITECTURE IN DESIGNING A SPECIALIZED HEALTHCARE
CENTER FOR CHILDREN

Kirti Sharma and Divya Saxena

SCOPE OF PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION FOR SUSTAINABLE 108 – 116

DESIGN

Mohd Parvez Alam and M. Shadab Alam

ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF CORPORATE ARCHITECTURE 117 – 130

THROUGH SPACE PLANNING

Saksham Gupta and Jayneesh Kumar Mehta

VI
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Chapter 1
TINY LIVING: MAXIMIZING SMALL SPACE USAGE IN MICRO APARTMENTS

Amitesh Vijay Mourya1* and Khushboo Agarwal2

1
Associate Professor, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India
2
Student, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India

ABSTRACT
There was a time when "compact living" was a huge utopian fantasy. Today, with all of its truth,
this dream is emerging from the ashes. Micro flats, compact units, nano capsules, small houses,
and a slew of other terms began to appear in densely populated areas such as New York City,
Japan, Hong Kong, Delhi, and now in Mumbai, to mention a few. These units are a spatial
depiction of the philosophy of "RIGHT sizing" rather than "downsizing." It essentially advises
maximizing space efficiency by resizing personal spaces, introducing multi-functional,
transitional spaces, and so on. The new way of life is to live small. Designers and developers
have turned their focus to tiny living as the tiny house movement has grown in popularity and
urbanization has spread. As a result, a swift transformation from unreasonably tight spaces into
well-planned micro flats has occurred, addressing to the requirement for living space in
megacities with limited space. These micro apartments have become increasingly relevant in the
last few decades as an upcoming trend for residence in urban cities. In this context, the purpose
of this article is to explore the demand for micro residences in utilization.
Keywords: Compact Living, Optimizing, Utilization, Micro apartments, Maximizing small space
usage, Layout, Adaptive furniture

1. INTRODUCTION
Although there is no universal definition of a micro apartment, a workable definition is a small
apartment of less than 400 square feet with a fully functional and accessible kitchen and
bathroom. A 160-square-foot single-room-occupancy (SRO) unit that uses common kitchen or
toilet facilities does not qualify as a real micro apartment under these criteria [1].
Micro-apartments (also known as micro-units) are studios that are smaller than ordinary,
ranging in size from 200 to 400 square feet. Even smaller, up to 150 square feet, is possible.
Micro-units are not one-bedroom apartments [2]. They're frequently an open concept space that
combines a bedroom, living room, and kitchen. A micro-apartment may also be described as a
compact efficiency flat with few facilities and a lofted bed to save space.
Expanding urbanization and scarce of land availability in desired locations have urged to need
for the designers, planners and architects to adapt concept of micro apartments as the next best
housing solution.
The surge in housing demand and changing lifestyle has evolved design of housing typologies
to result in the addition of micro apartments in the category. Micro flats are defined by their
ability to maximize limited spaces while maintaining high quality of life. The research on
maximizing small spaces usage in micro apartments tends to define the possible extend to which
the design may be used to its full potential [3].
This study is to bridge a gap in understanding the different possibilities of maximizing small
space usage in micro apartments which could help evolve the concept of “not downsizing” by
“right sizing” for housing design in near future.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 1
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

2. BACKGROUND
2.1 Conventional Studio Apartment V/S Micro Apartments
The main arrangement of a micro apartment is similar to that of a studio, and it contains a
kitchen with full-size appliances. The size difference between a micro apartment and a studio is
the size. A micro apartment is usually 100-400 square feet in size [2].
In a 300-square-foot micro apartment, the kitchen will take up around 60 square feet, while the
bathroom will take up about 30 square feet. Only 210 square feet of living space remains,
approximately the size of a one-car garage (minus the closet, if there is one). [4] The fig
1.1below shows difference b/w conventional vs micro apartments.

Figure 1.1 Conventional v/s micro apartments

(Source: ISSUU https://issuu.com/source_magazine)
2.2 Tiny House Movement & Evolution of Micro Apartments
The tiny-house movement (also known as the small-house movement) is an architectural and
social movement that promotes downsizing, simplification, and "living with less." A tiny home
is defined as a "dwelling unit with a maximum of 37 square meters (400 sq ft) of floor space,
excluding lofts," according to the 2018 International Residential Code, Appendix Q Tiny
Houses.
In the last decade, the micro-living craze has exploded. This living situation is not a novel
concept that seeks to leave the smallest possible footprint on the world. If one tries to trace the
origins of micro-living, it is possible to link it to early stone age shelters, American native tepee
tents, eskimos' igloos, and austere monk cells in the context of providing just fundamental
human requirements [5]. However, in order to better comprehend how the concept of micro-
dwelling is growing in cities today, it may be more useful to concentrate on the twentieth
century and later, which may be considered the start of small-scale living.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 2
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 1.2 Left: Love2 House by Takeshi Hosaka Architects

(Source: Fujoo Nacasa & Partners Inc);
Right: Studio Flat by Hiroyuki Ogawa Architects (Source: Dezeen https://www.dezeen.com/)
2.2.1 Various parameters that result in need to adapt micro apartments over traditional studio
apartments are listed as below:
a) Relative minimum space requirements
b) Housing as a global crisis
c) Shifting demographics and rising interest in single living
d) New generation and new habits
e) Times of uncertainty
2.3 Target Occupants
Micro-apartments can accommodate people of all ages and demographics. They are, however,
aimed at single twenty-somethings and millennials who work in cities. Their income levels are
frequently greater than the average. People in that age group are also interested in everything
that city life has to offer, from bars and restaurants to museums and parks [6].
Micro-living is all about convenience and elegance. As a result, they have become the greatest
option for the younger generation (adults under 35 years old), professional singles, and
millennials who want to live in excellent megacity areas at their leisure.
2.4 Pros and Cons of Micro Apartments:
2.5.1 Pros of Living in a Micro Apartments
a) Rent/purchase cost savings
b) Less furniture means more money in your pocket.
c) Live in the most desirable locations
d) Get rid of your car and other services
e) Contribute to the environment
2.5.2 Cons of Living in a Micro Apartments
a) The location is pricey
b) A scarcity of space
c) Having guests over is difficult
d) Lack of adaptability
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 3
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

2.5 Maximizing Small Space Usage

The small spaces can be utilized efficiently and perceived larger with changes in the layout,
living style and design of the unit. All the aspects are discussed in the following sub headings:
2.5.1 Layout & Space Design Elements (Fig 1.3)
a) Zoned open-plan space layout
b) Use folding glass walls to achieve dynamic and flexible space separation
c) Addition of mezzanine floor
d) Sliding staircase – movable elements which, if necessary, can be hidden or blend
e) Multi use of same space – foldable bed
f) Movable wall in combination with folding wall/murphy bed

Figure 1.3 Layout & design layout

(Source: Interiorzine https://www.interiorzine.com/)
2.5.2 Furniture & Storage (Fig 1.4)
a) Door used as book self – multi use furniture
b) Make the most of high ceilings
c) Creating a special unit for sleeping and using its volume for storage compartments
d) Saving Space with a Suspended Bedroom
e) Elevating the kitchen and hiding the bed underneath
f) Turn the bedroom it into a sculptural element
g) Furniture Island in the middle of the living space
h) Hide the desk when is not in use
i) Sliding bed under the working place
j) Multi use movable table concealed in the closets
k) Flat-pack furniture of the future
l) Introduction of movable furniture
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 4
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 1.4 Furniture & storage (Source: Interiorzine https://www.interiorzine.com/)

2.5.3 Lighting and Color
a) The mix of white and wood as a color scheme is usually a winner.
b) Use dark hues if you want to appear bold.
c) Some of the furniture is painted in bright colors.
d) Allow light to shine.
2.5.4 Materials and Finishes
a) Use your imagination when it comes to materials.
b) Using reflective surfaces to create the appearance of volume
c) The floor and ceiling cladding have contrasting textures.
d) Metal structure with excellent transparency
3 EXAMPLES OF MICRO APARTMENTS
3.1 CASE I: CARMEL PLACE, MANHATTAN
Location: 335 E 27th Street, Kips Bay, Manhattan, NY
Architect: nArchitects
Status: Completed
Years: 2013-2016
Sq Footage: 35,000sf
Program: Manhattan’s first micro unit apartment building, with 55 micro-unit apartments,
shared amenities, and retail.
Environmental: LEED Silver target
3.2 CASE II: THE AVENIR, PHILIDELPIA
Location: 15th and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Architect: Floss barber, an interior firm
Status: Completed
Years: 2015
Sq Footage: 149000 sf
Program: Half regular/half micro unit apartment complex

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 5
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3.3 CASE III: THE PANORAMIC, SAN FRANCISCO

Location: soma, mission street, san francisco, CA, USA
Architect: kwan henmi architecture and planning
Status: completed years: 2015
Sq footage: 108,000 +/- sf
Program: 1 story furniture store transformed to 11-storey micro-apartment
4. JUSTIFICATION OF HYPOTHESIS
Amidst the process of understanding the concept and need of micro apartments, the case study
analysis clearly helps in justifying that through careful planning and adopting the concept of
“right sizing” instead of “downsizing” and bringing the space utilization to its maximum the
micro apartments can be introduced as a new housing typology for the fast-growing cities.
4.1 Future Scope
Being a new concept “micro apartment”, the scope on further study of this topic is vast. The
future scope of this research can be focused on defining further constraints and identifying
parameters (like introducing them with modular/fast-pace construction) for designing layouts
through generative design by merging humans, space and technology [7]. Also, future study on
conceptualizing similar framework by identifying parameters could be generated for introducing
micro apartments as type for affordable housing, students housing (like in one of the projects),
or in mixed use projects [8].
4.2 Recommendations
Through literature study we could establish that micro apartments being a new concept lack in
standard specifications and other guidelines that can be studied or referred to while designing
micro apartments that would help in maintaining balance between small space planning and
living comfort of the occupants. Hence, in future few standards could be introduced specific to
small space design to act as guides for designing of micro apartments.
5 CONCLUSIONS
In the midst of changing lifestyle dynamics and need fleeting urbanization introduction of micro
apartments as micro apartments and “right sizing” of the same has become an appealing
approach towards housing design. This research, establishes the factors that have resulted in the
evolution and implementation of micro apartments as a new typology in modern housing
construction.
Amongst the wide range of abstract as well as physical aspects, that governs the maximum
space usage, in this research spatial planning is studies through aspects of layout planning,
adapting modern adaptive furniture by the analysis of three projects varying in parameters like
design style, construction techniques, target users and layouts variety.
The key findings from the case studies of few of the best designed micro apartments in the
world and their comparative analysis validates those solutions like multi-use spaces, modular
and adaptive furniture and introducing common amenities in apartments can be certain constant
parameters in maximizing space usage in micro apartments.
REFERENCES
1. Z. Z. V. P. Al-yakoob Dania, "Micro-Apartment In Pontianak," JMARS: Jurnal Mosaik
Arsitektur, pp. 258-269, 2021.
2. L. Wen, "Research on Small Apartments Design," Frontiers in Educational Research, pp.
32-35, 2018.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 6
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3. I. J. o. E. R. &. Technology, "Optimizing The Spatial Configuration of Existing Micro-

Apartment Designs in Developed Countries," pp. 24-47, 2022.
4. D. Fisher-Gewirtzman, "The impact of alternative interior configurations on the perceived
density of micro apartments," Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, pp. 1-12,
2017.
5. M. S. S. Honig, "The sacrifice of space: transgressive tactics for micro-apartments," Spring
5, 2016.
6. A. W. Woro Medha Mahardhika, "Liveability indicators of micro-apartment interiors in
Jakarta and Bandung," Serat Rupa Journal of Design, 2023.
7. L. Bhandari, "Micro Study on Housing in India," Indicus, pp. 1-82, 2003.
8. I. M. Rian, "Multicultural Flexible Housing: Addressing the Need and Scope of Flexible
Housing in Cosmopolitan Indian Cities," Built Environment in Developing Countries, pp.
1-21, 2011.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 7
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Chapter 2
APPLICATION OF BIOMIMICRY IN BUILDING DESIGN

Seema Sharma1* and Pankaj Prabhakar2

1
Associate Professor, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India
2
Student, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India

ABSTRACT
The main structure of the research is the investigation of the application of biomimicry on the
building envelope and its reaction to architectural design issue. It looks at nature as a possible
solution to these problems. Its discussion of alternative tactics for generating an architectural
configuration consistent with its structure continues. Incorporating biomimicry concepts into
architectural design is expected to be more sustainable and efficient in terms of future energy
usage and operational cost consumption reductions, as well as design renewal. The focus of this
research is to explore how the idea of inspiration from nature can be used to overcome
adversity through design methods. The paper concludes with the formulation of a design
guideline based on clear biomimetic theories which could be implemented to any building
design in consideration to contexts, to achieve efficiency in design of the building.
Keywords: Biomimicry, Mimicking Nature, Building Design.

1. INTRODUCTION
The words "biomimicry" and "mimesis" are Greek words that mean "life" and "imitate,"
respectively (imitation). Biomimicry is an innovation strategy that tries to develop long-term
solutions to human issues by replicating natures tried-and-true patterns and strategies. The goals
to create long-term solutions, processes, regulations, and new belief systems that are compatible
with life on Earth [1].
The idea of biomimicry is to adapt ideas learned from natural selection to human engineering.
The biomimicry approach favors “options” that have been tried and tested by evolution over
billions of years to determine what works and what does not. In the long run, biometric-based
designs will enable human production to become more efficient, resilient, and sustainable [2].
A Few Thoughts on Biomimicry –
The underlying point is that nature has already provided solutions to many of the issues that
society faces. Microorganisms, plants, and animals all have extensive engineering backgrounds
[3]. They are aware of what functions, what is proper, and—most importantly—what endures on
Earth. The biomimicry approach is based on the concept that what didn't work after 3.85 billion
years of development is now a fossil, and what's around us is the key to survival.
The aim of the research is to develop a link between biomimicry and building design, i.e.,
biology and architecture, and to determine the best way to design utilizing biomimicry
principles. The objectives are summarized below:
• To understand the concepts of biomimicry and examine its use in architecture.
• To study the need of biomimicry in building design.
• To understand the varied applications of biomimicry in building design.
• To explore potential applications of biomimicry.
2. WHY BIOMIMICRY?
Why is it necessary to take a biomimetic approach to building design? Undoubtedly, it is one of
the best sources of solutions that will allow us to create a better future and move humanity from
the industrial to the ecological period [4].
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 8
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

It doesn’t have to mean exactly replicating the natural form or process, but rather using it as a
steppingstone for new ideas based on its lessons. It is the key to all man-made problems that one
is currently facing, as well as any obstacles that may arise in the future [5].
2.1 Research Questions
• How can planning and design draw inspiration from biomimicry and the biological world?
• Why do we need to study biomimicry and how con it helps attain more environmentally
conscious and creative buildings?
• How does biomimicry inspire creative innovation in building design?
• What is biomimicry’s potential as a design method?
2.2 Scope
The scope of this study encompasses following:
• To understand the existing philosophy behind Biomimicry.
• To focus upon Biomimicry’s application in design and planning.
• To do a comprehensive analysis of Biomimicry as a concept and its efficiency in present
context.
2.3 Hypothesis
Biomimicry as a design concept has the potential to become the mainstream design concept with
respect to its present off-beat status.
3. Literature Study
This literature study aimed at understanding biomimicry and how the principles of nature can be
implemented in the field of architecture.
Biomimicry is defined as the science of using nature’s models, systems, processes, and
elements to address design issues in a sustainable manner. To consciously emulate nature’s
genius, we must see it in a better perspective [6].
Based on natural events, biomimicry is a type of creation. In her book Inspired by Nature,
Janine Benyus outlines nine fundamental principles that guide the practice of biomimicry. As a
result of the biomimicry principles' exclusive focus on natural qualities, humans may be able to
learn a lot from the evolution of the natural world over billions of years [7].
They are as follows:
• Nature moves on daylight
• Nature utilizes just the energy it needs
• Nature combines form and function
• Nature recycles everything
• Nature encourages cooperation
• Nature capitalizes on diversity
• Nature calls for local expertise
• Nature seeks balance
• Nature harnesses the power of limits.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 9
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3.1Approaches to Biomimicry
The Design phase of biomimicry is typically divided into two classes: defining characteristics,
behavior, or function in an entity or ecosystems and interpreting that into human design (design
referring to biology) and describing a human need or issues to be addressed and trying to find
solutions in other organism or ecosystems (design referring to biology) (biology influencing
design) [8].
3.1.1 Problem-Based Approach
The approach of finding out solutions in the human world needs architects describing challenges
and researchers linking these with organisms that have resolved similar issues. Architects who
recognize initial design goals effectively lead this approach. Carl Hastrich proposed that they
depict the process in a spiral so that designers can understand it visually.
3.1.2 Approach Based on Solution
The design collaboration method is primarily based on individuals understanding about suitable
biological or ecological studies instead of definite human design concerns when biological
information impacts human design.
As a result of this technique, biology may have an unexpected impact on individuals that is
unrelated to a preconceived design challenge, leading to earlier unimagined technologies,
schemes, or even design solutions. True changes in how humans design and what is prioritized
as a solution to a problem are feasible with a biomimetic design approach.
3.2 Levels of Biomimicry
Pederson Zari offers an alternative approach. He devised a typological approach after realizing
the benefits of dividing biomimicry into three stages. Organism, behavior, and ecosystem are
the three layers recognized.
1. Organism Level
Grimshaw's architecture for The Waterloo International Terminal was inspired by the flexible
structure of creatures with scaled facades, such as pangolins. Variable pressures and shifting
forces occur as trains arrive and depart from the station, and the design must cater for these
variations by using a 'scaled' external facade.
2. Behavioral Level
Mimicking An Action Taken By Nature.
A behavioral example of biomimicry in architecture is the CH2 Building in Melbourne,
Australia. To create a thermally stable interior atmosphere, the design of this structure is partly
inspired by passive airflow and heat management techniques found in termite mounds. Similar
to how certain ant species use aquifer water, water that has been retrieved (and treated) from the
sewers under the CH2 Building is used as an evaporative cooling mechanism.
3. Ecosystem Level
Mimicking a Substance's Functionality or the Functioning of Natural Ecosystems
The benefit of this level of biomimicry design is that it may be merged with other levels of
biomimicry design (organism and behaviour). It is also possible to use current non-biomimetic
sustainable construction techniques like interfaced or bio-assisted structures, which merge
human and non-human structures for mutual benefit. The Lloyd Crossing Project in Portland,
Oregon, was proposed by a designer team that includes Mithfin Architects and GreenWorks
Landscape Architecture Consultants, and it serves as a good example.
The project uses Predevelopment Metrics TM to define targets for the project's ecological
performance over time. These are estimates of how the ecosystem that existed on the site before
to development functioned.
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 10
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Each level is further broken down into five possible means of mimicry:
1. Form: shape
2. Material: properties
3. Construction: arrangement or composition
4. Process: mechanism
5. Function: application
4. CASE STUDIES
4.1 THE EDEN PROJECT, ENGLAND
Table 2.1 Brief Summary of the Building
Location St. Blazey, Cornwall, England
Architect Sir Nicholas Grimshaw
Building Type Biome
Client The Eden Project Ltd.
Project Area 23,000 m2
Date of Construction 1998-2001
Site The Bodelva Pit
4.1.1 Introduction
The Eden Project, which began as a millennium project for the general public in the UK, has
evolved into a tourist attraction as well as a research and education tool for future generations.
The goal of the Eden Project has always been to raise understanding and responsible
management of the critical interrelationship across plants, people, and resources, culminating in
a more sustainable future for all. The brief summary is given in Table 2.1.
4.1.2 Site Details
The first step in obtaining the form was to examine the site. The Bodelva pit, near St Austell in
Cornwall, was a China clay pit towards the end of its operational life.
The crater spanned approximately 22 hectare and varies in size depths ranging from 30 to 70
metre.
Site Advantages
• It receives ample of sunlight
• It has a south-facing slope and
• It is relatively accessible
Disadvantages
• The ground material on the site was mostly clay, which lacks the nutrients required for
significant plants growth.
• Before the team could start building the greenhouses, they required to create a layer of
nutrient-rich soil.
Tim Smit, who worked on and was mainly responsible for the successful restoration of The Lost
Gardens of Heligan, came up with the idea for the three biomes. This time, his goal was to
construct something entirely new, from the ground up, that would astound future generations.
Through the study and education of plants, this structure aims to educate tourists about the
importance of a sustainable environment. Tim collaborated with the world-renowned
sustainable architecture company Nicholas Grimshaw and Partners to achieve this goal. They

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 11
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

collaborated on numerous innovative approaches for creating the world’s largest biome. The
Eden Project consists of three biomes: humid–tropics biome, warm temperate biome, and mild
temperate biome, which is the area that surrounds the two contained bubble-like constructions.
4.1.3 Inspiration
To achieve its goal of sustainability, the Eden Project employs a range of design concepts:
• The project was to be the largest plant enclosure in the world. This entailed creating a design
system that could cover long distances without relying on a single internal support.
• The design must be as lightweight as possible. A lighter structure would reduce soil stress
and allowing for fewer footings and less effect on the site.
• The enclosure must be environmentally sustainable in order to be utilized as a teaching tool
on sustainability
4.1.4 Structure & Construction
To create a functional spherical shape, the solution to this problem was to seek to nature for
inspiration. The honeycomb hive of bees and even the multi-faceted eye of a fly inspired him.
These organisms utilized the most use of their surroundings to produce an extremely powerful;
nonetheless, it is a lightweight solution. Furthermore, the clayey soil’s growing and shrinking
contours might be accommodated by a geodesic dome like structure. The Eden structure is made
up of 625 hexagons, 16 pentagons, and 190 triangles. This weight (667 tonnes) is distributed
evenly throughout the structure, requiring only support around the dome’s base, and providing
plenty of space for the plants inside.
4.1.5 Materials
The dome’s borders are supported by a strong foundation necklace, which is an underground
concrete wall that wraps around the structure’s perimeter.
The geodesic hexagonal bubbles inflated with air were made of Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene
(ETFE), a lightweight and robust polymer. Air-filled cushions cover the more than 800 hexagon
components. These pillows are made of EFTE foil that is translucent. The base material is
between 50 mm and 200 mm thick and 1.5 m wide. The foil was sliced and soldered together.
Normal cushions are composed of three layers.
The cushion is formed by the top and bottom layers, which carry the weights. An additional
layer between them improves temperature insulation while also splitting the airways in the event
of leakage.
4.2 LOTUS TEMPLE (NEW DELHI, INDIA)
Table 2.2 Brief Summary of the Building
Location New Delhi, India
Architect Fariburz Sabha
Building Type Worship place
Client National Spiritual Assembly
Project Area 24 Acres/10,5000 m2
Date of Construction 1978-1986
4.2.1 Introduction
• The Lotus Temple, also known as the Baha'i House of Worship, is not only a marvel of
modern Indian architecture, but it is also one of the world's most visited religious sites. The
Temple, on a 9.7-hectare site near Nehru Place in South Delhi, is a place of worship for
individuals of all colours, beliefs, and castes. The brief summary is given in Table 2.2

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 12
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

• This House of Worship is designed in the shape of a lotus flower, which is regarded by most
Indians. It is intended to represent the purity, simplicity, and cleanliness of the Baha'i Faith
while also serving as a symbol of humanity's and faiths' harmony.
• The Lotus Temple, according to Bahá' literature, is a nine-sided circular structure with 27
"leaves" (marble-clad free-standing concrete slab) organised in groups of three on each of
the temple's nine sides. The structure is influenced by the lotus flower and is one of the most
visible examples of biomimicry in modern architecture.
• The aforementioned "leaves" are classified into three types and are vital for the space's
organisation:
 Entrance Leaves - The entrance leaves (there are nine in total) denote the entry on each of
the complex's nine sides.
 Outer Leaves - The outer leaves form the ceiling of the auxiliary spaces.
 Inner Leaves - The central worship space is defined by the inner leaves. The worship area is
completed with a spectacular glass and steel skylight that approaches but does not meet at
the peak of the inner leaves.
4.2.2 Site Details
• The location is well-connected to the entire Delhi region or area via various transit systems
such as metro lines, city bus services, and highways, among others.
• The approach road to the Lotus Temple is 8 metres wide. The nearest metro station is Kalkaji
Metro, which is around a half-kilometer away. It is near Nehru Place and the Kalkaji
Temple.
• On a visual axis, the lotus temple is located on the highest point of the site. From the visual
axis, the adjacent temples, such as Kalkaji Madir and Iskon Temple, are visible.
• Because the site's main axis slopes up towards the temple, the view of the temple from the
primary leading vista is both daunting and majestic.
4.2.3 Inspiration
• When seeing Hindu-Indian architecture, it is clear that despite their exterior distinctions, all
temples portray profound and sacred symbolism shared by all faiths in India. These are
symbols seen in a wide range of civilizations and religions. One of these emblems is the
lotus flower, which is sacred to the Indians.
• Fariborz Sahba named the temple after this flower, which represents cleanliness and hygiene
in Hindu culture. This concept had to be translated into geometric elements like cylinders,
spheres, toroids, and cones, which were then put into equations and used as the foundation
for structural and engineering layout analysis. The resulting geometry was so intricate that it
took two years and six months to complete the temple plans.
• The architect travelled around India to study the country's architectural designs and was
inspired by temple designs, artwork, and religious themes, all of which contained the lotus
flower.
• Inspired by this experience, he designed the Delhi temple in the shape of a lotus flower to
depict the Bahá' faith's concept of purity, innocence, and cleanliness.
4.2.4 Structure & Construction
• Due to the intricacies of the structure and the large number of labour required, a flexible
management group with a high degree of innovation was required.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 13
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

• One of the most important techniques to achieving the set goal was to foresee problems and
solve them through experiments and modelling.
• The 9 faces were created by forming the building's 27 reinforced concrete components into
flower petals, which were then coated in marble and arranged in threes. Certain architectural
elements, such as the circular form with 9 sides specified in the Bahá' scriptures, are shared
by all Bahá' Houses of Worship.
• The shell surfaces on either side of the entryways and the outer leaves are mostly made up of
spheres of varying radii, with their centres distributed throughout the structure.
• There is a group of spheres that delineate the inner layer of the shells and the outside
surfaces of the shells for the entering leaves. The sphere diameters have been changed to
accommodate for the structural issues of the petals' varied thicknesses.
4.2.5 Materials
• All of the shells have an exposed concrete surface that is uniformly bush hammered, with
architectural designs on the interior surface.
• Crossing the torus' surface with radial and vertical surfaces produced the inner leaf designs.
• The outer and entering leaves, as well as the interior dome, were designed using sphere
latitudes and longitudes.
• Rather than the usual pattern of structural steel supporting components of the space frame,
the Lotus Temple construction formwork was designed so that the panel is supported by
timber joists.
• All the ribs and shells inside The Lotus Temple are made of white concrete up to the radial
beam level.
• The lotus temple structure was built with a combination of white concrete of grade M30 to
prevent shrinkage and expansions gaps.
• The construction of the temple flower petals was reinforced with galvanized metal to prevent
rust stains and breakage and to maintain the clean appearance of this majestic architecture.
• The shells and arches of the Lotus Temple are clad with white colored Greek Marble panels
that Marmi Vicentini S.P.A. applied to the surface and geometric designs.
• The lotus temple uses stainless steel brackets that are bolted into holes drilled after
concreting, and the joints are filled with molded rubber bands and silicon sealant.
5 CONCLUSION
To summarize the paper's conclusion, it is evident that there are countless parallels between
nature and architecture, some of which have been studied for centuries and others that are only
now becoming significant as we work to heal the strained relationship between the built and
natural worlds [9].
The society needs an environmentally safe building design strategy that does not jeopardize
their necessities. While there are many strategies for individuals, few have been proven to be
helpful on a larger scale. This is where biomimicry comes into the picture, providing innovative
solutions to our challenges [10]. It ensures the integration of multiple disciplines for a design
approach that is not only more valuable to its customers but also environmentally friendly.
Biomimicry as a design technique has the potential to improve society in the realm of
architecture as well as human existence in general.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 14
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Rather than being employed as a technical technique of copying nature in a physical form,
biomimicry should be used in a more holistic sense, where architects acknowledge the dynamic
interactions that occur within the natural world and, more importantly, recognize our position
within it. Nature is not simply a readily available source of inspiration since it is present in
every molecule around us; natural forms have evolved within the same limits as humans,
utilizing only the material and energy resources available on Earth.
As the humankind grows, we must cherish our future potential for advancement while still
honoring our collective learnings of the past. As a result, establishing good building design
methods for our descendants will become a feasible and meaningful goal.
REFERENCES
1. A. Y. E. s. Moheb Sabry Aziz, "Biomimicry as an approach for bio-inspired structure with
the aid of computation," Alexandria Engineering Journal, pp. 707-714, 2016.
2. L. T. B. H. a. H. D. Lazaara Ilieva* Isabella Ursano, "Biomimicry as a Sustainable Design
Methodology—Introducing the ‘Biomimicry for Sustainability’ Framework," Biomimetics
(Basel)., 2022.
3. N. T. Buck, "The art of imitating life: The potential contribution of biomimicry in shaping
the future of our cities," Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science,
pp. 1-21, 2016.
4. C. O. Francis Ogochukwu Okeke, "Biomimicry and Sustainable Architecture: A Review of
Existing Literature," Journal of Environmental Management and Safety, pp. 1-15, 2017.
5. E. R. a. Z. K. Nathalie Verbrugghe, "Biomimicry in Architecture: A Review of Definitions,
Case Studies, and Design Methods," Biomimetics, pp. 1-29, 2022.
6. A. A. P. M. A. e. Merhan Shahda, "Biomimicry Levels as an Approach to the Architectural
Sustainability," Port Said Engineering Research Journal, pp. 1-9, 2014.
7. A. Y. E. s. Moheb Sabry Aziz, "Biomimicry as an approach for bio-inspired structure with
the aid of computation," Alexandria Engineering Journal, pp. 1-8, 2015.
8. N. O. Gehan.A.N. Radwan, "Biomimicry, an Approach, for Energy Effecient Building Skin
Design," Procedia Environmental Sciences, pp. 178-189, 2016.
9. E. J. a. Z. Vrcelj, "Biomimicry and the Built Environment, Learning from Nature’s
Solutions," Applied Sciences, pp. 1-19, 2021.
10. K. J. Rossin, "Biomimicry: nature’s design process versus the designer’s process," Design
and Nature V, pp. 559-569, 2010.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 15
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Chapter 3
ILLUSIONISM IN ARCHITECTURE: AN EXPERIENCE

Asla Ashraf1* and Amisha Sinha2

1
Assistant Professor, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater, India
2
Student, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India

ABSTRACT
Life is a collection of experiences that we encounter throughout our lives. Architecture is a
thing that has existed in our lives since the beginning of time. In creating an experience,
architecture is critical. This research paper examines how illusion can be used to persuade you
to participate in an event in order to convey a story, as well as how it affects our psychology.
Because humans see the world via their eyes, optical illusion plays a significant role in a variety
of illusions. An optical illusion is a tool used by artists, historians, and architects throughout
history to achieve perfection and aesthetics. We'll also learn about the aesthetics of optical
illusion and how it's used in architecture.
Keywords: Illusionism, Optical Illusion, Forced perspective, Form Perception, Experience.

1. INTRODUCTION
To comprehend architectural illusionism, we must first comprehend what an illusion is. By
providing a distinct illusion, architecture may address its own crises of spectacle. The optical
illusion will be used to serve as a model for this endeavor. Illusionism would aid in the
development of people's cognitive abilities by making spaces more appealing and allowing
people to comprehend [1].
Space from various perspectives. Users of that space would also perceive space from their own
understanding. This paper has been done to understand the process of building a built
environment that had made an experience through various case studies.
2. BACKGROUND
2.1. Illusion and its Types
A misinterpretation of a "genuine" sensory input is an illusion stimulus, i.e., an interpretation
that differs from generally accepted definitions of objective "reality." Everything is perfectly
genuine; there are no illusions at all (Refer Fig 3.1). An illusion only arises when you are unable
to perceive something completely; otherwise, it is not an illusion. We can distinguish illusions
in three distinct ways, illusion as a philosophy, illusion as perception, and illusionism in
architecture [2].

Figure 3.1 Illusion in Architecture

(Source: Rethinking the future https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/)
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 16
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

There are Various Types of Illusions

The majority of illusions deceive the skin, hearing, and eyes, however other illusions can affect
perception because of physical changes to the body's structure. Optical, auditory, and tactile
illusions are the three basic categories of optical illusions [3].
1. Distortion Illusion
These are characterized by size, length, position, or curvature distortion. In the Ponzo illusion,
the converging edges are interpreted as parallel receding lines in linear perspective, so the top
line is displayed longer.
2. Pictorial Illusion
A sense of reality can be conveyed through illusionism in visual art. It has roots in Roman relief
sculpture and wall painting. James Carter, Anna Eliza Hardy, William Harnett, Aaron Bohrod,
John Singleton Copley, and Charles Rain are American artists who employed illusionism.
Architects use forced perspective to achieve a particular spatial effect in a designed space or
building. Forced perspective tricks, along with other mechanisms such as digital post-
production, are deliberately used by designers and commercial realtors to convince us that they
are not real.
1. Forced Perspective
In architecture, a structure can be made larger, taller, farther, or otherwise by adjusting the ratio
of objects to the viewer. Conversely, reverse engineering is sometimes used in classic garden
designs and other styles to shorten the perceived distance to points of interest along the path.
2. Form Perception
Form perception is dependent upon the recognition of a figure from the background. Size,
shape, and brightness constancies play an important role in perception. Visual Depth Perception
depends on monocular and binocular cues.
2.1.1 Physical Manifestation of Illusion
The development and assessment of perceptual illusions has long been a successful strategy for
studying cognition. Scientists are able to generate illusions when they investigate the sensations
people are having and the brain regions that are interpreting the illusion. This subject is not just
of interest to scientists.
Depth Illusion- Mario Ponzo originally demonstrated the depth illusion, often known as the
Ponzo illusion, in 1911. The first dimension in which you perceive distance between others and
yourself is depth. According to one theory, the human brain gauges an object's size based on its
surroundings. (Refer Fig 3.2).

Figure 3.2 Implementation of depth illusion in built form (Source: theconversation.com)

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 17
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

We made stimuli that were matched in as many perceptual parameters as possible, but one did
not qualify as a typical visual illusion. The phenomenal quality of being an illusion had
significant effects on "Aesthetic Experience,""Evaluation", "Arousal" and "Regularity".
I. Greek architecture: The Parthenon, the ancient Greek temple of Athens, incorporates the
concept of enhanced perspective. Objects in the distance have been magnified to match
surrounding objects. The architect adjusted the ratio so that the temple looks correct from a
distance of 6 times the height of the pillars (Refer Fig 3.3).

Figure 3.3T he Parthenon

(Source: Greece is https://www.greece-is.com/)
II. Baroque Architecture: The Parthenon, the ancient Greek temple of Athens, incorporates the
concept of enhanced perspective. Objects in the distance have been magnified to match
surrounding objects. The architect adjusted the ratio so that the temple looks correct from a
distance of 6 times the height of the pillars.
III. Mughal Architecture: An optical illusion of the door view of the Taj Mahal is not an
extraordinary engineering effort. Instead, it's just an ordinary illusion. We all can observe this
illusion by observing a distant object from a narrow opening. As we move away from the gate,
the Taj appears larger to us (Refer Fig 3.4).

Figure 3.4: Illusion created on cupola (Source: Google Images)

Impact on End User
Through all the above examples we realize the relationship between aesthetic and optical
illusion very clearly. There is nothing like perfection exist in architecture but if we understand
how we perceive a form or a structure we can establish perfection by using optical illusion.
Aesthetic play important role in building experience, one will always remember an experience
which is extra ordinary and illusions make things remarkable every time.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 18
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3. Case Studies
3.1 Case Study 1- Jewish Museum
The Jewish Museum Berlin presents the social, political, and cultural history of Jews in
Germany from the 4th century to the present. It first welcomed visitors in 1999 present. The
consequences of the Holocaust are openly discussed and incorporated into the museum (Refer
Fig 3.5).
Three concepts that served as the museum's cornerstone informed the current design, which was
developed in 1988, a year before the Berlin Wall fell. First of all, understanding Berlin's history
would be difficult without acknowledging the enormous intellectual, economic, and cultural
contributions made by Berlin's Jewish residents. The significance of the Holocaust must also be
physically and spiritually ingrained in Berlin's memory and consciousness. Third, it is only via
the inclusion of the Jewish people that their erasure and vacuum may be addressed. Through this
case study, we understand the role of illusion in built form and its psychological impact on user.
There are numerous elements in the museum which is not a direct expression of illusion but
through the distorted form of museum and their planning techniques, it impacts their user
psychologically. Architect understand the history and the context of building that museum and
implemented it through its form which is an expressive tool to represent the Jewish lifestyle
before, during and after the holocaust. All the incidents of history have been strategically put
into the series then accordingly they planned itinto the built form so it can be experienced by the
people. Refer Table 3.1-3.3 for more details.

Figure 3.5 Jewish museum (Source :) Google Images

Table 3.1 Project brief

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 19
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Table 3.2 Justification Table

Table 3.3 Inferences table

3.2 Case Study 2- The Comic Café

Green Café is a unique coffee shop located in Seoul, South Korea. Customers enter the store and
are immediately immersed in a two-dimensional universe inspired by the popular Korean
animated television shows W. Within the compact café, Even forks and knives are made to
resemble two-dimensional images come to life, as are walls, counters, furniture, and other
objects (Refer Fig 3.6)
Every object has a dark contour, and the matte white surfaces give the impression that the space
was taken straight out of a cartoonist's sketchbook. Unsurprisingly, W. continues the narrative
of a man who is imprisoned between our world and the reality of another cartoon. Every
element of the room is flat-lined, from the chairs to the silverware, flattening the room into a
two-dimensional plane and giving the appearance that the room is made entirely of paper and
ink.
Through this optical illusion, each visitor would experience this space from their own
perspective. They acknowledge and perceive the space with their own understanding. By giving
this space a new perspective from other cafes it attracts more number of people and the craze for
experiencing something new has increased the footfall and customers. Refer Table 3.4-3.6 for
more details.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 20
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 3.6 The comic cafe (Source :) Google Images

Table 3.4 Project brief

Table 3.5 Justification Table

Through this optical illusion, each visitor would experience this space from their own
perspective. They acknowledge and perceive the space with their own understanding. By giving
this space a new perspective from other cafes it attracts more number of people and the craze for
experiencing something new has increased the footfall and customers.
Table 3.6 Inferences table

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 21
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3.3 Case Study 3- The Illusion

A video about Gangnam's morning rush. Building windows were obscured by a square wall,
uninterested expressions, and elevator-waiting folks in black suits carrying matching briefcases.
While enduring the everyday routine, they daydream about a beach that seems like it's on their
computer displays. Whilst going about their daily routine, they are daydreaming about a
fantastical world. In the past, tower-style office buildings were exclusively constructed for
usage. Monolithic structures cannot adapt quickly enough to haphazard cityscapes. To meet the
new corporate culture, great effort has been made to design workstations that are different from
the traditional box form. The majority of these initiatives, meanwhile, are made to advance the
company's brand. This structure was created to break up the monotony of an office building
where one may visit and take a break. Refer Table 3.7-3.9 for more details.
Table 3.7 Project brief (Location-Seocho - Go, Seoul, South Korea)

Table 3.8 Justification Table

In this project we understand the use of optical illusion created with different material to give
the end user diverse environment in the monotonous office building. An office area has been
created to think beyond boundaries. It also effects the urban environment which is merging the
interior and exterior of the building.
Table 3.9 Inferences table

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 22
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3.4 Case Study 4- Mark’s House by Two Islands

Another example of how mirrors deceive our eyes, seemingly lifting this particular structure
into the sky without any support. Two Islands `Mark`s House` is a temporary pavilion erected in
a parking lot in downtown Flint, Michigan to demonstrate the loss and importance of shelter. On
the lower protruding surface of the upper volume are 882 lightboxes containing hundreds of
photos from over 90 global Kickstarter backers. Refer Table 3.10-3.12 for more details
Table 3.10 Project brief (Location -Downton Flint, Michigan)

Table 3.11 Justification Table

Through this project we recognize the application of illusion to create a concept and can made
people experience it. Also people assimilate it through their own perspective and it generate a
curiosity among the end user. There is also a fact that to execute these kind of illusion we
should invest into correct material otherwise it will end up into big disappointment
Table 3.12 Inferences table

Through this project we recognize the application of illusion to create a concept and can made
people experience it. Also people assimilate it through their own perspective and it generate a
curiosity among the end user. There is also a fact that to execute these kind of illusion we
should invest into correct material otherwise it will end up into big disappointment.
4. CONCLUSION
Architecture is a medium through which we're designing for humans and building relationships
via the alteration of spaces, this relation is made through experience with the assist of our
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 23
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

imagination and vision. Through imaginative and prescient, we will produce visual illusions in
structure to create a brand new experience. Use of optical illusion isn't always new, if we
examine current structure with the structure of the preceding eras, there may be a loss of the
usage of optical illusion in current structure. Illusionism has a lot of scope to provide end users
with an extraordinary experience. Proper understanding and execution can help tell stories that
are not possible with other media. It can maximize the aesthetic value and perfection of the
space to another level.
5 FUTURE SCOPE
Illusionism in architecture has been used for centuries to create perfection, aesthetics, and
experience. Built-in structures, optical illusions, and vision play important roles in telling a
story. Illusionism, whether visual or auditory, can be incorporated into architecture through
technology to create new types of architecture, just as technology has taken over all aspects of
society [4]. The best example is ARTECHOUSE, an innovative art space in the United States
and a destination for immersive and interactive art exhibitions which is dedicated to exhibiting
the works of new media artists [5].
REFERENCES
1. D. H. S. Hoda Yazdian, "Architecture and Illusion in the works of Sheikh Bahai,"
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, pp. 10-14, 2017.
2. A. Karaca, "Optical Illusion and Architecture," International Journal of Research and
Analytic Reviews, pp. 606-613, 2021.
3. U. R. A. J. M. T. Seyed Vahab Hosseini, "Optically illusive architecture (OIA):
Introduction and evaluation using virtual reality," International Journal of Architectural
Computing, pp. 211-490, 2021.
4. J. Pallasmaa, "Architecture as Experience," Architectural Research in Finland, pp. 9-17,
2018.
5. H. Sağlam, "Re-thinking the Concept of “Ornament” in Architectural Design," Procedia -
Social and Behavioral Sciences , pp. 126-133, 2014.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 24
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Chapter 4
ORNAMENTATION IN ARCHITECTURE

Pooja Thareja1* and Shreya Dubey2

1
Assistant Professor, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India
2
Student, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India

ABSTRACT
There is a constant argument of the need for ornamentation in architecture, whether it be
Heritage ornamentation (Hindu, Islamic, and colonial) or contemporary ornamentation in the
present day buildings (only exteriors) in Indian context. While some contend that
heritage ornamentation needs to be revived in order to preserve traditional craftsmanship and
prevent us from losing our traditional values. Others contend that contemporary ornamentation
has to be enhanced since we are imitating global architecture in response to global impacts
without taking into account the climatic conditions and requirements of the various regions of
our nation. Functional as well as aesthetic ornamentation can be created with the proper guard
of applications, workmanship, and technology. It is possible to design structures that are both
functional and aesthetically pleasing thanks to improved technologies that allow for the quick
fabrication of ornamentation. This book chapter emphasizes the value and necessity of
ornamentation in the contemporary era of architecture.
Keywords: Ornamentation, Symbolism, Iconify, Building materials, Technology, Technical
responsibility

1. INTRODUCTION
The Oxford English Dictionary's definition of "ornament" is an accessory, often utilitarian but
occasionally also attractive or aesthetic. Despite being overly broad, the definition is
nonetheless helpful for architecture. The fact that ornament in and of itself is not subject to
criticism indicates a symptom in the area, and it suggests that the topic we should be asking is
how ornament is used [1]
Consider the light switch, which is a key element of contemporary construction. When does it
go from being functional to being ornamental, and at what point may it be acceptable to say that
its decoration has trumped its function? The light switch is a crucial component that regulates
the flow of electricity between wires to enable the on/off switching of electric lights [2]. A
metal rod on a hinge which either joins the circuit or doesn't can be used to do
this. Furthermore, it seems sensible to think that the switch should become effectively a closed
box to prevent electrocution when fumbling for it in the dark. We now own a cover plate.
However, what kind? Cover plates are frequently made of ornamental materials such as wood,
plastic, metal, faux wood, stainless steel, and faux leather. Although one can argue that each has
a different level of ornamentation, each essentially elevates the switch cover plate into the
category of a piece that was created with both beauty and functionality in mind [3].
Whether ornament is applied or is a structural component, architects frequently make judgments
involving ornament. Modernism promoted a minimal ornament aesthetic, but not one without
adornment. There are numerous, not all equally valid, ways to produce ornament. For instance,
Pier Luigi Nervi's decoration is structured and distinct. His designs are praised for the care he
took with each structural component, but the sports halls he designed nevertheless include
ornamental structures. It is not illegal [4].
Architecture's ornamentation is comparable to clothing's style. Although a burlap sack will do,
clothing is still required. However, an Armani suit is considerably more appealing to wear and

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 25
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

admire. Fundamentally, clothing protects the body, but fashion improves how the body appears.
Similar to how we might debate the aesthetics and calibre of clothing, we can also debate the
attractiveness and proper use of adornment in a building. However, we cannot claim that the
ornamentation is absent or that it is unlawful. It is essential, but building devoid of
ornamentation is not.
2. LITERATURE STUDY
We discover numerous gorgeous buildings as we travel through the cities of Agra, Delhi, Jaipur,
Calcutta and Mumbai, among others. Some of them are tombs, monuments, fortresses, temples,
cathedrals, and mosques. Numerous of them were established prior to the time of Christ, while
others did so subsequently. This architecture, which stands big and tall reminds us of that rich
history that has been ours since several generations. This is due to the fact that ornamentation in
architecture plays a significant role in Indian culture.
The distinguishing ornamental elements that characterize modern architecture were evolved
over a lengthy period of time throughout Indian history. The towns of the Harappan
Civilization, which are known for their innovative town design, contain the earliest and most
striking examples of decoration in Indian architecture. Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist decoration
styles are known to have existed in the post-Harappan period. The fusion of Persian and local
architectural embellishment took place during the Middle Ages. After thereafter, India was
exposed to Western decorative styles thanks to the colonial era. As a result, Indian
ornamentation is a mix of native aesthetics and outside influences, which has given it a
distinctive personality all its own [5].
Ornamentation in India can be divided into three categories, namely, Heritage; Contemporary;
Contemporary and Heritage. Heritage ornamentation can further be subdivided into Hindu,
Islamic, and Colonial.
2.1 Heritage Ornamentation
Heritage ornamentation can be subdivided into Hindu, Islamic, and Colonial styles of
ornamentation.
2.1.1. Hindu Ornamentation
Hindu Ornamentation can be categorized into Northern Hindu, Central Hindu, and Southern
Hindu styles of ornamentation.
The characteristic shikhara, or superstructure, that characterizes the Northern Hindu architecture
has extended to at least three to four different regions of northern India. The shikhara often has a
rectilinear shape, while smaller rectilinear shikharas also exist atop the mandapas. The entrance
gate of the sanctuary is typically ornately designed in a conventional Hindu temple in north
India with representations of river deities and strips of figural, floral, and geometric adornment.
The primary pictures of the deities are normally installed in niches sculpted on the major
projections, while statues of mythical and semi-divine characters are frequently used to
embellish the outside walls [6].
Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are located in central India. Early Chalukyan architecture
dominated the Central Hindu Style. There are two different forms of architecture, structural and
rock-cut. They employed locally accessible reddish golden sandstone for their construction. The
process of building a structure by carving it out of a single mass of natural rock is known as
rock-cut architecture. The continuous frieze of Ganas in numerous playful poses carved in relief
on each pedestal is a prominent aspect of these cave temples. The cave temples' front verandas
are very basic, but their interior halls are loaded with abundant sculptural symbology. A number
of structure temples were also erected by the Chalukyans at Badami, furthermore to the rock cut
cave temples. The early Chalukyans merged elements of the existing south and north Indian

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 26
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

building styles to produce their unique decoration and building techniques. Elevated platforms,
pithas, ornate door frame, plinth mouldings, etc. are some of the characteristics of these temples.
Lad Khan Temple and Durga Temple in Aihole, and Malegitti Shivalaya in Badami are a few
examples.
Dravidian architecture is another name for the South Hindu Style, which developed in the
southern region of the Indian subcontinent. It is mostly made up of temples with pyramid-
shaped towers made of granite, soapstone, or sandstone. It has a short neck, a pyramid-shaped
tower with progressively smaller levels of tiny pavilions, and a dome known as a shikhara on
top. The multiple storeys give the southern design a horizontal visual lift. The superstructure
atop the sanctuary is made up of a pyramidal arrangement of progressively lowering storeys. A
parapet of tiny shrines, square at the corners with barrelvault roofs in the middle, separates each
story. The choice and placement of the stone-carved deities on the exterior walls and the
interior, as well as the variety of decorative features that are occasionally so extensive as to
almost conceal the underlying construction, are less evident contrasts between the two primary
temple kinds. The temple's outside walls are divided by pilasters and have niches that house
sculpture.
2.1.2 Islamic Ornamentation
Various ornamentation techniques applied to Islamic architecture, include stalactite (or Muqarna
design), geometric designs, arabesque, calligraphy, finials, purna-kalasha, star of David,
inverted lotus, chevra, glazed tiles, stucco and mosaic. Stalactite or Muqarana design is a
honeycomb motif made up of a collection of tiny, arching cells stacked one atop the other,
diminishing its height [7]. The area at squinches is filled with this pattern to provide greater
support for the upper portion. Example is Qutub Minar. In particular, Mughal-era structures had
geometric designs (stars, square, stars, etc.) on the dome's drums, the façade, the spandrels, and
the flooring of the principal chambers. Many medallion designs, such as an arabesque pattern, a
circle, an inverted lotus, etc were used.
Arabesque is the primary Islamic style of ornamentation that features intertwined stems and
lines. The lines are smooth and sharp, flat or curved, and never separated. The Qquwwat-ul-
Islam Mosque's main screen hosted the first attempt in India. Calligraphy has been engraved in
low relief and inlay work on the monuments. The inscriptions are inscribed in several scripts in
both Persian and Arabic. The inscriptions on the monuments are made in such a way that the
size of the lowest and highest band look identical as the size is rising upward [4].
The buildings' domes include magnificent finials that depict purna-kalasha, lotuses, etc. one on
top of the other and are made of metal, marble, or stone rubble masonry. Purna-kalasha is a
representation of creativity and abundance. This Indian design was borrowed by the Mughals,
who incorporated it onto their structures. This can also be seen on the bottom and top of
Mughal-era columns. Star of David is a six-pointed star formed by the union of two triangles. It
is an old astrological symbol used in India that stood for power and is crucial for carrying out all
religious rites. Most Islamic structures have it embellished at the spandrels of the arch, such
as Humayun's tomb, Delhi Old Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, etc.
A traditional Hindu and Buddhist emblem, the inverted lotus symbolises the principle of
growth. Because gods don't rest on the ground, it also served as a representation of a god's seat.
It was often applied to buildings during the Mughal era in India, both in blooming and inverted
forms. The mihrab of the Illtumish Tomb has a flowering lotus shape, and its inverted version
was likely built for the first time in India at Jamali Kamali Mosque. It was thereafter utilised in
white marble and red sandstone at Humayun's tomb, the Delhi Old Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, and
other locations. The Mughals in India adapted the Persian architectural embellishment known as

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 27
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

chevran (zigzag pattern). The nookshafts and columns at the Taj Mahal, Humayun's Tomb, and
Akbar's Tomb all feature this design.
Glazed tiles were employed because, unlike unglazed tiles, which enable liquids to leak out and
shorten building lifespans, glazed tiles are impervious to liquids. Stucco is a lime plaster that
comprises lime stone powder and is applied extremely thickly to walls or ceilings to create low
relief paintings with incised surfaces. The basic goal of stucco work is to create a smooth, plain
surface for successful results. The statues at spandrels, intrados, pillars of the arches, and
ceilings have typically all been stuccoed. Mosaic, or in lay work, is a specialised form of
ornamentation in which fragments of various materials, such as glazed tiles, semi-precious
stone, glass, etc., in a variety of colours, are set into blocks or stabs of stone or marble with their
faces facing downward in order to fill in any gaps or voids in the design. The Taj Mahal, the
Tomb of Akbar at Sikandra, and Humayun's Tomb all display this artwork [3].
2.1.3 Colonial Ornamentation
Ornamentation during the Colonial period can be classified into four categories, namely, British,
Portuguese, French, and Dutch.
A substantial marble structure in Kolkata, called the Victoria Memorial is an excellent example
of British style of ornamentation. The Angel of Victory stands 16 feet (4.9 metres) tall above the
Victoria Memorial's main dome. Allegorical statues depicting architecture, art, charity
and justice are positioned around the dome, and prudence, motherhood, and learning are shown
above the north porch. The Victoria Memorial was constructed with white Makrana marble, just
like the Taj Mahal. With its dome, four subsidiary, octagonal domed chattris, tall gateways, and
domed towers at the corner, it is reminiscent of the Taj Mahal [8].
Goan Portuguese Homes represent the Portuguese style of ornamentation from 1498 to 1961.
These residences had unusually big decorative windows that opened onto verandas and faced
the street. Bright colours were used to paint homes made of natural and vegetable dyes, giving
them a unique identity and making it possible for sailors to identify them from the water. In
contrast to the Hindu-styled homes, the sheltered verandahs and porches were made for
mingling. Front doorways were lined with ornamental railings and columns that were frequently
used in adornment. Compound walls and Gateposts were intricately carved.
Franco–Tamil houses depict the French style of ornamentation from 1673 to 1954. A transition
in architectural styles can be seen in the facades of two-story buildings, where the bottom level
is typically of the Tamil type with tinnai, talvaram, and carved doors, whereas the first floor
exhibits French influence with plaster decoration, arched windows, fluted pilasters, columns
with capital, architectural embellishments such as door mouldings influenced by French
patterns, as well as floral decorations such as acantha leaves, resulting in a fusion of Tamil and
French ornamentation styles. Roofs were covered in tiles. Elaborately carved entrance doors
include complex frames constructed of multiple wooden layers. The front shutter, which has a
carved cutout, and the back shutter, which is plain, are thick and frequently made of two pieces.
Iron hinges hold the doors to the frames. The carving style on these doors is very consistent.
Symbols representing the owner's community may be seen in the relief at the head of the door
frame.
Kerala's Mattancherry Palace having an understated yet opulent exterior with white front walls
and sloping roof is an example of Dutch style of ornamentation from 1605 to 1825. Additional
signs of European influence in the palace are the long, expansive halls, arches, etc. Due to its
pyramidal shape and clay tile roof, which slopes downward from the peak of the roof on all
sides, the building has a classic appearance. The wood works on the windows and doors are
done with exceptional craftsmanship.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 28
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

2.2 Contemporary Ornamentation

Many architects working today (1994–present) are attempting to redefine the word "ornament."
Ornament can now be considered as an integrated and functional architectural component that is
influenced by building materials and technology/techniques, as opposed to being seen as
additive. Additionally, it is responsible for technical duties like energy conservation,
temperature control, and daylight modulation. The visual impact and overall expressive aspects
of a modern structure, and more particularly, a modern architectural facade, are enhanced by
affective and aesthetic factors. The superficial uses of earlier architectural styles are rejected by
contemporary decoration, which simultaneously aims to iconify and symbolize. The form of the
building is also impacted by modern ornamentation.
2.2.1 Building Materials
The various building materials used for contemporary ornamentation include steel, aluminium,
glass, concrete, bricks, wood/timber, stone, tiles and boards.
Steel is available with a variety of finishes, including perforated, mirror, hairline, texture, and
custom designs. Its benefits include its pleasing aesthetics, toughness, resistance to flame and
corrosion, termite resistance, and versatility in carving. In environments with high humidity, it
is a suitable choice. However, frequent maintenance and its propensity to rust (apart from rust
resistant types like galvanised steel) must be taken into consideration. The two main types used
are mild and stainless steel. But for cladding, mainly mild steel is employed.
Solid aluminium, aluminium composite panels (ACP), and extruded aluminium are all
employed as wall cladding in the case of aluminium. They have an excellent strength-to-weight
ratio, are recyclable, light in weight, and offer a variety of finishes and colours. ACPs are also
available in a variety of styles, including acrylic-based, brush-faced, mirror-faced, wood-
textured, marble-faced, and mirror-faced. The cladding on facades, walls and column coverings
is made of extruded aluminium. Aluminum is outperformed by steel in regards to strength.
The adaptability, beauty, capacity to blend boundaries, visually increasing a space, and allowing
natural light, makes glass a very frequently employed material in building façades. Impact-
resistant glass, burglar-resistant glass, safety glass that is enamelled and laminated, lacquered
glass, and even ceramic-printed glass are available today. Glass has also improved acoustical
quality, and one can now see panels of glass with incorporated louvres that can direct sunlight
as required.
Glass fibre reinforced concrete, or GRC, is a cladding material that can be utilised for
residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional purposes. They are simple to install and
maintain, and they don't need to be painted or plastered because they may be fixed directly on
top of masonry or brickwork.
A long-used, less expensive alternative is brick cladding. It resists water and can be visually
appealing due to the diversity of patterns that it can develop into. The dry type of construction
sans mortar is also available overseas.
The inherent resistance to decomposition makes a wide variety of wood species excellent
external cladding material. Because wood is a lightweight material, hefty brick outside walls are
eliminated, which reduces the size and consequently the expense of foundations. Other
advantages of wooden cladding include its availability in a variety of
softwoods, hardwoods, and engineered woods, the capability of the panels of to be pre-
fabricated, excellent heat and sound insulation, and ease of maintenance. They have a calming
aesthetic, come in a variety of textures and treatments, and are better for the environment
because timber is a sustainable material.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 29
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Natural and environment-friendly materials include stone. Along with stone veneers,
alternatives include slate, granite, sandstone, marble, Kota stone, and limestone. There are also
widely available particular stones like Jaisalmer stone, Jodhpur stone, etc. Similar to all other
materials, correct installation is crucial to prevent leaks from occurring, especially in areas with
heavy rainfall. The durability of stone cladding depends on its thickness; the thicker it is, the
more durable it will be. Stone cladding has enduring durability without the need for painting, a
timeless appearance, and customizability but requires a large initial expenditure. Additionally,
one observes the use of mosaic stones with a delicate texture and long-lasting gloss.
Numerous materials (granite, concrete, brick, ceramic, glazed tiles, stainless steel, marble) and
designs are available for tile cladding (strip, rustic, wave etc). Weather-resistant granite tiles are
suitable for both interior and exterior use, in contrast to concrete tiles, which can be used in non-
load-bearing and load-bearing walls. Although pricey and often requiring more upkeep, marble
tiles continue to be the most desirable. Low water absorption makes vitrified ceramic tiles ideal
for cold climates, and they also resist corrosion and staining. Bathrooms often use mosaic
cladding tiles because they are quick to dry.
Today's market offers gypsum, compressed cement, calcium silicate, fibre cement, e-boards,
and even environmentally friendly boards. Their finishing can be in a variety of ways.
Laminates continue to be a great choice for interiors. High pressure laminates are being
employed in settings like hospitals where cleanliness is crucial to prevent the spread of
hazardous microorganisms.
2.2.2 Technical responsibilities such as daylight modulation, temperature control and
energy conservation
The technical responsibilities provided through ornamentation can be understood through two
examples. Firstly, the Crescent Office Block in Surat, designed by Mumbai-based architect
Sanjay Puri has overlaying angled fins that are covered in pre-rusted steel. The building's
distinctive orange colour is a result of the weathering steel used to cover each fin—a pre-rusted
metal frequently referred to by the brand Corten. The angular shape is a direct reaction to the
strong sun, which causes extremely high temperatures for a large portion of the year. The
curved wall opens up to make room for a number of stacked north-facing windows while acting
as a shelter from the southern sun. In order to minimise heat uptake and the effects of the east
and west sun, the walls are inclined and projected. Secondly, Jaipur's Pearl Academy of Fashion
represents the architecture which is a fusion of contemporary adaptations of classic Indo-Islamic
architectural features and passive cooling techniques used in Rajasthan's hot, dry desert climate.
A dual skin that is taken from the Jaali, a traditional construction component that is common in
Rajasthani architecture, protects the structure from the elements. The dual skin serves as a heat
barrier separating the structure from its surroundings. Through fenestrations, the outer skin,
which is 4 feet away from the structure lessens direct heat gain. The Jaali's inner face has drip
channels that promote passive evaporative cooling, which lowers ambient temperature pf the
wind.
2.2.3 Symbolism
To denote frequently used features and components that have evolved through time, an
architectural symbology is used. One needs to have a solid understanding of exactly what the
symbols on a drawing mean in order to quickly interpret an architectural design. Symbols are
intended to simulate a fixture, material or component's appearance. There are countless varieties
of symbols. The window, door, and electrical symbols are a few of the symbols that are more
frequently seen on a construction design. Similar to that, ornamentation can serve as a way to
symbolically depict many kinds of things. Hyderabad's Fisheries Department building is an
example for symbolism. The 4-story fish building, built in 2012 serves as a National Fisheries
Development office. Technology development for India's aquaculture and fisheries is being
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 30
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

carried out inside the massive flounder. A silver fin serves as the building's entrance. With its
distinctive architecture, the fisheries department headquarters sticks out amid the Hyderabad
skyline.
2.3.4 Iconify
A symbol or depiction that symbolises anything through analogy or likeness is known as an
icon. Buildings are frequently envisioned as icons that reflect the collective image since they are
physical objects that are visible from afar. When it comes to scale, these icons can be used to
represent a neighbourhood, a city, a region, or even an entire nation. However, when it comes to
values, they can have political, temporal, technological, socio-cultural, or even religious
implications. Because ornamentation gives a building a distinctive appearance that is
recognisable to the public, it serves as an icon for a location that can be anywhere from a tiny
town to a rural area. Lotus temple in New Delhi as an example to better comprehend this. The
temple's shape, which resembles a floating, half-opened lotus flower encircled by its leaves
because of ornamentation in the shape of a semicircle, has made it an icon of New Delhi. Panels
of white marbles are used to cover the outer and inner surfaces of the shells and the arches.
These marble panels are fastened to the surface of concrete using anchors and brackets made of
stainless steel.
2.3.5 Form Derived Due to Ornamentation
Delhi Land & Finance (DLF) constructed the Gateway Tower in Gurgaon, which is an
appropriate example of form derived due to ornamentation. It earned the title “Titanic” due to its
shape and size, which were a result of ornamentation. This building's well-known architect is
Hafiz Contractor. It serves as a gateway to Gurgaon and represents corporate employees and
FDI from abroad.
2.3.6 Form Uplifted by Ornamentation
Hafeez Contractor designed Infosys multiplex in Mysore, India, exhibits numerous design and
architectural accomplishments and resembles a massive golf ball. The weekend movie theatre,
which has four screens and is housed in a geodesic dome, also hosts a number of other events,
including the initiation of fresh classes of trainees. It covers 1.44 million square feet and is
regarded as the campus's centrepiece in Mysore.
2.3 Contemporary and Heritage Ornamentation
In the quest for ornamentation styles that are in line with Indian traditions but sensitive to the
many needs of current Indian culture, there are many examples of ornamentation that point to a
mature and nuanced approach to using history. However, it would be oversimplified to think
that a loose connection between the present and past would inevitably result in ornamentation
that successfully combines tradition with the needs of a culture that is fundamentally
conservative while also being dedicated to materialistic and industrial growth [35]. As a result,
ornamentation styles that are both traditional and contemporary have emerged. The change in
technology and materials is what distinguishes heritage ornamentation from contemporary
ornamentation. Replicas of heritage ornamentation and inspiration drawn from
heritage ornamentation are two ways to achieve current ornamentation in this category.
2.3.1 Technology and Materials
The difference between contemporary-heritage ornamentation and heritage ornamentation can
be understood through an example that highlights the change of technology and materials.
In Sun Temple at Konark, an example of heritage ornamentation, the complete ceiling is
reinforced with iron grid to withstand the weight of the enormous kalasa over the pida. The
stones are placed in ashlar masonry and the individual stones were chiseled and smoothed to
make the joints less obvious. These stones were firmly set on top of one another owing to their
self weight and the addition of iron dowels to secure their placement. The construction of the
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 31
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

temple was mostly done with the khondalite stone type, but the doorjamb as well as
few sculptures were done with high-quality chlorite. The laterite stones were mostly used in the
construction of the temple's internal core and other components. The use of khondalite, which is
easily weathered and subject to chemical change, was a significant factor in the temple's slow
collapse.
In Akshardham Temple, New Delhi, an example of contemporary-heritage ornamentation, the
entire structure is made of Italian Carrara marble and pink sandstone from Rajasthan. There is
no ferrous metal used in it. As a result, it is not supported by concrete or steel. The spiritual
structure consumed 6000 significant light red sand rocks in all. This cutting-edge method
guarantees that the shrine will last for a full thousand significant years.
2.3.2 Replica of Heritage Ornamentation
The Le Meridien Pune, a breathtakingly beautiful five-star hotel, is an architectural expression
in Rajasthani style that combines traditional elegance with a dash of modernity.
2.3.3 Derived inspiration from Heritage Ornamentation
Corporate office headquarters at Jaipur designed by architect Sanjay Puri is an example of
ornamentation derived through inspiration from heritage ornamentation.
3. Case Study
This section includes 3 live case studies and 7 secondary case studies.
3.1 Live Case Studies
The three live case studies covered include the study of Bara Imambara, Lucknow; Rumi
Darwaza, Lucknow; and Pioneer House, Delhi.
3.1.1 Islamic
Bara Imambara, built in 1784 by Asaf Ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh is located in Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh, India. It represents the Islamic (Mughal) style of ornamentation. It was
constructed to aid the famine-stricken populace. It is now a significant Nawabi religious
structure where the holiday of Moharram is observed, services are held to remember Ali and
Hussain's deaths during the appropriate season, and it occasionally serves as a mausoleum for
the founder's family. Refer Table 4.1 for parameter details.
Table 4.1 Parameters for Bara Imambara
PARAMETERS
Heritage Symbolism Technology Building
ornamentation Material
Islamic (Mughal) Culture- Ornamentation No central dome or Rubble or coarse
style elements (vaults, minarets. concrete of bricks
geometric design, No beams or pillars. and mud.
cusped arches, Weight balanced by Rice husk.
purnakalasha, jharokhas, corridors, arched No woodwork or
corbels, etc) symbolize doorways and metal.
influence of Islamic windows with
culture. multiple small domes.
Rumi darwaza, built in 1784 with a height of 18m is located in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
A grand entrance, constructed with the support of Nawab Asaf Ud-Dowlah, it is one of India's
most stunning architectural creations. It represents Islamic ornamentation style (Mughal). Refer
Table 4.2 for parameter details.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 32
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Table 4.2 Parameters for Rumi Darwza

PARAMETERS
Hindu Iconify Symbolism Building
Ornamentation material
Islamic (Mughal) Finest gateway Culture- Ornamentation Lakhuri bricks.
style built in elements (Minarets, chhatris, Thick lime
Lucknow. recessed and cusped arches, plaster.
Logo for city of lotus petals, floral motifs,
Lucknow. turrets with floral patterns,
octagonal bastions)
symbolize influence of
Islamic culture.
3.1.2 Contemporary
The Pioneer House in Karol Bagh, New Delhi, India is designed by Anagram Architects. The
project covering an area of around 1400 sqm was completed in 2014. This building serves as an
office for "Pioneer Publicity Corporation Private Limited”. Refer Table 4.3 for parameter
details.
Table 4.3 Parameters for Pioneer House
PARAMETERS
Contemporary Symbolism Building Technology Technical
Ornamentation material responsibility
Form uplifted Signage-Façade Red Pattern of logo Daylight
by symbolize aluminium articulated by modulation -
ornamentation company logo. perforated reattaching Skin of louvers
Form- Form of screen. stamped-out diffuse natural
building discs through light with the
symbolize a pivot detail. workspace.
extruded or
projected profile
of thumb.
3.2 Secondary Case Studies
3.2.1 Heritage
The Sun Temple of Konark was built in the 13th century to honour the sun god Surya. Refer
Table 4.4 for parameter details.
Table 4.4 Parameters for Sun Temple
PARAMETERS
Heritage Symbolism Building Technology
ornamentation materials
Hindu style Form- Temple conceived as a 3 types of stones Entire ceiling
huge and colossal chariot used: strengthened with
drawn by team of seven Khondalite stone iron grid.
horses in galloping mode. type used largely. Stones laid in
Sculptures-12 wheels High quality ashlar masonry.
symbolize twelve months of chlorite for Stones placed on
the year, other sculptures doorjamb and one another
symbolize Sun god, dancers, some sculptures. firmly,
elephants guarding entrance, Laterite stones. supplemented by
soldiers, hunting ofanimals, use of iron
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 33
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

lotus petals, military dowels.

marches, etc.
Culture- Sculptures
symbolize strong influence
of Hindu culture.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus located in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India was constructed in 1888
with a cost of around 2,013.4 million. It was designed by architect Frederick William Stevens,
Axel Haig. Refer Table 4.5 for parameter details.
Table 4.5 Parameters for Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
PARAMETERS
Heritage Symbolism Iconify Building
Ornamentation material
Colonial style Culture- Ornamentation Iconic Local yellow
elements symbolize meeting of symbol of malad stones.
Gothic (3D-stone carvings of Mumbai Italian marble.
local species of animals, flora Polished granite.
and fauna, arched tympana, White limestone.
portrait roundels of human Burma teak wood.
faces, stone mesh works on the Steel.
decorated rose windows,
gargoyles,etc) and traditional
Indian (stone dome, turrets,
pointed arches , etc) cultures.
Sculptures- Lion symbolizes the
United Kingdom, peacock and
tiger symbolize India
3.2.2 Contemporary
The office building of Infosys in Pune, India designed by architect, Hafeez Contractor is an
example of form derived due to ornamentation. Refer Table 4.6 for parameter details.
The Motisons Tower in Jaipur, India was designed by architect Kothari Associates in 2013. It is
a building with an area of 50,000 square feet designed for a renowned high profile jeweller in
Jaipur. Refer Table 4.7 for parameter details.
Table 4.6 Parameters for Infosys Pune
PARAMETERS
Contemporary Iconify Symbolism Material Technology
Ornamentation
Form derived due Iconic element Form- Coloured glass- Glass facade is
to ornamentation in the cityscape Symbolizes clear reflective second skin to
of Jaipur. lotus. from outside, main structure
Not regional Colours- 9 clear glass with supported by
but special acid washed SS spiders.
international. coloursused internal surface LED wall
Transformed symbolize from inside. washers wash
the face of colours of Coloured gold internal surface
architecture in natural gem mouldedfibre of glass and
India stones glass. create millions
LED wall of colors at
washers night
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 34
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Table 4.7 Parameters for the Motisons Tower

PARAMETERS
Contempor Symbolism Iconify Building Technology Technical
-ary material responsib-
Ornamenta ility
-tion
Form Form- Egg An example of Internal Aluminium Solar
derived due shape of architectural structure- and glass passivization
to orname-- building excellence for Reinforced cladding in Energy
ntation symbolizes future cement steel frame conservation
concept of Iconifies state concrete, shell
evolution of the art of brickwork Structure
construction Outer shell- stands away
techniques and Steel 450 from steel
the functional MT, glass shell
values of and
design aluminium
Contemporary and Heritage Ornamentation
Chhatrapti Shivaji International Airport Terminal 2 Building in Mumbai was designed by the
architectural designer, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). It covers an area of 210,000 square
metres and was constructed with a cost of nearly ₹98 billion. Refer Table 4.8 for parameters.
Table 4.8 Parameters for Chhatrapti Shivaji International Airport Terminal 2
PARAMETERS
Contemporary Symbolism Iconify Building Technology Technical
& Heritage Material responsibility
Ornamentation
Derived Form- A new Glass Modular Temperature
inspiration from Symbolic of global, fibre construction. control.
heritage traditional high-tech reinforced Modern Daylight
ornamentation Indian identity for gypsum cutting edge modulation
pavilions. Mumbai panels. strategies
Colour- Celebrates Coloured
Symbolic of both India's glazing.
national bird rich cultural Glass
of India, heritage wall with
peacock. and gridded
Culture- country's cable
Ornamentation increasingly frame.
elements global
symbolize future
regional
patterns and
textures
The headquarters for clothing sourcing company in Triburg, Gurgaon was designed by an Indian
architecture firm called SPA Design. Refer Table 4.9 for parameters.
Awadh Shilpgram designed by Archohm (Architecture Studio) is a traditional Indian-inspired
crafts hub for exhibiting crafts in the Indian city of Lucknow, complete with a collection of
grass-roofed studios and a spiraled shopping area. Refer Table 4.10 for parameters.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 35
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Table 4.9 Parameters for Headquarters for Clotjing Sourcing Company, Gurgaon
PARAMETERS
Contemporary Symbolism Building Technology Technical
and Heritage Material Responsibility
Ornamentation
Derived Form- Brick Structural arches Daylight
inspiration from Symbolic of Concrete Concrete columns modulation
heritage Adalaj supporting vaulted
ornamentation stepwell ceiling
Table 4.10 Parameters for Awadh Shilpgram, Lucknow
PARAMETERS
Contemporary and Symbolism Building
Heritage Ornamentation Material
Derived inspiration from Form- Symbolic of chaotic composition of Red Agra
heritage ornamentation urban bazaars Culture-Arches symbolic of sandstone
culture of architecture in Lucknow, patterns
on jaalis symbolic of culture of traditional
Chikan embroidery
4. CONCLUSION
Architectural ornamentation has been used throughout history, in both contemporary and
historical periods as well as a combination of both. It has never been completely neglected or
ignored because it has always been used to embellish buildings in some way. Any building's
ornamentation is the most significant indication that draws attention and contributes to
iconifying it. Ornamentation, which can be used to reflect signage and the history and culture of
a place through sculptures, shapes, and colors, is a necessary component of architectural
expression. The level of craftsmanship, technology, construction materials, technical
characteristics, and ornamentation applications are key elements in establishing ornamentation's
significance in architecture.
REFERENCES
1. H. Sağlam, "Re-thinking the Concept of “Ornament” in Architectural Design," Procedia -
Social and Behavioral Sciences, pp. 126-133, 2014.
2. A. Garg, "Evolution of Architectural Ornamentation A comparison between ancient and
modern era (1900-2020)," Research Proposal, pp. 1-8, 2020.
3. N. I. Morehouse, "Condition-Dependent Ornaments, Life Histories, and the Evolving
Architecture of Resource-Use," Integrative and Comparative Biology, pp. 591-600, 2014.
4. A.-M. Sankovitch, "Structure/Ornament and the Modern Figuration of Architecture," The
Art Bulletin, pp. 686-717, 1998.
5. H. Y. W. Ayu Ratna Pertiwi, "Evolution of Hindu–Buddhist Architectural Ornaments into
Javanese Traditional Architecture: Case Study of Sewu Temple," Proceedings of the 4th
International Conference on Arts Language and Culture, pp. 119-219, 2020.
6. J. Shafiq, "Architectural Elements in Islamic Ornamentation: New Vision in Contemporary
Islamic Art," Arts and Design Studies, pp. 11-21, 2014.
7. D. G. A. S. Fawzia Irhayyim Hussein, "Ornamentation and Modern Architecture in Iraq,"
Journal of Engineering, pp. 115-122, 2019.
8. J. Zilhão, "The Emergence of Ornaments and Art: An Archaeological Perspective on the
Origins of “Behavioral Modernity”," Journal of Archaeological Research, pp. 1-54, 2007.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 36
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Chapter 5
REVIVAL OF ABANDONED INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS VIA ADAPTIVE REUSE

Tanya Gupta1*and Jatin Rawat2

1
Professor, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India
2
Student, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India

ABSTRACT
As times change, the need for various types of spaces diminishes. These buildings, whose
function is no longer required, become subjects of abandonment. In many situations, the types
of buildings most likely to be forgotten include industrial buildings, political buildings, and
community buildings. One of the possible lifelines for such buildings is adaptive reuse as it
reaffirms their presence in the neighborhood. By doing so, one less building is added to the
urban fabric and there is a lesser negative impact on the environment. It is natural that
Industrial buildings become redundant for many reasons, such as changes in economic and
industrial practices, cost of maintenance, and people’s perceptions. Most of these buildings are
no longer suited for their original function and a new use has not been decided for them.
Adaptive reuse enables the conversion of existing, obsolete Industrial buildings and sites into
new, mixed-use developments that will play an essential role in enhancing local communities.
Keywords: Industries, Adaptive Reuse, Benefits, Factories, Abandoned.

1. INTRODUCTION
Adaptive reuse refers to the process of reusing an existing building for a purpose other than
which it was originally built or designed for. It is also known as recycling and conversion.
Revitalizing the existing built fabric by finding a new use or purpose for obsolete buildings can
be a wonderful resource to a community by "keeping neighborhoods occupied and vital" [1].
Recycling has become second nature to modern communities as we strive for environmental
sustainability. A structure straightforwardly utilized in assembling or in fact useful endeavors.
Industrial Buildings are not for the most part or commonly open to other than laborers. Adaptive
reuse in architecture denotes the process of building conversion to accommodate new functional
requirements [2]. The possibility of Adaptive reuse of structures to produce space for new
useful fundamentals is neither something new or contemporary nor is it restricted to
engineering. It has been applied to practically a wide range of curios.
Adaptive reuse is seen as an effective way of reducing urban sprawl and environmental impact.
Through adaptive reuse old, unoccupied buildings can become suitable sites for many different
types of use. Adapting a building is sustainable at the most fundamental level, and it also helps
preserve the urban context while adding richness and vitality. Adaptive reuse is a solution that
maintains the character of the building while not compromising on its functionality and
integrity.
Constructing a building from scratch takes up a lot of time, in this fast pace world time has the
most value. Reusing a constructed building helps in saving time. In India the cost of
construction drastically increased in past few years because of huge urban sprawl. Adapting an
industrial building will help in lower construction cost. Industrial Buildings takes up a large area
of land, so after their abandonment those huge areas are left vacant with no future scope; here
Adaptive Reuse can take a part for a sustainable approach to revive those buildings.
Keeping the above situation in mind the basic aim is the Strategic use of site-sensitive design for
Industrial structures which can contribute to physical life improvements, impact social behavior,
and contribute to lifestyle enhancements within the community. The following objectives are
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 37
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

fulfilled in this chapter: (a)To study the concept of Adaptive Reuse, its components and design
elements (b)To explore various theories pertaining to Adaptive Reuse for Abandoned Buildings
(c) To study incorporation of Adaptive Reuse on Industrial Buildings that seeks to reduce Urban
Sprawl and Environmental Impacts (d) To analyze the feasibility, design considerations and
success of Adaptive Reuse on an Abandoned Building (e) To provide with ways of providing
the much-needed sensitive approach in adaptive re-use, while making minimum interventions
and alterations, making them function able for contemporary times.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Industrial Buildings
Includes a building or part thereof wherein products or material are fabricated, assembled, or
processed such as assembly plants, laboratories, power plants, refineries, gas plants, mills,
diaries and factories. Refer figure 5.1.

Figure 5.1 TATA Jamshedpur Industries (Source: Google Images)

2.2 Importance of Industrial Buildings
Following focuses draw out the significance of industry in an economy:
 Structural Transformation: Industrial improvement achieves underlying change in the
economy. It implies that the reliance of our economy on horticulture will be decreased.
 Source of Employment: Huge talented labour force which is as yet jobless. foundation of
industries which can produce work valuable open doors for a huge scope.
 Enhancing further the Economic Growth: As industrialization advances, the capital
merchandise industry additionally begins to thrive. This aides in additional financial
development and encourages industry and development.
2.3 Indian Industrial Regions
India has several industrial regions like Mumbai- Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region,
Hugli region, Ahmedabad-Baroda region, as shown in the figure 2 Industrial Regions in India.
Refer figure 5.2 & table 5.1

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 38
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 5.2 Industrial Regions in India

(Source: https:// www.patnauniversity. ac.in/ econtent/ social_ sciences/ geography/ MAG
eog14.pdf)
Table 5.1 Data of India Industries
Industries Total Numbers
Mining 1,531
Chemicals and Petrochemicals 12,168
Cottage (SSI) 128.44 Lakh
Defence Products 50 Labs 4 Defence Shipyards
12 Defence PSU
Fertilizers 128
Food Processing 37,175
Heavy Industries
Manufacturing 2,42,395
Oil and Natural Gas 23 Refineries
Pharmaceuticals 10,500
Textiles 3400
Automobiles 14,000
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 39
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

2.4 About Adaptive Reuse

Adaptive reuse refers to the process of reusing an existing building for a purpose other than
which it was originally built or designed for. It is also known as recycling and conversion.
Adaptive reuse is an effective strategy for optimizing the operational and commercial
performance of built assets. Adaptive reuse refers to the process of reusing an existing building
for a purpose other than which it was originally built or designed for [3]. It is also known as
recycling and conversion. Adaptive reuse is an effective strategy for optimizing the operational
and commercial performance of built assets. Refer figure 5.3.

Figure 5.3 Brewing Company Brewing Company

(Source: Modearchitects https://modearchitects.in/)
2.5 Importance of Industrial Adaptive Reuse
 Maintains Cultural Heritage: In communities with historic architecture, adaptive reuse is a
form of historic preservation. It restores culturally significant sites that would otherwise be
left to decay or demolished to make room for new buildings or parking lots.
 Slows Urban Sprawl: When builders search for new construction sites, they must often
choose land further outside of a City Centre since the land within a city is usually claimed by
old buildings or more expensive real estate. This fuels the process of “urban sprawl,” a term
for the unrestricted expansion of urban areas, contributing to air pollution and other
environmental impacts, dangerous traffic patterns, higher infrastructure costs, and social
isolation. Adaptive reuse offers a counter to urban sprawl.
 Creates a New Community Beacon: Adaptive reuse architecture is functional and often
incredibly beautiful.
2.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adaptive Reuse
Refer table 5.2 for advantages and disadvantages of adaptive reuse.
Table 5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adaptive Reuse
Advantages Disadvantages
Existing inventory of well-built structures Potentially high cost of development due
to governmental processes such as
permitting, planning and historic
permissions.
Access to financing incentives Potentially high construction cost due to
common environmental issues

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 40
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Potentially low acquisition cost Higher design cost to address change-of-

use, update infrastructure such as
outdated HVAC and electrical systems
Proximity to large population centers Existing building design layout and site
constraints
Environmental benefits, such as reduced Historic preservations designation can
waste from demolition of old structures and limit façade or exterior alterations
reduced energy from generating new materials
Adaptive reuse helps in reducing Urban
Sprawl and thus solves the problem of Land
Exhaustion
2.7 Elements of Adaptive Reuse
Adaptive Reuse elements are very crucial in determining the number of alterations to be done in
a building for its reuse. Industrial buildings need high number of alterations as its use is
changed. An industrial building is always converted into a different use because of
environmental issues. Converting a building needs design elements which is to be fused within
the structure [4].
Elements of Adaptive Reuse which are most commonly followed are following:
1. Façade
2. Structural Constraints
3. Materials
4. A sense of Past
2.7.1 Façade
Preserving a society society’s cultural and architectural heritage while balancing city growth is a
difficult task. Many older buildings feature beautiful and historical designs, but require heavy
changes to the actual building structure. Techniques such as architectural facadism—preserving
the façade of a building while constructing a new internal structure behind it—offer an
opportunity to compromise and preserve through adaptive reuse. Refer figure 5.4.

Figure 5.4 Caixa Forum

(Source: architizer) https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/collections/fill-in/
2.7.2 Structural Constraints
Before starting an adaptive reuse project and even considering refurbishment, it is important that
the condition of the existing building is thoroughly assessed. A condition assessment primarily
inspects a building's structural integrity. roofing, masonry, plaster, wood-work, tiling and the
mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems. The in-depth inspection of buildings can be
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 41
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

expensive. Nevertheless, building condition assessment is critical to the success of an adaptive

reuse project and must not be avoided at any cost because this expense is insignificant relative
to the injury or loss of life that a building failure might cause.
2.7.3 Materials
Building materials are generally procured from the Earth's strata or are end products of
processed natural components. These resources are limited. Irresponsible extraction of natural
compounds for building material manufacture can deplete these natural compounds from the
earth. Moreover, extraction can cause harm to the natural habitat and biodiversity of the region
where materials are extracted. Therefore, a project that uses minimum new building material
and uses more of recycled materials is a more sustainable and responsible choice for a building
material. Refer figure 5.5 for major materials which are occupied after abandonment of
Industrial Buildings are following:
 Steel
 Concrete
 Wood
 Stone
 Brick

Figure 5.5 Material Compatibility with other materials

2.7.4 A Sense of Past
Architecture is an expression appropriate to its time, and adaptive reuse is a tool that can be
utilized in the exploration of how to add to the existing fabric of a structure in order to continue
the story of the building while still speaking to time and tradition.
A sense of past can be implemented in the hearts of people by taking following considerations:
 Having less alteration
 Keeping the fabric of the building secure
 Not extremely changing the use of the previous structure.
 Keeping the materials same.
 Implementing various design elements of the previous building in the new Adaptively
Reused structure.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 42
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 5.6 Zeitz Museum

(Source: RTF https://www.dezeen.com/2017/09/15/thomas-heatherwick-zeitz-mocaa-cape-
town-art-museum-south-africa/)
2.8 Impact of Adaptive Reuse on City Development
2.8.1 Controls Urban Sprawl
Urban Sprawl is characterized as "the spreading of metropolitan improvements on lacking area
almost a city". Urban Sprawl has been depicted as the unhindered development in numerous
metropolitan areas of lodging, business improvement, and streets over huge spreads of land,
with little worry for urban planning [5].
Urban sprawl refers to the expansion of poorly planned, low-density, auto-dependent
development, which spreads out over large amounts of land, putting long distances between
homes, stores, and work and creating a high segregation between residential and commercial
uses with harmful impacts on the people living in these areas and the ecosystems and wildlife
that have been displaced.
2.9 Theories of Adaptive Reuse
2.9.1 Typological Approach of Different Buildings as Shown in Table 5.3
Table 5.3 Classification of Building Typologies
Building Type Typologies
Industrial Buildings Factory
Warehouse
Barn
Granary
Mills
Mining Site
Religious Buildings Church and Chapel
Convent
Bougienage
Presbytery
Semi Public Buildings City Hall
Museum
School
Hospital
Post office
Library
Hotel and Hostel

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 43
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Residential Buildings Castle

Country house
Farm
Town House
Military Buildings Fortress
Barrack
Gate
Commercial Buildings Craft Shop
Departmental Store
Bank
Market
2.9.2 Technical Approach in Adaptive Reuse
Table 5.4 Technical issues on Adaptive Reuse
Technical Types Upgrading
Loadbearing Structures Frames
Floors
Walls
Roofs
Heavy Lifting
Building Envelope Internal Surface
Introduction of new Floors
Façade
Accessibility and Circulation
Comfort, Safety, and Energy Efficiency Fire Resistance
Thermal Performance
Acoustic Performance
Preventing moisture and Dampness
Indoor Air Quality
2.9.3 Strategic Approach
The Strategic Approach concentrates on the processes and strategies used for adapting important
structures.
 Building within
 Building over
 Building around
 Building alongside
 Recycling materials
 Adapting to a new function

Wrap Weaving Juxtaposition Parasite Insertion

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 44
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3. CASE STUDY
This section studies various cases of Industrial Structures which are Adaptively Reused and will
be helpful in understanding that how, Strategic use of site-sensitive design for Industrial
structures can contribute to physical life improvements, impact social behavior and contribute to
lifestyle enhancements within the community. It discusses about how, Adaptive Reuse has a
spirit of Sustainability, Conservation and Minimal Transformation, making it best fit for the
future low availability of resources in the future. (Hypothesis)
Case studies will be helpful in determining and carrying out various design elements which can
be used in different type of Industrial Structures.
 Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara
 Google Headquarters, L.A
 Imagine Studios at the Trees, Vikhroli, Mumbai
 The Design Village, Noida, U.P
3.1 Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara
The first-ever Alembic industrial building in Vadodara has seen multiple surgical interventions.
Similar to many old factory buildings, the building got altered over time due to change in the
original purpose of the facility. The space within is meant to serve the Alembic Museum, art
studios, display and exhibition space with ancillary spaces for a library, AV room, and a café
i.e. Refer figure 5.7.

Figure 5.7 Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara

(Source: archdaily https://www.archdaily.com/923851/alembic-industrial-heritage-and-re-
development-karan-grover-and-associates)
Architects Karan Grover and Associates
Location Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Built in March 2017-December2018
Client Alembic Ltd.
Area 1,200 sqm
Structural Consultant ADCE Structure Engineer

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 45
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Changes after Adaptive Reuse

Table 5.5 Changes after adaptive reuse
Earlier Now
Function: The function of the Function: Now the Industrial
Industrial Structure varied time to Structure is converted into an
time, when this Alembic industry Industrial Heritage Development
started, it was used for the building, which consists of Alembic
Manufacturing of penicillin, but Museum, art studios, display and
before it got abandoned, it was used exhibition space with ancillary spaces
for the manufacturing of Alcohol. for a library, AV room, and a café.
Site Plan: The site plan of the Site Plan: The site plan increased
industry was 12,520 Sqm. /3.09 Acre. from 12,520 Sqm/3.09 Acre to 14,472
There were no distilleries earlier in Sqm. /3.58 Acre. In the new site plan,
the site plan. These were added due to basketball court and skating ring is
the manufacturing of alcohol. added.
Architecture Style: The style of Architecture Style: The style of
architecture adopted by the Britishers architecture is preserved now for a
in India was Indo-Saracenic, thus the feeling of sense of past for the users.
industry was designed in an Indo- Only servicing of the structure is done
Saracenic way. The design elements and rest of the structure is taken as it
which were present in the structure is.Design elements which were
were: retained are:
1. Brick walls 1. White plater on Brick walls are
2. Purlins and Rafters sandblasted or removed from
3. Riveted Trusses waterjet technique, from the areas
4. Arched Windows and Doors where the condition of them is
5. White plaster worse.
6. Terracotta tiles 2. Strengthening of trusses.
7. Large span truss structures, etc. 3. New Mangalore tiles were used.
4. Arched windows & doors were
serviced.
5. Purlins and Rafters were kept
exposed to express the quality of
structure that once it was.
3.2 Google Headquarters, L.A
Built by Howard Hughes in 1943 for the construction of the Hercules IV airplane the historic
hangar now comprises office, meeting, food service and event spaces, and employee amenity
spaces. The project included extensive restoration of the original wood frame, and the new
architecture is set within the vast, open volumes of the hangar on either side of its fully restored
central spine.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 46
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 5.8 Inside of Google Headquarters, L.A

(Source: archdaily https://www.archdaily.com/905622/zgf-reveals-googles-new-la-office-in-
historic-california-hangar)
Architects ZGF Architects
Location Playa Vista, L.A, U. S
Built in June 2016-February 2018
Client Google
Area 41,806 sqm
Structural Consultant GPA Consulting
Changes after Adaptive Reuse
Table 5.6 Changes after adaptive reuse
Earlier Now
Function: The function of the Function: Now the Industrial Structure is
Industrial Structure varied time to converted into a Google Headquarters building,
time, when this Hangar was which consists of Office Space, Kitchens, Art
constructed, it was used for the Rooms, Display Centres, Recording Studios,
construction of Spruce Goose, but Meeting Rooms, etc.
before it got abandoned, it was used
for the transportation of Cargo’s.
Site Plan: The site plan of the Site Plan: The site plan decreased from 1,08,724
industry was 1,08,724 Sqm. /26.87 Sqm/26.87 Acre to 41,806 Sqm. /14 Acre. In the
Acre. There was a huge land for the new site plan, parking is provided for the cars.
Airplanes to move, thus the area of
the hangar at that time was massive.
Architecture Style: The style of Architecture Style: The style of architecture is
architecture adopted by the preserved now for a feeling of sense of past for
Americans in L.A for the construction the users. Only servicing of the structure is done
of Hangars was Classic Architecture, and rest of the structure is taken as it is.Design
thus the Hangers was designed in a elements which were retained are:
Classical way, that is with the use of 1. Wooden purlin and rafters were retained with
woods and steel. The design elements a little service on them
which were present in the structure 2. Strengthening of trusses

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 47
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

were: 3. Large span windows were kept as it was

1. Wooden Planks 4. Massive doors were serviced.
2. Wooden Purlins and Rafters 5. Purlins and Rafters were kept exposed to
3. Glulam Trusses express the quality of structure that once it was
4. Large Span Windows
5. Massive Doors
6. Wooden Girt
7. Large span truss structures, etc.
3.3 Imagine Studios at the Trees, Vikhroli, Mumbai
An Adaptive re-use project in Mumbai, the imagine studios weaves nature, heritage, and
urbanism through a compelling narrative of evolving contexts. The erstwhile industrial site was
transformed into an experiential journey consisting of a Studio, Workshop, Café, Legacy Park,
Urban Farm, Open Air Theatre and Market Plaza to demonstrate the underlying principles of
‘Live, Learn, Work, Play’ in a mixed-use development.

Figure 5.9 Imagine Studios at the Trees

(Source: studiolotus https://studiolotus.in/showcase/imagine-studio-at-the-trees/144)
Architects Studio Lotus
Location Vikhroli, Mumbai, India
Built in February 2014-March 2015
Client Godrej
Area 1,000 sqm
Structural Consultant Sterling Engineering
Table 5.7 Changes after Adaptive reuse
Earlier Now
Function: The function of the Function: Now the Industrial
Industrial Structure varied time to Structure is converted into a
time, when this Power Plant was Multifunctional building, which
constructed, it was used for the consists of Office Space, Cafes, Art
generation of power from steam and Rooms, Landscaping, Workshops,
boilers, but before it got abandoned, it Display Area, etc.
was used for a Co power generation
setup.
Site Plan: The site plan of the Site Plan: The site plan decreased
industry was 5,000 Sqm. /1.23 Acre. from 5,000 Sqm/1.23 Acre to 1,000
There was a huge land for the Sqm. /0.24 Acre. In the new site plan,
Cogeneration Power Plant to build. the area is given to Taj Hotel.
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 48
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Architecture Style: The style of Architecture Style: The style of

architecture adopted for the architecture is preserved now for a
construction of Power Plant was feeling of sense of past for the users.
Classic Architecture, thus the Power Only servicing of the structure is done
Plant was designed in a Classical and rest of the structure is taken as it
way, that is with the use of brass and is. Design elements which were
steel. The design elements which retained are:
were present in the structure were: 1. Steel purlin and rafters were
1. Steel Planks retained with a little service on them.
2. Steel Purlins and Rafters 2. Strengthening of trusses.
3. Steel Trusses 3. Corten Steel Sheets were used
4. North Light Truss again
5. Massive Doors 4. Silos were used as Landscape
6. Steel Girt element.
7. Large span truss structures, etc. 5. Purlins and Rafters were kept
8. Corten Steel Sheets exposed to express the quality of
9. Silos and Boilers structure that once it was. Steel
trusses show the legacy of material
Godrej used over time.
3.4 The Design Village, Noida
The whole work area is imagined as a dynamic and dynamic space, blended with particular
interventions, novel, out-of-the container thoughts to motivate innovativeness among the
understudies. The plan of the grounds is Driven by the educational vision of TDV-'Life through
Design' that depends on the learning venture attempted by the understudy that empowers self-
awareness while making/making/having an effect - on the individual, the general public and the
climate overall. Refer figure 5.9.

Figure 5.10 The Design Village, Noida

(Source: Archplus Design https://www.architectureplusdesign.in/)
Architects Studio Archohm
Location Noida, U.P, India
Built in May 2017-July 2017
Client The Design Village
Area 2,150 sqm
Structural Consultant Roark Consulting

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 49
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Changes after Adaptive Reuse

Table 5.8 Changes after adaptive reuse
Earlier Now
Function: The function of the Kattha factory Function: Now the Industrial Structure is
didn’t varied time to time, when this Factory converted into an Institutional building,
was constructed, it was used for the which consists of Studio Space, Cafe, Art
manufacturing of Kattha, but due to Rooms, Workshops, Display Area, faculty
environmental issues, government decided to Rooms, Library, Computer Lab,
ban this factory for the betterment of the Recreational Spaces etc.
neighboring industries and settlements.
Site Plan: The site plan of the industry was Site Plan: The site plan decreased from
6,450 Sqm. /1.59 Acre. There was a huge 6,450 Sqm/1.59 Acre to 2,150 Sqm. /0.53
land for the Kattha factory to build. Acre. The site is divided into 2 industrial
units.
Architecture Style: The style of architecture Architecture Style: The style of
adopted for the construction of Kattha architecture is preserved now for a feeling
Factory was mix of Classical and Modern of sense of past for the users.
Architecture, thus the manufacturing factory Only servicing of the structure is done and
was designed in a Classical way, that is with rest of the structure is taken as it is.Design
the use of Steel and Brick. The design elements which were retained are:
elements which were present in the structure 1. Steel Mezzanine floors were retained
were: with a little service on them,
1. Steel Planks 2. Strengthening of trusses.
2. Steel Purlins and Rafters 3. Steel Sheets were used again.
3. Steel Trusses 4. Pump room is used as Faculty room.
4. Brick Walls 5. Various areas which were used for a
5. Mezzanine Floors purpose of Kattha are now reused as
6. Large truss structures different rooms like Computer Lab,
7. Steel Sheets Faculty room, Deans Room, etc.
8. Boilers and Machines
4. CONCLUSION
This research strives to offer possible strategies for the successful adaptive reuse of Industrial
buildings with causing minimum interferences in the existing forms, designs and interior
elements. It demonstrates that it is not only important to retain and restore but also to adapt them
so as to give them new uses that are similar to their original intents. Adaptations for
contemporary use have resulted in new forms based on old forms but adapted for contemporary
use. The research also focuses on preserving the spirit of existing form and space. This process
looks at long-term feasibility for a neighborhood, specifically, it proposes the transformation of
uses for different building typologies.
The life span of the building is somewhat similar to a human, namely the "cradle to grave"
period. Anything in the designers' power to prolong a buildings life span must be carried out.
This is because the building is already built, it is well connected, and it failed predominantly due
to a change in the political, economic or cultural context. If the building had become a subject
of obsolescence due its structural failure, then the investment in its future is questionable.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 50
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

REFERENCES
1. P. F. CHERCHI, "Adaptive Reuse of Abandoned Monumental Buildings as a Strategy for
Urban Liveability," Institutional Research Information System, 2015.
2. B. S. ,. A. K. ,. V. M. Nataša Petković-Grozdanovića, "The Possibilities for Conversion and
Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Facilities into Residential Dwellings," Procedia Engineering,
pp. 1836-1844, 2016.
3. I. Vardopoulos, "Critical sustainable development factors in the adaptive reuse of urban
industrial buildings. A fuzzy DEMATEL approach," Sustainable Cities and Society, pp. 1-
12, 2019.
4. B. P. a. K. V. Cleempoel, "Adaptive Reuse as a Strategy towards Conservation of Cultural
Heritage: a Literature Review," Conference: Proceedings Structural Studies, Repairs and
Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XII, pp. 1-10, 2011.
5. Z. Karakayaci, "The Concept of Urban Sprawl and Its Causes," Journal of International
Social Research, pp. 815-818, 2016.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 51
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Chapter 6
INTERIOR LANDSCAPING AS TOOL FOR A SUSTAINABLE AIRPORT DESIGN

Swati Punyal* and Naaz Warsi2

1
Assistant Professor, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India
2
Student, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India

ABSTRACT
In an increasingly urbanized world, mankind is slowly losing contact with the natural
environment. Studies have shown that the introduction of plant material into the built
environment has several benefits, both measurable and non-measurable. Measurable benefits
include glare reduction, acoustical control, defining space, and an improvement in air quality.
Non-measurable benefits include softening the hard lines of architecture, a feeling of well-
being, and a stress reduction. This has become especially important in an airport, and both
designers and airport administrators are seeing the value of increasing the use of indoor
landscapes to enhance the guest experience and create branding opportunities.
Interior landscaping at airports is taking on a more important role to achieve those goals. In
the creation of these landscapes, the designer must consider several aspects to ensure success.
These are light, water, drainage, temperature, HVAC systems, air pollution, relative humidity,
structural engineering, access, and maintenance. This paper aims establish the factors that
impact CO2 emission & new sustainable techniques of airport design w.r.t interior landscaping.
Keywords: Green airport, Terminal planning, carbon footprint, interior landscaping, Energy
efficiency.

1. INTRODUCTION
The impact of greenhouse gases is currently being noticed in the ecosystem, which is a warning
sign of future grave consequences. This has spurred a desire to do research to the development
of ecologically beneficial and long-lasting technologies. Measures have been used to limit all
possible sources of pollution. It is important to note that "Aviation" is a major source of air
pollution that has eluded all radar systems and continues to be unregulated [1]. Many architects
are seeking to design environmentally friendly airports, while aviation manufacturers are
working to produce more environmentally friendly modes of transportation [2].
The design features for the Terminal building, which is the interface between land and air
transit, as well as airport terminals as city icons. The architecture of the Terminal building
necessitates a variety of analyses and interpretations. Airports serve as symbolic and initial
impressions of a city as magnificent gateways. As a result, both the form and function of
Terminal buildings are equally important in terms of planning and design. Cities compete for
world-class airports, whether domestic or international, because they represent as much a city's
pride as any other monument or landmark, catering to visitors from all over the world [3].
Airports are typically designed for a longer life cycle, to be able to expand in the future. The
land-side and the air-side of a terminal are opposite one another. While passenger pleasure and
safety are paramount, aircraft operations necessitate meticulous planning and supervision on the
ground. They are enormous structures with a variety of architectural and technical design
details. Apart from the core objectives of passenger demands, airline operating needs, and
airport management-safety and security, there is also a community goal, which involves a
facility for citizens; the airport building itself is an aesthetic and important element of the city.
The expansion of air travel in Indian cities is unparalleled, and passengers demand a pleasant
airport experience. The current topic in India is 'Green Airports,' which are designed and
conceptualized with a social and environmental approach [4].
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 52
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

This paper aims establish the factors that impact CO2 emission & new sustainable techniques of
airport design w.r.t interior landscaping. The main objectives of this paper are to identify the
problems like -carbon emission, Greenhouse effect, construction waste, and increase in
temperature in terminal design and operation stage, and also to establish design consideration
for interior landscaping in the airport. The scope of the study is confined to identifying CO 2
emissions in the airport and creating a space that has a minimal harmful impact on nature,
reduction of the environmental impact on nature using interior landscaping, for example, to
reduce CO2. Also, identifying the various choices accessible during the design process to reduce
energy use.
2. TERMINAL PLANNING AND DESIGN PROCESS
This section highlights the literature study done to understand the basics of Airport 2.1
2.1 What is the Terminal Complex
Airport terminals serve a diverse spectrum of users, including airlines, air travelers, well-
wishers, and other airport tenants. Airport management, government regulatory agencies, air
carriers, concessionaires, and other airport tenants are also among those who tend to use airport
terminals. First and foremost, terminal facilities must guarantee a good level of service to their
customers, but ensuring maneuverability and access to the ground has a significant impact on
the building's architecture and planning. The terminal complex acts as a center for planes,
passengers, and a variety of land-based transportation options. As a result, the terminal complex
is divided into three fundamental components (refer figure 6.1): airside, terminal, and landside.

Figure 6.1 Terminal complex airport design.

(Source: Google images)
2.1.2 Airside Terminal Facilities
For the majority of new terminal planning and design projects, it is necessary to build solutions
based on the airside component from the start. This includes assessing gate requirements,
identifying aircraft parking locations, and supporting taxi lanes that increase the airfield's
overall efficiency before designing the internal layout of the terminal building and the landside
curb and terminal roadway systems. The ability of aircraft to park at the terminal and navigate
safely around the airfield using FAA Advisory Circulars' taxi lane/ taxiway regulations is
critical, and the overall efficiency of passenger processing through the terminal is heavily
influenced by airfield operations. The airside's large spatial requirements and rigid
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 53
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

requirements. Rather than the passenger processing requirements within the terminal building or
its associated landside components, the physical geometry of the terminal complex is typically
driven by the airside's large spatial requirements and fixed requirements for aircraft wingtip
separations and maneuvering clearances. The physical layout of the terminal complex is
frequently dictated by aircraft wingtip separations and maneuvering clearances rather than
passenger processing needs within the terminal structure or associated landside components.
2.1.4 Terminal Building Facilities
Because of the ever-changing nature of the airport and aviation industries, today's airport
terminal buildings must be designed and constructed in such a way that they can be easily
modified in the future, while also responding to changes in demand and/or the needs of
passengers, airlines, and aircraft.
To help the airport and its operators achieve these aims, the planning itself must be flexible,
balanced, and visionary. The key to effective terminal planning now and in the future is to
maintain a broad and balanced view of the planning process. The most essential functional and
operational drivers, such as commercial concerns that affect the airport and its operators, as well
as the surrounding community, should be considered during the terminal development process.
2.1.5 Landside Terminal Facilities
In some planning scenarios, landside components may be the driving force behind the most
appropriate terminal complex solution. Because the efficacy, or lack thereof, of landside
terminal amenities can have a significant impact on air travelers' perceptions of the airport's
overall efficiency and user-friendliness, it must be properly planned.
The terminal landside system connects the airport to local ground transportation. Passenger
connectivity by road and, where possible, rail from various landside access points to the
terminal should be as seamless and convenient as possible, with the least amount of pedestrian
level changes as possible. Landside components may be the driving force behind the most
appropriate terminal complex solution in various design circumstances.
The airport's terminal landside system links it to local ground transit. From multiple landside
access points to the terminal, passenger connectivity by road and, when practicable, rail should
be as seamless and convenient as possible, with the least amount of pedestrian level changes as
possible.
2.1.6 Airports Planning
The term 'airport' can apply to a variety of locations, including commercial airports, airfields
(which may or may not have any accompanying structures), and heliports. They are either
public (i.e., open to all air travelers) or private (i.e., not open to all air travelers) (e.g., air-freight
terminals, corporation airports, aeroclubs, and air force bases). Kindly refer figure 6.2 for more
details.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 54
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 6.2 Flow chart of circulation.

(Source: NBC https://www.bis.gov.in/standards/technical-department/national-building-code/)
2.1.7 Airport: Terminals
The following functional aspects define an airport's capacity:
 Take-off and landing runway system (number of aircraft movements per unit time);
 Taxiways and arrival/departure gates;
 Passenger terminal structures (possible movements of passengers, baggage, and air-freight
per unit time).
 The capacity of the check-in system is determined by the following factors:
 The associated road and rail systems (including parking and road capacity);
 Passenger/baggage check-in clearance (number of counters and conveyor/transport system
capacity); and passport control, security checks, and pre-boarding inspections (size of
waiting rooms, number of counters).
 The apron is the area that connects the runways to the terminal.
Because it includes taxiways, aircraft maneuvering/parking spaces, accompanying traffic zones,
and roadways for service vehicles, as well as storage places for service vehicles and equipment,
it should be built in tandem with the terminal. Kindly refer figure 6.3 for more details.
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 55
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 6.3 Different types of typologies.

(Source: NBC https://www.bis.gov.in/standards/technical-department/national-building-code/)
2.2 Carbon Footprint
2.2.1 What is a Carbon Footprint?
Increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere causes environmental disruption,
leading to severe global warming and its consequences. Measurements of the greenhouse gas
intensity of various products, bodies, and processes are made all over the world and expressed
as carbon footprints, following the principle that only what can be measured can be managed.
Carbon footprint assessment methods are evolving, but they are quickly becoming a valuable
tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Although the notion of carbon foot printing has
permeated and is being monetized in all parts of life and the economy, there is little agreement
in how carbon footprints are defined and computed among studies. There are differences in the
selection of gases to be included in footprint estimates, as well as the sequence in which they
should be included. The most common resources used in footprint calculations are greenhouse
gas accounting standards, while footprint verification is not required.
2.2.2 Emissions of GHG from the Energy Industry
The two main energy-related emissions examined in this industry are emissions from power
generation and fugitive emissions. Emissions from the use of fossil fuels and electricity in
different sectors, such as residential and industrial, are displayed individually. Kindly refer
figure 6.4 for more details.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 56
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 6.4 Electricity consumption. (Source: Author)

2.2.3 The Domestic Sector's GHG Emissions
When city-level investigations are carried out, the home sector is found to be a major source of
emissions. The two main sources are electricity for lighting and other household devices, as well
as fuel for cooking. The greenhouse gases released by household electricity consumption and
fuel consumption are taken into account in this study. The main fuels used in this study are
LPG, Piped Natural Gas (PNG), and kerosene, according to the available data. The graph below
depicts total CO2 equivalent emissions from the household sector in major cities.

Figure 6.5 Carbon emission by domestic sector.

(Source: Author)
2.2.4 The Transportation Sector's GHG Emissions
The transportation industry is one of the greatest anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases in
major cities. Emissions are computed for all vehicles registered inside the municipal limits, as
well as CNG-fueled vehicles found in a few big cities. The emissions inventory includes port
city navigational activities based on fuel usage. Delhi ranks #1 among other cities in terms of
pollution due to its large number of autos. The total number of automobiles in Delhi exceeds the
total number of vehicles in Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata combined, according to data from
the Delhi Transport Department. Kindly refer figure 6.6 for more details.
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 57
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 6.6 Carbon emission by transport sector.

(Source: Author)
2.3 Carbon Emission by The Delhi Airport
India's total emissions are equivalent to the annual emissions of five coal plants. On average, 85
grams of CO2 are emitted each passenger, per kilometer. Indira Gandhi International Airport in
Delhi produces the most carbon emissions, ranking first in India. Kindly refer figure 6.7 for
more details.

Figure 6.7 Indira Gandhi international airport, DELHI.

(Source: Author)
Delhi airport releases 5.53 million tons of CO2 annually.
•In figure 7, we can see that Delhi has the lowest carbon emissions in 2021 because due to
Covid 19, planes are not operating and people are unable to go.
2.4 Major Concerns and Challenges
The use of non-sustainable energy sources in building design, construction, and operation is
posing a serious threat to the building sector's long-term viability. The urbanization processes of
huge use of land have also led to CO2emission.
Despite the fact that fossil fuel energy is unsustainable, it accounts for a considerable amount of
the energy used in building and operation. In the construction business, sustainable or renewable
energy sources account for only 6% of total energy consumption, whereas fossil fuels account
for 40% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the fact that several inventive
approaches to lower buildings' CO2 footprints, particularly in high-density metropolitan regions,
have been proposed.
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 58
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

The use of a non-sustainable energy source has a direct environmental impact that is
proportional to the amount consumed. During the construction of a structure, CO2 is released
both directly and indirectly. Direct CO2 emissions are produced by burning natural gas, diesel,
light fuel oil, and other oil-based commodities, whereas indirect CO2 emissions are produced by
using electricity.
Indirect CO2 emissions account for 85% of total world CO2 emissions, while direct emissions
account for only 14%.
As per Climate and Energy Framework 2030, renewable energy should account for 27% of total
energy consumption, and energy efficiency or productivity should increase by 27%. Finding
long-term solutions to low productivity and efficiency, on the other hand, is tough.
To deal with the broader issues, one option is to categorize the construction and operation
procedures. Construction includes the assembly of building materials, the creation of the
structure and foundation, as well as the transportation and operation of machinery. The strategy
includes the upkeep of both buildings and infrastructure. A detailed study and analysis of the
processes of all stages of the building's life is required for the life cycle evaluation process. [5]
2.4.1 Strategies and Way Forward

Figure 6.8 Strategies to reduce CO2.

(Source: Google images)
For the past two decades, governments and politicians have been pushed to take action to cut
CO2 emissions in a variety of businesses. In response to worries about the building sector's
contribution to globa CO2l warming, this section examines a variety of CO2 emission reduction
measures. CO2emissions of varying sizes can be reduced using these tactics [5].
2.4.2 Emission Sources in Airports
A. SCOPE 1: Emissions from airport operators
 Airport power plants, which provide electricity and heat/cooling
 Airport fleet vehicles, such as transfer buses and site machinery
 Building energy use, such as lights, HVAC, and machinery
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 59
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

B. SCOPE 2: AIRCRAFT EXEMPTIONS

 Emissions from aircraft engines during LTO, taxiing, and cruising
 Most ground support and ground handling equipment
Landside (off-site) ground access vehicles and trains as shown in figure 6.9

Figure 6.11 LEED rating system.

(Source: UGBC https://www.usgbc.org/leed)
2.4.3 Energy Efficiency
Energy consumption has become a major worry in today's world. This is owing to the non-
renewable nature of a major source of energy, particularly fossil fuels, as well as the pollution
produced by this energy source. To mention a few consequences, burning fossil fuels depletes
the ozone layer and increases carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The need for renewable,
non-polluting energy sources like solar and wind is increasing.
Airports are the cornerstone of the aviation industry. Airport terminal operation, maintenance,
and amenities are a source of pride for the towns and countries in which they are located, and
they help to boost tourism and the general image of the place. They are iconic structures that
influence visitors' first impressions of a country. As a result, a large sum of money is spent to
ensure that passengers have a nice experience at the airport. This typically necessitates
dedicating a substantial amount of time and attention to ecosystems that improve the ambiance
and user experience [6].
Many airports throughout the world have adopted environmentally friendly procedures and
energy sources without compromising the customer experience. Some of these techniques have
been shown to reduce individual airports' environmental effect. People's concerns about energy,
or the lack thereof, have grown in recent years. Energy-efficient technology have received a
large amount of research and investment.
A large quantity of energy is consumed by an airport, which includes both airside and landside
uses. The regions that tend to the needs of aircraft, such as runways, hangars, and control
towers, are referred to as airside. Landside refers to the locations that attend to the passenger's
needs while guaranteeing a smooth and safe transit, such as terminal buildings and parking
spaces. The terminal building accounts for the majority of energy use at an airport. The terminal
building at the Santander airport in Spain consumes more than 75 percent of total energy. Other
airports may follow a similar, if not identical, pattern.
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 60
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

This energy is used for lighting, air conditioning, and luggage handling systems, among other
things. Fortunately, terminal buildings offer a wide range of options for long-term operations. In
airports throughout the world, everything from sustainable energy sources to efficient HVAC
systems and sustainable lighting has been implemented. The energy usage of the facilities at
Santander Airport is depicted in the graph below [6]. Refer figure 6.10

Figure 6.10 Energy consumption of airport.

(Source: AAI https://www.aai.aero/en)
2.4.4 Green Building Concept
Throughout their lives, buildings have had a significant impact on the environment. Buildings
require a variety of resources, including soil, trees, water, and numerous energy types. For
example, water, the most important resource, is used continuously during the construction and
operation of buildings. Similarly, some buildings, in conjunction with the utilization of
resources, produce enormous volumes of garbage that can be recycled and reused. As a result,
the task a green construction is to make the most efficient use of resources while also ensuring
effective waste disposal at a reasonable cost.
For many years, the terms "going green" and "environmental sustainability" have been used to
emphasize the need of sustainable construction approaches. According to official statistics, the
structure continues to be a substantial energy consumer. This may be due to the construction
industry's lack of interest in environmentally acceptable alternatives. The demand for
ecologically friendly building materials has recently increased as a result of rising energy prices
and growing environmental concerns. Authorities and government agencies created green
building rating systems to reduce/optimize natural resource use and pollution. Buildings with
those certifications are expected to use less energy, provide a better living environment, and
boost the property's overall reputation. Around the world, there are an estimated 600 green
rating systems in use.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 61
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Green building is defined by the Office of the Federal Environmental Executive as "the practice
of:
 Improving the efficiency with which buildings and their sites use energy, water, and
materials, and
 Reducing building impacts on human health and the environment, through better siting,
design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal throughout the entire life cycle."
A green building is one whose design and operation promotes the healthiest possible
environment while also being the most efficient and cost-effective alternative.
2.4.5 Green Rating System of Building
A green building rating system is a mechanism for evaluating a structure's environmental
performance over the course of its lifespan. It usually consists of a collection of guidelines that
cover many areas of the design, construction, and operation of a green building. Each criterion
defines verifiable performance targets and goals and includes a set of predetermined points. A
list of some of the most effective international rating programs is provided below, along with an
explanation.
LEED
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) was founded in 1998 in the United
States. This is the world's most popular green building rating system. For grading the structures,
the rating system is based on a set of environmental and building-related criteria.
On January 1, 2007, the Indian Green Building Council changed the LEED system and
introduced the LEED India version.
The CII-Godrej GBC, ITC Green Centre Gurugram, and Wipro Gurugram, to name a few, are
among the 650 LEED certified green buildings in India.

Figure 6.11 LEED rating system.

(Source: UGBC https://www.usgbc.org/leed)
BREEAM
The Building Research Establishment's Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), which
was developed in the United Kingdom in 1990, is one of the earliest building environmental
assessment systems. The building types covered by BREEAM include offices, residences,
industrial units, retail units, and schools. When a building is evaluated, each criterion is assigned

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 62
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

a point value, and the total score is calculated. The overall performance of the building is graded
as 'Pass,' 'Good,' 'Very Good,' or 'Excellent,' based on the score. BREEAM provides a number of
criteria/checklists for assessing Design and Procurement, as well as Building Management and
Operations.

Figure 6.12 BREEM rating system.

(Source: UGBC https://www.usgbc.org/leed)
GRIHA
The bulk of internationally recognized grading systems are peculiar to a country's construction
industry. The Energy Resource Institute (TERI) in New Delhi took on the task of establishing a
grading system to analyze a building's environmental performance in the context of India's
different climate and construction practices with the purpose of boosting green building
construction in India.
The rating system will evaluate the building's performance across its entire life cycle based on
the Green Building practices utilized during construction, operation, and maintenance. The
rating method developed by TERI is known as the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment (GRIHA).

Figure 6.13 GRIHA rating system.

(Source: GRIHA Official https://www.grihaindia.org/ )
2.4.6 Solutions to Reduce CO2 Emission in Airport
According to recent research by the online tool Airport Tracker, Delhi Airport's CO2 emissions
are much lower than those of other major global airports. Total flight emissions from Delhi
Airport are 5.53 million tons of CO2.
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 63
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

1. Use of green building concepts in construction and operation

2. Use of renewable energy with the establishment of a 7.84 MW solar power plant on the
airside
 Delhi Airport also adopted a green taxiing gadget called the "Taxi Bot" that minimizes fuel
consumption and emissions from airport operations.
 In an airport, use inside landscaping to assist reduce carbon emissions and improve indoor
air quality.
 The following are some of the most important things to take to guarantee that power
consumption is reduced:
1. Energy-efficient construction materials
2. Electronic and electromechanical systems
3. Lighting solutions that are energy efficient
2.5 Green Airport WRT To Interior Landscaping
The impact of greenhouse gases is currently being noticed in the ecosystem, which are warning
signs of future grave consequences [7]. This has piqued my interest in conducting research
aimed at developing long-term solutions. They are technologically advanced while also being
environmentally friendly. All potential sources of contamination have been restricted through
measures. It is important to note that "Aviation" is an important category. A source of air
pollution that has slipped all radar systems and continues to operate unchecked. While the
aviation sector is booming, many architects are seeking for more ecologically friendly ways to
fly and are aiming to design environmentally friendly airports [8].
Green Airport's long-term goal is to create a hub for sustainable practices, including flight
instruction, aviation and environmental education, recreational flying, eco-tourism, and
scheduled passenger operations [9]. The airport's expansion is limited by noise pollution,
environmental limitations, physical space needs, and the quality of life in and near the airport.
Another stumbling block is that many airports have huge image problems in the community.
The construction of a green airport will help to promote energy independence while also
improving economic conditions. Sustainable investments are seen as required investments that
help the airport generate value [10].
2.5.1 Design Considerations for Interior Platescapes in Airports
Mankind is gradually losing contact with the natural environment as the world becomes more
urbanized. Plant material in the built environment has been found to provide numerous benefits,
both quantifiable and non-measurable, according to studies. Glare reduction, noise management,
spatial definition, and improved air quality are all measurable benefits. Softening the rigid lines
of architecture, a sense of well-being, and a stress reduction are all non-measurable benefits.
This is especially true in airports, where both designers and airport managers see the importance
of expanding the use of interior landscapes to improve the visitor experience and offer branding
opportunities.
Interior landscaping at airports is becoming more significant to attain those goals. To ensure the
success of these settings, the designer must consider various factors. Light, water, drainage,
temperature, HVAC systems, air pollution, relative humidity, structural engineering, access, and
maintenance are some of these factors.
 DAYLIGHT
Light is required for all plants to survive; however different plants have different light
requirements. The three components of lighting for plant maintenance must be considered:
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 64
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

intensity, duration, and quality. The landscape architect should collaborate with the lighting
designer to ensure that the plants receive enough light to grow.
Except during plant rest time, minimum lighting intensities on the ground plane should never go
below 50-foot candles. The illumination intensity for the appropriate plant material should be
considered as part of the space design. This identifies the right plant materials for the space. The
duration should be planned over seven days with a continuous 14-hour session. While there has
been a lot of talk about plants being overworked if they aren't given a low light rest period, no
definitive research has been done to back up this claim.
Interior landscapes should use artificial light either alone or in conjunction with natural daylight.
It's vital to remember that any form of light can start photosynthesis within the plant, therefore
the length of light is more significant than the intensity or hue of light. Because plants can most
efficiently use light in the red and blue ranges, fluorescent lamps with primarily blue light
outputs are recommended. LED bulbs are another wonderful option because they are energy-
efficient and can be color-controlled. Because up lighting is only partially as effective as
lighting the plant leaf tops, it should not be used as the only source of illumination. However,
uplighting is useful for illuminating the plant's interior.
Daylight is generally recommended as a cost-effective and pleasant source of ambient lighting.
If it is to be the dominant light source, it must be carefully developed and calculated. The actual
light intensity falling on the plant material must also be considered when limiting skylights or
vertical glass. Natural lighting is affected by factors such as latitude, season, sun altitude,
weather, and cloud cover.
The majority of nursery plants are cultivated in strong light outdoors; therefore, the landscape
architect should stipulate a four- to six-month acclimation period for plants before installation to
ensure they are ready for the lower light circumstances. The plants will deteriorate if they are
not properly acclimatized.
 WATER
Daylight is generally recommended as a cost-effective and pleasant source of ambient lighting.
If it is to be the dominant light source, it must be carefully developed and calculated. The actual
light intensity falling on the plant material must also be considered when limiting skylights or
vertical glass. Natural lighting is affected by factors such as latitude, season, sun altitude,
weather, and cloud cover.
The majority of nursery plants are cultivated in strong light outdoors; therefore, the landscape
architect should stipulate a four- to six-month acclimation period for plants before installation to
ensure they are ready for the lower light circumstances. The plants will deteriorate if they are
not properly acclimatized.
 DRAINAGE
To avoid root rot and fungus growth, the soil should be light and well-drained. Drainage pipe
should be installed at the bottom of pots and planters, leading to a vertical PVC pipe that runs to
the top of the planting soil. The vertical pipe should be large enough to handle a shop-vac hose,
allowing not only for the evacuation of excess water, but also for other foreign waste thrown
into planters, such as coffee, drinks, and so on. The pots can be moved around with this
arrangement to accommodate future upgrades. Drains in planters will need to be waterproofed
and have the bottom slanted toward the drain to ensure proper drainage. The landscape architect
and the MEP engineers will need to work together.
 TEMPERATURE
Temperatures between 70- and 75-degrees Fahrenheit during the day and 10 degrees lower at
night are ideal for most indoor plants. Extreme heat or cold, as well as rapid temperature swings
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 65
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

of 30-40 degrees, can kill plants. Never allow the temperature to fall below 32 degrees
Fahrenheit.
 HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING
Carbon dioxide levels are usually high enough in most interiors that only standard ventilation is
required to replenish the CO2 used in photosynthesis and prevent air stagnation around the plant.
In high-light situations, ventilation is also essential to avoid heat build-up around plants (the
greenhouse effect) and possible foliar burn.
Unless the air is exceptionally cold, air-conditioned spaces are neither hazardous nor beneficial
to plants. Plants should not be placed in the direct path of supply grille airflow. This is
especially critical during the heating cycle, because direct blasts of hot air will not only dry out
the plants much faster due to the lower humidity, but they may also burn the plant leaf.
 AIR POLLUTION
When working with interior plants, this is usually not a serious issue because there are air
handling systems in place. However, the designer should use caution while choosing interior
finishes and cleaning processes. Harsh cleaning agents used around the planters, such as
ammonia or carbon tetrachloride, can harm the plants and turn the foliage black, which is a
common symptom of gas-related issues. Plants can potentially be harmed by high quantities of
varnish and paint off-gassing. Unburned gas (hydrocarbons) from heating units, high chlorine
concentrations, such as in swimming pools, and even high cigar or cigarette smoke
concentrations are all threats to plants. Most gas-related issues can be avoided with adequate
ventilation and a proper exhaust system.
 RELATIVE HUMIDITY
The majority of interior plants are cultivated in 60 to 90 percent relative humidity, but they can
readily withstand the conditions that humans thrive in. While some plant kinds may have
problems under low heat cycle settings of 30 to 50 percent humidity in normal winter
circumstances, the majority of problems appear when the reading drops below 30 percent
humidity. Electric humidifiers and fountains can be utilized to alleviate these situations, which
are normally unpleasant for people. The majority of indoor foliage plants should be able to grow
if human occupants are happy.
 STRUCTURAL
Plant material can be set up in three different ways:
 Staying in their pots inside a planter, with structural foam and Spanish moss filling the
spaces, or in a soil-filled planter area
 In a pot for planting. There isn't anything to be concerned about if the installation is on the
first level of a slab on grade structure. If there are numerous floor levels, however, the
designer will need to collaborate with the structural engineer to ensure the structure's
integrity is not jeopardized. On the following items, the landscape architect will need to
collaborate with the engineer:
 The weight of the pot is made up of the pot, the soil media, and the water. If the tree is
artificial, not only the weight of the pot must be taken into account, but also the steel tree
supports and the ballast required to keep the tree steady. The diameter of the pot and the
weight of the ballast required to overcome the horizontal tipping motion will determine the
amount of ballast required. The criteria for horizontal forces will differ by the municipality,
and the structural engineer should be aware of them.
 Plant weight — Palms weigh on average 100 pounds per square foot, and canopy trees can
weigh even more. The tree might weigh 2,500 pounds based on a 25-foot palm.
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 66
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

 Plant growth - The weight of the plant will only rise as it grows.
 Weight of equipment - Because most plants are in pots, they require some flexibility to be
moved. The machinery required to move the trees, such as a forklift, could be as heavy as the
tree itself, doubling the weight in a given space.
 To keep the overall weight down, soil for planting in a planter should be light, such as
vermiculite. Rather than filling the empty spaces within the pots and planters with soil,
structural foam can be used to keep the weight down.
 ACCESS
Getting the plant material to its intended place is an important design element when putting
interior plant material. While shrubs and groundcovers are usually not a concern, trees are an
exception.
Trees can't always be wheeled into a structure due to their size. The size of the material you
employ is restricted by the size of the doors that allow you to enter the building and the freight
elevator that transports it between floors. Before the building is enclosed, large trees can be put
by crane, but there is dust from construction, trash, and machinery to consider.
Plants will need to be cleaned regularly to allow light to reach the leaves, and barriers will need
to be put in place to prevent machinery from hurting the plants and the containers they are in.
The removal of dead plants is usually not an issue because the plant material may be chopped
up into manageable bits and transported using normal freight elevators.
 MAINTENANCE
A rigorous maintenance system must be in place to ensure plant success. The following
concerns should be noted in maintenance contracts, including frequency, materials utilized, and
durations.
 Watering
 Pruning and trimming Cleaning
 Fertilizing
 Insect and disease
 control Replacement
The landscape architect should evaluate the maintenance processes with the client and be
familiar with them.
2.5.2 Types of Plants/Trees
The types of trees that can be used are discussed in the below Table 6.1

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 67
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Table 6.1 Types of tress

3. CASE STUDIES
3.1 Indira Gandhi International Airport
In 2010-11, the airport handled 29.94 million passengers, and the planned expansion will bring
that number to 100 million by 2030. The first phase of this development was the construction of
Terminal 3, which would allow the airport to handle an additional 34 million passengers per
year.

Figure 6.14 IGI Airport DELHI. (Source: Google Images)

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 68
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Table 6.2 Details of IGI Airport

Indira Gandhi International Airport, located near Palam, 15 kilometers southwest of the New
Delhi railway station and 16 kilometers from the city center of New Delhi, is the Indian state of
Delhi's primary international aviation hub. In terms of passenger numbers, it has been India's
busiest airport since 2009. It is also the busiest airport in the country in terms of freight traffic. It
was the world's 12th busiest airport by passenger traffic in 2018 and Asia's 6th busiest airport,
with around 70 million people processed annually.
They're similar to taxis, except they're only available in specific locations and aren't allowed
within the terminal. This mode has some limitations. Refer figure 6.15

Figure 6.15 Rajiv Gandhi international airport.

(Source: Google Images)
The Terminal 3 building can handle 34 million passengers annual [11].
3.1.1 Study of Airport (Arrival & Departure)
1) Typology:
Three-level building with terminal pier design.
2) Runway – The airport has three runways.
• Asphalt was employed as a material.
• 2.81*0.045 km, 3.81*0.046 km, and 4.43 * 0.06 km are the length and breadth, respectively.
3) Inside the structure (near the entrance): length 310m, breadth 50m, and edge 150mm higher
above the road
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 69
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

4) Glazed frontage
• Greatest visibility to check-in areas
5) entry/exit – six entries; two additional staff-only entries; separate exit gates
• Entries; 2 additional staff-only entries; separate exit gates.

Figure 6.16 Parking bays details (11)

3.1.3 Emission Sources in IGI Airports
A. SCOPE 1: Emissions from airport operators
• Airport power plants, which provide electricity and heat/cooling
• Airport fleet vehicles, such as transfer buses and site machinery
• Building energy use, such as lights, HVAC, and machinery
B. SCOPE 2: AIRCRAFT EXEMPTIONS
• Emissions from aircraft engines during LTO, taxiing, and cruising
C. SCOPE 3: Other airport-related Emissions
• Most ground support and ground handling equipment
• Landside(off-site) ground access vehicles and trains [12]
3.2 Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Hyderabad
3.2.1 Ecological Balance
A 273-hectare green belt has been constructed at RGIA, including a diversity of plant types. In
addition, 971 hectares of natural greenery were maintained. In 2011 and 2012, RGIA received
the State Government's finest landscape award for the second year in a row [13]. Refer figure
6.17
3.2.2Energy Conservation
 RGIA has saved 3.97 million kWh (kilowatt-hour) over the last four years through various
energy conservation practices, reducing its carbon footprint by about 3331 tons per year. [13]
 LED lighting and the implementation of a building automation system.
Air conditioning unit optimization based on ambient temperature and weather conditions. [13]
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 70
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 6.17 Circulation plan.

(Source: Google Images)
3.2.3Rainwater Harvesting
A net recharge rate of 1.729 million cubic meters per year is estimated. The utilization of
surface water is an important part of water conservation.
 On the airside, runoff water from paved surfaces is collected in three principal drains.
 The overall capacity of the runoff water collection facility is 1,85,000 KL, and the water is
processed with an Oil and Water Separator.
 The recharging basin contains ten recharge structures. Each building contains five recharge
wells.
 Annual rainfall net recharge is expected to be 1.729 million cubic meters. [13]
3.2.4 Recycling and Solid Waste Management
 Composting of food waste generated at the airport on-site
 Instead of chemical fertilizers, compost and STP sludge are utilized as manure, resulting in a
compost production of roughly 355 tons per year.
 Paper and plastic waste are collected and delivered to recycling centers.
 Used oil, e-waste, and bio-medical waste are disposed of at a State Pollution Control Board-
approved facility, while used lead-acid batteries are sold back to dealers.[13]
3.2.5 Reuse & Recycle of Waste Water
 On the ground, runoff water from paved areas is collected and channeled into three large
drains.
 The total capacity of the runoff water collection system is 1,85,000 KL.
 An oil and water separator is used to purify the water. The net recharge from rainfall is
expected to be 1.729 million cubic meters per year, and the water will be used to clean and
irrigate each structure [13].

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 71
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3.3 Changi Airport:

Singapore Changi Airport, located 20 kilometers east-northeast of Singapore's core business
district, is a key Asian aviation center. The airport is managed by Singapore's Changi Airport
Group (CAG). The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) [14].
 The Singaporean government made the decision to build
 As a result of traffic congestion at other airports, Changi Airport opened in 1975.
 There are three passenger terminals at Changi Airport, with a total capacity of 500,000
passengers.
 Each year, a total of 66 million passengers may be handled. 1st Station
 The first terminal opened in 1981, followed by the second in 1990 and the third in 2001
Terminal 3 opened in 2008. In 2008, Terminal 3 was opened [15]

Figure 6.18 Jewel Changi Airport, Singapore.

(Source: Google Images)

3.3.1 INTRODUCTION
Jewel combines two environments—an intense marketplace and a paradise garden—to create a
new community-centric typology that serves as Changi Airport's heart and soul, while also
serving as a link between the current terminals. Jewel emphasizes the airport's function as an
uplifting and lively urban center, complementing Singapore's status as "the city in the Garden,"
by combining a sensation of being in nature with culture and leisure activities.
Landside airport operations, indoor gardens, recreational attractions, retail offers, restaurants,
cafes, and hotel accommodations are all housed under one roof at the 135,700-square-meter
hub. Because it is directly connected to Terminal 1 and Terminals 2 and 3 through pedestrian
bridges, Jewel attracts both in-transit passengers and the general public. Each of the cardinal
axes—north, south, east, and west—has a gateway garden-orient visitors and provide visible
links between Jewel's internal program features and the other airport terminals.
SUGGESTIONS
Through the use of various techniques, the majority of airports have achieved their goal of
sustainability and environmental friendliness [13].
The total study has aided in the development of several useful proposals for becoming green
airports. They are as follows:
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 72
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

 Use of renewable energy sources for operations rather than non-renewable sources.
Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are more efficient, and their pollution
contribution is negligible.
 Energy conservation strategies such as the use of LED lights and roofing with appropriate
materials that collect and transfer energy. It is necessary to use energy-saving strategies such
as lighting on demand.
 Wherever possible, reduce, reuse, and recycle, and adhere to a waste management policy.
 It is critical to ensure that no biodiversity is lost in the region that will be taken away for
airport development, as well as no habitat for any species that will have an impact on the
environment. Avoid natural heritage interventions that may hurt biodiversity.
 Preventing water shortages using water treatment facilities and rainwater harvesting systems;
reducing noise emissions through various noise mitigation measures.
 Aeroponic farming and interior landscaping will be grown in airports. Plants are grown
without the use of soil in this style of gardening. Roots in this vertical farming system are
misted with a nutrient solution during a regular watering cycle.
 Rather than beginning from scratch, prioritize environmental integration, restoration, and
upgrading of existing infrastructure. This can help to protect soil resources and decrease soil
and groundwater degradation.
 Developing more standards, such as LEED, that airports can receive if they take innovative
ways to meet their sustainability goals.
 Encouragement of programs and standards established by entities such as the DGCA to
monitor airport performance and pollution levels.
 Biofuel consumption for airside vehicles and advancements in efficient flight monitoring
systems to reduce flight take-off and landing times.
 Encouragement of private sector initiatives for infrastructure and raising awareness among
students.
4. CONCLUSION
There was one live study and three net studies. All of the airports were different types, and each
had its distinct qualities. It also met the criteria for both enhanced and new airports.
A green building is environmentally friendly because it employs particular concepts during the
design, construction, and operation phases that allow it to derive maximum benefit from the
environment while causing the least amount of harm [17]. When developing a green building,
numerous things must be taken into account. It is critical to understand how effective a project
is in terms of environmental friendliness. The proposed method would assign a score to the
building based on a variety of parameters, giving a good idea of where it stands in terms of
being a green building. Green building approaches should be used in the construction of all new
buildings to the extent possible. When constructing a structure, builders and developers should
use renewable resources, recycle wastes and water, and use cost-effective building processes,
among other things [14].
Existing green building rating systems should be expanded to include old buildings that have
already been built. If this is not the case, a new rating scheme for old structures should be
devised [11]. A new ranking system for small-scale initiatives that take into account the
perspectives and needs of small cities should be developed with the local context in mind.
People's and developers' interest in green building techniques may increase as a result of this.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 73
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

The airline industry has paved the way by being more comfortable and saving time. To
accommodate this ever-increasing demand, airports have progressed. This increase will provide
significant environmental and sustainability issues in the next years. It is critical to work toward
achieving sustainable development and protecting environmental health by taking actions to
remove the risks that this industry poses. Green airports are the most effective way to address
the problems that plague the aviation industry [10] It's all about creating a long-term ecosystem
for the airport and its environs. Long-term efforts must be backed up and carried through.
REFERENCES
1. AubinLopez. (2016). “Vulnerability of Airports on Climate Change: An Assessment
Methodology” Transportation Research Procedia, 24-31.
2. Baxter, G. (2022). “An Analysis of the Annual Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO2) of a
MajorEuropean Hub”, International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and
Biotechnology, 098-117
3. Nils Böckler, Jens Hoffmann, Andreas Zick (2015) Airport: A Case Study of Frankfurt
Airport.International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Biotechnology 7(1), 98-113.
4. Baxter, G. (2022). Towards sustainable airport waste management through the adoption of
a "green"airport strategy: The case of Incheon International Airport. Clean Technologies
and Recycling, 247-278.
5. Betul Kacar, E. T. (2022). “Green Airport building certification comparison: a practical
approachfor Airport Management”. International Journal of Green Energy.
6. Ching-Cheng Chao, T.-C. H.-C. (2017). “Indicators and evaluation model for
analyzingenvironmental protection performance of airports”. Journal of Air Transport
Management, 61-70.
7. Dimitrios Dimitriou, A. K. (2022). “Assortment of Airports’ Sustainability Strategy:
AComprehensiveness Analysis Framework”. Sustainability,1-5.
8. DucksuSeo. (2021). “Articulate Design Thinking for Sustainable Airport Environment: A
CaseStudy of Singapore Changi Airport T3”. Transportation Research Procedia, 136-142.
9. Ferrulli, P. (2016). “Green Airport Design Evaluation (GrADE) – Methods and Tools
ImprovingInfrastructure Planning”. Transportation Research Procedia, 3781-3790.
10. Fiona Greer, J. R. (2020). “Airports and environmental sustainability: a comprehensive
review. Environmental Research”, Environmental Research Letters, 1-24.
11. Li Ke, S. B. (2020). Research on planning and design of airport airfield area. Material
sciencesand Engineering.1-10.
12. Maria Nadia Postorino, L. M. (2014). A transport carbon footprint methodology to assess
airportcarbon emissions. Journal of Air Transport Management 37, 76–86.
13. N. Sumathi, M. P. (2018). Green Airports- Solution to Stop Pollution! International
Journal ofLatest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science
(IJLTEMAS), 78-85.
14. Sema Kayapinar Kaya, N. (2020). Futuristic airport: A sustainable airport design by
integratinghesitant fuzzy SWARA and hesitant fuzzy sustainable quality function
deployment. Journal of CleanerProduction.
15. Stephane Louise Boca Santa, J. M. (2020). A Green Airport model: Proposition based on
socialand environmental management systems. Sustainable Cities and Society.1-15.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 74
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Chapter 7
VERNACULAR IDENTITY IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE (COMPOSITE
CLIMATE)

Charu Jain* and Aniket Rana

1
Professor, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India
2
Student, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India

ABSTRACT
Our growing world faces many challenges related to the environmental crisis, climate change,
globalization, mass migration, urban housing and technological development. Native
architecture is therefore similar to using native materials without the use of imported
components or processes, as they are built by natives who understand the needs of a particular
location and climatic conditions. As the world slowly moves toward globalization and
urbanization in the 21st century, the world is slowly becoming a global village, and traditions
and cultures are losing their regional peculiarities. Therefore, the presence of indigenous
architecture leads to some questions. Adapt or adapt to a changing ecological and cultural
environment? Will it be demolished and replaced with a more modern building? So, with all this
in mind, we need an architecture that can solve the problem both ways. Firstly, to meet the
current demands of the latest growth technologies, process lessons learned from the past, and
solve a variety of 21st century problems. Secondly, a climate- and culture-sensitive, cost-
effective building environment is a good building. Therefore, creating a collection of
contemporary and colloquial forms can lead to more effective architectural forms. This allows
us to better understand the needs of the current generation of places, without compromising the
place's general occupation.
Keywords: Globalization, global village, vernacular traditions, urbanization

1. INTRODUCTION
In the 21st century, the world is slowly becoming a global village, with traditions and cultures
losing their local character. Many questions arise about the existence of indigenous architecture.
Will it adapt to a changing ecological and cultural environment, or will it simply disappear?
Will it be eradicated and replaced by more modern buildings, or will it just be such an
architectural spectacle in a museum?
It will take many hours before we can use colloquial language as a model of sustainable
development that combines valuable modern technology with valuable lessons from the past to
solve the problems of the 21st century. As ever, rural architecture is a work of the past, often
stigmatized as images of poverty and backwardness, conveniently replaced by the lack of more
advanced and modern buildings. Although attractive to the house and scholars of anthropology
and sociology, it is rapidly losing relevance to the communities that house it. Vernacular
architecture can be defined as the pinnacle of creativity.
A process of interpreting building traditions, skills and experiences. It is strongly influenced by
factors such as environmental conditions, material resources, social structure, belief systems and
behavioural patterns, and social and cultural practices.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 75
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3. Vernacular Architecture: Value and Significance

Figure 7.1 Kutch- Bhungas

(Source: dsource.in https://www.dsource.in/)
The most commonly understood meaning of indigenous architecture is owner and occupant, or
community itself. It is generally inexpensive and designed according to the climate and socio-
cultural community that hosts it.
This type of architecture includes apartments, public spaces and entire settlements. Vernacular
architecture, often referred to as “architect-less architecture,” includes structures created by
empirical architects without the intervention of professional architects or the use of industrial
components [1].
“Vernacular architecture includes people's dwellings and all other buildings. In relation to
environmental conditions and available resources, they usually use conventional techniques.
Ownership or community construction. All forms of indigenous architecture are built to meet
specific needs and to respond to the cultural values, economies and lifestyles they generate” [2].
According to Brunskill (2000), one of the regional and national features that has survived the
various political mergers that make up the country today is due to indigenous architecture. Since
the 1960s, there has been a focus on identifying and documenting this heritage.
A diverse architectural expression of form and structure throughout the settlement, with simple,
unpretentious, densely packed houses along gently curving streets like Santorini in Greece or
Casares in Spain, is like Renzo's piano. Inspired architects.
That was the source of the ration. Frank Wright, Le Corbusier. Aesthetic diversity is created not
only by the juxtaposition of Building his blocks and volumes, but also by the region's local
handicrafts, such as Warli's paintings, mosaics and tile work.
2.1 Socio-Cultural Aspects
Vernacular architecture is a concrete manifestation of society and its culture. Studying his
anthropology highlights the nuances of human behavior and his beliefs in architecture.
Traditions transcend each other in traditional town planning and architectural representation of
popular architectural forms. "There are various concentric rectangular temple towns in and
around Tamil Nadu with a large Hindu temple in the center. These are described in the ancient
Sanskrit text Sylpashastra. It is considered a city built according to ideal city planning. Cities
and temples that reflect cosmology are common, but show such a clear concentric form that
symbolizes the structure of the universe on a city scale.
For example, The City of Jaipur's Grid Iron Plan is also based on an old Hindu text that defines
a rigorous geometric plan according to the Mandala concept [3].
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 76
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

In the temple cities of South India, rituals and festivals played an important role in shaping the
social and spatial nature and form. The basic principles of urban form of a historic temple city.
The most eloquent example of this is the temple city of Madurai. Five Minakshi Sundareshwara
temples are located in the center of the city.

Figure 7.2 Rambagh palace Jaipur

(Source: kamlan Travels)
2.2 Materials and Construction
India's geographical and cultural diversity has brought about different types of vernacular
architectural representations, depending on the climate and locally available sources. The use of
materials in vernacular architecture has been extensively studied and published. The next
section gives an overview of the types of materials used in the construction of different homes.
2.2.1 Mud
Mud is the most common form of indigenous building material and has been found as a major
material in the hot and dry regions of India. Mud is often preferred due to its dual nature of
being malleable when wet and hard when dry. Mud is also used in combination with cow dung,
grass, straw, straw, gravel, etc. to increase its strength. The sludge structure is also refractory
and good noise absorbent.
2.2.2 Brick and Terracotta
The rich alluvial soil of the Indo-Ganges Plain is the main reason for the widespread use of
bricks in the plain. Burnt bricks have been used for construction since the days of Mohenjo-
Daro and Harappa.
Punjab Cultural Landscape is patterned in a brick kiln and is widely used as a common building
material for buildings in North India. Bricks were not only used for masonry, but also for the
manufacture of structural elements such as domes, vaults, columns and arches. Bricks have a
variety of uses, from making jalis to providing privacy and air circulation in the courtyard of the
House.
2.2.3 Stone
Stone is another material widely used in Indian vernacular architecture. Each area has certain
types of stones used for construction. Stones are used in the construction of structural parts such
as masonry walls, floor slabs, lintels, beams, columns, arches and domes. There is also a way to
eliminate the need for mortar using interlocking stones, and in some cases large monolithic
stones are used to create structural elements such as columns and beams. In the desert area, the
most common stone used in indigenous architecture is yellow sandstone.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 77
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

2.2.4 Timber
The use of wood in Indian vernacular architecture is common in almost all climates. Softwoods
such as cedar are popular for construction in Kashmir and Himachal, while rosewoods such as
Sheesham and monkeys are popular in the Punjab and Indian Ganges plains, while Burma teak
and jackfruit are widely used in southern India. Palm trees and bamboo are spread not only in
Bengal but also in coastal areas.
Furthermore, natural materials are used in different places according to geological conditions
adding a native touch tradition to a space.
2.3 Composite Construction
Advances in technology, transportation and telecommunications have made it possible for
modern materials to reach the innermost part of India. This paved the way for a new type of
construction that could be called a compound. This technique combines vernacular and modern
materials to create new typologies of vernacular.
For example, the Ladakh trombe wall is a thick south-facing mud wall with vents at the top and
bottom. At the top there is usually a glass window that allows sunlight to enter the room, and
the masonry ensures that it is absorbed and radiated slowly, providing so care for the
comfortable climate of the interior. To do. Similarly, modern technology encourages the use of
tarpaulins as part of the patio's waterproofing to prevent water from rain and snow from
penetrating the ground below. Similar innovations have been observed in the eastern region,
where bamboo matted corrugated sheets are used for roofs, and bamboo fittings are further
secured using J-bolts, screw bolts, and the like.
2.4 Contemporary Vernacular Architecture
The architecture by the people, people's architecture is fundamentally different from the image
linked to the vernacular community. Changes in economic and social patterns have made the
availability of materials manufactured nationwide and have brought about major changes in
vernacular architecture in many regions.
The spread of cement concrete, galvanized iron, stone and brick has brought new meaning to
vernacular architecture. In the Uttar Kashi district of the Himalayas for example, the country
slang has shifted from the roof of the slate. To the galvanized tin roof throughout the landscape.
Due to lack of resources and high prices, flat concrete roofs or sloping cement concrete roofs
are preferred over wooden roofs.
"In Ladakh, the use of flat glass is increasingly changing the shape of traditional buildings,
creating" space "for winter warmth, and incorporating plastic pipes into the water supply and
drainage systems of native buildings [4].
The dichotomy of the situation is to understand what is available locally [5].
For example, conservationists often prescribe lime as a building material rather than cement.
But in reality, lime is not readily available and requires a long process to manufacture, but
cement can be purchased at stores in the most remote villages [6].
The Materials and craftsmen who have the ability to make and use lime have also declined over
the years, making them more expensive products. So, the question is what is locally available,
cheap and sustainable. A similar situation occurs when using stones. For environmental reasons,
stone quarrying is banned in many areas, and therefore, because there are no locally available
stones, the general public relies on the use of bricks or imports stones from elsewhere [7].
Therefore, it is used by the general public as its main building material.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 78
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

What is today's Vernacularism in a Changing Social, Economic, Political and Natural

Environment?
2.5 ADVANCE INTERVENTIONS
2.5.1 Solar Passive Design
By incorporating solar passive technology into the design of the building, stress on traditional
systems such as heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting can be minimized [8].
Passive strategies provide thermal and visual comfort by leveraging renewable energy sources
and sinks. Examples: sunlight, outside air, wet surfaces, vegetation, etc. Meaning in a complex
climate: The purpose of an architect is to design a building so that it has maximum sunlight in
winter and decreased in summer. Maximize natural ventilation.
2.5.2 Compactness
The shape of the building also determines the airflow pattern around the building. This directly
affects the ventilation of the building. Building compactness is measured by the surface area to
volume ratio (S / V). The depth of the building also determines the need for artificial lighting.
The greater the depth, the greater the need for artificial lighting.
2.5.3 Sheltering or Self-Shading
Designed to be self-shading by mass or articulation, the build form becomes a protected build
form that blocks much of the direct sunlight. In mixed climates, envelopes should be designed
to be shaded all day long. The outer walls should be planned to be shaded from each other.
2.5.4Orientation
For solar passive design features, orientation is an important design consideration, primarily in
terms of solar gain, sunlight, and wind. In tropical climates like India, the long facades of north-
south buildings are preferred. East and West receive the greatest sunlight in the summer [9].
Vertical facades from north to south are also recommended, as the south facing area receives
maximum intensity of sunlight in winter, mainly in cold climates.
Further for Better Understanding Few Case Studies are Coated Below.
4. CASE STUDIES
3.1 THE WALL HOUSE, AUROVILLE
ABOUT THE ARCHITECT
Anupama Kundoo is an architect of Sir J / School of Architecture in Mumbai and has Datone at
the Baked Mud In-situ Houses of India at the Berlin Institute of Technology. In 1990, her
architectural firm focused on materials research with the aim of decreasing impact of building
technology on environment. An innovative approach backed by experimentation and intensive
research, from the development of building technology and the integration of energy and water
efficient building solutions to the construction of environmentally sustainable and socio-
economically beneficial prototypes10 architecture Site.
Area… 15 acres (total area of community)
Built up area… 100 sq. m.
Cost Rs.1 million
Architect Anupama Kundoo
The philosophy of structure hinges on developing a structure this is energy- efficient, Climate
responsive and makes use of green substances and opportunity constructing technology [10].
The idea of the wall is the skinny line among the general public and the private. Here, the

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 79
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

innovation lies with inside the definition of the constructing programme for a residential
residence and the transition areas among the interior and outside. Borders and transitional areas
were described in a brand new way. Refer in in figure 7.3 and 7. 4.

Figure 7.3 Wall House. Image © Javier Callejas

(Source: https://www.archdaily.com/880897/anupama-kundoo- current-methods-of-
construction-are-producing-more-problems-than-solving-it)

Figure 7.4 Open bath that blends with nature

(Source: https://www.re- thinkingthefuture.com/know-your-architects/a453-15-projects-by-
anupama-kundoo/)
This imbalance is driven by the adoption of expensive, un environmental high-tech buildings
and space-efficient low-tech jargon for a growing population. Based on extensive research and
experimentation, Wall House has managed to strike a balance by exploring new ways to use
local materials.
The building is an example of modern architecture that meets international socio-economic
requirements while reducing its environmental impact. Technological advances that can be
made by unskilled workers serve as prototypes for understanding how to optimize resources and
space.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 80
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3.2 GAIROLA HOUSE

3.2.1Project brief
The Gairola House is a multi-family semi-detached apartment stack, constructed purely for
rental purposes, located in Gurgaon, Haryana.
3.2.2 About Architect
ANAGRAM ARCHITECTS is an award-winning spatial design studio, internationally
recognized as one of the world's premier emerging offices, offering innovative context-specific
designs that promote a sustainable lifestyle. They aim to enrich the elementary modernity with
traditional and Unconventional practices while developing culturally relevant, contextual and
resource-efficient designs [11]. Their practice is based on a complete sustainability philosophy
that fits the economic, sociocultural and environmental contours of the project. Refer figure 7.5.

Figure 7.5 Gairola house

(Source: https://architizer.com/idea/361489/ )
ARCHITECTS: Anagram Architects
PROJECT: Gairola House
LOCATION: Gurgaon, Haryana, India
STRUCTURE: Trabeated structure in concrete (Cast in
situ) and brick masonry
EXTERIOR FINISHES: Terracotta cladding tiles, stone cladding,
painted cement plaster, exposed bamboo
screen
INTERIOR FINISHES Cement Plaster, polished stone flooring,
ceramic tiles
SITE AREA: 299 sqm.
COVERED AREA: 523 sqm.
CONSTRUCTION PERIOD: June 2008 – Feb 2009
COST OF CONSTRUCTION: INR 9,000,0000 /- (Rupees Nine million only)

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 81
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3.2.3 Design Concept / Project Description

In most Indian cities, the typical townhouse or apartment block evolves from semi-detached
single-family homes built on suburban or suburban lots. The planned and unplanned
development of this urban sprawl is caused by the inevitable accumulation of planned
development. The farther out the city suburbs are moved and the better the connections to the
city, the smaller the perceived distance between these developments and the city center. Due to
the subsequent increase in rental values, the apartment has been divided into several rental units.
Refer figure 7.6.

Figure 7.6 Vernacular Elements

(Source: https://architizer.com/idea/361489/ )
As suburban dwellings, their designs mostly follow the type of fortified units with introverted
courtyards, high privacy and maximum floor slab area. This limits all social relationships with
neighbors to cross-border joint conversations.
The typology thus evolved into a stack of apartments with the same floor plan and shared
staircase, usually ignoring the role of stairwells, courtyards and alcoves as common areas. The
residence was to be developed exclusively for the rental market.
Our designs use exterior volumes as shared resources (for light and ventilation) to meet the
needs of residential privacy and individuality while promoting a vibrant and socially connected
urban lifestyle. Explore the possibility of creating a sending stack.To maximize rental options,
the stack is designed as a 4-bedroom, 2-bedroom 1-floor, and 1-bedroom penthouse duplex to
accommodate typical tenants such as small families, young couples, single professionals, and
students. Corresponds to the base [12].
The client wanted to develop this property specifically for the rental market. This design is for
residences that use exterior volumes as shared resources (light and ventilation) to facilitate a
vibrant and socially connected urban lifestyle while meeting the need for privacy and
individuality. Explore the possibility of creating a sending stack. Refer figures 7.7 & 7.8.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 82
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 7.7 & 7.8 Central courtyard

(Source: https://architizer.com/idea/361489/ )
3.2.4 Flexible Leasing
To maximize rental options, the stack is designed as a 4 bedroom duplex, 2 Bedroom single
level unit and 1 bedroom penthouse. This is ideal for small Families, young couples, single
professionals and students. It help accommodate a typical tenant base.
3.2.5 Socialties and Individuality
Because apartment floor plans aren't the same, the typical courtyard-porch Setback is no longer
a simple rectangular block, but a multi-story social flower Space.
The forward setback volume is divided into multiple spatial clusters that are more
interconnected by manipulating closed and open volumes. The open staircase connects to the
stepped central courtyard for the shared space of the shared territory. Care was taken to limit the
increase in line of sight to the more public areas of the apartment. A sheltered sunken courtyard,
a cantilever porch and a roof terrace garden provide each apartment with its own outdoor space.
Each apartment is designed to be a unique home, but encourages a socially vibrant lifestyle.

Figure 7.9 Façade in vernacular contemporary style

(Source: https://architizer.com/idea/361489/ )

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 83
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3.2.6 Inferences
1. Use Items as Needed: The play of animation with volumes and voids is further
demonstrated by the juxtaposition of materials and textures. Surface cladding patterns are
detailed to allow the introduction of fenestration and windows.
2. Providing Environmental Space: Protected courtyards, cantilevered porches and roof
gardens give each apartment its own space. Each apartment is designed to be a unique home,
yet encourages a socially active lifestyle.
4. CONCLUSION
In this world of modernism, the world is becoming a global village, and traditions and cultures
are becoming less local. Many questions arise about the existence of indigenous architecture.
Will colloquialism simply disappear, or will it adapt to changing ecological and cultural
environments? Will it continue to be stigmatized as an image of poverty and backwardness, or
will it be eradicated and replaced by more modern buildings?
In a rapidly developing economy, we are facing an environmental crisis. Climate change,
globalization and mass migration have raised concerns about the relevance of indigenous
traditions in modern life.Vernacular traditions are creative processes, developed through the
interpretation of knowledge and experience from the past, negotiated and adapted by
generations to meet the needs and challenges of the times. Vernacular architecture is the
physical manifestation of environmental, social and economic constraints and forms an
important part of human evolution.
The dynamic nature of our native traditions allows us to constantly evolve and adapt to
changing socio-cultural environments. These traditions are inherently sustainable and contain
valuable lessons that can be applied to contemporary architectural practice.
This research paper, Vernacular Identity in Contemporary Architecture (Composite Climate),
combines valuable lessons from the past with equally valuable modern technologies to solve the
problems of the 21st century, in a model of sustainable development. The introduction focuses
on the concept of sustainability and attempts to highlight the sustainability inherent in Indian
architecture. Literature and case studies by contemporary architects such as Anil laul, Anagram
Architects, Sanjay Prakash, Matthijis Cornelissen, Vinod gupta, and Anupama Kundoo, where
local traditions are incorporated into contemporary architectural practices to create sustainable
buildings.
REFERENCES
1. Singh, S. (2021). “Sustainable construction techniques used in vernacular architecture”,
Rethinking the Future. 1-10
2. Studio, K. D. (2017,). “The Mud House - (Katchi Kothi) and Anangpur”, Kamath Design
publication.
3. Ghodsi, H. (2012). “Vernacular Architecture: Solution to a more sustainable future”.
Research gate Masters of Architecture thesis.1-15.
4. Jindal, I. (2020). Why architects must study Vernacular Architecture?”. Rethinking the
Future.1-10. https://www.re- thinkingthefuture.com/rtf-fresh-perspectives/a2252-why-
architects-must- study- vernacular-architecture/
5. Salman, M. (2018). “Sustainability and Vernacular Architecture: Rethinking What Identity
Is” IntechOpen. Https: //www.intechopen.com/chapters/64381.
6. Asadpour, A. (2020). “Defining the Concepts & Approaches in Vernacular Architecture
Studies”. Universitar Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 84
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

7. Rahim, M. (2020). Bioclimatic and Sustainable Features on Vernacular Architecture in

Ternate. Materials Science and Engineering, 1-8.
8. Kawathekar, V. (2020). “Vernacular Architecture in India: Architecture of the masses”,
National Conference of Traditional Knowledge Systems of India, 1-7. https:// www.
researchgate.net/publication/343078894_Vernacular_Architect
9. Singh, S. (2021). “Sustainable construction techniques used in vernacular architecture”,
Rethinking the Future. https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/sustainable-architecture/
a2799- sustainable-construction-techniques-used-in-vernacular-architecture/
10. Long John, Desai Madhavi & Deasai Miki. (1997). Architecture & Independence, The
Search for Identity, Oxford University Press.1-12.
11. Udamle Sanjay. (2003). “Architecture for Kutch, Reinterpreiting the Lifestyle, Culture,
Crafts and Architecture of Kutch Region in New Housing Sanjay Udamale”, Architecture
research.
12. Volwahsen Andreas. (2001). Cosmic Architecture in India, the Astronomical Monuments
of Maharaja Jai Singh II, Prestel.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 85
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Chapter 8
EXPLORATION OF SENSES AT VARIED SCALES: ADOPTING A MULTISENSORY
DESIGN APPROACH IN RECREATIONAL SPACES

Preeti Nair1 * and Ritik Sharma2

1
Associate Professor, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater India
2
Student, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India

ABSTRACT
A public garden or a public street garden is not just a simple area but a space that stimulates
all of our senses. The relationship between people and spaces is constructed through the
alteration of spaces. This relation is made through experience and it is the senses that assist our
inexperience. The multisensory experience of users in recreational spaces is described by my
dissertation topic Exploration of senses at varied scales: adopting a multisensory design
approach in recreational spaces, the aim is to understand the senses in architecture and how we
can enhance the experience of users through incorporating of senses in recreational space.
To understand the multisensory experience of users firstly we need to know how many senses we
have. According to Aristotle, we have the basic five senses – smell, sight, touch, taste, and
hearing. Most architects typically design spaces with only two or three of our five senses
namely, sight, touch, and hear, in which the visual sense is dominating. For example, if we visit
a garden, and we mark each sense over there we will get wonderful results,
For vision, colorful flowers and planters are used everywhere
For smell, it’s the flowers, which give a pleasant fragrance
For taste, there is a food stall or canteen
For sound, trees used that attract birds
For touch, different combinations of materials used
Using all our senses to design a recreational space will enhance the user experience of
interacting with different spaces. Spaces that support all five senses are termed successful and
comfortable places.
Keywords: Sensory scales, Design Parameters, Recreational Spaces, Multisensory spaces,
Space utilization

1. INTRODUCTION
In the 1950s, the first use of multisensory design can be seen in Europe and Japan through the
work of Zero and Gutai. They are a post-war artist and radical, they have realized that sight
alone is no longer able to recognize art, and started out working with the five senses. Zero work
using light, sound, and optical illusions to stimulate all our senses and they believed that
artwork has to contain full human participation [1].
Architecture is noticeably affected by using the way it has to be experienced. When there is a
dominance of one sense over another, it impacts the entire architecture. Any architectural space
is influenced by when there is one sense dominating or there is a loss of a unique sense. If a
building is experienced by only those people who have lost one of the senses, then its
architecture should reflect it. So, architecture to be universally experienced by means of all sorts
of human beings has to be multisensory [2].
This dissertation aims to understand how the experience of users can be enhancing through our
senses by understanding the senses in architecture. Why recreational spaces? Because it is the
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 86
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

space where all ages groups of people and those people who have lost their one of the senses
comes here to interact, to understand how it is benefit to users, and how it will affect the life of
that architectural space, to understand after incorporation of senses in recreational space the
user’s footfall increases of decreases.
2. METHODOLOGY
Detailed methodology chart is shown in figure 8.1.

Figure 8.1 Detailed methodology.

(Source: Author)
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 87
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3. Architecture and Human Senses

Refer figure 8.2 for architecture and human senses details.

Figure 8. 2 Senses table. [3]

Architects believe more in visuals. Unfortunately, various sensations are often ignored. This is a
shame as architecture can have a huge impact through the senses. For example, a building can
be more absolutely associated with the surrounding traditions through all senses. Exploring
historical, traditional, or contemporary cultural patterns can lead to the success of architectural
works, if the senses are no longer ignored [3].
Architects need to act as a composer, synchronizing function and beauty to adjust the space
using the senses, and how the human body feels in this space is most important. Architecture
has come to life as the human body interacts with the spaces using all of our senses [4].
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 88
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Architecture can be perceived by the resident as the end result of the composition of the
architect, or as the arrangement of all the sensory characteristics of the space. Placing spatial
sensory functions allows architects to guide residents through the functional and aesthetic
rhythms of the created site. Building of all sensation help move residents and improve their
experience [5].
Architectural space is a layer of all sensations. Similar to music, spatial points combine to form
a symphony that residents can experience. The features and shapes of architecture are no longer
primarily useful for visual sensations. The experience also allows for a more complete
representation of all sensations, shapes and functions, allowing residents to experience deeper
and more meaningful moments in which they feel the surrounding bouquet in all dimensions
increase [6].
4. DESIGN CONCEPT
Landscape architects and designers thinking, how can we built a relationship between user and
nature through design? They came up with the idea ‘Zighizaghi’, a space that replicates some
natural element or shapes. There are three partners, Miliashop, Italian Furniture brand, and Farm
cultural park art gallery and they wanted to express its connection with nature, OFL architecture
Design this urban garden of 320 sqm so accurately in the form of honeycombs. Refer figure 8.3
to figure 8.6.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 89
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 8.3-8.6 various stages of design concepts (Source: Google Images)

This explanation is completely justified, as all the details are in one place. Many senses are
filled, including sight, hearing, smell, and even touch. The color combinations are correct-not
too many, not too few, with the help of lighting. The space is calm, but really dynamic and
lively, as depicted in Figures 3-6. Different types of plants enhance the sensory experience with
scents, and enrich the space with sensory experiences. Music is used to stimulate auditory
experience. Always useful and recommended for this type of landscape.
5. CONCLUSION
Architecture is a medium through which we are designing the space for people and constructing
relationships thru the alteration of spaces, this relation is made through experience with the help
of our senses. Using senses in architecture is not new, if we compare modern architecture with
the architecture of the previous eras, there is a lack of using senses in modern architecture.
In modern architecture, there is a dominance of visual sense over other, because most of the
design deals with only aesthetics. Let's talked about it in the context of recreational spaces,
because this is the space that most people have visited. All the architectural design is visual bias
it is not true, all the senses are dependent on each other and every space is a sensory space,
which stimulates our vision, auditory, olfactory, gustation, and tactile sense.
Let's take an example of a garden there are a lot of colorful flowers used to stimulate the visual
sense, but there is an involvement of other senses to enhance your experience, if any person
touches the flower or plants and material there is an involvement of tactile sense, the sound
created by walking on pathways stimulates auditory sense. So to create a better multisensory
recreational experience we need to understand that all of our senses are important because it
helps in experiencing the spaces. If there is an involvement of all of our five senses so the
experience is unforgettable, but again there is a lack in designing multisensory recreational
spaces, this can be understood through case studies, there is limited usage of some senses like
smell and taste. With the help of literature and case studies, we can understand how we can
incorporate all of the senses into recreational space to create a multisensory experience.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 90
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Some methods to improve sensory experience of all five senses are as follows-
Visual Sense- colorful flowers and different color combinations can be used and attractive
shapes and iconic spaces like water bodies, sculptures can be used to stimulate the visual sense
Tactile Sense- use of different textured materials in different spaces to tell about places,
different shrubs, and vegetation can be used, tactile sense is very strong in all of the senses, and
it is very helpful for those who have lost their visual sense.
Auditory Sense- using trees that attract birds and water body and water body and speakers can
be used to stimulate the auditory sense, Ira Keller fountain where auditory sense is stimulated by
the water fountain, Zighizaghi where the speaker is used to enhance the auditory experience
Taste Sense- this sense is hard to incorporate at all places but we can incorporate it in some
areas, by planting fruit trees and designing food stalls and canteen.
Smell Sense- this sense can be incorporated by using wood that gives fragrance, for example -
Lebanese cedar, atlas, cedar juniper, etc., and fragrance flowers can be used, for example - rose,
lavender, etc.
By incorporating senses by using different materials and design techniques in recreational
spaces it will enhance the user experience of interacting with different spaces.
REFERENCES
1. Charles Spence (2020). Senses of place: architectural design for the multisensory mind.
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications volume 5.
2. Tianchen Dai, Xing Zheng (2021). Understanding how multi-sensory spatial experience
influences atmosphere, affective city image and behavioural intention. Environmental
Impact Assessment Review Volume 89, 1-6.
3. Jaakko Ranne (2019). Designing for Multi-sensory Experiences in the Built Environment.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26244.35208
4. Charles Spence (2020). Senses of place: architectural design for the multisensory mind.
Cognitive Research Principles and Implications 5(1):46. DOI: 10.1186/s41235-020-00243-
4
5. Jian Xu, Lingyi Chen, Tingru Liu, Tao Wang, Muchun Li and Zhicai Wu (2022). Multi-
Sensory Experience and Preferences for Children in an Urban Forest Park: A Case Study
of Maofeng Mountain Forest Park in Guangzhou, China. Forests, 13(9), 1435;
https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091435.
6. Siyi Wang (2020). Museum as a Sensory Space: A Discussion of Communication Effect of
Multi-Senses in Taizhou Museum. Sustainability, 12(7), 3061; https:// doi.org/ 10.3390/
su12073061.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 91
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Chapter 9
HEALING THROUGH ARCHITECTURE IN HEALTHCARE

Gandharva Swami1* and Shri Kant2

1*
Assistant Professor, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India
2
Student, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India

ABSTRACT
Healing is the process of re-establishing harmony within the organism. Illness implies a loss of
this balance and the need for reintegration with the body’s natural ability to heal and
regenerate. The human body has ability to heal when put in healthy and positive environment.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the Healing environment is defined as
“an integrated system of human and physical factors exercising a significant effect on health,
considered not only the absence of disease but as a complete physical, mental and social state”.
The goal of this study was to determine the architectural elements that will be required to
provide a comfortable and soothing atmosphere for patients. The goal was to find these traits by
undertaking extensive research on healing theory in relation to architecture in order to develop
a critical and analytical knowledge of these difficulties.
Keywords: Healing, Healthcare, Environment, Patient Stress relief.

1. INTRODUCTION
In 2004, Samueli Institute, proposed healing-focused framework for delivering care and coined
the term optimal healing environments (OHE). An OHE stimulates patient healing by
addressing the social, psychological, physical, spiritual, and behavioral components of
healthcare, enabling the person's innate capacity to heal [1].
The OHE framework, as shown in figure 1 is composed of 4 integrated environments that
reinforce each other by acting synergistically. Each environment is applicable on a personal
level to the important relationships in our lives, to the organizations and physical environments
where we work, heal and receive healthcare[2]. Refer figure 9.1

Figure 9.1 Optical Healing Environment Framework

(Source: OHE website https://www.ohe.org/about-ohe/)
1.1 Healing Environment or Healing Architecture
Healing architecture for healthcare facilities describes a physical setting that supports patients
and families through the stresses that develop as a result of illness, hospitalization, medical
visits and the healing process. The concept implies that the physical healthcare environment can
make a difference in how quickly patients recover or adapt to specific conditions [3].
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 92
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Architecture and the built environment have the potential to influence the individual’s well-
being. Few architects such as, Architects Christopher Day (Day, 2004) and Carol Venolia
identified and analyzed healing elements and how some elements can be altered in order to
bring mental and physical therapy into the built form. These elements include light, color,
material, texture and vegetation [4].

Figure 9.2 Interrelation Between Human, Nature and Building.

(Source: Google images)
1.2 Goal of Healing Architecture
 Healing spaces design in such a way that they eliminate noise, poor air quality, lack of
privacy, lack of sunlight.
 Introduce natural elements like outdoor views, interior gardens, water elements and natural
sunlight.
 Giving the patient right to choose what they want, such as to get socialize or not, control
brightness of the light, what type of music they want to listen, get privacy.
2. LITERATURE STUDY
Literature study provide an overview of ideas and significant literature of different researchers.
It gives understanding of how the natural environment affect human physically, mentally in
their process of healing.

Figure 9.3 Detailed flow chart of literature study.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 93
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3. METHODOLOGY
These healing spaces in healthcare, helps in speedy recovery from illness and reduce the stay
time in hospital, rehabs, dispensaries and NGOs and it also reduce stress level in patients, their
relatives and health worker staff. Healing spaces also imparts positivity in healthcare workers by
which they work productively without stress [5].

Figure 9.4 Detailed methodology chart.

4. CASE STUDY
4.1 Muktangan Mitra, Pune
Location – On Alandi road behind the RTO about 6km from Pune station.
Architect – Shirish Beri and Associates
A building which having therapeutic values and it helps in process of healing for Drug
Addiction. This design having the transparency by which it expresses the freedom and increase
physical and visual interaction. Visual connection with nature is established from the cut-outs,
the terraced balconies and the sitting encourage the patient to interact and connect with nature
[6].
Façade of this building comprises off transparent welcoming entrances. The exterior wall of the
building having Stone rubble masonry. Building is surrounded by large trees and outdoor sitting
for patients, their relatives and staff. Landscaping is done by providing raised planters and
flower beds, as shown in figure 9.5 [7].
There is a small arranged open-air theatre of 150 seating, inhales light and ventilation in
structure, it ties the different functions together, making a feeling of space. It is utilized as
cooperation space and act as a center point.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 94
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 9.5 Entrance Gate

(Source: Shirish Beri and Associates https://shirishberi.com/)
Passageway have abundant measure of light and ventilation and visual availability with open
area theatre. General ward balconies open into Amphitheatre, giving visual connection.
Clearstory windows in the meditation hall give light inside from top opening.

Figure 9.6 Amphitheatre

(Source: Shirish Beri and Associates https://shirishberi.com/)
3.2 Karunashraya, Home of Terminally Ill Patients, Bangalore
Location- Varthur Main Road, Kundalahalli Gate, Marathahalli, Bangalore.
Architect - Mindspace Architects
The center is design with Healing as the central concept. It is a place with lush greenery, bird’s
songs and peace, in the middle of metropolitan city. It was an attempt to create a serene
environment with quality care, irrespective of caste creed or color, for terminally ill cancer
patients [8]. The word “serene” acquires a new meaning here, that every corner is designed to
stimulate calmness and peace in one’s inner self.
This was achieved through introducing water bodies, greenery which enhance the feeling of
close to the nature. Outside wall cladding done by granite stone, as shown in figure 7 [9]. There
is a proper ventilation and penetration of natural light into the buildings. The patients get relax
from the view of greenery in one side and water on another side of their wards. There is a
courtyard between the wards which act as a transition space, as shown in figure 8.
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 95
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Façade of the building is elegantly design with stone structure, creepers and flowering plants. In
landscape a lot of huge trees is used as a voice barrier. There is sitting and relaxation areas for
patients, visitors and staffs. The all-around ambiance is kept simple and green without any loud
color [10]. Settle color combination are used throughout the building which provide
psychological comfort to the patient.

Figure 9.7 Water Body for Micro Climate

(Source: Mindspace Architects https://mindspacearchitects.com/)

Figure 9.8 Open Courtyard Accessible for Patient.

(Source: Mindspace Architects https://mindspacearchitects.com/)
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 96
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3.3 MEDANTA – THE MEDICITY

Location CH Baktawar Singh Road, Medicity, Islampur Colony, Guru gram, Haryana
Architect – ARCOP Architectural Firm
The design philosophy behind this Hospital to provide Health and mental well-being of the
patient along with their relative and working staff of hospital by providing integrated,
innovative and compassionate care. Creating spaces which help in provide privacy,
rejuvenation, choice, feel and experience the nature, interaction, collaboration and communicate
with others [11].
The architecture of this hospital considering the healing source factors like daylight, nature
views and optical privacy that create the healing environment that effect and support the patients
in the process of psychological and physical healing [12].
Building has large Glass window façade which help in the penetration of sunlight deep inside
the building and also provide outside view. At the heart of Medanta are two 21-foot-high hand
carved sand stone Trees of Life, mannat (wish, prayer) trees. These stand in the public lobby.
There are two bowls that have the message inlaid in quartz – Har ek jaan anmol (Each life is
precious). Proper space like canteen area is provide for both patient relative and staff. Around
the building there is garden and open courtyard which bringing natural light and viewing
windows into every patient space possible.

Figure 9.9 Views of Open Garden & Building

(Source: ARCOP Architectural Firm http://arcop.co.in/)
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 97
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

4. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Following image shows the comparative table of the study- refer figure 9.10.

Figure 9.10 Comparative table of Study.

(Source: Author)
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 98
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

5. DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of case studies, literature investigations, analysis, and critical observation, the
physical components influencing the healing environment in health care facilities are identified.
The users’ well-being might be influenced by subsequent design considerations [13].
• Welcoming Entrance
• Qualitative Daylighting
• Privacy
• Open Space
• Biophillic Approach
• Space for Interaction
• Creating Positive Distraction
• Waterbody
• Calm and Quiet Environment
• Colour
• Sense of Freedom
• Building Orientation
• Space for Family and Relatives
6. IMPLICATIONS
For the construction or designing of any healthcare building weather it is hospital, dispensary,
clinic, rehabilitation center, etc. all has monotonous form of design [14]. These building were
design only to fulfill the function for which that was built. But actually, they fulfill main
requirement of healing, it a big question?
As we all know for design a healthcare a lot of guidelines and permission were taken from
different authorities and government organizations like Central Drugs Standard Control
Organization, National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers, Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare, National Health Service, Indian Council of Medical Research,
AIIMS New Delhi, etc [15]. All these organizations graded the hospital on their infrastructure,
how much bedded hospital it is, which type of treatment they provide [16].
But there is no organization which focus on the how much and what kind of healing space is
there in hospital or not [17]. No organization graded the healthcare center on the basis how
much the building help in natural (physical as well as mental) heal to the patient as well as their
families and healthcare working staff.
In COVID-19 we all see how patients were mentally retarded from the quarantine ward in
Covid care units. There is no distraction for patients from their pain [18]. So. In future there
should be a proper jury or organization which graded the healthcare building whether it is small
clinic or large multi super specialist hospital on the basis that how much that building healing
properties. They graded the building from low to best. It should also be added in the guidelines
and become a prominent factor for opening any new healthcare building [19].
New policies and By-laws should be made which incorporate the importance of healing places
in healthcare because Healing architecture for healthcare facilities describes a physical setting
that supports patients and families through the stresses that develop as a result of illness,
hospitalization, medical visits and the healing process [20].

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 99
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

7. CONCLUSION
The study findings give a complete review of the literature on the topic addressed in this work.
The goal of this study was to determine the architectural elements that will be required to
provide a comfortable and soothing atmosphere for patients. The goal was to find these traits by
undertaking extensive research on healing theory in relation to architecture in order to develop a
critical and analytical knowledge of these difficulties.
Firstly, architects should diminish the institutional ambience during the design process and
produce a salutogenic design that will alter the pathogenic attitude. As far as I can tell, the
patient can use different portions of the environment, both interior and exterior, relying on
where they are in the rehabilitation process. Outdoor places are always filled with luscious
greenery and the soothing sound of running water to soothe their tension. Indoors, the sunlight
enhances healing and ventilation, providing a high level of conformability for the patient.
Furthermore, the power of architecture to treat mental and physical sickness may be investigated
using various planning characteristics and aspects that can aid healing. Without jeopardizing
their needs, all patients should be able to spend time outside in a pleasant setting. The organic
process of constructing architecture almost seems like we develop our own abstract thoughts of
what we want a place to be, and we build architecture to be a part of the real world through
particular images from memory. Healing via art appears to be a process of reflection, self-
development, and self-discovery. This study yielded a key design aim that might have been
crucial in building space-making techniques for my healing building in healthcare design.
Various aspects of architecture have been examined and evaluated throughout this dissertation.
These elements must be combined to produce a healing space or atmosphere in a healthcare
facility that aids in the reduction of stress and anxiety. The visual, functional, physical, sensory,
and natural features all help patients relate to their surroundings. In addition to the ideas &
theories as presented in Literature reviews and Case studies, these attributes could be utilized in
the design phase.
The hypothesis that I make “The Healing space of healthcare center, not only improve physical
and mental health of patients, but also provide positive impact on patient’s relatives and hospital
staffs.”
It is correct that providing healing places in healthcare by modifying architectural space that
provides a platform for natural components is a good idea (light, sound, views etc.). This
therapeutic place aids in the reduction of worry and tension, as well as aiding the healing
process.
REFERENCES
1. Jaja Thaddeus, Akuneho (2021). “Healing Architecture for Hospital”. Global Scientific
Journal, 1321-1326.
2. Ananth, S. (2008). “Healing Environment: The natural next step”. Explore, 273-274.
3. Baldwin, E. (2016). The Architecture of Healing: 12 Maggie centers. Architizer, 1-10.
4. Bryan R Lawson (2010) “Healing Architecture”. Art & Health, 95-108.
5. Benedetti, F. (2001). “Morning sunlight reduces length of hospitalizations in bipolar
depression”. Journal of Defective disorders, 1-15.
6. Chrysikou, E. (2014). “Architecture for psychiatric environments and therapeutic spaces”.
Amsterdam: IOSPress, 1-10.
7. Davis, C. (2014). “Shining light on what natural light does for your body”. Focus on
Design, 1-5.
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 100
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

8. Day, C. (2004). “Place of the Soul: Architecture and Environmental Design as healing art”.
Taylor & Francis.
9. Francis, M. a. (1990). “The Meaning of Garden”. The MIT Press.
10. Gazali R., A. M. (2012). “Assessment of Healing Environment in Paediatric Wards”.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 149-159.
11. Holmes, L. (2000). “11 scents that can do wonders for your living”. The Huffington Post.
12. Saloni Singh, Mohammed Sabahat, Juwairia Qamrudiin (2021). “The Impact of
Architecture in the Process of Healing & Well-Being”, International Journal for Research
in Applied Science & Engineering Technology,202-222.
13. Jonas WB, C. R. (2014). “Salutogenesis: The defining concept for a new healthcare
system”. Global AdvHealth Med., 82-91.
14. Joye. (2007). “Our surroundings influence not only the way we think but our intellectual
development”. Research daily.
15. Kuller R., B. S. (2006). “The impact of light and colour on psychological mood: a cross-
cultural study of indoor work environments”. Ergonomics, 1496-1507.
16. Levy, J. M. (2007). “Ceiling Height Can Affect How A Person Thinks, Feels And Acts”.
Science daily. 1-10.
17. Melinda Ratini, D. M. (2020). “What Is Holistic Medicine?” Research Gate thesis, 1-10.
18. Ottosson. (2007). “The Importance of Nature in Coping, Creating increased understanding
of the importanceof pure experiences of nature to human health”. Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences, 20-28.
19. Psychologists. (2009). “How the colors of interior walls influence the imagination”. British
Columbia.
20. Robert N., G. M. (2005). “The efficiency of light therapy in the treatment of mood
disorders. A review and meta-analysis of the evidence”. American Journal of Psychiatry.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 101
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Chapter 10
HEALTHCARE CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL DESIGN: THE ROLE OF
ARCHITECTURE IN DESIGNING A SPECIALIZED HEALTHCARE CENTER FOR
CHILDREN

Kirti Sharma1* and Divya Saxena2

1
Associate Professor, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India
2
Student, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India

ABSTRACT
Children are more social and are always observing and absorbing their day-to-day
interactions, this means that the life and environment around them reflect upon them in molding
their personalities. So, the space surrounding them as a patient does not just serve one purpose
but molds their overall well-being and growth. Children-centered hospitals are designed with
specific features and details in order to reach optimal support and care for infants to
adolescents, in a specific environment. In such healthcare centers, doctors from
multidisciplinary teams such as pediatricians, surgeons, intensive care specialists, and
anesthetizes among others come together to provide their services to the kids in need. This
chapter reviews the different healthcare children’s hospitals to gave the readers an
understanding of the psychology of children in the built environment, relationship of children
with the interiors and design aspects of the hospital, how a safe and secure space can be built
within a children’s hospital etc.
Keywords: Children, Hospice design, healing architecture, pediatric care.

1. INTRODUCTION
The building design of a healthcare facility is made to be categorized, but at the same time, it
should also encourage interaction to make the environment more supportive for the social
children. Despite the benefits of a human-centered design, hospitals can overlook the healing
process for a patient. The building design plays an essential role in the healing process and time
of a patient by proving a therapeutic hospital environment for young and mostly confused
patients [1]. This building design also proves to cater to challenges like the COVID-19 national
crisis. Hospitals for children besides just being a building where sick children are admitted, also
serve the unique role of giving primary care for a child’s mental health and in-school services
which can help them ease their journey [2]. Therefore, a hospital for them should give a homely
feel, where they can be safe and not feel alienated.
The need to study the design of a children’s hospital is crucial due to the design reasons –
• Children are not like adults and need special care and treatment when it comes to their
health.
• The need for a specialized hospital for pediatric care is imperative.
• Designing a children’s hospital must have a different approach than a general hospital.
• A children’s hospital is needed to provide mental comfort not only for the children (patients)
but also for the parents and family members.
• Architecture affects children differently, the quality and quantity of space both affect the
behavior of a child – especially when it comes to a place like a hospital which most children
are fearful of.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 102
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

The main aim of this work is to research how architecture can come into play in creating a
specialized children-centered environment. To study various design possibilities to be able to
plan a pediatric hospital that has a more children-centered environment and also facilities that
give both the children and parent a chance to ease into their problem and relieve their stress.
Some of the specific objectives are:
• To identify the aspects and key features of a children’s hospital design.
• To understand how architecture impacts the lives of young patients
• To learn new trends in healthcare architecture for children in order to design better
• Understanding the methods of merging play within a hospice
• Designing safe and carefree healthcare for children.
1.1 Hypothesis
When we design a more child-centered healthcare environment via the use of architecture, we
make it a pleasant experience not just for young patients but also for the families. \
1.1.1 Limitations
• Data collected is from a secondary source
• Case studies will be limited to online data and analysis due to the limited time period.
• Since this a new design field in India there is limited documented information and
insufficient material.
2. LITERATURE STUDIES
2.1 Study of Children’s Behavior in Pediatric Hospitals: A Design Perspective
• Objective –To understand the behavioral response of children towards the physical
environment. All spaces in a hospital have a strong association with activities carried out in
the areas and have an effect on the patients using the space.
2.1.1 Relationship between Comforting and Transitional Spaces
The visual or physical access to the various surrounding environments, both natural and man-
made, contributed to comfort in children by distracting them and creating a sense of play [3].
The large size of spaces attracts children more and hence makes them more active – like
unobstructed spaces, large lush green courtyards, terraces, etc. On the other hand, cozy & warm
spaces led to physically comforting.

Figure 10.1 Images representing comfort and distraction by different strategies in various
transitional spaces – (a) Courtyard (b) Atrium,
(Source: google images)
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 103
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

2.1.2 Relationships between Comforting and Circulation Spaces

The cozy and safe enclosure of corridors with narrow and long feelings solace the children and
actively engage them. Whereas the complexity & variety of the space donates to the comfort of
a complaint investigation. The visual emphasis of the content with familiarity contributes to the
comforting by creating a focus on asked objects, while visual emphasis with riddle contributes
to the comforting by distraction [4].

Figure 10.2 Images representing various comforting activities by different strategies.

(Source: google images)
7.1.3 Relationships between Comforting and Activity Spaces
Comforting by play and extra spaces, scale, variety, and, characteristics of the play, hearing &
seeing the space and, stretches the area to contribute to the comforting of children by active
engagement. The visual emphasis of the space & bright colors of the surrounding objects as well
as the spaces contribute to assure distraction [5]. It can be noted that the variety and physical
characteristics of the playing outfit (size, shape, color, material, homestretches, etc.), visibility
of the space, scale & position of the space, auricular and visual link of the space, and safety are
the important factors contributing to the comforting of children. Refer figure 10.3.

Figure 10.3 Views showing comforting by different strategies play areas and undesignated
spaces.
(Source: Google images)
2.2 Integrating an Element of Play in Healthcare Environments for Children
2.2.1 Understanding the Methods of Merging play within a Hospice.
Providing top-notch medical care is the main priority of any hospital, but along with the medical
facilities, attention should also be paid to the aesthetics and design element keeping in mind the
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 104
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

user. A child-friendly, pleasant and welcoming environment may not cure the illness of a child,
but via the use of, play we can benefit the patient in many other ways as its underlying
component can work wonders for the healing process of patients. Being hospitalized brings
many stressful and worrying thoughts into the psyche of the children, which in turn causes a
child to be more worried and anxious and ultimately adds to their sickness. Creating positive
and playful experiences in the hospital environment can transform an otherwise stressful and
anxiety-ridden stay for children to an entertaining one. According to the authors, a children’s
hospital that incorporates Play can lead to a positive mindset in young patients, while aiding and
quickening the healing process [6].
2.3 Dynamics of Architectural and Urban Planning Hospital Systems Evolution
2.3.1 To Identify the Aspects and Key Features of a Children’s Hospital Design
When designing new hospital buildings, the main challenges involve the need to produce a
blueprint that provides scenarios for additional growth (expansion of all or some of the
constituent components, altering the operational aim of some elements) [7]. The main issues
that need to be answered entail finding fashions for the sustainable development of the medical
structure, as well as the need to invoke a fabric that has the internal prospect to induce a
remedial ambiance. The way out of this situation can be timely, phased updating of the structure
and association of the hospital building, monitoring of promising tasks, and the quest for
optimal ways to administer them [8]. even so, the primary transfer and application of foreign
experience of these transformations are impossible in each country, there are a number of
positive and negative aspects to furnishing hospital services. There's no ideal model, the same
way of organizing a medical center network cannot be used in its “pure form"- adaptation to the
regional characteristics, and social, economic, and political capabilities of each particular state
is necessary, as well as considering demographic indicators and the dynamics of progressive
ailments. With all the ultramodern world's variety of ways to organize hospital systems, when
designing, it's worth considering the general trends the enlargement of medical structures, the
configuration of complexes; emphasis on the intensity of treatment, the use of day hospitals;
individualization of design opinions, rejection of stereotypical hospital forms; the formation of
an aesthetic space with rehabilitation capability; ecological approach and harmony with the
context.
2.4 Safe Healthcare Facilities for Children and Adolescents
2.4.1 Designing a Safe and Carefree Healthcare Center for Children
The escalating need for health services is an actuality. Therefore, hospital design is a sizable
branch of prevailing architectural trends. Children’s healthcare complexes are very unique,
complicated, and necessary. They're a challenge for every architect due to the diversity of their
tasks. A technical healthcare facility for children can offer more thoroughly safe medical care to
this unique group of patients. Contemporary children’s hospitals are grounded on the best
interest of a hospitalized child; certain principles and criteria are applied to the specific issue of
safety and health advancement for children and adolescents in and by hospitals. Architecture, 13
technologies, psychology, and ecology are each involved in the healing terrain of today’s
healthcare complexes. Specialists from different epistemological fields are cooperating in order
to eliminate the children’s fears of medical canter visits and turn that into a safe and useful
experience. Design details have an impact on the quality and value of care. Effective and
flexible design provides further comfort for patients and their family members. In contemporary
architecture, there are numerous exemplifications that offer safety and security during the
children’s hospitalization process.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 105
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3. CONCLUSION
After vigorously studying various papers related to my research topic, and analyzing the
hospital buildings via case studies certain conclusions were made and concepts were set straight.
Based on various aspects the papers for literature review have been selected that gave the
understanding of
1. The psychology of children in the built environment
2. Relationship of children with the interiors and design aspects of the hospital
3. How a safe and secure space can be built within a children’s hospital
4. Dynamics of a children’s hospital, among others. The thorough research and analysis have
led to the following conclusions and inferences based on certain formulated parameters. 1
Table 10.1 Comparative chart
Parameter Inferences
1. Façade o If planning a glass façade - it should be decorated with random patterns
of repetitive elements in order to attract the young ones and also to
create a shimmering effect and fluid reflections when struck by the sun
(hence also incorporating the nature).
o The façade can be continuous and smooth but at the same time also
vibrant and transparent with color and depth to its surface.
The façade can comprise of plain and sober colors with a row of
contrasting ones giving an exclusive effect to the building exteriors.
o The exterior and interiors of the building complement each other and
should be a viewpoint easy to be located and navigate to
o The exterior can be made to focus on energy efficiency while
incorporating an interesting and amusing design color palette
o the façade design should follow function as well as a form to make the
most of the aesthetics and keep the building efficient as well
2. Landscaping o The main entrance should display the landscaping which it can go hand
in hand with the gallery/café and retail spaces created at the ground floor
level that in turn enrichens the place and makes it livelier.
o Some seating/eating spaces along with open green areas should be
designed in the front of the hospital building creating a livelyambiance
o Trees can be planted along the boundary i.e. aligned with the roads to
filter away the pollution and noise coming towards the building
o Landscaping in the building interiors can also be done in order to bring
in the nature to the bedridden patients.
E.g. A sky lobby leading to a rooftop terrace garden – this space will
bring together the sky, water, and forest and also offer an excellent view.
o On the site level much percentage of softscape regions is to be planned in
order to give the patients plenty of areas to laze around and play outside
without getting hurt any further.
An Atrium can be planned indoors that should include the necessary
amount of landscaping indoors - the atrium design establishes the visual
integration of all parts into the total entity of hospital.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 106
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3. Design o The design of the building should be inspired by elements children can
relate to or are familiar with.
e.g.– natural elements - water, which is believed to have many intrinsic
and symbolic characteristics that interpret a supportive and healing
element.
Water can gain any shape and color and thus can be abstracted
and interpreted in pattern, color,texture, and form.
o The hospital planning should be done in a way that it incorporates
all essential services required for the functioning of a hospital.
o Efficient planning of the services leads to the energy theme that
reflects the interiors and the use of posters in patient rooms
o The building design to optimize flexibility and efficiency. The
design allows for future horizontal and vertical expansions as well.
o The patient rooms can be aligned along the atrium corridor and so
that the children get to experience the activities being carried out in
the atrium on a day-to-day basis, which in turn helps distract them
from their pain and the boredom of being in the hospital room.
o The atrium planning should be done after a rigorous amount of
investigation to achieve the most effective building form to cater to
the needs of the children being admitted to the hospital.
o The design of the hospital givesa more striking and authentic tone:
mature yet lively architecture fit for the youngsters, an enriching and
fresh interior atmosphere, and a site design that celebrates the role
nature can play in the healing process.
REFERENCES
1. Bulakh, I., Chala, O., & Divak, V. (2020). “Dynamics of architectural and urban planning
hospital systems evolution”, Civil Engineering and Architecture 8(4):586-598
2. Vavili, F., & Kyrkou, A. (2010). Safe Healthcare Facilities for Children and Adolescents”
Architecture, Interior Design (Architecture).1-5.
3. Suomi, S.J. and Harlow, H.F. (1971). “Monkeys without play”. Bruner, 1-10
4. K. eds. (1976) “Play: Its role in development and evolution.”, Basic Books.
5. Noble, E. (1967). “Play and the Sick Child”. Faber and Faber Limited.
6. Filippazzi, G. (2009) “Also Walls Speak..., Culture for The Future of Healthcare
Architecture”, Proceedings of 28th International Public Health Seminar, edited by
Prof.Romano Del Nord. Alinea editrice, Firenze.
7. Pinhao, C. (2016) “Children’s Hospitals- The role of architecture in children’s recovery
and development”. Master Thesis in Architecture.20-35
8. Csikszentimihalyi, (1997). “Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and
Invention”.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 107
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Chapter 11
SCOPE OF PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Mohd Parvez Alam1* and M Shadab Alam2

1*
Assistant Professor, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India
2
Student, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India

ABSTRACT
Prefabrication is already widely used in the construction industry across the globe. Two of the
best examples are the Sydney Opera House and the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. Prefabricated
buildings only make up 1% of all real estate in India, where prefabrication and other modular
technologies are still in their infancy. The fundamental cause of this is because prefabrication
as a technique still struggles with mindset issues in India, where people are reluctant to adopt
prefabrication in both new and ongoing projects. This creates a divide between current
construction technologies used around the world and old construction methods used in India,
which could ultimately hinder the development of the nation. The research aims to answer
questions related to prefabrication construction as an alternative for sustainable buildings on a
global scale. The subject of this paper is to explore the opportunities of prefabrication
construction thus making it the ultimate fabric of sustainable and fast construction, thus helping
the mankind for a better world.
Keywords: Prefabrication, Modularization, Sustainable, Assembly.

1. INTRODUCTION
Prefabrication is a broad term that refers to a variety of systems and techniques. Structural,
architectural, and service description can all be incorporated. It is used by many industry units.
Though, it is predominantly helpful for contractors in the construction sector because it shortens
project timeframes and enables faster project completion. Environmental awareness and
technical advancement have increased exponentially in recent years. As a result, many
individuals are now interested in building structures that are environmentally friendly and
sustainable while still allowing them to live comfortably. This leads us to modern prefab
construction solutions, which provide us with construction that is environmentally friendly,
cost-effective, and extremely energy-efficient. The prefabrication business has completely
transformed the construction industry [1].
Sustainability allows for a comprehensive solution to environmental and societal crises by
establishing the essential links between nature, culture, economy, politics, and technology.
Prefabricated elements offer environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and cost-effective
building solutions. Prefabricated modular constructions are becoming more common [2].
Customers are beginning to examine the effects of project sustainability during construction,
operation, and maintenance. Today's world is attempting to meet forthcoming issues such as
conserving natural resources, increasing the use of recycled materials, environmental
deterioration, and total construction costs, among others. All of this can be accomplished by
enforcing current sustainability theories and altering sustainability elements. The outcome of
this conflict, which can be seen in both industrialized and developing countries, is intimately
tied to economic progress pressures. The economic impact of new prefabricated and
construction technologies should be considered in the framework for sustainable infrastructure
design [3].
Precast concrete panels are an example of prefabricated components that can be used to make
walls and slabs in a structure instead of hollow blocks. Instead of creating concrete panels, on-

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 108
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

site plastering would be necessary after building up a mould, pouring concrete into it, and
waiting for the cement to cure. One can order unit off-site for a softer finish and a simpler
solution. Furthermore, adopting prefabricated pieces would reduce the amount of labor required
for project operations. In this context, the subject of this paper is to explore the opportunities of
prefabrication construction thus making it the ultimate fabric of sustainable and fast
construction, thus helping the mankind for a better world [3].
2. WHY PREFABRICATION?
Finding strong relations to state that prefabrication can be a sustainable practice as compared to
traditional construction techniques. In broad aspect, will prefabrication be termed sustainable?
• Studying on Prefabrication construction for high rise homes and its applications towards a
sustainability approach
• Finding data which gives solid grounds to term prefabrication construction as sustainable
• Suggesting efficient strategies and area of improvement in present prefabrication industry
The research aims to answer questions related to prefabrication construction as an alternative for
sustainable buildings on a global scale. The subject of this paper is to explore the opportunities
of prefabrication construction thus making it the ultimate fabric of sustainable and fast
construction, thus helping the mankind for a better world [4-6].
Prefabrication industry is currently a more sustainable approach as compared to traditional
methods and with increasing time, it is ready to adapt a more sustainable and quick approach in
the future along with ease of technology integration
• Detail study of prefabrication construction along with its construction process, techniques
and applications
• The advantages and disadvantages of prefabrication construction:
• Pros and cons of prefabrication with respect to traditional construction techniques.
• Prefabrication for high rise apartment buildings
• Area for improvement for prefabrication and new strategies implementing to enhance the
performance
• Studying the environment footprint of prefabrication industry:
• Detail analysis of prefabrication industry and its effects on the environment.
• Adoption of prefabrication and overcoming the barriers for mass adoption.
3. LITERATURE STUDY
The literature reviews of the following topics will be given to show expertise with the subject
and place the research within the context of existing knowledge.
a) Introduction to prefabrication
b) Prefabrication for high rise apartments:
c) Parameter analysis of prefab & traditional construction
d) Major sustainability components
e) area for improvement and new strategies implementation
f) Major stakeholder advantages for a collaborative ecosystem
g) Adoption of prefabrication

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 109
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

4. CASE STUDIES
4.1 Godrej Golf Links, Sector - 27, Greater Noida
It is 100-acre township project with 9 whole golf course & world class amenities along with
luxurious, high rise, low rise, studio apartment and the suite. All villas and apartment is facing
to golf course. Construction or development taking place in phase wise manner.
Fabricated structures are built by fabricating whole building component members such as
beams, slabs, columns, and walls, and then delivering it to the construction site where they are
fitted together, much like Lego blocks.
• Rather than bolted system they use sleeve and dowel system.
• Wall to wall connection is through hooks
• In column they use nibs/corbel (Haunches) for supporting beams
• Slabs are half constructed in factory (100mm) and the rest 50mm are covered with screed on
site
• Foundation is made on site till stilt level
• Slabs are directly connected to the wall
Table 11.1 Sustainable parameters in Godrej Golf Links.
Sustainable
S. No Gordrej Golf Links
Parameters
The workers safety is more because of adequate machines
1. Safety
to handle the process and better supervision
The construction cost by preassembled products which are
2. Cost
made in bulk and is comparatively cheap
The construction time by pre manufactured elements and no
3. Time
curing time saves time
Strict quality control because of a controlled and high
4. Quality Control
surveillance manufacturing plants present on site
Easy assemble and disassemble and moving materials to
5. Flexibility
different place within the site is easy.
The components are produced in a controlled factory
Environment
6. environment which is less harmful for environment. The
Impact
extra material is recycled back to manufacturing plant.
4.2 Tamedia Office Building Zurich, Switzerland
The headquarters of the Swiss media firm Tamedia are being built on a 1,000m2 plot in the
centre of Zurich, within a bigger urban block where the group's present primary structures are.
The building's location in the east of the block gives the site a unique opportunity to design a
nearly 50-meter-long linear facade that faces the SIHL canal.
Structure’s layout essentially corresponds to the footprint of the previous layout that will be
obliterate, but now it maintains linkage with the adjacent buildings' facades and makes use of
the maximum height permitted to maximize the usable office space on this side of the building
block.
Structure has the total net area of 8,602 m2, which can be increased by 1,518 m2 to match the 2-
story extension project on the roof of the neighboring building at 8th number of staufferquai
street. The structure has 7 storeys over ground floor and 2 basement levels.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 110
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 11.1 Layout Plan of Tamedia Office Building Zurich, Switzerland.

(Source: Tamedia https://www.tamedia.ch/de/)

The project's most important innovation is, by far, the main structural system made of timber.
The suggested timber construction is an inimitable approach to this sort of office building from
a technical and environmental standpoint, and the verity that the structural elements are
completely perceptible also offers the working area a highly unique character and high-quality
spatiality.
• Sustainability- In addition to the contribution to sustainability selection of timber as the
primary structural material, the mechanical arrangement has been developed such as to
satisfy the highest standards in energy. The intermediate space serves as a thermal barrier
and is also one of the open areas that will be heated and cooled by extraction air from the
office space.
• Architecture Point of View- The key architectural components is the suggestion of
structural system to be made completely of timber, from technical and environmental
perspective, gives the structure a distinctive form from both inside and outside the building's
walls and from the surrounding area of the city. A specific effort was prepared to accomplish
low energy transmission levels that comply with the most modern and stringent SWISS
energy consumption standards, and the building exterior is totally glazed in order to
emphasize and convey this idea. In front of the city, the structure also highlights as an
intermediate area all through the entire height of the east façade. In terms of overall energy
usage, it serves as a thermal partition. It also creates a unique spatial experience with lounge
space and correlates vertical links between the office stories. The balconies have the
flexibility to be transformed into open-air terraces that increase the special linkage between
the internal building and its nearby landscape, as well as the individuality of having a facade
ease of a glass retractable window plan.

Figure 11.2 Tamedia Office Building Zurich, Switzerland.

(Source: Google Images)
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 111
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

4.3 Hotel Brooklyn, Leicester

The most recent development to Welford Road, the habitat of rugby union premiership team
Leicester tigers, is a steel-framed hotel. The 1.7-acre site, where the hotel Brooklyn is being
built, was formerly home to the Granby halls live music and entertainment complex. Marshall
CDP is developing the £22 million project, and its construction arm, marshal construction, is
serving as the project's main contractor. The hotel Brooklyn’s 6 story building has 191 rooms
for guest located on its top 4 floors, while at the ground floor level is primarily occupied by a
car parking and retail spaces. The hotel's first floor will be located in the middle and have
3,300m2 of lobby, dining, and reception facilities in addition to a business centre.
A 28-meter-long, curving pedestrian bridge will connect this floor directly to the holland &
barrett stand of the rugby stadium. It's interesting to note that caunton engineering, the
steelwork contractor for the hotel project, also manufactured, provided, and installed the steel
used to build this platform. Refer figure 11.3.

Figure 11. 3 Hotel Brooklyn, Leicester.

(Source: Hotel Brooklyn https://hotelbrooklyn.co.uk/)
Prior to the start of the piling, work on this present plan got underway in 2020 early with a
absolute borehole study of the site. Paul Stokes, the manager of Marshall Construction
Contracts, explains: "Granby Halls had been destroyed a few years prior, and the location had
most recently served as a parking lot. However, we lacked sufficient knowledge regarding the
location of and whether or not there was a former basement beneath the site. We knew for sure
thanks to the survey that there was no underground level, so we could start stacking. The 14-
meter-deep piling foundations support the steel frame. With the exception of the bridge, the
steel erection programme was finished by November 2020 after starting in March.
The general shape of the hotel is wedge-shaped, matching the contours of the property. The
hotel's biggest area is located directly across from the rugby field and is formed by two wings of
the building that project outward from the V-shaped structure's tip. Much of the space between
the two wings is a sizable, covered gap that is located above the ground floor parking lot, which
also includes back-of-house spaces. This will be an atrium with a first-floor reception and a roof
that is a little higher than the surrounding wings.
The hotel's steelwork is built around a 7.72m regular column grid on either side of the atrium.
This column spacing was selected because it was thought to be suitable for both the hotel rooms
and facilities above and the bottom level parking lot. According to Mr. Phair, a few transfer
structures to the parking bays had to be built without columns otherwise the steel would have
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 112
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

continued to pile up throughout the entire structure. On each wing of the hotel, the bedrooms are
laid out in orderly blocks. On each floor, a central corridor divides two rows of rooms. Each
corridor has service lines that are fitted within web holes in specially made beams that run down
each corridor.
Caunton engineering is scheduled to return to the site this spring to complete the footbridge
construction after finishing their primary steel programme. This will be put together on site,
raised into position, and then disassembled into smaller pieces. The bridge will connect the new
hotel with the current grandstand, although it will be a separate building supported by four
columns. Putting it all together, andrea pinchent, chief executive officer of leicester tigers, says:
"this is a crucial initiative to support the long-term ambition for our stadium and to contribute to
the amenities in the city centre
4.4 The Soho Tower, Darwin Australia
The SOHO Tower is a 29-level modular structure located in Darwin, Australia's extreme north,
a cyclonic area. The structure was intended to have a basement, eight stories made of traditional
reinforced concrete, and then 21 levels of volumetric modular housing. The modules were built
and completed in Ningbo, China, before being transferred to Darwin. Unlike other modular
systems, this one utilised a concrete floor with concrete columns that were placed on-site into
formworks inside the modules. Above level 7, a modular precast concrete system in the
building's core provided the lateral stability system. Refer figure 11.4.

Figure 11. 4 Ceiling Plan of the Soho Tower, Darwin Australia.

The decision to "go modular" was influenced by a limited and expensive labour market. Initially
a client request, the concrete floors turned out to have additional benefits.
The decision to study a volumetric modular alternative, with modules delivered complete with
all finishes, woodwork, and fittings, was made due to the cost and lack of a qualified
construction workforce. However, it was crucial that there be no significant alterations made to
the building's design or exterior. This was a serious challenge.
• Critical Design Parameters- The previous section provided a summary of the geotechnical
conditions. The design for shipping and handling was the other important criterion. The eight
perimeter columns provided a vertical lift for the lifting system. Spreader beams were
created and manufactured with the proper dynamic factors of 200% to meet this demand in
the factory, on the dock, and on the job site. A large portion of the floor design was dictated
by transportation on a 2.4-m wide truck without any extra structures, especially to prevent
excessive deformations under dynamic loads. The modules were created to adhere to
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 113
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Australian building regulations and codes. Its plumbing and other components, as well as
steel, reinforcement, and concrete, were made in china.
• Modular Design Options- On a study to china and in local Australian markets, the first
design alternatives that were given for consideration were steel framed. However, it was rare
to find systems that could deliver 21 levels, made increasingly rarer by the fact that they had
to follow a set configuration and withstand cyclonic wind loads.
• To accomplish the required fire rating and acoustic separation, specifics were designed. In a
structure of this size with sprinklers installed, the applicable Australian standards required a
90 minute resistance for structural elements and 60 minutes for no structural fire barriers.
• The concrete floor was intended to be a slab, with cross beams and perimeter beams placed
so that they would cross the perimeter columns. The cross beams helped to make the slab
thinner and made sure the columns were securely fastened to the floor. Additionally, they
eliminated the requirement for a spreader frame and allowed a 4.2 m wide module to be
placed on a 2.4 m wide normal truck bed. After allowing for a 170% dynamic impact factor
and taking into account the serviceability restrictions required to prevent cracking of the
plasterboard, glazing, tiles, and joinery integrated into the finished modules, it was decided
that truck transport of the modules was the critical load case for the slabs.
• A lightweight concrete mix using enlarged shale aggregate was specified in order to produce
a concrete floor while maintaining realistic weight restrictions. A suggested density of 1600
kg/m cube was to be regulated by monitoring densities at the facility. To guarantee a steady
supply of concrete and precise control over strength and density, a batch facility had been
installed there. It was important to ensure rigidity, water tightness during transport, and
proper fire and acoustic separation in the design of the modular ceiling structure. The
circumference of the ceiling included a concrete ring beam. By doing this, it was made sure
that all column load routes passed via concrete components.
• In order to support additional components and give rigidity at ceiling level for the lifting and
stacking of modules, the concrete ring beam was further corbelled. Refer table 11.2.
Table 11.2 Sustainable parameters of Soho Towers.
SUSTAINABLE
S. NO SOHO TOWER
PARAMETERS
The workers safety is more because of adequate
1. SAFETY machines to handle the process and better
supervision
The construction cost by preassembled products
2. COST which are made in bulk and is comparatively
cheap
The construction time by pre manufactured
3. TIME
elements and no curing time saves time
Strict quality control because of a controlled and
4. QUALITY CONTROL high surveillance manufacturing plants present on
site
Easy assemble and disassemble and moving
5. FLEXIBILITY
materials to different place within the site is easy.
The components are produced in a controlled
ENVIRONMENT factory environment which is less harmful for
6.
IMPACT environment. The extra material is recycled back
to manufacturing plant.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 114
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

5. CASE STUDY INFERENCE

Below table shows factorial comparison of different prefabrication technique buildings vs.
traditional construction.
Table 11.3 Factorial comparison of different prefabrication technique buildings vs. traditional
construction.
Case Case Case Case Tradition
S.NO Factors Study Study Study Study Concrete
1 2 3 4 Construction
Percentage of
1. 90% 60-90% 30% 10% 0%
industrialization
2. Durability High Medium High Medium High
3. Life cycle cost Low High Medium Medium Low
4. Strength High Low High Medium Medium
Automation
5. High Low Medium Low Low
possibility
Weight of
6. High Less Less Less Less
module
7. Scalability Very high Low Medium Low Medium
Speed of
8. Very high High Medium Low Medium
execution
Below table shows technology comparison of modularization to conventional construction with
parameters. Refer table 11. 4
Table 11.4 Technology comparison of modularization to conventional construction with
parameters.
Parameter 3d Modular Precast Conventional
S. No
Construction
1. Resource efficiency Excellent(upto 60% less manpower) Poor
2. Time reduction 50% lesser -
3. Cost reduction 0.85x 1.00x
Safety Low risk to manpower(only 10% of High risk of injury
4.
work on site) to manpower
Sustainability High(uses less and recyclable Low
5.
materials)
6. CONCLUSION
The study compared case studies in prefabrication, including modular construction, steel
construction, monolithic precast, EPS, and wood panel framing systems, with conventional
construction methods. The following section of this paper reviewed four case studies from
various countries. The first case study offers information about the actual state of prefabricated
construction projects that have been implemented from the beginning. When compared to
conventional building, the data clearly reflects the current situation and its efficiency. The
second case study recommends building with EPS and timber frame panels. In addition to its
revolutionary nature from a technological and environmental aspect, it demonstrates the
viability of timber-built buildings with main structural systems wholly made and designed on
timber.
The third case study discusses modular prefabrication for high rises, and the case study comes to
the conclusion that it is the best technology for quick construction in areas with a labour and
time shortage. The fourth case study discusses a steel-framed building, which is a type of
prefabricated building. According to the study's findings, steel construction is extremely
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 115
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

effective at reusing and recycling materials, making it sustainable for nations that export
significant amounts of metal waste.
Prefabrication can transform the construction business to some extent, if not completely. The
research also provides convincing evidence for why using prefabrication is a sustainable
strategy in contrast to conventional construction techniques. The comparison of these case
studies reveals areas for improvement in achieving those goals. It is evident from the case study
that using industrialization to produce these prefabricated modules can result in enormous
savings of energy, resources, and money. By producing steel modules off-site, china had the
fastest rate of building, as shown by the comparison of these case studies. This was probably
brought on by extensive industrialization. To keep up with the rapidly changing environment, it
is also vital to always provide room for the application of new methods, techniques, and
construction materials.
However, additional study into the costs of each project can be conducted to complement this
research due to the constraints of the research and applicability of data collection. Since the
estimated project budget and actual cost were not made public, it was impossible to make a
meaningful comparison between the projects. It was recognized during this investigation that
case study 3 had the quickest project timeline. However, additional information like the costs,
the number of employees, and the number of hours spent on the process might be assessed.
Despite the fact that some case studies may have taken less time to complete than others, the
project cost may have been more than twice as much. Therefore, in order to compare projects
effectively, it is necessary to evaluate every component of each project in order to ascertain the
actual project success.
REFERENCES
1. Shahzad, W.M, Mbachu, J. and Domingo, N. (2014). “Prefab content versus cost and time
savings in construction projects: Aregression analysis‖”. Proceedings of the 4th New
Zealand Built Environment Research Symposium (NZBERS). 14 November. ISBN 2324-
1829 (Online)
2. Stefan J. Weidemann, (1990), “Modular Pre-fabrication versus Conventional Construction
as a Cost-Effective Alternative or the Construction of the Single Family Detached Housing
in the Montreal Area‖”, School of Architecture McGill University, Montreal.
3. BC Housing Manufactured Housing Association of BC Real Estate Institute of BC (2014).
“Modular and Prefabricated Housing: Literature Scan of Ideas, Innovations, and
Considerations to Improve Affordability, Efficiency, and Quality”. BC Housing, MHABC,
REIBC.1-80.
4. Svetlana Brzev (2010). “Precast Concrete Construction‖”, British Columbia Institute of
Technology, Canada Teresa GuevaraPerez, Architect, Venezuela.
5. Milovanovic et a (2020).” The Sustainable Prefabricated Wall Panel System Made of
Recycled Aggregates”. Croatia.
6. Hampson, K.D. & Brandon, P., (2004).” A Vision for Australia's Property and
Construction Industry”. Construction 2020

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 116
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Chapter 12
ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF CORPORATE ARCHITECTURE
THROUGH SPACE PLANNING
1
Saksham Gupta and 2Jayneesh Kumar Mehta
1
Assistant Professor, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India
2
Student, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India

ABSTRACT
In this fast pace world, increasing competition and the struggle for survival in global markets
had led to organizations re-examining ways in which the performance of their employees can be
enhanced and resource-like space could be most efficiently used. Architecture details multiple
layers of abstraction to form a complete and common view of information, guidance, and
direction. Together these benefits form the guardrails for solutions—considering what’s best for
the organization—by adding guides and constraints to those solutions. The main focus of this
research exploring ways to increase productivity by improving the quality of the physical
environment i.e., the workplace which reduces stress, encourages engagement, and helps
process better work output. Therefore, this research inquiries into understanding the
performance of a space through design by taking parameters of spatial planning as lenses of
study.
Keywords: Communication, collaboration, office productivity, office space, spatial planning
and spatial performance

1. INTRODUCTION
Corporate architecture is designing spaces for the business community with the aim of meeting
the needs of the organization and comforts of the occupants. Spatial planning is an in-depth
analysis of relation between space and its users. It is an attempt to plan physical spaces in a way
that social, economic, environmental as well as psychological aspects can be enhanced at their
best to complement the space and its occupants [1].
2. RATIONALE
Why corporate architecture: The increased rate of globalization and development has in turn
increased competition. It has led to organizations re-examining ways in which the performance
of their employees can be improved and resources like space could be most effectively used.
Due to this and technological advances, new ways of working have emerged. The main focus of
the employers is to increase productivity by improving the quality of the planning which
reduces stress, encourages engagement and helps process better work outputs [2].
Why spatial planning: This research inquiries into understanding the performance of a space
through design by taking parameters of spatial planning as lenses to investigate. Since space is
the medium facilitating work, spatial performance directly impacts workplace performance.
Spatial planning is considered as a primary aspect of spatial performance since it structures the
communication patterns between people and space and has a profound impact on how people
interact. Therefore, this research attempts to understand the qualitative aspects influencing
spatial performance based on defined parameters as well as how well the space supports
communication and the correspondence between factors of spatial organization and concepts of
human factors [3].

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 117
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3. LITERATURE STUDY
3.1. Office Space:
The office environment is characterized as an environment where people connect, collaborate,
innovate, create and document information [4]. In all, it is an ecosystem that fosters innovation,
brings out the best in an individual through various means to foster business.
3.2. Spatial Planning of an Office:
Spatial planning is the first step considered while designing an office space. There are 3 Spatial
Planning Through Implication of Organizational Principles: Since an office is a system of
interrelated activities and functions, while planning a space it is essential to focus on how spaces
are related to each other[5]. This organizes the form and order in the office. Organizational
principles also lay a framework ofz specific communication Patterns that are envisioned in the
space. Refer figures 12.1& 12.2.

Figure 12.1 Traditional Cubical Form of Office

(Source: google images)

Figure 12.1 Modern Office Layout

(Source: google images)
3.3. Spatial Planning Through Implication of Organizational Principles
Since an office is a system of interrelated activities and functions, while planning a space it is
essential to focus on how spaces are related to each other. This organizes the form and order in
the office. Organizational principles also lay a framework of specific communication patterns
that are envisioned in the space [6].
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 118
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3.4. Spatial Performance

Spatial Performance of an office is the contribution of physical space in organizational
effectiveness. This can be achieved through:
• Optimized Space Planning.
• Reflection of organizational properties and attributes.
• Efficiency and comfort.
3.5. Spatial Planning Influencing Spatial Performance:
Factors explaining influence of spatial planning on spatial performance:
• Spatial Organization
• Based on Organizational principles.
• Based on typology of work spaces.
• Based on work modes.
• Based on hierarchical structure.
• Circulation and connectivity.
• Human Factors in a built environment
3.6. Spatial organization:
Spatial organization is discussed in images. Refer figures 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6 & 12.7)

Figure 12.3 Centralized Organization

(Source: google images)

Figure 12.4 Grid Organization -Internal interactions & proximity.

(Source: google images)
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 119
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 12.5 Linear Organization- Emphasizes individuality & reduce interaction.

(Source: google images)

Figure 12.6 Radial Organization- Central Binding & Interactions.

(Source: google images)

Figure 12.7 Clustered Organization- Increases Proximity.

(Source: google images)
3.7. Spatial Planning Through Typology of Work spaces:
This aspect of spatial planning through typology plays a vital role in office planning by
identifying optimum correlations between working environment and work patterns and relating
it to interaction and autonomy requested for working which is essential to facilitate the process
of work. Refer figure 12.8.
1. Hive: This typology caters to the work that requires low autonomy and low interaction. Here
there is full time occupancy and the office layout usually is open with minimal partitions and
a pack of 4 to 6 workstations Clustered.
2. Cell: It caters to work that needs high autonomy and low interactions. Mainly the isolated
knowledge work is categorized in this typology. The office layout for this typology is usually
enclosed cellular spaces or workstations with high screening.
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 120
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3. Den: This typology is for high interaction and high Autonomy. It is mostly for group work
which requires a balance of different skills. The office layout incorporates various meeting
rooms and collaborative spaces along with work areas.
4. Club: It demonstrates high interaction as well as high autonomy. The work pattern followed
is generally for the organizations that need to work collaboratively as well as individually.
The occupancy supports shared use of work settings. While the office layout is highly
diverse based on a variety of tasks.

Figure 12.8 Relation between typology of work space and furniture layout.
(Source: Planning, performance and productivity: An inquiry on spatial performance in office
spaces, Patel C)
3.8. Spatial Planning Based on Work Modes:
1. FOCUS WORK: Concentration and complete attention to work on the ideas generated.
2. COLLABORATION and LEARNING: Discussions, knowledge sharing, brainstorming,
problem solving, training and interacting.
3. SOCIALIZING: Created common goals, identity, network and trust increasing coordination
and correlation. Refer figure 12.9.

Figure12.9 Relation between spatial planning and work modes [3]

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 121
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3.9. Hierarchical Structure

1. Hierarchical Structure: Employees are grouped based on function, geography and product.
Dominant type of organization. Followed mainly in corporate, government organizations.
2. Matrix Structure: People with similar skills are grouped together for work assignments and
reporting relationships are set up as a grid. Transferable hierarchy. Collaborative teamwork-
based work pattern under vertical leadership structure.
3. Flat Structure: People with similar skills are grouped together for work assignments and
reporting relationships are set up as a grid. Transferable hierarchy. Collaborative teamwork-
based work pattern under vertical leadership structure.
4. Network Structure: More flexible and decentralized. Open communication. Open-ended
environment with more collaborative interaction.
5. Divisional Structure: Independent operational workflow. Each organizational function has
its own division which corresponds to either products or geographies. Balance of autonomy
as well as interaction.
6. Line Structure: Chain of command flows from top to bottom and each department head has
control over their departments. Independent decision-making power and self-contained
department structure. An effective and stable organization structure.
7. Team Based Structure: Teams works towards a common goal while simultaneously
working on their individual tasks. Flexible structure. Binding entity for coordination and
performance is communication. Refer figure 12.10.

Figure 12.10 Hierarchical Structure

(Source: Author)
a. Circulation establishes path-space relationships by connecting different spaces together.
b. The pattern of circulation binds the spaces creating opportunity to strategically plan activities
which are needed to be encouraged in the space.
c. Plays a vital role in optimization of space.
d. Basic path configuration:

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 122
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

3.10. Human Factors in a Built Environment:

• Office design is challenging in terms of diversity of people that work in an environment. It
varies from generation, gender and culture.
• There is diversity observed in work tasks, functions and hierarchical structure.
• Hence, office design needs to be addressed in a way that provides the right environment for
the employees as well as visitors to ensure improvement in spatial performance.
3.11. Proxemic and Its Impact on Spatial Performance:
Proxemics is a study used to define relationships between humans within the space concerning
proximity. It's the study of how people interact with each other as well as the space and relates
to social, physical and psychological aspects of the space as well as the way spaces are planned.
This can be divided into different work modes:
• Linear Arrangement (Focused Work Mode)
o Impact- reduces interaction and increases attention to individual work.
o Inference- the furniture is arranged in a linear organization or a solo seating that interaction
is discouraged.
• Boxed Arrangement (Interactive Work Mode)
o Impact- It will facilitate a collaborative mode of working.
o Interference- furniture arrangement in L-shape, Ushape, box-shape, circular as well as radial
and spaces planned at right angles.
• Adjacency (Mixed Workflow)
o Impact- different workstations are adjacent to each other to facilitate diverse working
conditions.
o Inference- Accessibility, usability, interactions and flow of communication is affected by the
adjacency and proximity of one space to another.
• Territorial Workflow
o Impact- mixed workflow of specific type at macro level. Area is divided visually rather than
physically.
o Inference- space is divided visually by separating the theme of spaces.
• Crowding
o Impact- It is a situation resulting from a dense gathering of people.
o Inference- proximity and concentration of heavy footfall areas highly create crowding like
situations.
o It can generate feelings of restlessness, insecurity and confinement.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 123
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 12.11 Human Proximity.

(Source: Google Images)
3.12. Ergonomics
Ergonomics plays an important role in office in the placement of workstations and services.
Important aspects of ergonomics include optimum placement of equipment and effectively
aligning the workplace into the surrounding environment. Poor ergonomics leads to safety and
health issues, as shown in figure 12.12.

Figure 12.12 Ergonomics for Office Workstation

(Source: Ergonomics, Purdue University
3.13. Orientation
It is another major factor that affects human factors. The orientation of spaces and furniture
affect accessibility, interactions and while the movement of people passes through the back of
workstations, it leads to a loss of privacy among employees which constantly bothers, inversely
affecting employee performance.
3.14. Influence of Spatial Performance on Office Productivity:
Productivity is the increased organizational/office performance while upholding the quality
standards with respect to the defined time frame. Office productivity is directly related to an
employee's job performance.
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 124
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Productivity depends on four primary aspects:

• Personal
• Social
• Organizational
• Environmental
Although it is difficult to get a precise relationship between the various individual factors and
productivity, thorough study and well-thought spatial planning can achieve enhanced office
productivity.
4. CASE STUDIES
4.1. Case Study 1: AICL Communications Office
Location: Andheri West, Mumbai
Area: 6000 sq.ft.
Office Type: Management Consultancy

Figure 12.13 Plan

(Source: Planning, performance and productivity: An inquiry on spatial performance in office
spaces, Patel C.)
4.2. Case study 2: BROWSERSTACK IT Company
Location: Mumbai
Area: 17300 sq.ft.
Office Type: IT, Software Development
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 125
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

Figure 12.14 Plan

(Source: Planning, performance and productivity: An inquiry on spatial performance in office
spaces, Patel C.)
Table 12.1 Parameter chart of the study
S.No Parameter Case Study-1 Case Study-2 Inference
1. Organization Matrix Flat Change in
al Structure Hierarchical Hierarchical structure
Structure Structure
2. Hierarchy Team-based The organization Different office
organizational follows a flat types have
hierarchy. Reflected hierarchy structure different
Through organization where employees organizational
and qualities of spaces are divided based on hierarchy hence
designed for the their require space
leadership. departments. layout reference
to the structure.
3. Space Space planning is Space Based on
Planning done in such a way that planning is done in structure and
open workstations such a way that work type and
and meeting rooms are collaborative functions to be
placed in the major area meeting spaces, performed space
zones creative spaces are layout is
placed in the different for both
major area zones the companies.
4. Area Being a Being a Area distribution
Distribution consultancy software is done on the
firm, more development basis of
space is firm, more dominant and
allotted to space is allotted to adjuvant
private open lounge /group functions that
meeting room workstation and take place
and individual minimal meeting
workstation room area.
5. Work As it is a As it is a Work modes
mode-based consultancy software like

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 126
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

area firm focus development Focus

distribution space i.e., workstation company both Collaborate
is placed in the centre collaboration space as Learn
and covers major part well as focus space is Socialize
of the area ratio. necessary Are once on the
hence collaboration basis of which
space is placed in the also areas are
center and focus categories and
workstations are planned
designed around it.
6. Typology The typology The typology On the basis of
of work of work space Is concentrated interaction and
space is formal majorly as autonomy the
interaction interactive layout is opted to
layout and layout both best suit the
individual formal and company
focus informal as requirements
workstations. work involves
collaboration.
7 Circulation Being a Being a software Defined
in Space consultancy development circulation based
firm primary company primary on level of
circulation circulation is focused privacy and
runs longitudinally in the central control divided
throughout the space collaboration in 3 majors:
with secondary space with secondary Primary
circulation and tertiary Secondary
running in the circulation Tertiary
periphery of running around it.
the layout.
8. Communicat Communication flow is Communication flow Communication
ion flow maintained is maintained flow is determined
based on based on based
organizational organizational on hierarchy and
hierarchy in hierarchy in interaction levels
this case it’s this case it's
restrictive, more interactive
mostly 1 way and to and fro
type and more type for collaborative
Controlled. work
9. Control Rigid Furniture layout Non-fixed Furniture Levels of control
is planned in the center layout is planned in on the space is
to have control. the centre to have determined on
Alternative and non- controlled interaction the bases of work
fixed furniture layout is and alternative performed in that
planned around it working environment. space.
And focus, fixed
space is planned in the
non-disturbed
peripheral area
10. Proximity Ancillary spaces for Ancillary spaces for How near or far
(Adjacency) focus work is placed in collaborative 2 spaces should
the centre for direct work are centralized be, their direct
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 127
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

connectivity for direct connectivity and indirect

with all other with other spaces and connectivity is
spaces around breakout zones. here, determined on
it and indirect semi – private space is the working
connectivity to breakout planned in the structure and
zones. Here, private central part of the hierarchy of the
workstations layout as it ncourages organization.
are placed in the centre. and connects the
major workflow
11. Proximity As it is a As it is a Controlled
(Territorialit consultancy software crowding and
y& firm layout is development few territorial
crowding) more company is spaces should
territorially free flowing also be taken into
divided and and planned consideration in
has a defined proximity as a single territory reference to the
in with flat type previous
hierarchy proximity in parameters.
hierarchy.
12. Interaction Direct interaction is Direct interaction is Distinct Direct and
very focused slightly indirect interaction
and formal informal and scopes in space
based on the collaborative planning should
communication flow type based on be taken in ccount
layout the communication for smooth and
flow layout disciplined
working.
Interaction and
communication
flow are
interdependent to
one another
13. Nodes of Spaces fostering Spaces fostering Major nodes of
interaction Formal interaction is Informal interaction is Interaction should
centrally placed in the Centrally placed in the be marked while
layout to generate a layout to generate a planning to avoid
focused and collaborative chaos and
disciplined workflow. Disturbance within
workflow. the work space
14. Physical Closed: open Closed: open Open to closed
qualities area ratio is area ratio is ratio, glazing.
(Nature of 60:40 making 20:80 making Ventilations are
Space) the layout the layout best suited physical qualities
more rigid for collaborative that differ for
and controlled and creative workflow different
focusing on type workspace,
individual pleasant working
work flow environment
should be one of
the major aims
while planning.
15. Physical Exposed to Well-lit by daylight Adequate
qualities outside views, coming from opposite daylight should
Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 128
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

(Daylight in mostly artificial light facades. be welcomed

Space) used. while planning
16. Physical No direct Offer direct views Views according
qualities outside inside which to work mode and
(Views) connection Produces distraction typology should
which lets in terms of noise be
employees focus. and external proposed for
distraction. maximum
natural benefit.
5. RESULT
Through the comparative analysis of parameter chart of 2 case studies following inferences
were identified:
Collaboration Integration of Collaborative Environment - Incorporation of more "We"
spaces help in creating interaction opportunities while "I" spaces help in concentrated working.
The ideal physical space is considered to be the one that creates a balanced space distribution of
I and We spaces and lets people engage with uninterrupted focus work while encouraging
socializing in abundance [7[.
Visual Co-Presence Connectivity- Face to face interactions are the key to efficient
communication. Easy accessibility, primary circulation flow passing through the work area,
open plan arrangement, clear visual connectivity and visual copresence result in a highly
connected workplace directly infusing face to face interactions [8].
Accessibility Employee Engagement Collaboration- Planning of formal, informal and social
meeting spaces in the nearest proximity to the work area such that they are easily accessible
allows flexibility in the work environment and facilitates intra, inter-team collaboration and
group cohesiveness leading to efficient interactions.
Employee Engagement- Alternate working environment and communal spaces are out most
important to foster casual interactions and give flexibility and choice in work environments.
They play a major role in building work relationships [9].
Job Autonomy Orientation- Circulation flow should be planned and oriented such that it loops
all the interaction nodes as well as envelopes the work area while giving autonomy. Hot-desking
and other mobile work environments are cost effective but reduce autonomy inversely affecting
individual processing of work.
Orientation- Layout of furniture within a space represents the nature of the space, socio petal
planning of spaces at macro level and socio fugal arrangement of workstations at micro level,
help creating a balanced workspace since interaction is encouraged through planning while
individual spaces get the required autonomy.
Reflection of Organizational Values- Ordering spaces based on work relationships directs
efficient flow of communication. Making mistakes and improving on them increases scope of
innovation. Hence when the company has an approach mindset, employees feel free to try out
new things which might result in new ideas.
Spatial Density- Spatial density plays a vital role. When the space is highly concentrated, it
leads to unrest, congestion and crowding.
6. CONCLUSION
The main focus of this research was exploring ways to increase productivity by improving the
quality of the physical environment i.e., the workplace with the aim to reduce stress, encourage
engagement, and help process better work output through design by taking parameters of spatial
planning as lenses of study.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 129
Building and Spaces ISBN: 978-93-93810-64-9

The key finding through this research paper is understanding and conceptualizing a design
framework/layout as it correlates with factors of spatial organization, circulation and
connectivity and physical quantities of space and parameters of proxemics, ergonomics, control
and communication and orientation which reflects the work relationships, organizational
structure, environmental factors impacting on employee’s performance resulting in the overall
office productivity.
The future scope of this research can be focused on defining further constraints and identifying
parameters (like pandemic ready) for generating layouts through generative design by merging
humans, space and technology. Also, future study on conceptualizing similar frameworks by
identifying parameters could be generated for other public spaces to eliminate intuitive linear
design decisions and approaching more of an organic and user experience design layout.
REFERENCES
1. Ching, F.D.K. (2014). “Architecture- Form, Space, & Order.” Cp- 4 pp.183-185 Wiley.
Available: https:// www.google.co.in/ books/edition/ Architecture/ yBzVBAAA
QBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=fr ontcover
2. Patel, C. (2020). “Planning, performance and productivity: An inquiry on spatial
performance in office spaces”. Issuu Inc. 1-15.
3. Andrade, H. (2016). “Performative Space Interior Design. [Online]”. Architecture
Research. 1-10. Available from: https://www.behance.net/gallery/44834059/CRC-Office-
Performative-Space-Interior-Design
4. Baher Ismail Farahat, Helga Omar Alaeddine (2020). “Towards Improving the Quality of
Workspaces for a Better Human Performance in Lebanon”. International Conference on
Architecture and Civil Engineering. 85-102.
5. Harsha Latha, Shantharam Patil & Pradeep G. Kini (2022). “Influence of architectural
space layout and building perimeter on the energy performance of buildings: A systematic
literature review”. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering. 1-44.
6. Mohammad A Hassanain (2010) “Analysis of factors influencing office workplace
planning and design in corporate facilities”. Journal of Building Appraisal. 183–197.
7. Arjun Kaicker, Uli Blum, Philipp Siedler &Lorena Espaillat “Enhancing Workplace
Design through Advanced Floor Plate Analytics”. Technology|Architecture + Design.
8. Zeynab Yousefizadeh, Seyed Hadi Ghoddusifar (2016) “Assessing the role of architectural
space in enhancing human force productivity”. International Journal of Organizational
Leadership 5.199-207.
9. Rasha Mahmoud Ali El-Zeiny (2012). “The Interior Design of Workplace and its Impact
on Employees' Performance: A Case Study of the Private Sector Corporations in Egypt”.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 35 746 – 756.

Ar. Preeti Nair, Prof. Pranay Tanwar, Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid and Ar. Swati Punyal 130
ABOUT THE EDITORS
Ar. Preeti Nair
She is presently working as Associate professor in Department of Architecture, Delhi Technical
Campus, Greater Noida. She has graduated from Giani Zail Singh College of Engineering and
Technology, Bathinda under Punjab Technical University in 2008. She has done her Masters in
M.Ekistics from Jamia Millia Islamic, New Delhi in 2012. She has an experience in the industry
for more than 5 years with wide range of projects varying in institutional and residential projects.
She has been associated with Amity University, Galgotias University since 2012.Her research
interest is in architectural design, urban planning and Town Planning. She is currently pursuing
PhD focusing on the settlement morphology of rural settlements. She has been speakers in many
National and International conferences. She has also authored 5 papers out of which three papers
are in Scopus and 1 in Web of Science Journal.
Prof. Pranay Tanwar
He is currently working as Professor and donning the mantle of Dean Academics at Delhi
Technical Campus, Greater Noida, a premier institute affiliated to GGSIP University, New
Delhi. She has almost twenty-four years of academic experience in teaching and research. Prof
Tanwar is forward thinking and experienced academician, possessing drive, ambition and ability
to make consequential contribution in the field of educational administration. Prof Tanwar
research interest includes optimization, operation research, quantitative research, green design
etc. She has published and presented various articles in Journals and Conferences. Dr Pranay has
been successfully conceptualizing and operationalizing various academic and cultural events.
Dr. Mohd Atif Wahid
He is currently working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical and
Automation Engineering at Delhi Technical Campus (GGSIPU), Greater Noida, India. He is also
the in charge of the Research Cell at the institute level. He received his PhD and Masters in
Mechanical Engineering in the year 2018 and 2013, respectively from Jamia Millia Islamia (A
Central University), New Delhi, India. His major research interest includes, material processing
and characterization, optimization of design using evolutionary approaches, sustainable
engineering, green manufacturing etc. He has approx 10 years of experience including industry,
teaching and research. He is a reviewer of reputed Journals such as International Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology (Springer), Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and
Structures (Emerald), Kovove MaterialyMetallic Materials, Indian Journal of Engineering &
Materials Sciences (NISCAIR), Journal of Engineering Manufacture (SAGE), etc. He has
published and presented above 50 articles in SCI/ Scopus indexed/UGC Journals, International
and National Conferences. Dr Wahid has been an active member in organizing various
international/national conferences, workshops, seminars, webinars etc. He is also the Editor of
various Journals and Conferences.
Ar. Swati Punyal
She is presently working as Assistant Professor in Department of Architecture, Delhi Technical
Campus, Greater Noida. She has graduated from Sushant School of Art and Architecture,
Haryana under GGSIPU in 2014. She has done her Masters in Urban Design from School of
Planning and Architecture, Bhopal in 2018. She has an experience in the academics for more
than 5 years. Her research interest is in Architectural Design, Urban Design and Environmental
Planning. She is currently pursuing PhD focusing on Disaster Resilience planning in Hilly
regions.
ABOUT THE BOOK
This book compiles the current research studies in the field of architecture which explore new technologies and urban
practices. The book topics includes building design and construction, design management and design coordination,
facilities management and various other fields that are related to architectural field. The aim of the book is to build
strong communication link between the research communities. Innovative and multi-disciplinary studies promoting an
integrated approach to planning, design, construction and operation of buildings are especially encouraged. The
primary audience of this book will be academics and professionals from the fields of architecture, landscape design,
urban design, urban planning, civil engineering, computer sciences, and environmental studies. The book will aid
them in their contributions towards sustainable development in built environment.

India | UAE | Nigeria | Uzbekistan | Montenegro | Iraq | Egypt | Thailand | Uganda | Philippines | Indonesia
www.empyrealpublishinghouse.com