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WISH YOU ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR EXAMINATION

Mrphpah;

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 INDEX
CHAPTER TOPIC P.NO

1 INTRODUCTION TO MACRO ECONOMICS 4

2 NATIONAL INCOME 10

3 THEORIES OF EMPLOYEMENT AND INCOME 16

4 CONSUMPTION AND INVESMENT FUNCTIONS 24

5 MONETARY ECONOMICS 32

6 BNKING 40

7 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 47

8 INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION 56

9 FISCAL ECONOMICS 61

10 ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS 68

11 ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING 76

12 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL METHOD AND 83

ECONOMETRICS

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 CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION TO MACRO ECONOMICS

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The branches of the subject Economics is
a) Wealth and welfare b) production and consumption
c) Demand and supply d) micro and macro
2. Who coined the word ‘Macro’?
a) Adam Smith b) J M Keynes c) Ragnar Frisch d) Karl Marx
3. Who is regarded as Father of Modern Macro Economics?
a) Adam Smith b) J M Keynes c) Ragnar Frisch d) Karl Marx
4. Identify the other name for Macro Economics.
a) Price Theory b) Income Theory c) Market Theory d) Micro Theory
5. Macro economics is a study of ___________________.
a) individuals b) firms c) a nation d) aggregates
6. Indicate the contribution of J M Keynes to economics.
a) Wealth of Nations b) General Theory
c) Capital d) Public Finance
7. A steady increase in general price level is termed as_____________.
a) Wholesale price index b) Business Cycle
c) Inflation d) National Income
8. Identify the necessity of Economic policies.
a) to solve the basic problems b) to overcome the obstacles
c) to achieve growth d) all the above
9. Indicate the fundamental economic activities of an economy.
a) Production and Distribution b) Production and Exchange
c) Production and Consumption d) Production and Marketing
10. An economy consists of
a) Consumption sector b) Production sector
c) Government sector d) All the above
11. Identify the economic system where only private ownership of production exists
a) Capitalistic Economy b) Socialistic Economy
c) Globalisic Economy d) Mixed Economy
12. Economic system representing equality in distribution is _________.
a) Capitalism b) Globalism c) Mixedism d) Socialism

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13. Who is referred as ‘Father of Capitalism’?
a) Adam Smith b) Karl Marx c) Thackeray d) J M Keynes
14. The country following Capitalism is ________________ .
a) Russia b) America c) India d) China
15. Identify The Father of Socialism.
a) J M Keynes b) Karl Marx c) Adam Smith d) Samuelson
16. An economic system where the economic activities of a nation are done both
by the private and public together is termed as_____________.
a) Capitalistic Economy b) Socialistic Economy
c) Globalisic Economy d) Mixed Economy
17. Quantity of a commodity accumulated at a point of time is termed as ________
a)production b) stock c) variable d) flow
18. Identify the flow variable.
a) money supply b) assets c) income d) foreign exchange reserves
19. Identify the sectors of a Two Sector Model.
a) Households and Firms b) Private and Public
c) Internal and External d) Firms and Government
20. The Circular Flow Model that represents an open Economy.
a) Two Sector Model b) Three Sector Model
c) Four Sector Model d) All the above
II. Answer the Following Questions in One Or Two Sentences:
21. Define Macro Economics.
 The word ‘Macro’ is derived from the Greek word ‘Makros’ meaning ‘large’.
 Hence, Macro Economics is the study of the economy as a whole.
22. Define the term ‘Inflation’.
A study increase in general price level is called inflation.
23. What is meant by an ‘Economy’?
A system by which people earn their living.
- A.J.Brown
24. Classify the economies based on status of development.
 Developed economics
 Developing economics
 Underdeveloped economics
 Undeveloped economics

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25. What do you mean by Capitalism?
 It is the system of total freedom and private ownership of means of production.
 Adam Smith is the ‘Father of Capitalism’.
26. Define ‘Economic Model’.
It is an explanation of how economy or part of the economy, works.
27. ‘Circular Flow of Income’ - Define.
 It is a model of economy showing connection between different sectors of
economy.
 Such as firms, households, government and nations.
III. Answer the following questions in about a paragraph:
28. State the importance of Macro Economics.
 It’s provides ample opportunities to use scientific investigation to understand the
reality.
 It helps to make meaningful comparison and analysis of economic indicators.
 It helps for better prediction about future and to formulate suitable policies to
avoid economic crises.
29. Describe the different types of economic systems.
 Capitalist Economy – Total freedom and private ownership o means of
production.
 Socialist Economy – Public ownership of means of production.
 Mixed economy – Co-existence of capitalism and Socialism
30. Outline the major merits of capitalism.
 Automatic Working:
Without any government intervention, the economy works automatically.
 Efficient Use of Resources:
All resources are put into optimum use.
 Economic Progress:
Production and productivity levels are very high in capitalistic economies.
31. Indicate the demerits of socialism.
i). Red Tapism and Bureaucracy:
As decisions are taken by government, time delay are approval process may
changes of corruptions.

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 ii). Absence of Incentive:
The major limitation of socialism is that this system does not provide any
incentive for efficiency.
iii). Limited Freedom of Choice:
Consumers do not enjoy freedom of choice over the consumption of goods
and services.
32. Enumerate the features of mixed economy.
 Ownership of Property and Means of Production
 Coexistence of Public and Private Sectors
 Freedom and Control
 Solution to Economic Problems
 Economic Planning
33. Distinguish between Capitalism and Globalism.
S.No Basics Capitalism Globalism
1 Term Adam smith Manfred D Steger
coined by
2 Meaning Production is privately owned Economic activities of a nation are
and market determines the inter connected and inter dependent.
economic activities.
3 Feature Role of government is minimum New market ideology connects the
and the market determines the nations together through
economic activities. international trade.

34. Briefly explain the two sector circular flow model.

(i) Household Sector:
 The household sector is the sole buyer of goods and services, and the sole
supplier of factors of production, i.e., land, labour, capital and organisation.
 The household sector receives income from firm sector by providing the factors
of production owned by it.
(ii) Firms:
 The firm sector generates its revenue by selling goods and services to the
household sector.
 It hires the factors of production, i.e., land, labour, capital and organisation,
owned by the household sector.

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IV. Answer the following questions in one page
page:
35. Discuss the scope of Macro Economics.
i). National Income:
 Measurement of national income and its composition by sectors are the basic
aspects of macroeconomic analysis.
 Its
ts composition provides a long term understanding of the growth process of
an economy.
ii). Inflation:
 A study increase in general price leve
levell is called inflation.
iii). Business Cycle:
 Almost all economies face the problem of business fluctuations and business
cycle.
 The cyclical movements in the economy need to be carefully studied based on
aggregate economic variables.
iv). Economic Growth:
 The growth and development of an economy and the factors determining them
could be understood only through macro analysis.
v). Economic Policies:
 Macro Economics is significant for evolving suitable economic policies.
 To solve the basic problems, to overcome the obstacles and to achieve growth.
36. Illustrate the functioning of an economy based on its activities.
 In an economy, the fundamental economic activities are production and
consumption.
 The ultimate aim of these activities is to
achieve growth.
 The ‘exchange activity’ supports the
production and consumption activities.
 These activities are influenced by several
economic and non-economic
economic activities.
 The major economic activities include
transportation, banking, advertising,
planning, government policy and others.
 The major non-economic
economic activities
are environment, health, education,
entertainment, governance, regulations etc.

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37. Compare the features of capitalism and socialism.
S.No Basics Capitalism Socialism
1 Ownership Private ownership Public ownership
2 Economic motive Profit Social welfare
3 Government role Internal regulation only Complete involvement
4 Income Distribution Unequal Equal
5 Economic freedom Complete freedom Lack of freedom

38. Compare the feature among Capitalism, Socialism and Mixedism.

S.No Basics Capitalism Socialism Mixedism
1 Ownership Private ownership Public ownership Private and public
2 Economic motive
Profit Social welfare Social welfare and
profit motive
3 Government Internal regulation Complete involvement Limited role
role only
4 Income Unequal Equal Less unequal
Distribution
5 Economic Complete freedom Lack of freedom Limited freedom
freedom

@*@*@*@*@*@

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 CHAPTER -2 NATIONAL INCOME
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
1. Net National product at factor cost is also known as
(a) National Income (b) Domestic Income (c) Per capita Income (d) Salary
2. Primary sector is …………………..
(a) Industry (b) Trade (c) Agriculture (d) Construction.
3. National income is measured by using ……….. methods.
(a) Two (b) Three (c) Five (d) Four
4. Income method is measured by summing up of all forms of ……………
(a) Revenue (b) Taxes (c) expenditure (d) Income
5. Which is the largest figure?
(a) Disposable income (b) Personal Income (c) NNP (d) GNP
6. Expenditure method is used to estimate national income in …………..
(a) Construction sector (b) Agricultural Sector
(c) Service sector (d) Banking sector
7. Tertiary sector is also called as ………. sector
(a) Service (b) Income (c) Industrial (d) Production
8. National income is a measure of the ……… performance of an economy.
(a) Industrial (b) Agricultural (c) Economic (d) Consumption
9. Per capita income is obtained by dividing the National income by …………
(a) Production (b) Population of a country (c) Expenditure (d) GNP
10. GNP = ………. + Net factor income from abroad.
(a) NNP (b) NDP (c) GDP (d) Personal income
11. NNP stands for ……….
(a) Net National Product (b) National Net product
(c) National Net Provident (d) Net National Provident
12. ……… is deducted from gross value to get the net value.
(a) Income (b) Depreciation
(c) Expenditure (d) Value of final goods
13. The financial year in India is ……
(a) April 1 to March 31 (b) March 1 to April 30
(c) March 1 to March 16 (d) January 1 to December

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14. When net factor income from abroad is deducted from NNP, the net value is …
(a) Gross National Product (b) Disposable Income
(c) Net Domestic Product (d) Personal Income
15. The value of NNP at production point is called ……
(a) NNP at factor cost (b) NNP at market cost
(c) GNP at factor cost (d) Per capita income
16. The average income of the country is ….
(a) Personal Income (b) Per capita income
(c) Inflation Rate (d) Disposal Income
17. The value of national income adjusted for inflation is called ….
(a) Inflation Rate (b) Disposal Income (c) GNP (d) Real national income
18. Which is a flow concept?
(a) Number of shirts (b) Total wealth
(c) Monthly income (d) Money supply
19. PQLI is the indicator of ………………
(a) Economic growth (b) Economic welfare
(c) Economic progress (d) Economic development
20. The largest proportion of national income comes from …….
(a) Private sector (b) Local sector (c) Public sector (d) None of the above
II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
21. Define National Income.
“The labour and capital of country acting on its natural resources produce annually
a certain net aggregate of commodities, material and immaterial including services of
all kinds.
This is the true net annual income or revenue of the country or national dividend”.
-Alfred Marshall.
22. Write the formula for calculating GNP.
GNP at Market Prices = GDP at Market Prices + Net Factor income from Abroad.
23. What is the difference between NNP and NDP?
S.No Basics NNP NDP
1 Meaning To the value if the net output It is the value of net output of the economy
of the economy during the year. during the year.
2 Formula NNP=GNP-Depreciation NDP = GDP- Depreciation

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24. Trace the relationship between GNP and NNP.
S.No Basics GNP NNP
1 Meaning It is the total measure of the flow of To the value if the net output
the final goods and service at market of the economy during the year.
value in a country during a year.
2 Formula GNP = GDP + Net factor income NNP=GNP-Depreciation

25. What do you mean by the term ‘Personal Income’?

 It is the total income received by the individuals of a country from all sources
before payment of direct taxes in a year.
 Personal Income = National Income – (Social Security contribution and
undistributed corporate profit) + Transfer Payments
26. Define GDP deflator.
 It is an index of price changes of goods and services included in GDP.
 GDP deflator = Nominal GDP x 100
Real GDP
27. Why is self consumption difficult in measuring national income?
 Farmers keep a large portion of food and other goods produced on the farm for
self consumption.
 The problem is whether that part of the produce which is not sold in the market
can be included in national income or not.
III. Answer the following questions in one Paragraph.
28. Write a short note on per capita income.
 The average income of a person of a country in a particular year is called Per
Capita Income.
 Per capita income = National income / Population.
29. Differentiate between personal and disposable income.
S.No Basics Personal Income Disposable Income
1 Meaning It is the total income received by the individuals It is the individuals income after
before payment of direct taxes in a year the payment of income tax.
2 Implication It is never equal to the national income. This is the amount available for
households for consumption.
3 Formula Personal Income = National income – Disposable income =
(Social security contribution) + Personal income – Direct tax
Transfer Payments

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30. Explain briefly NNP at factor cost.
 NNP refers to the market value of output.
 Whereas NNP at factor cost is the total of income payment made to factors of
production.
 NNP at factor cost = NNP at Market prices – Indirect taxes + Subsidies.
31. Give short note on Expenditure method.
 Under this method, the total expenditure incurred by the society in a particular
year is added together.
 To calculate the expenditure of a society, GNP = C + I + G + (X-M).
C - Private consumption expenditure
I - Private Investment Expenditure
G - Government expenditure
X-M = Net exports
32. What is the solution to the problem of double counting in the estimation
of national income?
 To avoid double counting either the value of the final output should be
taken into the estimate of GNP or the sum of values added should be taken.
 Double counting is to be avoided under the valued added method.
 Any commodity which is either raw material or intermediate goods for the final
production should not be included.
33. Write briefly about national income and welfare.
 National income is considered as an indicator of the economic wellbeing of a
country.
 The economic progress of countries is measured in terms of their GDP per capita
and their annual growth rate.
 A country with a higher per capita income is supposed to enjoy greater economic
welfare with a higher standard of living.
34. List out the uses of national income.
 To know the relative importance of the various sectors of the economy and their
contribution towards national income.
 To formulate he national policies such as monetary policy, fiscal policy and other
policy.
 To formulate planning and evaluate plan progress.

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IV. Answer the following questions in about a page.
35. Explain the importance of national income.
 To know the relative importance of the various sectors of the economy and their
contribution towards national income.
 To formulate the national policies such as monetary policy, fiscal policy and other
policies.
 To formulate planning and evaluate plan progress.
 To build economic models both in short - run and long - run.
 To know a country’s per capita income which reflects the economic welfare of the
country.
 To arrive at many macro economic variables namely, Tax – GDP ratio, Current
Account Deficit - GDP ratio, Fiscal Deficit - GDP ratio, Debt - GDP ratio etc.
36. Discuss the various methods of estimating the national income of a
country.
i). Product Method
 It is measures the output of the country.
 It is also called inventory method.
 The gross value of output from different sectors like agriculture, industry,
trade and commerce, etc., is obtained for the entire economy during a year.
 Care must be taken to avoid double counting.
ii). Income Method (Factor Earning Method)
 This method approaches national income from the distribution side.
 It is calculated by adding up all the incomes generated in the course of
producing national product.
 It is also called Factor Earning Method.
iii). Expenditure method.
 The total expenditure incurred by the society in a particular year is added
together.
 To calculate the expenditure of a society, GNP = C + I + G + (X-M).
C - Private consumption expenditure I - Private Investment Expenditure
G - Government expenditure X-M = Net exports
37. What are the difficulties involved in the measurement of national
income?
i). Transfer payments:
 These are government expenditure.
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  Government makes payments in the form of pensions, unemployment
allowance, subsidies, etc.
 But they are not included in the national income.
ii). Difficulties in assessing depreciation allowance:
 The deduction of depreciation allowances, accidental damages, and repair and
replacement charges from the national income is not an easy task.
 It requires high degree of judgment to assess the depreciation allowance and
other charges.
iii). Unpaid services:
 A housewife renders a number of useful services like preparation of meals,
serving, tailoring, mending, washing, cleaning, bringing up children, etc.
iv). Income from illegal activities:
 Income earned through illegal activities like gambling, smuggling, illicit
extraction of liquor, etc., is not included in national income.
v). Production for self-consumption and changing price
 Farmers keep a large portion of food and other goods produced on the farm for
self consumption.
38. Discuss the importance of social accounting in economic analysis.
i). In Classifying transaction:
 Economic activities in a country involves innumerable transactions relating
to buying and selling, paying and receiving income exporting and importing,
paying taxes, etc.
ii). In Understanding Economic Structure:
 It helps us to understand the structure of the body economic.
iii). In Understanding different sector and flows:
 It’s throw light on the relative importance of the different sectors and flows
in the economy.
iv). In Clarifying relations between concepts:
 It’s help in clarifying the relationships between such related concepts as
net national product at factor cost and gross national product at market
prices.
v). In Guiding the Investigator:
 Social accounts are a guide for the economic investigator by indicating the
type of data which might be collected for analyzing the behavior of the
economy.

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 CHAPTER -3 THEORIES OF EMLOYEMENT AND INCOME

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Every able bodied person who is willing to work at the prevailing wage rate is
employed called as ……….
(a) Full employment (b) Under employment
(c) Unemployment (d) Employment opportunity
2. Structural unemployment is a feature in a ………..
(a) Static society (b) Socialist society
(c) Dynamic society (d) Mixed economy
3. In disguised unemployment, the marginal productivity of labour is …..
(a) Zero (b) One (c) Two (d) Positive
4. The main concention of the Classical Economic Theory is ……..
(a) Under employment (b) Economy is always in the state of equilibrium
(c) Demand creates its supply (d) Imperfect competition
5. J.B. Say is a …………………….
(a) Neo Classical Economist (b) Classical Economist
(c) Modern Economist (d) New Economist
6. According to Keynes, which type of unemployment prevails in capitalist economy
(a) Full employment (b) Voluntary unemployment
(c) Involuntary unemployment (d) Under employment
7. The core of the classical theory of employment is …………
(a) Law of Diminishing Return (b) Law of Demand
(c) Law of Markets (d) Law of Consumption
8. Keynes attributes unemployment to …………..
(a) A lack of effective supply (b) A lock of effective demand
(c) A lack of both (d) None of the above
9. ………. Flexibility brings equality between saving and investment.
(a) Demand (b) Supply (c) Capital d) Interest
10. ……theory is a turning point in the development of modern economic theory.
(a) Keynes’ (b) Say’s (c) Classical (d) Employment
11. The basic concept used in Keynes Theory of Employment and Income is……….
(a) Aggregate demand (b)Aggregate supply
(c) Effective demand (d) Marginal Propensity Consume

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12. The component of aggregate demand is ………….
(a) Personal demand (b) Government expenditure
(c) Only export (d) Only import
13. Aggregate supply is equal to ………….
(a) C + I + G (b) C + S + G + (x-m)
(c) C + S + T + (x-m) (d) C + S + T + Rf
14. Keynes theory pursues to replace laissez faire by …………
(a) No government intervention (b) Maximum intervention
(c) State intervention in certain situation (d) Private sector intervention
15. In Keynes theory of employment and income, ………….. is the basic cause of
economic depression.
(a) Less production (b) More demand
(c) Inelastic supply
(d) Less aggregate demand in relation to productive capacity.
16. Classical theory advocates ……
(a) Balanced budget (b) Unbalanced budget
(c) Surplus budget (d) Deficit budget
17. Keynes theory emphasized on …… equilibrium.
(a) Very short run (b) Short run (c) Very long run (d) Long run
18. According to classical theory, rate of interest is a reward for ……
(a) Investment (b) Demand (c) Capital (d) Saving
19. In Keynes theory , the demand for and supply of money are determined by ….
(a) Rate of interest (b) Effective demand
(c) Aggregate demand (d) Aggregate supply
20. Say’s law stressed the operation of …………. in the economy.
(a) Induced price mechanism (b) Automatic price mechanism
(c) Induced demand (d) Induced investment
II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
21. Define full employment.

Full Employment as the absence of involuntary unemployment.

- Keynes

22. What is the main feature of rural unemployment?

It is the existence of unemployment in the form of disguised unemployment and

seasonal unemployment.

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23. Give short note on frictional unemployment.
 It’s arises due to imbalance between supply of labour and demand for labour.
 This is because of immobility of labour, lack of necessary skills, break down of
machinery, shortage of raw materials etc.
24. Give reasons for labour retrenchment at present situation.
It means termination of service of a workman by an employer for any reason
whatsoever.
25. List out the assumptions of Say’s law.
 No single buyer or seller of commodity
 Full employment
 People are motivated by self interest and economic decisions.
 Money acts only as a medium exchange.
26. What is effective demand?
 Money actually spent by the people on products of industry.
 The money which entrepreneurs receive is paid in the form of rent, wages,
interest and profit.
 ED = Y = C + I = Output = Employment
27. What are the components of aggregate supply?
Aggregate Supply = C + S + T + Rf
 Consumption expenditure
 Private savings
 Net tax payments
 Personal transfer payments to the foreigners
III. Answer the following questions in a paragraph.
28. Explain the following in short
(i) Seasonal unemployment (ii) Frictional unemployment
(iii) Educated unemployment
i). Seasonal unemployment:
 Its occurs during certain seasons of the year.
 In agriculture and agro based industries like sugar, production activities are
carried out in some seasons.
ii). Frictional Unemployment.
 It’s arises due to imbalance between supply of labour and demand for labour.
 This is because of immobility of labour, lack of necessary skills, break down
of machinery, shortage of raw materials etc.

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 iii). Educated unemployment
unemployment:
 Sometimes educated people are under employed or unemployed when
qualification does not match the job.
 Faulty education system, lack of employable skills.
29. According to classical theory of employment, how wage reduction solve
the problem of unemployment diagrammatically explain.

 Classical economists assumed that full employment condition can be achieved by

cutting down the wag rate.

 Unemployment would be eliminated when

wages are determined by the mechanism of economy.

 When wage rate is OW then employment is ON,

as the wage rate us reduced to OW1, then he

employment is ON1.

 Organization would prefer to hire new employees and more at lower wage rate.
30. Write short note on the implications of Say’s law.
 There is no possibility for over production or unemployment.
 As automatic price mechanism operates in the economy, there is no nee
need for
government intervention.
 Interest flexibility brings about equality between saving and investment.
 Money performs only the medium of exchange function in the economy
economy.
31. Explain Keynes’ theory in the form of flow chart.

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32. What do you mean by aggregate demand
demand?? Mention its components.

The aggregate demand is the amount of money which entrepreneurs expect

to get by selling the output produced by the number of laborers employed.

Components:

 Consumption demand (C)

 Investment demand (I)
 Government expenditure (G)
 Net Export (export – import) (X-M)

33. Explain about aggregate supply with the help of diagram.

Meaning of Aggregate Supply

It refers to the value of total output of goods and services produced in an economy
in a year.
Formula: Aggregate Supply = C + S + T + Rf
Components:
 Aggregate consumption expenditure (C)
 Aggregate private savings (S)
 Net tax payments (T)
 Personal transfer payments to the foreigners (Rf)
 The figure shows the shape of the two aggregate
supply curves drawn for the assumption of fixed
money wages and variable wages.
 Z curve is linear where money wages remains fixed;
 Z1 curve is non - linear since wage rate increases with employment.
34. Write any five differences between Classism
lassism and Keynesianism.
Keynesianism
S.No Keynesianism Classism
1 Short rub equilibrium Long –run
run equilibrium
2 Saving is a vice Saving is a social virtue
3 Macro approach to national problems Micro foundation to macro problems
4 Demand creates own supply Supply creates own demand
5 Rate of interest is a flow. Rate of interest is a stock

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IV. Answer the following questions in about page.
35. Describe the types of unemployment.
i). Cyclical Unemployment
 This unemployment exists during the downturn phase of trade cycle in the
economy.
ii).
). Seasonal unemployment:
 It’s
s occurs during certain seasons of the year.
 In agriculture and agro based industries like sugar, production activities are
carried out in some
me seasons.
iii). Frictional Unemployment.
nemployment.
 It’s arises due to imbalance between supply of labour and demand for
labour.
iv). Educated unemployment
unemployment:
 Sometimes educated people are under employed or unemployed when
qualification does not match the job.
v). Structural unemployment
unemployment:
 It is due to drastic change in the structure of the society.
36. Critically explain Say’s law of market.
i). Says’ Law: “Supply creates its own demand”
ii). Explanation off Say’s Market Law
Law:
 When goods are produced by firms in the economy, they pay reward to the
factors of production.
 The households after receiving rewards of the factors of production spend the
amount on the purchase of goods and services produced by them.
iii). Says Law Chart:

iv). Assumptions:
 No single buyer or seller of commodity or an input can affect price.
 Full employment.
 There is wage-price
price flexibility.
 Money acts only as a medium of exchange.
 Long - run analysis.

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 Criticisms off Say’s Law
Law:
 According to Keynes, supply does not create its demand.
 Automatic adjustment process will not remove unemployment.
 Money is not neutral.
 Say‟s
s law is based on wrong proposition.
 Keynes regards full employment as a special case.
37. Narrate the equilibrium between ADF and ASF with diagram.
i). ADF and ASF:
Under the Keynes theory of employment a simple two sector economy consisting of
the household sector and the business sector is taken to understand the equilibrium
between ADF and ASF.
ii). Equations:
 Aggregate Demand
d AD = C + I + G + (X – M)
 Aggregate Supply AS = C + S + T + Rf
 Effective Demand ED = Y = C + I = Output = Employment
iii). Equilibrium Point:
Effective Demand = AD = AS
iv). Diagram:

v). Diagram Explanation:

 The aggregate demand and aggregate supply reach equilibrium at point E.
 The employment level is No at that point.
 At ON1 employment, the aggregate supply is N1 R1.
 But they are able to produce M1 N1.
 The expected level of profit is M1 R1
 The equilibrium level of employment need not be the full employment level.
 It is
s understood that the difference between No – Nf is the level of
unemployment.

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38. Explain the differences between Classical theory and Keynes theory.
S.No Basis Classical Theory Keynes Theory

1 Equilibrium Long run equilibrium Short run equilibrium

2 Savings Saving is a social virtue Saving is a vice

3 Approach Micro foundation to macro Macro approach to national

problems problems
4 Output Supply creates own demand Demand creates own supply

5 Employment Full employment Unemployment

@*@*@*@*@*@*@

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 CHAPTER – 4 CONSUMPTION AND
INVESTMENT FUNCTIONS

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The average propensity to consume is measured by
a) C/Y b) CxY c) Y/C d) C+Y
2. An increase in the marginal propensity to consume will:
a) Lead to consumption function becoming steeper
b) Shift the consumption function upwards
c) Shift the consumption function downwards
d) Shift savings function upwards
3. If the Keynesian consumption function is C=10+0.8 Y then, if disposable income
is Rs 1000, what is amount of total consumption?
a) ₹ 0.8 b) ₹ 800 c) ₹ 810 d) ₹ 0.81
4. If the Keynesian consumption function is C=10+0.8Y then, when disposable
income is Rs 100, what is the marginal propensity to consume?
a) ₹ 0.8 b) ₹ 800 c) ₹ 810 d) ₹ 0.81
5. If the Keynesian consumption function is C=10+0.8 Y then, and disposable
income is Rs. 100, what is the average propensity to consume?
a) ₹ 0.8 b) ₹ 800 c) ₹ 810 d) ₹0.9
6. As national income increases
a) The APC falls and gets nearer in value to the MPC.
b) The APC increases and diverges in value from the MPC.
c) The APC stays constant
d) The APC always approaches infinity.
7. As increase in consumption at any given level of income is likely to lead
a) Higher aggregate demand b) An increase in exports
c)A fall in taxation revenue d) A decrease in import spending
8. Lower interest rates are likely to :
a) Decrease in consumption b) increase cost of borrowing
c) Encourage saving d) increase borrowing and spending
9. The MPC is equal to :
a) Total spending / total consumption b) Total consumption/total income
c) Change in consumption /change in income d) none of the above.

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10. The relationship between total spending on consumption and the total income
is the ___________________
a) Consumption function b) Savings function
c) Investment function d) aggregate demand function
11. The sum of the MPC and MPS is _______
a)1 b) 2 c) 0.1 d) 1.1
12. As income increases, consumption will _________
a)fall b) not change c) fluctuate d) increase
13. When investment is assumed autonomous the slope of the AD schedule is
determined by the _____
a) marginal propensity to invest b) disposable income
c) marginal propensity to consume d) average propensity to consume
14. The multiplier tells us how much __________ changes after a shift in _____
a) Consumption , income b) investment, output
c) savings, investment d) output, aggregate demand
15. The multiplier is calculated as
a) 1/(1-MPC) b) 1/MPS c) 1/MPC d) a and b
16. It the MPC is 0.5, the multiplier is ____________
a) 2 b)1/2 c) 0.2 d) 20
17. In an open economy import _________ the value of the multiplier
a) Reduces b) increase c) does not change d) changes
18. According to Keynes, investment is a function of the MEC and _____
a) Demand b) Supply c) Income d) Rate of interest
19. The term super multiplier was first used by
a) J.R.Hicks b) R.G.D. Allen c) Kahn d) Keynes
20. The term MEC was introduced by
a) Adam Smith b) J.M. Keynes c) Ricardo d) Malthus
II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
21. What is consumption function?
 It is a functional relationship between two aggregates viz., total consumption
and gross national income.
 C = f (Y)
22. What do you mean by propensity to consume?
 Prosperity to consume refers to income consumption relationship.
 When income increase consumption also increase.

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23. Define average propensity to consume (APC).
 The average propensity to consume is the ratio of consumption expenditure to
any particular level of income.”
 APC = C/Y
24. Define marginal propensity to consume (MPC).
 The marginal propensity to consume may be defined as the ratio of the change in
the consumption to the change in income.
 MPC = ΔC / ΔY
25. What do you mean by propensity to save?
 It is the relationship between income and consumption that is when income
increases, consumption also increase.
26. Define average propensity to save (APS).
 The average propensity to save is the ratio of saving to income.
 It is the ratio of total savings to total income.
 APS = S / Y
27. Define Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS).
 Marginal Propensity to Save is the ratio of change in saving to a change in
income.
 MPS is obtained by dividing change in savings by change in income.
 MPS = ΔS / ΔY
28. Define Multiplier.
 The ratio of the change in national income to change in investment.
 K =ΔY/ΔI
- J.M Keynes
29. Define Accelerator.
“The accelerator coefficient is the ratio between induced investment and an
initial change in consumption.”
III. Answer the following questions in one paragraph
30. State the propositions of Keynes’s Psychological Law of Consumption
 When income increases, consumption expenditure also increases but by a smaller
amount.
 The increased income will be divided in some proportion between consumption
expenditure and saving.
 Increase in income always leads to an increase in both consumption and saving.

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31. Differentiate autonomous and induced investment.
S.No Autonomous Investment Induced Investment
1 Independent Planned
2 Income inelastic Income elastic
3 Welfare motive Profit Motive

32. Explain any three subjective and objective factors influencing the
consumption function.
i). Subjective Factors
 The motive of calculation: The desire to enjoy interest and appreciation.
 The motive of financial independence.
 The motive of enterprise (desire to do forward trading).
ii). Objective Factors
 Income distribution:
There is large disparity between rich and poor.
 Price level: When the price falls, real income goes up.
 Wage level:
Wage level plays an important role in determining the consumption
function.
33. Mention the differences between accelerator and multiplier effect
S.No Accelerator Multiplier
1 It is the ratio between induced The ratio of the change in national
investment and an initial change income to change in investment.
in consumption.
2 Change in consumption Change in investment forms the
expenditure forms the effect. effect.
3 β =ΔI/ΔC K =ΔY/ΔI
34. State the concept of super multiplier.
 The super multiplier is worked out by combining both induced consumption and
induced investment.
 It is greater than simple multiplier.
 It is K and β integration, Y = C + IA + IP
35. Specify the limitations of the multiplier.
 It assumes that those who earn income are likely to spend a proportion of their
additional income on consumption.

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  But in practice people tend to spend their additional income on other items.
 Such expenses are known as leakage.
 These leakage are the limitation of multiplier
 Payment towards past debts
 Purchase of existing wealth
 Import of goods and service.
IV. Answerr the following questions in a page
36. Explain Keynes psychological law of consumption function with
diagram.
i). Meaning:
The law implies that there is a tendency on the part of the people to spend on
consumption less than the full increment of income.
ii). Assumptions:
 The other variables such as inc
income
ome distribution, tastes, habit,
habit social
customs, price movements, population growth, etc, do not.
 The law holds good under normal conditions.
 People may spend the whole of increased income on consumption.
 The law operates in a rich capital economy where there is no government
intervention.
iii). The three propositions of the law:
Income Consumption Savings
(Y) (C) S=Y-C
120 120 0
180 170 10
240 220 20
iv). Explanations:
Proposition (1):
Income increases by ₹ 60 crores and the increase in consumption is by ₹ 50
crores.
Proposition (2):
The increased income of ₹ 60 crores in each case is divided in some
proportion between consumption and saving respectively. .
Proposition (3):
As income increases consumption as well as saving increase. Neither
consumption nor saving has fallen.
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37. Briefly explain the subjective and objective factors of consumption
function?
i). Subjective Factors
 The motive of precautions: to build up a reserve against unforeseen
contingencies.
 The motive of foresight: The desire to provide for anticipated future needs.
 The motive of calculation: The desire to enjoy interest and appreciation.
 The motive of financial independence.
 The motive of enterprise (desire to do forward trading).
ii). Objective Factors
 Income distribution:
There is large disparity between rich and poor.
 Price level: When the price falls, real income goes up.
 Wage level:
It plays an important role in determining the consumption function.
 Fiscal Policy:
When government reduces the tax the disposable income rises and the
propensity to consume of community increase.
38. Illustrate the working of Multiplier.
Meaning:
 The multiplier is defined as the ratio of the change in national income to
change in investment.
 If ΔI stands for increase in investment and ΔY stands for resultant increase
in income, the multiplier K =ΔY/ΔI.
Multiplier K = 1/1 - MPC
 The multiplier is the reciprocal of one minus marginal propensity to
consume. Since marginal propensity to save is 1 - MPC. (MPC+MPS =1).
 Multiplier is 1/ MPS.
 The multiplier is therefore defined as reciprocal of MPS.
 Multiplier is inversely related to MPS and directly with MPC.
Working of Multiplier:
 Suppose the Government undertakes investment expenditure equal to
Rs.100 crore on some public works, by way of wages, price of materials etc.
 Thus income of labourers and suppliers of materials increases by Rs.100
crore. Suppose the MPC is 0.8 that is 80 %.

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  A sum of Rs.80
80 crores is spent on consumption .
 As a result, suppliers of goods get an income of Rs. 80 crores.
 They intern spend Rs.64 crore.
 In this manner consumption expenditure and increase in iincome act in a
chain like manner.
The final result is ΔY = 100+100
100+100×4/5+100 ×[4/5]2+100×[4/5]
+100×[4/5]3
39. Explain the operation of the Accelerator.
Meaning:
 It is the numerical value of the relation between an increase in consumption and the
resulting increase in investment.
Accelerator (β)= ΔI / ΔC
Operation of the Acceleration principle:
 To
o produce 1000 consumer goods, 100 machines are required.
 Life
ife of a machine is 10 years.
 This means that every year 10 machines have to be replaced in order to maintain the
constant flow of 1000 consumer goods.
 This might be called replacement demand.
 Demand for consumer goods rises by 10 percent. That causes increase in demand
for 10 more machines.
 So that total demand for machines is 20.
 It may be noted here a 10 percent increase in demand for consumer goods causes a
100 percent increase in dem
demand for machines.
Operation of Accelerator.
 SS is the saving curve.
 II is the investment curve.
 At point E1,, the economy is in equilibrium with OY
OY1.
 Saving and investment are equal at OI 2.
 Now, investment is increased from OI
OI2 to OI 4.
 This increases income from OY
OY1 to OY3, the equilibrium point being E3.
E
 If the increase in investment by II2 I4 is purely exogenous, then the increase in
income by Y1 Y3 would have been due to the multiplier effect.
 But in this diagram it is assumed that exogenous investment is only by II2 I3 and
induced investment is by I3
3 I4.
 Therefore, increase in income by Y
Y1 Y2 is due to the multiplier effect and the
increase in income by Y2 Y
Y3 is due to the accelerator effect.

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40. What are the differences between MEC and MEI.
S.No MEC MEI
1 It is based on given supply price for It is bases on the induced change in
capital. the price due to change in the
demand for capital.
2 It represents the rate of return on all It shows the rate of return on just
successive units of capital without those units of capital over and above
regard to existing capital. the existing capital stock
3 The capital stock is taken on the X The amount of investment is taken on
axis of diagram. the X –axix of diagram.
4 It is a stock concept It is a flow concept
5 It determines the optimum capital It determines the net investment of
stock in an economy at each level of the economy at each interest rate
interest rate. given the capital stock.

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 CHAPTER – 5 MONETARY ECONOMICS
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The RBI Headquarters is located at
(a) Delhi (b) Chennai (c) Mumbai (d) Bengaluru
2. Money is
(a) acceptable only when it has intrinsic value
(b) constant in purchasing power
(c) the most liquid of all assets
(d) needed for allocation of resources
3. Paper currency system is managed by the
(a) Central Monetary authority (b) State Government
(c) Central Government (d) Banks
4. The basic distinction between M1 and M2 is with regard to .
(a) post office deposits (b) time deposits of banks
(c) saving deposits of banks (d) currency
5. Irving Fisher’s Quantity Theory of Money was popularized in
(a) 1908 (b) 1910 (c) 1911 (d) 1914
6. MV stands for
(a) demand for money (b) supply of legal tender money
(c) Supply of bank money (d) Total supply of money
7. Inflation means
(a) Prices are rising (b) Prices are falling
(c) Value of money is increasing (d) Prices are remaining the same
8. _________ inflation results in a serious depreciation of the value of money.
(a) Creeping (b) Walking (c) running (d) Hyper
9. _________ inflation occurs when general prices of commodities increases due to
increase in production costs such as wages and raw materials.
(a) Cost-push (b) demand pull (c) running (d) galloping
10. During inflation, who are the gainers?
(a) Debtors (b) Creditors
(c) Wage and salary earners (d) Government
11. ___________ is a decrease in the rate of inflation.
(a) Disinflation (b) Deflation (c) Stagflation (d) Depression

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12. Stagflation combines the rate of inflation with
(a) Stagnation (b) employment (c) output (d) price
13. The study of alternating fluctuations in business activity is referred to in
Economics as
(a) Boom (b) Recession (c) Recovery (d) Trade cycle
14. During depression the level of economic activity becomes extremely
(a) high (b) bad (c) low (d) good
15. “Money can be anything that is generally acceptable as a means of exchange
and that the same time acts as a measure and a store of value”, This definition
was given by
(a) Crowther (b) A.C.Pigou (c) F.A.Walker (d) Francis Bacon
16. Debit card is an example of
(a) currency (b) paper currency (c) plastic money (d) money
17. Fisher Quantity Theory of money is based on the essential function of money as
(a) measure of value (b) store of value
(c) medium of exchange (d) standard of deferred payment
18. V in MV = PT equation stands for
(a) Volume of trade (b) Velocity of circulation of money
(c) Volume of transaction (d) Volume of bank and credit money
19. When prices rise slowly, we call it
(a) galloping inflation (b) mild inflation
(c) hyper inflation (d) deflation
20. __________ inflation is in no way dangerous to the economy.
(a) walking (b) running (c) creeping (d) galloping
II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
21. Define Money.
“ Money is, what money does”
- Walker.
22. What is barter?
 Before money was invented the exchange of goods for goods was known as “Barter
System”.
23. What is commodity money?
 It is the value from the commodity by which it is made.
 Commodity money has value in itself and value in its use of money.
 Example: Jewels

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24. What is gold standard?
 It is a system in which the standard currency is directly linked with gold.
25. What is plastic money? Give example.
 It is the advanced form of financial products and it is an alternative to cash.
 Example: Credit cards, Debit cards, smart cards
26. Define inflation.
Too much of money chasing too few goods.
- Coulbourn
27. What is Stagflation?
Combination of stagnant economic growth, high employment and high inflation.
III. Answer the following questions in one paragraph.
28. Write a note on metallic money.
 Some kind of metal either gold or silver is used to determine the standard value of
the money and currency.
 Standard coins made out of the metal are the principal coins used under the
metallic standard.
 Their face value is equal to their intrinsic metal value.
29. What is money supply?
 It means the total amount of money in an economy.
 It refers to the amount of money which s in circulation in an economy at any given
time.
 Money supply plays a crucial role in the determination of price level and interest
rates.
30. What are the determinants of money supply?
i). Currency Deposit ratio:
 The ratio of money held by the public in currency to that they hold in bank
deposits.
ii). Reserve Deposit Ratio:
 Vault cash in banks
 Deposits of commercial banks with RBI.
iii). Cash Reserve Ratio:
 It is the fraction of the deposits the banks must keep with RBI.
31. Write the types of inflation.
i). Based on Speed:
 Creeping inflation

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  Walking inflation
 Running inflation
 Galloping inflation
ii). On the basis of Demand and Cost:
 Demand - Pull inflation
 Cost- Push inflation
iii). On the basis of Inducement:
 Currency inflation
 Credit inflation
 Deficit induced inflation
 Profit induced inflation
 Tax induced inflation
32. Explain Demand-pull and Cost push inflation.
i). Demand-Pull Inflation:
 Demand and supply play a crucial role in deciding the inflation levels in the
society at all points of time.
 For instance, if the demand is high for a product and supply is low, the
price of the products increases.
ii). Cost-Push Inflation:
 When the cost of raw materials and other inputs rises inflation results.
 Increase in wages paid to labour also leads to inflation.
33. State Cambridge equations of value of money.
i) Marshall’s Equation
The Marshall equation is expressed as: M = KPY
Where
 M is the quantity of money
 Y is the aggregate real income of the community
 P is Purchasing Power of money
 K represents the fraction of the real income
 The value of money is 1/P = KY/M
ii) Keynes’ Equation
Keynes equation is expressed as: n = pk (or) p = n / k
Where
 n is the total supply of money
 p is the general price level of consumption goods

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  k is the totall quantity of consumption units
 Keynes indicates that K is a real balance,
nce, because it is measured in terms of
consumer goods.
34. Explain disinflation.
 It is the slowing down the rate of inflation by controlling the amount of
credit available to consumers without causing more unemployment.
 The
he process of reversing inflation without creating unemployment or
reducing output in the economy.
IV. Answer the following questions in about a page
35.. Illustrate Fisher’s Quantity theory of money.
The general form of equation given by Fisher: MV = PT
M – Quantity of money V – Velocity if money
P – Price level T – Volume of Transaction
 The
he total quantity of money (MV) will be equal to the total value of all goods and
services bought and sold (PT).
 Supply of Money = Demand for Money
Money.
 This equation is referred to as “Cash Transaction Equation”.
Extended Form of Equation:
Fisher extended his original equation of exchange to include bank deposits M1 and
its velocity V1. The revised equation was: PT = MV + M1V1
P = MV + M1V1
T
 The quantity of money in circulation ‘M’
 The velocity of circulation of money ‘V’
 The volume of bank credit money M1
M
 The velocity of circulation of credit
money V1 and the volume of trade (T)
(
Figure (A):
 It shows the effect of changes in the
quantity of money on the price level. When
the quantity of money is OM, the price level
is OP.
 When the quantity of money is doubled to OM2, the price level is also doubled to
OP2.
 Further, when the quantity of money is increased four
four-fold
fold to OM4, the price
level also increases by four times to OP
OP4.
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 Figure (B):
 It shows the inverse relation between the quantity of money and the value of
money, where the value of money is taken on the vertical axis.
 With the quantity of money increasing by four-fold to OM4, the value of
money is reduced by OI / P4.
 This inverse relationship between the quantity of money and the value of
money is shown by downward sloping curve I O / P = f(M).
36. Explain the functions of money.

A). Primary Functions:

i) Money as a medium of exchange:
 This is considered as the basic function of money.
 The quality of general acceptability, and all exchanges take place in terms.
ii) Money as a measure of value:
 Money is that it measures the value of goods and services.
B). Secondary Functions
i) Money as a Store of value:
 Savings done in terms of commodities were not permanent.
 This difficulty has now disappeared and savings are now done in terms of
money.
ii) Money as a Standard of Deferred Payments:
 In the absence of money, the borrowed amount could be returned only in
terms of goods and services.
C. Contingent Functions
i) Basis of the Credit System:
 Money is the basis of the Credit System.
 Business transactions are either in cash or on credit.
ii) Money facilitates distribution of National Income:
 The task of distribution of national income was exceedingly complex under
the barter system.
D. Other Functions
i) Money helps to maintain Repayment Capacity:
 To maintain its repayment capacity, every firm has to keep assets in the
form of liquid cash.
ii) Money represents Generalized Purchasing Power:
 Purchasing power kept in terms of money can be put to any use.

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37. What are the causes and effects of inflation on the economy?
Causes:
i) Increase in Money Supply:
 Inflation is caused by an increase in the supply of money which leads to
increase in aggregate demand.
ii) Increase in Disposable Income:
 When the disposable income of the people increases, it raises their demand for
goods and services.
iii) Increase in Public Expenditure:
 Government activities have been expanding due to developmental activities
and social welfare programmes.
iv). Cheap Money Policy:
 The policy of credit expansion also leads to increase in the money supply
Effects of Inflation
a. Effects on Production:
 The profit due to rising prices encourages and induces business class to
increase their investments in production, leading to generation of employment
and income.
b. Effects on Distribution
i) Debtors and Creditors:
 During inflation, debtors are the gainers while the creditors are losers.
ii. Investors:
 The investors, who generally invest in fixed interest yielding bonds and
securities have much to lose during inflation.
38. Describe the phases of Trade cycle.

i) Boom:
 The movement of the economy beyond full employment is characterized as
boom period.
 During this period money wages rise, profits increase and interest rates go up.
ii) Recession:
 The turning point from boom condition is called recession.
 This happens at higher rate, than what was earlier.
iii) Depression:
 The level of economic activity becomes extremely low.
 Interest prices, profits and wages are low.

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  The agricultural class and wage earners would be worst hit.
 Depression is the worst phase of the business cycle.
iv. Recovery:
 This is the turning point from depression to revival towards upswing.
 It begins with the revival of demand for capital goods.
 Autonomous investments boost the activity.
 Recovery may be initiated by innovation or investment or by government
expenditure.

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 CHAPTER – 6 BANKING
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. A Bank is a
a) Financial institution b) Corporate
c) An Industry d) Service institutions
2. A Commercial Bank is an institutions that provides services
a) Accepting deposits b) Providing loans
c) Both a and b d) None of the above
3. The Functions of commercial banks are broadly classified into
a) Primary Functions b) Secondary functions
c) Other functions d) a, b, and c
4. Bank credit refers to
a) Bank Loans b) Advances
c) Bank loans and advances d) Borrowings
5. Credit creation means.
a) Multiplication of loans and advances b) Revenue
c) Expenditure d) Debt
6. NBFI does not have.
a) Banking license b) government approval
c) Money market approval d) Finance ministry approval
7. Central bank is --------------- authority of any country.
a) Monetary b) Fiscal c) Wage d) National Income
8. Who will act as the banker to the Government of India?
a) SBI b) NABARD c) ICICI d) RBI
9. Lender of the last resort is one of the functions of.
a) Central Bank b) Commercial banks
c) Land Development Banks d) Co-operative banks
10. Bank Rate means.
a) Re-discounting the first class securities b) Interest rate
c) Exchange rate d) Growth rate
11. Repo Rate means.
a) Rate at which the Commercial Banks are willing to lend to RBI
b) Rate at which the RBI is willing to lend to commercial banks
c) Exchange rate of the foreign bank
d) Growth rate of the economy
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12. Moral suasion refers.
a) Optimization b) Maximization c) Persuasion d) Minimization
13. ARDC started functioning from
a) June 3, 1963 b) July 3, 1963 c) June 1, 1963 d) July 1, 1963
14. NABARD was set up in.
a) July 1962 b) July 1972 c) July 1982 d) July 1992
15. EXIM bank was established in.
a) June 1982 b) April 1982 c) May 1982 d) March 1982
16. The State Financial Corporation Act was passed by
a) Government of India b) Government of Tamilnadu
c) Government of Union Territories d) Local Government.
17. Monetary policy his formulated by.
a) Co-operative banks b)Commercial banks
c) Central Bank d) Foreign banks
18. Online Banking is also known as.
a) E-Banking b) Internet Banking c) RTGS d) NEFT
19. Expansions of ATM.
a) Automated Teller Machine b) Adjustment Teller Machine
c) Automatic Teller mechanism d) Any Time Money
20. 2016 Demonetization of currency includes denominations of
a) Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 b) Rs.1000 and Rs. 2000
c) Rs. 200 and Rs. 500 d) All the above
II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences
21. Define Commercial banks.
These are the institutions that make short term loans to business and in
the process create money.
22. What is credit creation?
 It means the multiplication of loans and advances.
 Commercial banks receive deposits from the public and use these
deposits to give loans.
23. Define Central bank.
 It is an institution that manages a state’s currency, money supply, and interest
rates.
 Central banks also usually oversee the commercial banking system.

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24. Distinguish between CRR and SLR.

S.No CRR SLR

1 The commercial Bank has to The amount which a bank has to
maintain reserve with the RBI maintain form of cash or gold.

2 Regulates the flow of money Ensure the solvency of the banks

in the economy

25. Write the meaning of Open market operations

 In narrow sense, the Central Bank starts the purchase and sale of Government
securities in the money market.
 In Broad Sense, the Central Bank purchases and sells not only Government
securities but also other proper eligible securities like bills and securities of
private concerns.
26. What is rationing of credit?
 This is the oldest method of credit card
 It aims to control and regulate the purposes for which credit is granted by
commercial banks.
27. Manson the functions of agriculture credit department.
 To maintain an expert staff to study all questions on agricultural credit.
 To provide expert advice to central and state government state cooperative
banks and other banking activities.
III. Answer the following questions in about a paragraph
28. Write the mechanism of credit creation by commercial banks.
 Credit creation means the multiplication of loans and advances.
 Banks have the power to expand or contact demand deposits and they
exercise this power through granting more or less loans and advances and
acquiring other assets.
 This power of commercial bank to create deposits through expanding
their loans and advances is known as credit creation
29. Give a brief note on NBFI.
 A non banking financial institution is a financial institution that does not have
a full banking license or is not supervised by the central bank.
 It’s do not carry on pure banking business, but they will carry on other
financial transactions.

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  It can be broadly classified into two categories. i). Stockxchange ii). Other
financial Institutions.
30. Bring out the methods of credit control.
Methods of Credit Control

General Selective
i). Bank Rate i). Rationing of credit
ii). Open Market operation ii). Direct action
iii). Variable Cash Reserve Ratio iii) Moral suasion
iv). Publicity
v). Regulation of Consumer Credit
vi). Marginal Requirements
31. What are the functions of NABARD?
 It acts as a refinancing institution for all kinds of production and investment
credit to agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and village industries.
 It provides short-term, medium-term and long-term credits to state co-operative
Banks SCBs, RRBs, LDBs.
 It gives long-term loans to State Government to enable them to subscribe to the
share capital of co-operative credit societies.
32. Specify the functions of IFCI.
 Industrial Finance Corporation of India provides assistance to the industrial
concern.
 Long term loans both rupees and foreign currencies.
 Underwriting of equality, preference and debenture issues.

33. Distinguish between money market and capital market.

S.No Basis Money Market Capital Market

1 Meaning The mechanism through System which is concerned with
which Short term funds are raising capital by dealing in share,
loaned and borrowed Bonds and other long term investments.
2 Financial Treasury Bills, Commercial Shares, Debenture, Bonds,
Instruments Papers, Certificate Of Deposits, Retained Earnings,
Trade Credit Asset Securitization.
3 Institutions Central bank, Commercial Commercial bank, Stock Exchange
Bank

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34. Mention the objectives of demonetizations.
Meaning:
 It is the act of stripping a currency unit of its status as legal tender.
 It occurs whenever there is a change of national currency
Objectives of Demonetisation
 Removing Black Money from the country.
 Stopping of Corruption.
 Stopping Terror Funds.
 Curbing Fake Notes

IV. Answer the following questions in one page

35. Explain the role of Commercial Banks in economic development.
i). Capital Formation:
 Banks play an important role in capital formation, which is essential for the
economic development of a country.
ii). Creation of Credit:
 Banks create credit for the purpose of providing more funds for development
projects.
 Credit creation leads to increased production, employment, sales and prices.
iii). Channelizing the Funds towards Productive Investment:
 Banks invest the savings mobilized by them for productive purposes.
 Capital formation is not the only function of commercial banks.
iv). Encouraging Right Type of Industries:
 Many banks help in the development of the right type of industries by
extending loan to right type of persons.
 For the economic development of the country.
v). Employment Generation
 After the nationalization of big banks, banking industry has grown to a
great extent.
 Bank’s branches are opened frequently, which leads to the creation of new
employment opportunities.
36. Elucidate the functions of Commercial Banks.
A). Primary Function:
i). Accepting Deposits:
 It implies that commercial banks are mainly dependent on public deposits.
 There are two types of deposits which are discussed as follows
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  Demand Deposit
 Time Deposit
ii). Advancing Loans:
 It refers to granting loans to individuals and business.
 Commercial bank grants loans in the form of overdraft, cash credit, and
discounting bills of exchange.
B. Secondary Function:
i). Agency Function:
It implies that commercial banks act as agents of customers by performing
various functions.
 College Cheques
 Collecting Income
 Paying Expenses
ii). General Utility Functions:
 Providing Locker Facilities
 Issuing Travelers Cheque
iii). Transferring funds:
 It refers to transferring of funds from one bank to another.
 Funds are transferred by means of draft, telephonic transfer, and electronic
transfer.
C).Other Functions:
Money Supply
Credit Creation
37. Describe the functions of Reserve Bank of India.
i). Monetary Authority:
 It controls the supply of money in the economy to stabilize exchange rate,
maintain healthy balance of payment, attain financial stability, control
inflation.
ii). The issuer of currency:
 The objective is to maintain the currency and credit system of the country.
 It is the sole authority to issue currency.
 It also takes action to control the circulation of fake currency.
iii). The issuer of Banking License:
 As per Sec 22 of Banking Regulation Act, every bank has to obtain a
banking license from RBI to conduct banking business in India.

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 iv). Banker to the Government:
 It acts as banker both to the central and the state governments.
 It provides short-term credit.
5. Banker’s Bank:
 RBI is the bank of all banks in India as it provides loan to banks, accept the
deposit of banks, and rediscount the bills of banks.
38. What are the objectives of Monetary Policy? Explain.
1. Neutrality of Money:
 That monetary authority should aim at neutrality of money in the economy.
 Monetary changes could be the root cause of all economic fluctuations.
2. Exchange Rate Stability:
 Exchange rate stability was the traditional objective of monetary authority.
 This was the main objective under Gold Standard among different countries.
3. Price Stability:
 Price stabilization as a main objective of monetary policy.
 Price stability is considered the most genuine
4. Full Employment
 During world depression, the problem of unemployment had increased
rapidly.
 It was regarded as socially dangerous, economically wasteful and morally
deplorable.
5. Economic Growth
 It is the process whereby the real per capita income of a country increases
over a long period of time.
 It implies an increase in the total physical or real output.

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 CHAPTER – 7 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Trade between two countries is known as ………….trade
a) External b) Internal c) Inter-regional d) Home
2. Which of the following factors influence trade?
a) The stage of development of a product
b) The relative price of factors of productions.
c) Government. d) All of the above.
3. International trade differs from domestic trade because of
a) Trade restrictions b) Immobility of factors
c) Different government policies d) All the above
4. In general, a primary reason why nations conduct international trade is because
a) Some nations prefer to produce one thing while others produce another
b) Resources are not equally distributed among all trading nations
c) Trade enhances opportunities to accumulate profits
d) Interest rates are not identical in all trading nations
5. Which of the following is a modern theory of international trade?
a) absolute cost b) comparative cost
c) Factor endowment theory d) none of these
6. Exchange rates are determined in
a) money market b) foreign exchange market
c) stock market d) capital market
7. Exchange rate for currencies is determined by supply and demand under the
system of
a) Fixed exchange rate b) Flexible exchange rate
c) Constant d) Government regulated
8. Net export equals ……
a) Export x Import b) Export + Import
c) Export – Import d) Exports of services only
9. Who among the following enunciated the concept of single factoral terms of
trade?
a) Jacob Viner b) G.S.Donens c) Taussig d) J.S.Mill

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10. Terms of Trade of a country show ……………
a) Ratio of goods exported and imported b) Ratio of import duties
c) Ratio of prices of exports and imports d) Both (a) and (c)
11. Favorable trade means values of exports are ……. Than that of imports.
a) More b) Less c) More or Less d) Not more than
12. If there is an imbalance in the trade balance (more imports than exports), it
can be reduced by
a) Decreasing customs duties b) increasing export duties
c) Stimulating exports d) stimulating imports
13. BOP includes
a) Visible items only b) invisible items only
c) Both visible and invisible items d) merchandise trade only
14. Components of balance of payments of a country includes
a) Current account b) Official account
c) Capital account d) All of above
15. In the case of BOT,
a) Transactions of goods are recorded.
b) Transactions of both goods and services are recorded.
c) Both capital and financial accounts are included. d) All of these
16. Tourism and travel are classified in which of balance of payments accounts?
a)merchandise trade account b) services account
c)unilateral transfers account d) capital account
17. Cyclical disequilibrium in BOP occurs because of
a) Different paths of business cycle.
b) The income elasticity of demand or price elasticity of demand is different.
c) long-run changes in an economy d) Both (a) and (b).
18. Which of the following is not an example of foreign direct investment?
a) the construction of a new auto assembly plant overseas
b) the acquisition of an existing steel mill overseas
c) the purchase of bonds or stock issued by a textile company overseas
d) the creation of a wholly owned business firm overseas
19. Foreign direct investments not permitted in India
a) Banking b) Atomic energy
c) Pharmaceutical d) Insurance

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20 Benefits of FDI include, theoretically
a) Boost in Economic Growth
b) Increase in the import and export of goods and services
c) Increased employment and skill levels d) All of these
II. Answer the following questions. Each question carries 2 marks.
21. What is International Economics?
It is that branch of economics which is concerned with the exchange of
goods and services between two or more countries.
22. Define international trade.
 To the trade exchange of goods and services between two or more countries.
 It is also called as external trade or foreign trade
23. State any two merits of trade.
 Trade is one of the powerful forces of economic integration.
 It brings foreign exchange to our country.
24. What is the main difference between Adam Smith and Ricardo with
regard to the emergence of foreign trade?
Adam Smith Ricardo
The basis of international trade was A country can gain from trade
absolute cost advantage. When it produces at relatively lower costs.

25. Define Terms of Trade.

 It is the rate at which the goods of one country are exchanged for goods of
another country.
26. What do you mean by balance of payments?
It is a systematic record of a country’s economic and financial transaction with the
rest of the world over a period of a time.
27. What is meant by Exchange Rate?
 It is the price paid in the home currency for a unit of foreign currency that is
the rate at which one currency is exchanged for another currency.
III. Answer the following questions. Each question carries 3 marks.
28. Describe the subject matter of International Economics.
i). Pure Theory of Trade
This explains the causes for foreign trade, volume of trade, balance of trade
and balance of payments.

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 ii). Policy Issues
It covers the policy issues like methods of regulating trade, use of taxation,
foreign aid, foreign direct investment, disequilibrium in the balance of payments.
iii). International Cartels and Trade Blocs
It deals with the economic integration in the form of customs unions,
monetary unions, and operation of MNCs.
29. Compare the Classical Theory of international trade with Modern Theory
of International trade.
S.No Classical Theory Modern Theory
1 The phenomenon of international The phenomenon of international trade
trade on the basis of labor theory of on the basis of general theory of value.
value.
2 Labour Labour and capital
3 It attributes the differences in the It attributes the difference in
comparative costs to differences in comparative costs to the difference
the productive efficiency of workers in in factor endowments in the two
the two countries. countries.

30. Explain the Net Barter Terms of Trade and Gross Barter Terms of Trade.
S.No Net Barter Terms Gross Barter Terms
1 The ratio between the prices of exports It is an index of relationship between total
and of imports. It is named viner physical quantity of imports and the total
as the commodity terms of trade. physical quantity of exports.
2 Tn = (Px/Pm) x 100 Tg = (Qm/Qx) x 100

31. Distinguish between Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments.

S.No Balance of Trade Balance of Payments
1 It refer the total value of countries It is a systematic record of a country
export commodities and import economic and financial transaction with
commodities. rest of world over a period.
2 It can be favorable, unfavorable or Both receipts and payments side should
Balance tallies.
3 It is a component of current It is a components are current account
account of a balance of payments. and capital account

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32. What are import quotas?
 It is a quantitative limit fixed on the import of some type of goods.
 It may be fixed either interms of quantity or the value of the product.
 This is imposed to conserve foreign exchange or product domestic consumption.
33. Write a brief note on flexible exchange rate.
 It is also known as floating exchange rate.
 Under this system exchange rate are freely determined in an open market by
market force of demand and supply.
 Market prices that vary day to day.
34. State the objectives of Foreign Direct Investment.
 Sales expansion
 Acquisition of resource
 Diversification
 Minimization of competitive risk.
IV. Answer the following questions. Each question carries 5 marks.
35. Discuss the differences between Internal Trade and International Trade.
S.No Internal Trade International Trade
1 It takes place between different It takes place between different individuals
individuals and firm within the same and firms in different countries.
nation.
2 Labour and capital move freely from Labour and capital don’t move freely from
one region to another. one region to another.
3 There is no restriction There are no of restriction
4 This only one common currency There are different currency
5 Trade and financial regulations are Trade and financial regulations are
more or less the same. different between countries.

36. Explain briefly the Comparative Cost Theory.

Meaning:
 A country can gain from trade when it produces at relatively lower costs.
- Ricardo
 Even when a country enjoys absolute advantage in both goods, the country
would specialize in the production and export of those goods which are
relatively more advantageous.

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  Similarly, even when a country has absolute disadvantage in production of
both goods, the country would specialize in production and export of the
commodity in which it is relatively less disadvantageous.
Assumptions
 There are only two nations and two co
commodities.
 Labour is the only element of cost of production.
 All laborers are of equal efficiency.
 No change in technology.
 No transport cost.
 Perfect competition.
 Full employment.
 No government intervention.
Explanation:
 India should concentrate on the production of wheat in which she enjoys a
comparative costt advantage.
 America will specialize in the production of cloth and export it to India in
exchange for wheat.
 With trade, India can get 1 unit of cloth and 1 unit of wheat by using its 160
labour units.
 With trade, America can get 1 unit of cloth and one unit of wheat by using its
200 units of labour.
37. Discuss the Modern Theory of International Trade.
i). Factor endowment model
 Developed by Heckscher and Ohlin
 Countries with a relative factor abundance can specialize and trade
 Abundance of skilled labour → specialization → export → exchange for goods
are services produced by countries with abundance of unskilled labour
ii). The Theory
 Difference
ifference in the endowm
endowments
ents of factors of production between countries.
countries
 Differences
ifferences in the factor proportions required in production.

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 Assumptions
 There are two countries, two commodities and two factors. (2x2x2 model)
 Countries differ in factor endowments.
 Commodities are categorized in terms of factor intensity.
 Countries use same production technology.
 Countries have identical demand conditions.
Explanation
“A capital-abundant country will export the capital –intensive goods, while the
labour-abundant country will export the labour-intensive goods”.
- Heckscher - Ohlin,
38. Explain the types of Terms of Trade given by Viner.
i). Net Barter Terms of Trade:
 The ratio between the prices of exports and of imports is called the “net
barter terms of trade’.
 It is named by Viner as the ‘commodity terms of trade’.
 It is expressed as: Tn= (Px / Pm) x 100
Where,
Tn = Net Barter Terms of Trade
Px = Index number of export prices
Pm = Index number of import prices
ii). Gross Barter Terms of Trade
 It is an index of relationship between total physical quantity of imports and
the total physical quantity of exports.
 It is expressed as: Tg= (Qx/Qm) x 100
Where,
Qm = Index of import quantities
Qx = Index of export quantities
iii). Income Terms of Trade
 It is the index of the value of exports divided by the price index for imports
multiplied by quantity index of experts.
 It is expressed as: Ty = (Px / Pm)Qx

Where,
Px = Price index of exports
Pm = Price index of imports
Qx = Quantity index of exports
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39. Bring out the components of balance of payments account.
i) The Current Account:
 It includes all international trade transactions of goods and services,
international service transactions and international unilateral transfers.
ii) The Capital Account:
 Financial transactions consisting of direct investment and purchases of
interest- bearing financial instruments, non- interest bearing demand deposits
and gold fall under the capital account.
iii) The Official Reserve Assets Account:
 Official reserve transactions consist of movements of international reserves by
governments and official agencies to accommodate imbalances arising from
the current and capital accounts.
40. Discuss the various types of disequilibrium in the balance of payments.
i). Cyclical Disequilibrium:
 Two countries may be passing through different phases of business cycle.
 Tthe elasticity’s of demand may differ between countries.
ii). Secular Disequilibrium:
 The secular or long-run disequilibrium in BOP occurs because of long-run.
 In the initial stages of development, domestic investment exceeds domestic
savings and imports exceed exports, as it happens in India since 1951.
iii). Structural Disequilibrium:
 Structural changes in the economy may also cause such structural changes
include development of alternative sources of supply, development of better
substitutes, exhaustion of productive resources or changes in transport routes
and costs.
41. How the Rate of Exchange is determined? Illustrate.
Rate of Exchange is determined:
 The equilibrium rate of exchange is determined in the foreign exchange market
in accordance with the general theory of value.
 The interaction of the forces of demand and supply.
 Thus, the rate of exchange is determined at the point where demand for forex
is equal to the supply of forex.
Explanation:
 In the above diagram, Y axis represents exchange rate, that is, value of rupee
in terms of dollars.
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  X axis represents demand
and supply of forex.
 E is the point of equilibrium where DD
Intersects SS.
 The exchange rate is P2.

42. Explain the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and

economic development.
 It help to increase the investment level and thereby the income and employment
in the host country.
 It may facilitate transfer of technology to the recipient country.
 FDI may also bring revenue to the government of host countr
country.
 When
hen it taxes profits of foreign firms or gets royalties from concession
agreements.
 A part of profit from direct foreign investment may be ploughed back into the
expansion, modernization or development of related industries.
 Foreign capital may enabl
enablee the country to increase its exports and reduce
import requirements.
equirements. And thereby ease BO
BOPP disequilibrium.
 Foreign investment may also help increase competition and break domestic
monopolies.

@*@*@*@*@*@*@

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 CHAPTER – 8 INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC
ORGANIZATION
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
1. International Monetary Fund was an outcome of
a) Pandung Conference b) Dunkel Draft
c) Bretton Woods Conference d) Doha Conference
2. International Monetary Fund is having its headquarters at
a) Washington D.C. b) New York c) Vienna d) Geneva
3. IBRD is otherwise called
a) IMF b) World Bank c) ASEAN d) International Finance Corporation
4. The other name for Special Drawing Rights is
a) Paper gold b) Quotas
c) Voluntary Export Restrictions d) None of these
5. The organization which provides long term loan is
a) World Bank b) International Monetary Fund
c) World Trade Organisation d) BRICS
6. Which of the following countries is not a member of SAARC?
a) Sri Lanka b) Japan c) Bangladesh d) Afghanistan
7. International Development Association is an affiliate of
a) IMF b) World Bank c) SAARC d) ASEAN
8. ---------- relates to patents, copyrights, trade secrets, etc.,
a) TRIPS b) TRIMS c) GATS d) NAMA
9. The first ministerial meeting of WTO was held at
a) Singapore b) Geneva c) Seattle d) Doha
10. ASEAN meetings are held once in every __________ years
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
11. Which of the following is not the member of SAARC?
a) Pakistan b) Sri Lanka c) Bhutan d) China
12. SAARC meets once in ----------- years.
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
13. The headquarters of ASEAN is
a) Jaharta b) New Delhi c) Colombo d) Tokyo
14. The term BRIC was coined in
a) 2001 b) 2005 c) 2008 d) 2010
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15. ASEAN was created in
a) 1965 b) 1967 c) 1972 d) 1997
16. The Tenth BRICS Summit was held in July 2018 at
a) Beijing b) Moscow c) Johannesburg d) Brasilia
17. New Development Bank is associated with
a) BRICS b) WTO c) SAARC d) ASEAN
18. Which of the following does not come under ‘Six dialogue partners’ of ASEAN?
a) China b) Japan c) India d) North Korea
19. SAARC Agricultural Information Centre (SAIC) works as a central information
institution for agriculture related resources was founded on
a) 1985 b) 1988 c) 1992 d)1998
20. BENELUX is a form of
a) Free trade area b) Economic Union
c) Common market d) Customs union
II. Answer the following questions (2 marks)
21. Write the meaning of Special Drawing rights.
 They are form of international reserves created by IMF in 1969 to solve the
problem of international liquidity.
 It is also called as paper gold.
22. Mention any two objectives of ASEAN.
 To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in
the region.
 To promote regional peace and stability and adherence to the principles of the
United Nations Charter.
23. Point out any two ways in which IBRD lends to member countries.
 Loans out of its own fund
 Loans out of borrowed capital.
24. Define Common Market.
A group formed by countries within a geographical area to promote duty free trade
and free movement of labour and capital among its members.
25. What is Free trade area?
It is the region encompassing a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a
free-trade agreement (FTA).
26. When and where was SAARC Secretariat established?
SAARC secretariat was established in Kathmandu (Nepal) on 16th January 1987.

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27. Specify any two affiliates of World Bank Group.
 International development (IDA)
 International Finance Corporation (IFC)
III. Answer the following questions (3 marks):
28. Mention the various forms of economic integration.
i). Economic integration
 It takes the form of Free Trade Area, Customs Union, Common Market
and Economic Union.
ii)). A free trade area
 It is the region encompassing a trade bloc whose member countries
have signed a free-trade agreement (FTA).
iii). A customs union
 It is a type of trade block which is composed of a free trade area with
no tariff among members and with a common external tariff.
 Ex; BENELUX (Belgium, Netherland and Luxumbuarg).
29. What are trade blocks?
 Some countries create business opportunities for themselves by integrating their
economies in order to avoid unnecessary competition among them.
 Trade blocks cover different kinds of arrangements between or among countries
for mutual benefit.
 Economic integration takes the form of Free Trade Area, Customs Union, Common
Market and Economic Union.
30. Mention any three lending programmes of IMF.
 Basic Credit Facility:
 Extended Fund Facility
 Compensatory Financing Facility
 Buffer Stock Facility
 Supplementary Financing Facility
31. What is Multilateral Agreement?
 It is a multinational legal or trade agreements between countries.
 It is an agreement between more than two countries but not many.
 The agreements reduce tariffs and make it easier for business to import and
export.

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32. Write the agenda of BRICS Summit, 2018.
 Inclusive growth
 Trade issues
 Global governance
 Shared prosperity
 International peace and security
33. State briefly the functions of SAARC.
 Maintenance of the cooperation in the region.
 Prevention of common problems associated with the member nations.
 Ensuring strong relationship among the member nations.
34. List out the achievements of ASEAN.
 The main achievement of ASEAN has been the maintenance of an uninterrupted
period of peace and stability.
 ASEAN’s modernization efforts have brought about changes in the region’s
structure of production.
 It has been the fourth largest trading entry in the world.
IV. Answer the following questions (5 marks)
35. Explain the objectives of IMF.
 To promote international monetary cooperation among the member nations.
 To facilitate faster and balanced growth of international trade.
 To eliminate or reduce exchange controls imposed by member nations.
 To promote the flow of capital from developed to developing nations.
 To solve the problem of international liquidity.
36. Bring out the functions of World Bank.
i. Investment for productive purposes
 The World Bank performs the function of assisting in the reconstruction and
development of territories of member nations through facility of investment for
productive purposes.
ii. Balanced growth of international trade
 Promoting the long range balanced growth of trade at international level and
the maintaining equilibrium in BOPs of member nations by encouraging
international investment.
iii. Provision of loans and guarantees
 Arranging the loans or providing guarantees on loans by various other
channels so as to execute important projects.

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 iv. Promotion of foreign private investment
 The promotion of private foreign investment by means of guarantees on loans
and other investment made by private investors.
v. Technical services
 The World Bank facilitates different kinds of technical services to the member
countries through Staff College and experts.
37. Discuss the role of WTO in India’s socio economic development.
 By reducing tariff on raw materials, components and capital goods, it was able to
import more.
 India gets market access in several countries without any bilateral trade
agreements.
 Advanced technology has been obtained at cheaper cost.
 India is in a better position to get quick redressal from the trade disputes.
 The Indian exporters benefited from wider market information.
38. Write a note on a) SAARC b) BRICS
a) SAARC
 The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation is an organisation of
South Asian nations, which was established on 8 December 1985.
 The SAARC Group comprises of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, The Maldives,
Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
 In April 2007, Afghanistan became its eighth member.
 To accelerate the process of economic and social development of member
states through joint action in the agreed areas of cooperation.
 The SAARC Secretariat was established in Kathmandu (Nepal) on 16th
January 1987.
b) BRICS
 BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national
economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
 Its headquarter is at Shanghai, China.
 The new development bank formed the BRICS development bank was
established by BRICS states.
 The BRICS countries make up 21 percent of global GDP.
 They have increased their share of global GDP threefold in the past 15
years.
 The BRICS are home to 43 percent of the world population.

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 CHAPTER – 9 FISCAL ECONOMICS
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
1. The modern state is
a) Laissez-faire state b) Aristocratic state
c) Welfare state d) Police state
2. One of the following is NOT a feature of private finance
a) Balancing of income and expenditure b) Secrecy
c) Saving some part of income d) Publicity
3. The tax possesses the following characteristics
a) Compulsory b) No quid pro quo
c) Failure to pay is offence d) All the above
4. Which of the following canons of taxation was not listed by Adam smith?
a) Canon of equality b) Canon of certainty
c) Canon of convenience d) Canon of simplicity
5. Consider the following statements and identify the correct ones.
i. Central government does not have exclusive power to impose tax which is not
mentioned
ii. The Constitution also provides for transferring certain tax revenues from
union list to states.
a) i only b) ii only c) both d) none
6. GST is equivalence of
a) Sales tax b) Corporation tax c) Income tax d) Local tax
7. The direct tax has the following merits except
a) equity b) convenient c) certainty d) civic consciousness
8. Which of the following is a direct tax?
a) Excise duty b) Income tax c) Customs duty d) Service tax
9. Which of the following is not a tax under Union list?
a) Personal Income Tax b) Corporation Tax
c) Agricultural Income Tax d) Excise duty
10. “Revenue Receipts” of the Government do not include
a) Interest b) Profits and dividents
c) Recoveries and loans d) Rent from property
11. The difference between revenue expenditure and revenue receipts is
a. Revenue deficit b. Fiscal deficit c. Budget deficit d. Primary deficit

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12. The difference between total expenditure and total receipts including loans
and other liabilities is called
a. Fiscal deficit b. Budget deficit c. Primary deficit d. Revenue deficit
13. The primary purpose of deficit financing is
a) Economic development b) Economic stability
c) Economic equality d) Employment generation
14. Deficit budget means
a) An excess of government’s revenue over expenditure
b) An excess of government’s current expenditure over its current revenue
c) An excess of government’s total expenditure over its total revenue
d) None of above
15. Methods of repayment of public debt is
a) Conversion b) Sinking fund c) Funded debt d) All these
16. Conversion of public debt means exchange of
a) new bonds for the old ones b) low interest bonds for higher interest bonds
c) Long term bonds for short term bonds d) All the above
17. The word budget has been derived from the French word “bougette” which means
a) A small bag b) An empty box
c) A box with papers d) None of the above
18. Which one of the following deficits does not consider borrowing as a receipt?
a) Revenue deficit b) Budgetary deficit
c) Fiscal deficit d) Primary deficit
19. Finance Commission determines
a) The finances of Government of India b) The resources transfer to the states
c) The resources transfer to the various departments d) None of the above
20. Consider the following statements and identify the right ones.
i. The finance commission is appointed by the President
ii. The tenure of Finance commission is five years
a) i only b) ii only c) both d) none

II. Two mark questions

21. Define public finance.
Public finance is an investigation into the nature and principles of the state
revenue and expenditure.
- Adam smith

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22. What is public revenue?
 Public revenue deals with the methods of raising public revenue such as tax and
non-tax.
23. Differentiate tax and fee.
Basis Tax Fees
Meaning It is a compulsory payment by It is charged by public
the citizens to the government authorities for rendering a
to meet the public expenditure. service to the citizens.
Compulsion It is legally imposed by the There is no compulsion involved
government on the tax payer. in case of fees.

24. Write a short note on zero based budget.

 It involves fresh evaluation of expenditure in the Government budget, assuming
it as a new item.
 The review has been made to provide justification.
25. Give two examples for direct tax.
 Corporation Tax
 Income Tax
26. What are the components of GST?
 CGST: Collected by the Central Government on an intra-state sale
 SGST: Collected by the State Government on an intra-state sale
 IGST: Collected by the Central Government for inter-state sale
27. What do you mean by public debt?
It deals with the methods of raising loans from internal and external sources.

III. Three mark questions:

29. Describe canons of Taxation.
i. Canon of Ability:
 The Government should impose tax in such a way that the people have to pay
taxes according to their ability.
ii. Canon of Certainty:
 The Government must ensure that there is no uncertainty regarding the rate
of tax or the time of payment.
iii. Canon of Convenience:
 The method of tax collection and the timing of the tax payment should suit the
convenience of the people.

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30. Mention any three similarities between public finance and private
finance.
 Rationality: Both public finance and private finance are based on rationality
 Limit to borrowing: Both have to apply restraint with regard to borrowing.
 Resource utilization: Both the private and public sectors have limited
resources.
31. What are the functions of a modern state?
 Creating economic and social overhead.
 Ensuring stability in both internal and external.
 Conserving resources for sustainable development.
 Defense
 Judiciary
32. State any three characteristics of taxation.
 A tax is a compulsory payment made to the government.
 Every tax involves some sacrifice on part of the tax payer.
 A tax is not levied as a fine or penalty for breaking law.
33. Point out any three differences between direct tax and indirect tax.
Basis Direct Tax Indirect Tax
Meaning It is referred to as the tax, levied It is referred to as the tax levied
on persons income and wealth. on a person who consumes the
goods and services.
Nature Progressive Regressive
Impact Falls on the same person Falls on the different persons

34. What is primary deficit?

 Primary deficit is equal to fiscal deficit minus interest payments.
 It shows the real burden of the government and it does not include the interest
burden on loans taken in the past.
 Primary Deficit (PD) = Fiscal deficit (PD) - Interest Payment (IP)
35. Mention any three methods of redemption of public debt.
i). Sinking Fund
 The Government establishes a separate fund known as “Sinking Fund”.
 The Government credits every year a fixed amount of money to this fund.

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 ii). Conversion
 Conversion of loans is another method of redemption of public debt.
 It means that an old loan is converted into a new loan.
iii). Budgetary Surplus
 When the Government presents surplus budget, it can be utilized for
repaying the debt.

IV. Five mark questions:

37. Explain the scope of public finance.
i). Public Revenue:
 The methods of raising public revenue such as tax and non-tax, the principles
of taxation, rates of taxation, impact, incidence and shifting of taxes and their
effects.
ii). Public Expenditure:
 This part studies the fundamental principles that govern the Government
expenditure, effects of public expenditure and control of public expenditure.
iii). Public Debt:
 The methods of raising loans from internal and external sources.
 The burden, effects and redemption of public debt fall under this head.
iv). Financial Administration:
 This part deals with the study of the different aspects of public budget.
 The budget is the Annual master financial plan of the Government.
v). Fiscal Policy:
 Taxes, subsidies, public debt and public expenditure are the instruments of
fiscal policy.
38. Bring out the merits of indirect taxes over direct taxes.
i) Wider Coverage:
 All the consumers, whether they are rich or poor, have to pay indirect taxes.
 For this reason, it is said that indirect taxes can cover more people than direct
taxes.
ii) Equitable:
 The indirect tax satisfies the canon of equity when higher tax is imposed on
luxuries used by rich people.
iii) Economical
 Cost of collection is less as producers and retailers collect tax and pay to the
Government.
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  The traders act as honorary tax collectors.
iv) Checks harmful consumption
 The Government imposes indirect taxes on those commodities which are
harmful to health e.g. tobacco, liquor etc.
 They are known as sin taxes.
v) Convenient
 Indirect taxes are levied on commodities and services.
 Whenever consumers make purchase, they pay tax along with the price.
39. Explain the methods of debt redemption.
i). Sinking Fund
 The Government establishes a separate fund known as “Sinking Fund”.
 The Government credits every year a fixed amount of money to this fund.
ii). Conversion
 Conversion of loans is another method of redemption of public debt.
 It means that an old loan is converted into new loan.
iii). Budgetary Surplus
 When the Government presents surplus budget, it can be utilized for repaying
the debt.
iv). Terminal Annuity
 Government pays off the public debt on the basis of terminal annuity in equal
annual instalments.
v). Reduction in Rate of Interest
 It is the compulsory reduction in the rate of interest, during the time of
financial crisis.
40. State and explain instruments of fiscal policy.
i). Taxation:
 Taxes transfer income from the people to the Government.
 Taxes are either direct or indirect.
 An increase in tax reduces disposable income.
ii) Public Expenditure:
 It raises wages and salaries of the employees and thereby the aggregate
demand for goods and services.
 It is raised to fight recession and reduced to control inflation.

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 iii) Public debt:
 When Government borrows by floating a loan, there is transfer of funds from
the public to the Government.
 At the time of interest payment and repayment of public debt, funds are
transferred from Government to public.
41. Explain the principles of federal finance.
i). Principle of Independence:
 It means each Government should have separate sources of revenue, authority
to levy taxes, to borrow money and to meet the expenditure.
ii). Principle of Equity:
 The resources should be distributed among the different states.
 So that each state receives a fair share of revenue.
iii). Principle of Uniformity:
 Each state should contribute equal tax payments for federal finance.
 But this principle cannot be followed in practice.
 Because the taxable capacity of each unit is not of the same.
iv). Principle of Adequacy of Resources
 The principle of adequacy means that the resources of each Government.
 Central and State should be adequate to carry out its functions effectively.
v). Principle of Fiscal Access
 There should be possibility for the Central and State Governments to develop
new source of revenue within their prescribed fields to meet the growing
financial needs.
42. Describe the various types of deficit in budget.
i). Revenue Deficit
 It refers to the excess of the government revenue expenditure over revenue
receipts.
 It does not consider capital receipts and capital expenditure.
 Revenue Deficit = Total Revenue Expenditure - Total Revenue Receipts
ii). Budget Deficit
 Budget deficit is the difference between total receipts and total expenditure.
 Budget Deficit = Total Expenditure – Total Revenue
iii). Fiscal Deficit
 Fiscal deficit = Budget deficit + Government’s market borrowings and liabilities

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 iv). Primary Deficit
 Primary deficit is equal to fiscal deficit minus interest payments.
 It shows the real burden of the government.
 It does not include the interest burden on loans taken in the past.
 Primary Deficit = Fiscal deficit - Interest Payment
43. What are the reasons for the recent growth in public expenditure?
i). Population Growth:
 During the past 67 years of planning, the population of India has increased
from 36.1 crore in 1951, to 121 crore in 2011.
 The growth in population requires massive investment in health and
education, law and order, etc.
ii). Defense Expenditure
 There has been enormous increase in defense expenditure in India during
planning period.
 The defense expenditure has been increasing tremendously due to
modernization of defense equipment.
iii). Government Subsidies
 The Government of India has been providing subsidies on a number of items
such as food, fertilizers, interest on priority sector lending, exports, education,
etc.
iv). Debt Servicing
 The government has been borrowing heavily both from the internal and
external sources.
 As a result, the government has to make huge amounts of repayment
towards debt servicing.
v). Development Projects
 The government has been undertaking various development projects such as
irrigation, iron and steel, heavy machinery, power, telecommunications, etc.

@*@*@*@*@*@

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 CHAPTER – 10 ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The term environment has been derived from a French word-----------.
a. Environ b. Environs c. Environia d. Envir
2. The word biotic means environment
a. living b. non-living c. physical d. None of the above
3. Ecosystem is smallest unit of
a. Ionosphere b. Lithosphere c. Biosphere d. Mesosphere
4. Who developed Material Balance Models?
a. Thomas and Picardy b. AlenKneese and R.V. Ayres
c. Joan Robinson and J.M. Keynes d. Joseph Stiglitz and Edward Chamberlin
5. Environmental goods are --------------
a. Market goods b. Non-market goods c. Both d. None of the above
6. In a pure public good, consumption is -----------------
a. Rival b. Non-rival c. Both d. None of the above
7. One of the most important market failures is caused by ------------
a. Positive externalities b. Negative externalities
c. Both d. None of the above
8. The common source of outdoor air pollution is caused by combustion processes
from the following----------
a. Heating and cooking b. Traditional stoves
c. Motor vehicles d. All the above
9. The major contributor of Carbon monoxide is
a. Automobiles b. Industrial process
c. Stationary fuel combustion d. None of the above
10. Which one of the following causes of global warming?
a. Earth gravitation force b. Oxygen
c. Centripetal force d. Increasing temperature
11. Which of the following is responsible for protecting humans from harmful
ultraviolet rays?
a. UV-A b. UV-C c. Ozone layer d. None of the above
12. Global warming also refers to as
a. Ecological change b. Climate Change
c. Atmosphere change d. None of the above
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13. Which of the following is the anticipated effect of Global warming?
a. Rising sea levels b. Changing precipitation
c. Expansion of deserts d. All of the above
14. The process of nutrient enrichment is termed as
a. Eutrophication b. Limiting nutrients
c. Enrichment d. Schistosomiasis
15. Primary cause of Soil pollution is ----------------
a. Pest control measures b. Land reclamation
c. Agricultural runoff d. Chemical fertilizer
16. Which of the following is main cause for deforestation?
a. Timber harvesting industry b. Natural afforestation
c. Soil stabilization d. Climate stabilization
17. Electronic waste is commonly referred as ----------
a. solid waste b. composite waste c. e-waste d. hospital waste
18. Acid rain is one of the consequences of ------------
a. Water Pollution b. Land pollution
c. Noise pollution d. Air pollution
19. Sustainable Development Goals and targets are to be achieved by -------
a. 2020 b. 2025 c. 2030 d. 2050
20. Alkali soils are predominantly located in the ------------ plains?
a. Indus-Ganga b. North-Indian c. Gangetic plains d. All the above

II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences

21. State the meaning of environment.
All the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the
development of an organism or group of organisms.
22. What do you mean by ecosystem?
An ecosystem includes all living things in a given area, interacting with each
other, and also with their non-living environments.
23. Mention the countries where per capita carbon dioxide emission is the
highest in the world.
S.No Countries Per Capita CO2
1 Saudi Arabia 16.85
2 Australia 15.83
3 United States 15.53
4 Canada 15.32

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24. What are environmental goods? Give examples.
 Environmental goods are typically non-market goods.
 It’s including clear air, clean water, landscape, green transport infrastructure,
public parks, urban parks, rivers, mountains, forests, and beaches.
25. What are the remedial measures to control noise pollution?
 Use of noise barriers
 Newer roadway for surface transport
 Traffic control
 Regulating times for heavy vehicles
26. Define Global warming.
It is the current increase in temperature of the earth’s surface as well as its
atmosphere.
27. Specify the meaning of seed ball.
A seed ball is a seed that has been wrapped in soil materials usually a mixture of
clay and compost, and then dried.

III. Answer the following questions in one paragraph.

28. Brief the linkage between economy and environment.
 Human life also depends on social, political, ethical, philosophical and other
aspects of economic system.
 The life of human beings is shaped by his living environment.
 The relationship between the economy and the form of a “Material Balance
Model’’ developed by Alen Kneese and R.V. Ayres.
29. Specify the meaning of material balance principle.
 The material balance principle considers the total economic process as a
physically balanced flow between inputs and outputs.

M = G–(RC– RP) + (RrP + Rrc) = Rdp + Rdc

Final Residual
Economic Activities of Goods
and Service Production (G) - Discharge from
Material and Energy
Consumption and Production Production and
Inflow from Natural = = Consumption into
Residual Discharges from
World (M) Consumption and Production Natural World
activities (RC+RP) + Recycles (RdC+ RdC)
from Production and
Consumption (RrP + Rrc)

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30. Explain different types of air pollution.
i). Indoor Air Pollution:
 It refers to toxic contaminants that we encounter in our daily lives in our
homes, schools and workplaces.
 For example, cooking and heating with solid fuels on open fires.
ii). Outdoor Air Pollution:
 It refers to ambient air.
 The common sources of outdoor air pollution are caused by combustion
processes from motor vehicles, solid fuel burning and industry.
31. What are the causes of water pollution?
i). Dumping of solid wastes:
 The dumping of solid wastes and litters in water bodies cause huge problems.
ii). Acid rain:
 Acid rain is pollution of water caused by air pollution.
 When the acidic particles caused by air pollution in the atmosphere mix with
water vapor, it results in acid rain.
iii). Global warming:
 Due to global warming, there is an increase in water temperature as a result
aquatic plants and animals are affected.
32. State the meaning of e-waste.
 Electronic waste which is commonly referred as “e-waste” is the new byproduct of
the Info Tech society.
 It is a physical waste in the form of old discarded, end of life electronics.
 As the result when consumer, business and household devices are disposed or
sent for re-cycling.
 Example, television, computers, audio-equipments, VCR, DVD, telephone, etc.
33. What is land pollution? Mention the causes of land pollution.
Meaning:
The degradation of land because of the disposal of waste on the land. Any
substance that is discharged, deposited in the environment in such a way that it
alters the environment causes land pollution
- Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997
Causes of Land Pollution
 Deforestation and soil erosion

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  Agricultural activities
 Mining activities:
 Landfills
 Industrialization
 Construction activities
 Nuclear waste
34. Write a note on a) Climate change and b) Acid rain
i). Climate Change:
 The climate change refers to seasonal changes over a long period with respect
to the growing accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
 Recent studies have shown that human activities since the beginning of the
industrial revolution.
ii). Acid Rain:
 From
rom factories, cars or heating boilers contact with the water in the
atmosphere.
 These emissions contain nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and sulphur
trioxide which when mixed with water becomes sulfurous acid, nitric acid and
sulfuric acid.
IV. Answer
nswer the following questions in about a page.
35. Briefly explain the relationship between GDP growth and the quality of
environment.
 Environmental quality is a set of properties
and characteristics of the environment
either generalized or local, as they
impinge on human beings
beings.
 It is a measure of the condition of an
environment relative to the requirements
of one or more species.
 It is a pure public good that can be
consumed simultaneously by everyone
and from which no one can be excluded.
 A pure public good is one for which consumption is non
non-revival
revival and from which it
is impossible to exclude a consumer.
 The contribution of the nature to GDP as well as depletion of natural resources
are not accounted in the p
present
resent system of National Income Enumeration.

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36. Explain the concepts of externality and its classification
Concepts of Externality:
i). Positive Consumption Externality
 When some residents of a locality hire a private security agency to patrol
their area.
 The other residents of the area also benefit from better security without
bearing cost.
ii). Negative Consumption Externality
 A person smoking cigarette gets may gives satisfaction to that person, but
this act causes hardship to the non
non-smokers
rs who are driven to passive
smoking.
iii). Positive Production Externality
 The ideal location for beehives is orchards.
 While bees make honey, they also help in the pollination of apple blossoms.
 The benefits accrue to both producers.
iv). Negative Production
roduction Externality
 The emissions and effluents of factory cause air and water pollution.
 Water becomes contaminated and unfit for drinking e.g. Tanneries.

37. Explain the importance of sustainable development and its goals

goals.
Importance of sustainable development
development:
 It is concerned with the welfare of not only present generation but also
future generation.
 It aims at not only satisfying the luxur
luxury wants rich but also the basic
necessities of the poor like food, sanitation, health care, educat
education etc.
 The present generation should not exhaust the resources left by the past
generation,
 Itt should leave the same for the sake of future generation.

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 Global Goals for Sustainable Development:
 End Poverty in all its forms everywhere
 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
 Ensure quality education for all
 Achieve gender equality and empower women and girls
 Ensure access to water and sanitation for all
 Reduce inequality within and among countries
 Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

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 CHAPTER – 11 ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPPMENT
AND PLANNING

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. "Redistribution with Growth" became popular slogan which approach?
a). Traditional approach b) New welfare oriented approach
c) Industrial approach d) None of the above
2. Which is not the feature of economic growth?
a). Concerned with developed nations b) Gradual change
c) Concerned with quantitative aspect d) Wider concept
3. Which among the following is a characteristic of underdevelopment?
a). Vicious circle of poverty b) Rising mass consumption
c) Growth of Industries d) High rate of urbanization
4. The non-economic determinant of economic development
a). Natural resources b) Human resource
c) Capital formation d) Foreign trade
5. Economic growth measures the ------- --------
a). Growth of productivity b) Increase in nominal income
c) Increase in output d) None of the above
6. The supply side vicious circle of poverty suggests that poor nations remain poor
because
a). Saving remains low b) Investment remains low
c) There is a lack of effective government d) a and b above
7. Which of the following plan has focused on the agriculture and rural economy?
a).People’s Plan b) Bombay Plan c) Gandhian Plan d) Vishveshwarya Plan
8. Arrange following plans in correct chronological order
a). People’s Plan b) Bombay Plan
c) Jawaharlal Nehru Plan d) Vishveshwarya Plan
Answer choices
a). (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) b) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
c) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii) d) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
9. M.N. Roy was associated with --------- ------------
a) Congress Plan b) People’s Plan
c) Bombay Plan d) None of the above

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10. Which of the following country adopts indicative planning?
a) France b) Germany c) Italy d) Russia
11. Short-term plan is also known as----- --------------
a) Controlling Plans b) De-controlling Plans
c) Rolling Plans d) De-rolling Plans
12. Long-term plan is also known as ----- ----------------
a) Progressive Plans b) Non-progressive Plans
c) Perspective Plans d) Non-perspective Plans
13. The basic philosophy behind long-term planning is to bring------------ changes in
the economy?
a) Financial b) Agricultural c) Industrial d) Structural
14. Sarvodaya Plan was advocated by----- -------------
a). Mahatma Gandhi b) J.P. Narayan c) S. N Agarwal d) M.N. Roy
15. Planning Commission was set up in the year ---------------
a). 1950 b) 1951 c) 1947 d) 1948
16. Who wrote the book ‘The Road to Serfdom’?
a). Friedrich Hayek b) H.R. Hicks
c) David Ricardo d) Thomas Robert Malthus
17. Perspective plan is also known as ----
a). Short-term plan b) Medium-term plan
c) Long-term plan d) None of the above
18. NITI Aayog is formed through------------------------
a). Presidential Ordinance
b) Allocation of business rules by President of India
c). Cabinet resolution
d) None of the above
19. Expansion of NITI Aayog?
a). National Institute to Transform India
b). National Institute for Transforming India
c). National Institution to Transform India
d). National Institution for Transforming India
20. The Chair Person of NITI Aayog is
a). Prime Minister b) President
c) Vice – President d) Finance Minister

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II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
21. Define economic development
The increase in GNP is accompanied by decline in share of agriculture in output
and employment while those of manufacturing and service sectors increase.
- Traditional Approach
22. Mention the indicators of development.
 Gross National Product
 GNP per capita
 Welfare
 Social Indicators – health, education, food, water, sanitation and etc.
23. Distinguish between economic growth and development
Basis Growth Development
Deals Deals with the problems of Deals with the problems of UDCs
developed countries
Changes Gradual and steady Discontinuous and Spontaneous

24. What is GNP?

GNP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a
nation in a particular year, plus income earned by its citizens, minus income of
non-residents located in that country.
25. Define economic planning.
Economic Planning is “collective control or suppression of private activities of
production and exchange”.
-Robbins-
26. What are the social indicators of economic development?
 It is referred to as basic and collective needs of the people.
 The direct provision of basic needs such as health education, etc
27. Write a short note on NITI Aayog.
 National institution for transforming India was formed in 1st January 2015 by
union cabinet resolution.
 It has replaced the planning commission form 13th August 2014.
 NTI Ayog is a policy Think-tank

III. Answer the following questions in one paragraph.

28. Elucidate major causes of vicious circle of poverty with diagram
 There are circular relationships known as the ‘vicious circles of poverty’.
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  That tends to perpetuate the low level of development in Less Developed
Countries (LDCs).
 Nurkse explains the idea in these words: “It implies a circular constellation of
forces tending to act and react upon one another in such a way as to keep a poor
country in a state of poverty.
29. What are the non-economic factors determining development?
 Human Resource
 Technical know – how
 Political freedom
 Social organization
 Corruption free administration
 Desire for development
 Moral ethical and social values
30. How would you break the vicious circle of poverty?
 To break the vicious circle on the demand side, Nurkse suggested the strategy
of balanced growth.
 If investment is made in several industries simultaneously the workers
employed in various industries will become consumers of each other’s products
and will create demand for one another.
 The balanced growth i.e. simultaneous investment in large number of industries
creates mutual demand.
 Thus, through the strategy of balanced growth, vicious circle of poverty
operating on the demand side of capital formation can be broken.
31. Trace the evolution of economic planning in India.
 Jawaharlal Nehru (1938):
Set-up “National Planning Commission” by a committee but due to the changes
in the political era and Second World War, it did not materialize.
 Bombay Plan (1940):
The 8 leading industrialists of Bombay presented “Bombay Plan”. It was a 15
Year Investment Plan.
 S. N Agarwal (1944)
They gave the “Gandhian Plan” focusing on the agricultural and rural economy.
32. Describe the case for planning.
 To accelerate and strengthen market mechanism
 To remove unemployment

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  To achieve balanced development
 To remove poverty and inequalities
33. Distinguish between functional and structural planning.
Basis Functional Planning Structural Planning
Meaning It refers to that planning which seeks
It refers to a good deal of changes in
to remove economic difficulties the socio-economic framework of the
country.
Approach Attempt within the existing Attempt to change the economic
socio-economic framework. structure fundamentally.
Nature Functional planning is Structural planning is
evolutionary therefore revolutionary

34. What are the functions of NITI Aayog?

 Cooperative and Competitive Federalism
 Shared National Agenda
 Decentralized Planning
 Vision and Scenario Planning
 Network of Expertise
 Harmonization
 Conflict Resolution
 Internal Consultancy

IV. Answer the following questions in about a page.

35. Discuss the economic determinants of economic development.
i). Natural Resource:
 The principal factor affecting the development of an economy is the availability
of natural resources.
 The existence of natural resources in abundance is essential for development.
ii). Capital Formation:
 Capital formation is the main key to economic growth.
 It facilitates adoption of advanced techniques of production.
 It leads to better utilization of natural resources.
iii). Size of the Market:
 Large size of the market would stimulate production, increase employment
and raise the National per capita income.

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 iv). Financial System:
 It implies the existence of an efficient and organized banking system in the
country.
v). Foreign Trade:
 The country which enjoys favorable balance of trade and terms of trade is
always developed.
 It has huge forex reserves and stable exchange rate.
36. Describe different types of Planning.
i). Democratic Vs Totalitarian:
 Planning within democracy.
 People are associated at every step in the formulation and implementation of
the plan.
 There is central control and direction of all economic activities in accordance
with a single plan.
ii). Centralized Vs Decentralized:
 The entire planning process in a country is under a central.
 There is central authority which plans, directs and orders the execution of the
plan in accordance with predetermined targets and priorities.
iii). Planning by Direction Vs Inducement:
 There is a central authority which plans, directs and orders the execution of
the plan in accordance with pre-determined targets and priorities.
 The people are induced to act in a certain way through various monetary and
fiscal measures
iv). Indicative Vs Imperative Planning:
 The private sector and the public sector work together.
 Then it is discussed with the representatives of private management, trade
unions, consumer groups, finance institutions and other experts.
 the state is all powerful in preparation and implementation of the plan.
v). Short, Medium and Long term Planning:
 Short-Term Planning concerns the plans in a time period of1 year –
Operational Planning
 Medium-Term Planning is considered for a time period 5 years – Tactical
Planning
 Long-Term Planning is considered for a time period over 10 years – Strategic
Planning

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37. Bring out the arguments against planning.
i). Loss of freedom
 The absence of freedom in decision making may act as an obstacle for
economic growth.
 Regulations and restrictions are the backbone of a planned economy.
ii). Elimination of Initiative
 There will be no incentive for initiatives and innovations.
 The absence of initiatives may affect progress in following ways.
 The absence of private ownership and profit motive discourages
entrepreneurs from taking bold decisions and risk taking.
 As all enjoy equal reward under planned economy irrespective of their
effort, efficiency and productivity, nobody is interested in undertaking
new and risky ventures.
 The bureaucracy and Red Tapism which are the features of planned
economy, cripple the initiative as they cause procedural delay and time
loss.
iii). High cost of Management
 No doubt the fruits of planning such as industrialization, social justice and
regional balance are good.
iv). Difficulty in advance calculations:
 Price mechanism provides for the automatic adjustment among price, demand
and supply in a Laissez Faire economy.

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 CHAPTER – 12 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL
METHODS AND ECONOMETRICS

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The word ‘statistics’ is used as __________.
(a) Singular. (b) Plural (c) Singular and Plural (d) None of above.
2. Who stated that statistics as a science of estimates and probabilities.
(a) Horace Secrist. (b) R.A Fisher. (c) Ya-Lun-Chou (d) Boddington
3. Sources of secondary data are ___________.
(a) Published sources. (b) Unpublished sources.
(c) neither published nor unpublished sources. (d) Both (A) and (B)
4. The data collected by questionnaires are_____________.
(a) Primary data (b) Secondary data.
(c) Published data. (d) Grouped data.
5. A measure of the strength of the linear relationship that exists between two
variables is called:
(a) Slope (b) Intercept
(c) Correlation coefficient (d) Regression equation
6. If both variables X and Y increase or decrease simultaneously, then the
coefficient of correlation will be:
(a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Zero (d) One
7. If the points on the scatter diagram indicate that as one variable increases the
other variable tends to decrease the value of r will be:
(a) Perfect positive (b) Perfect negative
(c) Negative (d) Zero
8. The value of the coefficient of correlation r lies between:
(a) 0 and 1 (b) -1 and 0 (c) -1 and +1 (d) -0.5 and +0.5
9. The term regression was used by:
(a) Newton (b) Pearson (c) Spearman (d) Galton
10. The purpose of simple linear regression analysis is to:
(a) Predict one variable from another variable
(b) Replace points on a scatter diagram by a straight-line
(c) Measure the degree to which two variables are linearly associated
(d) Obtain the expected value of the independent random variable for a given value
of the dependent variable

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11. A process by which we estimate the value of dependent variable on the basis of
one or more independent variables is called:
(a) Correlation (b) Regression (c) Residual (d) Slope
12. If Y = 2 - 0.2X, then the value of Y intercept is equal to
(a) -0.2 (b) 2 (c) 0.2X (d) All of the above
13. In the regression equation Y = β0+β1X, the Y is called:
(a) Independent variable (b) Dependent variable
(c) Continuous variable (d) none of the above
14. In the regression equation Y = β0+β1X, the X is called:
(a) Independent variable (b) Dependent variable
(c) Continuous variable (d) none of the above
15. Econometrics is the integration of
(a)Economics and Statistics (b) Economics and Mathematics
(c) Economics, Mathematics and Statistics (d) None of the above
16. Econometric is the word coined by
(a) Francis Galton (b) Ragnar Frish (c) Karl Person (d) Spearsman
17. The raw materials of Econometrics are:
(a) Data (b) Goods (c) Statistics (d) Mathematics
18. The term Uiin regression equation is
(a) Residuals (b) Standard error
(c) Stochastic error term (d) none
19. The term Uiis introduced for the representation of
(a) Omitted Variable (b) Standard error (c) Bias (d) Discrete Variable
20. Econometrics is the amalgamation of
(a) 3 subjects (b) 4 subjects (c) 2 subjects (d) 5 subjects
II. Answer the following in one or two sentences
21. What is Statistics?
Statistics as a science of estimates and probabilities
- Boddington
22. What are the kinds of Statistics?
 Descriptive Statistics
 Inferential Statistics
23. What do you mean by Inferential Statistics?
The branch of statistics concerned with using sample data to make an inference
about a population of data is called Inferential Statistics.

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24. What are the kinds of data?
i). Based on characteristics
a). Quantitative Data: b). Qualitative Data
 Primary Data i). Primary Data
 Secondary Data ii). Secondary Data
ii). Based on Sources
 Primary Data
 Secondary Data
25. Define Correlation.
 Correlation is a statistical device that helps to analyze the co-variation of two or
more variables.
 Sir Francis Galton is responsible for the calculation of correlation coefficient.
26. Define Regression.
 It is the study of the relationship between the variables.
 The literal meaning of the word regression is stopping back towards the average.
27. What is Econometrics?
“Econometrics is concerned with the empirical determination of economic laws”
- H Theil
III. Answer the following questions in one paragraph:
28. What are the functions of Statistics?
 Statistics presents facts in a definite form.
 It simplifies mass of figures.
 It facilitates comparison.
 It helps in formulating and testing.
 It helps in prediction.
 It helps in the formulation of suitable policies.
29. Find the Standard Deviation of the following data: 14, 22, 9, 15, 20, 17, 12, 11
S.No X (x-𝐗⃑) (x-𝐗⃑)2 N= 8
1 14 -1 1
𝐗⃑ = 120/8 = 15
2 22 7 49
3 9 -6 36 𝚺(𝐱 − 𝐗)𝟐
σ =
4 15 0 0 𝐍
5 20 5 25 140
=
6 17 2 4 8
7 12 -3 9
= √𝟏𝟕. 𝟓
8 11 -4 16
N=8 ΣX = 120 0 Σ(x-X)2 = 140
σ = 4.18

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30. State and explain the different kinds of Correlation.
i). Based on the direction of change of variables:
 Positive Correlation
 Negative Correlation
ii). Based upon the number of variables studied:
 Simple Correlation
 Multiple Correlation
 Partial Correlation
iii'). Based upon the constancy of the ratio change between the variables
 Linear Correlation
 Non-Linear Correlation
31. Mention the uses of Regression Analysis.
 It indicates the cause and effect relationship between the variables and
establishes functional relationship.
 Besides verification it is used for the prediction of one value, in relation to the
other given value.
 Regression coefficient is also relative measure.
 In regression there is no such spurious regression
32. Specify the objectives of econometrics.
 It helps to explain the behavior of a forthcoming period that is forecasting
economic phenomena.
 It helps to prove the old and established relationships among the variables or
between the variables
 It helps to establish new theories and new relationships.
 It helps to test the hypotheses and estimation of the parameter.
33. Differentiate the economic model with econometric model.
S.No Economic Model Econometric model
1 An economic model is a local It is an integration at dependent variables
representation of knowledge with explanatory variables.
2 It is adapted to yield a define and It represent a set of hypotheses that
precise formulation of the economic permits statistical inference from the
processed at work. particular date under review.
3 This is based upon abstract It appropriate to the particular situation
economic theory. based on common sense.

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34. Discuss the important statistical organizations (offices) in India.
i). Central Statistical Office (CSO)
 The Central Statistical Office is one of the two wings of the National
Statistical Organisation (NSO).
ii). National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)
 It is an organization under the Ministry of Statistic of the Government of
India.
 It has four divisions: i). SDRD, ii). FOD, iii). DPD, iv). CPD
 It is the largest organisation in India.
 Twenty Point Programme
 Infrastructure Monitoring and Project Monitoring
 Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme.
IV. Answer the following questions
35. Elucidate the nature and scope of Statistics.
i). Nature of Statistics:
 Statistics are an aggregate of facts.
 Statistics are numerically enumerated, estimated and expressed.
 It should be collected in a systematic manner for a predetermined purpose.
 Should be capable of being used as a technique for drawing comparison
ii). Scope of Statistics
i). Statistics and Economics:
 Statistical data and techniques are immensely useful in solving many
economic problems.
ii). Statistics and Firms
 Statistics is widely used in many firms to find whether the product is
conforming to specifications or not.
iii). Statistics and Commerce
 Statistics are life blood of successful commerce.
iv). Statistics and Education
 It is necessary for the formulation of policies to start new course, according
to the changing environment.
v). Statistics and Planning:
 Statistics is indispensable in planning.
 All the organisations in the government are seeking the help of planning for
efficient working.

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36. Calculate the Karl Pearson Correlation Co
Co-efficient
efficient for the following data
Demand of Product X 23 27 28 29 30 31 33 35 36 39
Sale of Product Y: 18 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 32

Let A =30 and B = 26 then dx = X

X- A, dy = Y= B
X Y dx dy dx2 dy2 dx dy
23 18 --7 -8 49 64 56
27 22 --3 -4 9 16 12
28 23 --2 -3 4 9 6
29 24 --1 -2 1 4 2
30 25 0 -1 0 1 0
31 26 1 0 1 0 0
33 28 3 2 9 4 6
35 29 5 3 25 9 13
36 30 6 4 36 16 24
39 32 9 6 81 36 54
11 -3 275 159 175

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37.Find the regression equation Y on X and X on Y for the following data:
Y: 45 48 50 55 65 70 75 72 80 85
X: 25 30 35 30 40 50 45 55 60 65

X Y U=X-65 V=Y-65 U2 V2 UV
45 25 -20 -20 400 400 400
48 30 -17 -15 289 225 255
50 35 -15 -10 225 100 150
55 30 -10 -15 100 225 150
65 40 0 -5 0 25 0
70 50 5 5 25 25 25
75 45 10 0 100 0 0
72 55 7 5 49 25 35
80 60 15 15 225 225 225
85 65 20 20 400 400 400
ΣX=645 ΣY=435 ΣU=5 ΣV=20 ΣU2=1813 ΣV2=1415 ΣUV=1675

We have,
𝐗⃑ = ΣX = 645 = 64.5 𝐘⃑ = ΣY = 435 = 43.5
N 10 N 10

byx = NΣUV - (ΣUΣV)

NΣU2- (ΣU)2
= (10)x1415 – (5)X(-20)
(10) x 1813 – (5)2
= 14150 + 100
18130 – 25
= 14250
18105
= 0.787
Regression equation of Y on X is
y-𝐲⃑ = byx (x-𝐗⃑)
y – 43.5 = 0.787 (X-64.5) or
y = 0.787X + 7.26

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 Similarly bxy can be calculated as

byx = NΣUV - (ΣUΣV)

NΣU2- (ΣU)2
= (10)x1415 – (5)X(-20)
(10) x 1675 – (-20)2
= 14150 + 100
16750 – 400
= 14250
16350
= 0.87
Regression equation of Y on X is
x-𝐱⃑ = bxy (y-𝐲⃑)
y – 64.5 = 0.87 (y-43.5) or
x = 0.87Y + 26.65
38. Describe the application of Econometrics in Economics.
i). Forecasting Macroeconomic indicators:
 It’s concerned with the expected effects of monetary and fiscal policy on the
aggregate performance of the economy.
 Time series models can be used to make predictions about these economic
indicators
ii). Definition:
As a result of certain outlook on the role of economics, consists of application of
mathematical statistics to economic data to lend empirical support to the models
constructed by mathematical economics and to obtain numerical results”.
 Econometrics means economic measurement.
 Econometrics deals with the measurement of economic relationships.
iii). Objectives of Econometrics:
 It helps to explain the behavior of a forthcoming period that is forecasting
economic phenomena.
 It helps to prove the old and established relationships among the variables
or between the variables
 It helps to establish new theories and new relationships.
 It helps to test the hypotheses and estimation of the parameter.

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