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DNA Structure 24

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17 views23 pages

DNA Structure 24

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Ghost IraQ
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HUMAN GENETICS

DNA Structure
Assist.prof. Dr.Mujahid Kh.Ali
DNA Structure
In this Lecture, we'll briefly explore how the double-helical structure of DNA
was discovered through the work of James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind
Franklin, and other researchers. Then, we'll take a look at the properties of
the double helix itself. From the work of biochemist Phoebus Levene and
others, scientists in Watson and Crick's time knew that DNA was composed
of subunits called nucleotides. A nucleotide is made up of a sugar
(deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine
(A), thymine (T), guanine (G) or cytosine (C).
C and T bases, which have just one ring, are called pyrimidines, while A andG
bases, which have two rings, are called purines.
DNA Structure
• A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein.

• Each unique gene has a unique sequence of bases.

• This unique sequence of bases will code for the production of


a unique protein.

• It is these proteins and combination of proteins that give us a


unique phenotype.
DNA Structure : Deoxyribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that

consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted together into a

double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between complementary

bases adenine (A),and thymine (T), or cytosine (C), and guanine(G); it

carries the cell's genetic information and hereditary characteristics via

its nucleotides and their sequence and is capable of self replication and

RNA synthesis.
Letters form words....

Words form sentences....

*endless
combinations

Think of the bases of DNA


like letters.
Nucleotide bases
DNA is a polynucleotide. Each nucleotide consists of a five carbon-sugar (deoxyribose).
A nitrogen containing base attached to the sugar and a phosphate group. There are four
different types of nucleotides founded in the DNA.
This four different types of nucleotides found in the DNA. Differing only in the
nitrogenous base. The four nucleotides are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T) and
Cytosine (C).
Adenine and Guanine are Purines. Cytosine and Thymine are Pyrimidines. Purines are
larger than Pyrimidines. The deoxyribose sugar of the DNA backbone has 5 carbons and
3 oxygen’s
Nucleotides

Phosphate
group
Nitrogenous
Base

Pentose
Sugar
Nucleotides
• The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA
molecule, whereas the bases form the “rungs”.

• There are four types of nitrogenous bases.


Nucleotides

A T

Adenine Thymine

C G

Cytosine Guanine
A T

C
G
T A

C
G

A T

G
C
T A
Base-Pair Rule
Adenine <==> Thymine

Guanine <===> Cytosine

The sides of the DNA


ladder are phosphate &
sugar held together
by hydrogen bonds
The carbon atoms are numbered 1’,2’,3’,4’. And 5’. The hydroxyl groups on the
5’- and 3’- carbon link to the phosphate groups to from the DNA backbone. The
deoxyribose sugars are joined at both hydroxyl groups to phosphate groups in
ester links. Known as “phosphodiester” bonds.
Nucleotides
 Each base will only bond with one other specific base.

 Adenine (A)
 Thymine (T) Form a base pair.

 Cytosine (C)
 Guanine (G) Form a base pair.
Nucleosides and Nucleotides
A nucleoside is one of the four DNA base covalently attached to C1’ position of the
sugar. The sugar in deoxynucleosides is 2’-deoxyribose. The sugar in ribonucleosides in
ribose.
A nucleotide is a nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups covalently attached
to the 3’- and/or 5’-hydroxyl group(s).
DNA double strand (Double Helix)

- The DNA is a normally a double stranded macromolecular. Two polynucleotide


chains, held together by weak thermodynamic force.
- Two DNA strands from a helical spiral, winding around a helix axis in a right-
handed spiral.
- The two polynucleotide chains run in opposite directions.
- The sugar-phosphate backbone of the two DNA strands wind around the helix
axis like railing of a spiral staircase.
- The bases of the individual nucleotides are on the inside of the helix, stacked
on top of each other like the steps of a spiral staircase.
Base pairing

In Watson and Crick's model, the two strands of the DNA double helix are held
together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases on opposite strands. Each
pair of bases lies flat, forming a "rung" on the ladder of the DNA molecule.
Base pairs aren't made up of just any combination of bases. Instead, if there is an A
found on one strand, it must be paired with a T on the other.
Similarly, an G found on one strand must always have a C for a partner on the
opposite strand. These A-T and G-C associations are known as complementary
base pairs.
Base Pair Rule
One side: A T A T C A T G C G G G

Other side: T A T A G T A C G C C C
Base pairing explains Chargaff's rules, that is, why the composition of A always

equals that of T, and the composition of C equals that of G. Where there is an A

in one strand, there must be a T in the other, and the same is true for G and C.

Because a large purine (A or G) is always paired with a small pyrimidine (T or

C), the diameter of the helix is uniform, coming in at about 22 nanometers.

Although Watson and Crick's original model proposed that there were two

hydrogen bonds between the bases of each pair, we know today that G and C

form an additional bond (such that A-T pairs form two hydrogen bonds total,

while G-C pairs form three).

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