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ARMY MEDICAL COLLEGE

SAMPLE NOTES
FULL BOOK CONTAIN:
 5 YEARS DAY BY DAY AST PAPERS
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 COMPLETE PHYSICS
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 SHORCUT TRICKS

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GENERAL INFORMATION
Documents Required at AS&RCs
1. Original certificate / detailed Marks Sheet of Matric/FA/FSc/ Equivalent.
2. Computerized National Identity Card for 18 years and above or Computerized
Form “B” alongwith Guardian’s Computerized National Identity Card (Father or
Mother) for less than 18 years of age.
3. One set of attested photocopies of above mentioned documents.
4. 3 x Passport size coloured photos duly attested (front and back) by Principal/Class-
1 Gazetted Officer.
5. Original as well as one photocopy of “NOT RECOMMENDED” letter by ISSB are also
required for “Repeater Candidates”.
6. Note: - Old National Identity Card and Form “B” will not be accepted.
. Ineligibility Conditions
 “Not Recommended” twice by ISSB/GHQ Selection Board.
 Declared medically unfit by CMH/Appeal Medical Board.
 Enrolled cadets and recruits withdrawn/ resigned/discharged/
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 medical, inefficiency, weak profile or declared unsuitable.
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Education
FSc (Pre-medical) with minimum 70% marks or “A” level
 passed in Biology, Physics and Chemistry with minimum
 grade C.

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 Omar Kot), Northern Areas, Azad Kashmir and FATA having
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
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 Certificate and conversion of marks from Inter Board

 Committee of Chairman (IBCC), Ministry of Education,
 Islamabad and attach it with application form.

Candidates who have passed FSc Part-I Examination with

 minimum 70% marks and appeared/are appearing in FSc
 Part-II/ Final Examination can also apply on “HOPE
 Certificates” by the Head of the institutions. Such candidates
 must deposit an attested copy of FSc Part II Certificate/ Mark
 Sheets to PA Directorate (PA-3C) GHQ Rawalpindi within 5
 days of announcement of result, otherwise their selection will
 not be processed further.

Physical Standard
Height
5.4 feet ( 162.5 cm )
Vision standard
Distance Vision With Glasses 6/9,6/12
Near Vision J2,J7 Or N8,N12 With Or Without Glasses
Weight
(As Per The Body Mass Index ( BMI)
PHYSICAL TEST
Running 1.6 km in 8 min
Push ups 15 in 2 min
Sits up 15 in 2 min
Chin ups 3 in 2 min
Ditch 7.4×7.4
MEDICAL TEST
Initial medical test is simple, they will just check your

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 Height
 Weight
 Eye Side
 Flat Feet
 Knee Knocking
 Chest Size
 Arm Angle.
Majority students have caring angle and flat feet problem.
TEST PATTERN
you test will look on computer like this
EXAMPLE OF VERBAL INTELLIGENCE TEST

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T ABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I
S.No Name Page

1 Cell structure and function 2

2 Biological molecules 7

3 Enzymes 11

4 Bioenergetics 13

5 Acellular life 17

6 Prokaryotes 20

7 Protists and fungi 25

8 Diversity among plants 30

9 Diversity among animals 35

10 Forms and functions and 49

plants
11 Digestion 57

12 Circulation 64

13 Immunity 72

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PART:2 BIOLOGY
14 Respiration 7
9
15 Homeostasis 8
4
16 Support and movements 9
0
17 Nervous coordination 9
6
18 Chemical coordination 1
0
5
19 Behavior 1
1
0
20 Reproduction 114

21 Development and aging 122

22 Inheritance 130

23 Chromosomes and DNA 138

24 Evolution 153

25 Man and his environment 157

26 Biotechnology 163

27 Biology and human welfare 175

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 INTELLIGENCE QUESTION TYPE 1 TRICKS
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CHAPTER NO# 1st

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

S.No QUESTIONS ANSWERS

1. Plasma membrane are 7nm wide and its structure is Dynamic

2. The soluble part of cytoplasm which forms ground substances are Cytosol
called
3. Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum Protein synthesis

4. Nucleus was discovered by Robert brown in 1838

5. The attachment of two sub-units of ribosome’s along mRNA is controlled Magnesium ions
by
6. Secondary wall, primary wall and middle lamella Layers in plant cell
from inside to outside

7. The ability of an instrument to reveal the minor details of an object is Resolving power
its
8. Growth movement of pollen tube towards the egg is Chemotropism

9. Size of ribosome in prokaryotic cell is 70S

10. Size of ribosome in eukaryotic cell is 80S

11.
Ribosome Smaller Larger Total size
unit unit

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Prokaryotic 30 S 50 S 70 S

Eukaryotic 40 S 60 S 80 S

12. In paper chromatography we use Water absorbed on

papers
13. For separation of compounds from mixture use a technique Chromatography
called
14. The growth and reproduction of eukaryotic cell is dependent Nucleus
upon its
15.
Objective Eye piece Magnificatio
lens lens n
x 10 x6 x 60

x 40 x6 x 240

x 10 x 10 x 100

X 40 x 10 x 400

16. Cell wall of cells are held together by Middle lamella

17. The membrane is like sea of lipids in which proteins are floating Fluid mosaic model

18. The cisternae together with vesicles are called Golgi-complex

19. Lysosomes contain variety of enzymes called Hydrolases

20. Protein extending from in double layer of lipids completely are Intrinsic protein
called
8.

Wall Thickness

Middle lamella 1µm

Primary wall 1–3µm

Secondary wall 5 – 10 µ m

22. Some protein are on one side of membrane called Extrinsic protein

23. Carbohydrates attached to lipids are called Glycolipid

24. Carbohydrates attached to proteins are called Glycoprotein

25. Chronological developments towards fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane

1 Gorter & Grendel 1925 Two layers of lipids molecule only

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2 J f Danielle & Davon 1935 Lipid bilayer is covered with protein and protein pores

3 Robertson 1959 Unit membrane model

4 S J Singer & G L Nicholson Fluid mosaic model

1972

26. Channels of endoplasmic reticulum are separated from one Cisternae

another by spherical or tubular membranes one above another
called
27. Circulation, syntheses, detoxification, mechanical ER functions
support and communication

28. In cytoplasm, small ions and molecules form True solution

29. In cytoplasm, some large molecules form Colloidal solution

30. Active mass movement of cytoplasm is called Cyclosis

31.
Plastids Found in

Chloroplast Green parts

Chromoplast Other than green

parts
Leucoplast Colorless parts

32. Primary lysosomes are synthesized in RER and processed in Golgi apparatus

33. Ribosome are synthesized in Nucleolus of the nucleus

34. The two sub units are attached by Mg + +

35. The unit of Golgi apparatus Dictysomes

36. Stacks of flattened, membrane bounded sacs called Cisternae

37. Cisternae associated vesicles are called Golgi-complex

38. Storage of secretory products and packaging and Functions of

modification of the secretory products Golgi apparatus

39. The food digestive enzyme of lysosoe are called Hydrolases

40. Enzymes are budded off as Golgi vesicles and are called Primary lysosomes

41. Metamorphosis in animals are example of Lysosomal activity

42. In animals peroxisomes are present in Liver and kidney

43.
Organisms No of flagella

Mammalian 1
spermatozoon
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Chlamydomonas 2

Paramecium Few thousands

44. In leaves of plants, photorespiration occurs in Peroxisomes

45. Glyoxisomes (only in plants) contains glycolic acid, oxidase and Catalase

46. Conversion of fatty acids to carbohydrates are done by Glyoxisomes

47. Length and diameter of centriole 0.3-0.5 µm and 0.2 µm

48. Each centriole consist of 9 microtubules (27

tubules)
49. In cells two centrioles are present at Right angle to each other

50.
Cytoskeleton Subunit

Microtubules Tubulin protein

Microfilament Actin protein

Intermediate Fibrous
filaments
51. Small knob structures on inner surface mitochondria is called Elementary / F1 particles

52. The presence of ribosome and DNA indicate that Protein is synthesize
here
53. The average number of thylakoids to form one granum is 50 or more

54. Chloroplast and mitochondria are Self-replicating organelle

55. Glyoxisomes and plastids are unique organelle found in Plants only

56. Mitochondria is absent in Mature RBCs

Organelle Diameter

Chloroplasts 4 -6 µ m

Nucleus 10 µ m

Ribosome 20 n m

58. The central bindle of microtubules in cilia is called Axoneme

59. Mitosis is missing in Prokaryotes

60. Prokaryotic Cell wall is made of Murein

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Species No of Species No of
chromosomes chromosomes
Drosoph 8 Man 46
ila
Garden 14 Chimpanz 48
pea ee
Onion 16 Potato 48

Frog 26 pigeon 80

62. Eukaryotic Cell wall is made of Cellulose

63. In cell one organelle are involved in function of other except And peroxisome
endoplasmic reticulum

64. Glyoxisome is only found in Plant cell

65. Cell fail to detoxify the waste substances produced in it because it does Enough
not posses Smooth
Endoplasmic

Reticulum
66.
Discoveries Scientist Year

Bacteria Leuwenhoek 1618

Cell wall 1665

Mitochondria 1850

Golgi apparatus Camillo Golgi 1898

Transformation Fred rich Griffah 1928

Cytoskeleton Koltzoff 1928

Plant split water to release oxygen Van Neil 1930

Nucleus Robert Brown 1938

identified the transforming substance as Avery 1944

DNA
Conduction in Escherichia coli Lederberg and 1946
Tatum
Lysosomes De Duve 1949

determined sequence of amino acids in Sanger 1951

insulin
Fluid Mosaic Model Singer & Nicholson 1972

Confirmation of cytoskeleton Cohen 1977

Ribosome Palade 1995

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67. Mitosis occur in nucleus with nuclear membrane intact in Fungi

68. Ascomycota reproduce asexually by means of Conidia

Drugs used for Obtain from

Ergotamine Baby delivery Claviceps purpurea

Penicillin Antibiotics Pencillium chrysogenum

Cephalospor Antibiotics Cephalosporin

in acremonium
Griseofulvin Antibiotics Pencillium

70. Braking down of glucose to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide is Saccharomyces
done by cerevisiae
71. Yeast contain 6000 genes

72. Peroxisomes are most common in Liver and kidney cells

73. Photorespiration may occur in Peroxisomes

74. Peroxisomes break down hydrogen peroxide to Hydrogen and oxygen

75. Converting of fatty acids to carbohydrates are the primary activity of Glyoxisomes

76. Cyclosis and amoeboid movements are because of Microfilaments

77. Microtubules (25nm) are made of Tubulin protein

78. Microfilaments (7nm) are made of Actin protein

79. Intermediate filaments (8-12nm) are made of Fibrous protein

80. Cilia and flagella contain 20 Microtubules

81. The bundles of microtubules comprising the axoneme are surrounded Plasma membrane
by
82. Mitochondria are also called Power house of the cell

83. The shapes of mitochondria may be Vesicles, Rods or

Filaments
84. The presence of ribosome and DNA in mitochondria shows that it is Self Replicating organelle

85. Small knob present in inside of mitochondrial wall is known as Or F1 particles

Elementary particles

86. Two subunits of ribosome are attached by Mg + +

87. Chlorophyll contain Mg ++

88. Hemoglobin contains Fe + +

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89. Chromoplast helps in pollination and dispersal of Seeds

90. The place where spindle fibers are attached is Centromere

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 Non verbal solving tricks
 Full biology
 Chemistry
 Physics
 English
 Summarized tables of important points
 Shortcut tricks
 Frequently repeated questions

Full book price 1000.

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Chap No. 13
S AND P BLOCK ELEMENTS

1. Group-I → alkali metals

2. Group-II → alkaline earth metals
3. S → only metals
4. P → metals + non-metals

rd
3 Period (Na to Ar)
Physical and atomic properties

5. Na – Mg – Al – Si – P – S – Cl – Ar
6. Metallic radii for sodium, magnesium and aluminium.
7. Covalent radii for silicon, phosphorus , sulphur and chlorine
8. Van der wall radii for Argon.
9. Ionization energy increase from left to right, exception→ Al and
S.

10. Electronegativity increases from left to right, exception → Ar

11. Sodium , magnesium and aluminium are best conductors.
12. Silicon is semiconductor.
13. Phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine and argon are non-conductors.
14. Melting point and boiling point values increase up to Al and
then decreases.

Reaction of 3rd period elements with water, oxygen and chlorine

1. Magnesium and aluminium form layers when reacting with

water.
2. Sodium undergoes exothermically reaction with cold water.
3. Magnesium reacts slowly with cold water and burn in steam
producing Mg(OH)2 and MgO.
4. Magnesium burnt in steam with its typical white flame.
5. Chlorine dissolves in water and produces green solution.
6. Reaction with

Metal Water Oxygen Chlorine

Na NaOH Na2 O Na2 NaCl
O2

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Mg Mg (OH)2 MgO MgCl2

MgO
Al Al2 O3 Al2 O3 AlCl3
Si Si O2 Si O2 SiCl4
P P4 O6 P4 PCl3 PCl5
O10

S SO2 S2Cl2
Cl HCl + HOCl Cl2O , Cl2O7

1. Sodium burns in oxygen with yellow flame.

2. Sodium forms normal oxide and also per oxides.
3. MgO and Al2O3 are of white colour.
4. Aluminium burns in oxygen when it is powdered.
5. Silicon will burn in oxygen if heated strongly well and SiO 2 is
produced.
6. White phosphorus catch fire spontaneously in air with white
flame and forms phosphorus (lll) oxide and phosphorus (lV)
oxide.
7. Sulphur burns in oxygen with pale blue flame.
8. SO2 is colourless.
9. PCl3→ colourless fuming liquid
10. PCl5→ straw colour solid
11. S2Cl2→ orange, foul smelling liquid

Physical properties of oxides

Formul Na2 Mg Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 S Cl2

a of O O
oxide P4O6 O O7
3 Cl2
S
O
O
2

State S S S S S L L

G G

Conducti G G G v.po Nill Nill Nill

vity or
Strucutur Gian Gian Giant Giant Simple Simple Simple
e t t molecu molecu molec
lar lar ular

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Nature Basi Basi Amphote Acid Acidic Acidic Acidic

c c ric ic

Formula NaCl MgCl Al2Cl6 SiCl4 PCl3 S2Cl2

of oxide
State S S S L L L

Conductiv G G v.poor NILL Nill Nill

ity
Strucutur Giant Giant Simple Simple Simple Simple
e molecular molecul molecul molec
ar ar ular
Effect Solid dissolves readily Chlorides react and produces
on fumes of HCl
addin
g
water

Form Na2O Mg(O Al2(OH)3 Si(OH) H3PO4 H2SO4 HClO4

ula of H 4
oxide H)2
Ca(OH
2

Nature Basic Basic Amphote Acidic Acidic Acidic Acidic

ric

Acid, Base Behavior of oxides;

12. Al2O3 does not react with but react with dilute acids and dilute alkali.
33. Al2O3 + 6H+→ 2Al3+ +3H2O
34. Al2O3 + 2OH- +3H2O → 2 [Al (OH)4] → aluminate ion
35. SiO2 does not react with water, but it does react with concentrated alkalies forming
silicates SiO3-2.
36. NO2 react with water forming HNO2 and HNO3.
37. The oxides of P, S and Cl except ClO 2 react readily to form strongly acidic solution
38. 2HClO4→ Perchloric acid

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Reaction of oxides with water, acid and bases;

39. Metal oxides → Basic →Ionic

40. Non-Metal oxides → Acidic → Covalent
41. Normal oxides of most metal combine with acids to form salts. these are
called basic oxides.
42. Basic oxides alts dissolve in water to give soluble hydroxides.
43. Acidic oxides are oxides of non-metals such as CO2 and SO2.
44. Acidic oxides react with bases to form salts and combine with water to form acids.
45. BeO and Al2O3 are amphoteric.

Sodium and magnesium hydroxides;

46. NaOH → soap, peteroleum and rubber industry

47. These are white solids having soapy touch.
48. Sodium hydroxides is only slightly soluble in water,
49. Sodium hydroxides is the most soluble substances in water evolving a
considerable amount of heat due to the
50. formation of a number of hydrates such as NaOH.2H2O
51. Magnesium hydroxide is obtained as white ppt when caustic potash us added to a soluble
magnesium salt.
MgCl2 + 2KOH → Mg(OH)2 +2KCl
52. Solubility of Mg(OH)2 is enhanced tremendously by the addition of NH4Cl
and NH4OH is formed.
53. 2NH4Cl → 2NH4+ + 2Cl-
54. Mg(OH)2→ 2OH- + Mg2+
55. 2NH4+ +2OH-→ NH4OH

Aluminium hydroxide

56. When an alkali is added to aquaseous solution of aluminium salts, alumiunium

hydroxides get precipitated.
57. Al(SO4)3 +6NH4OH →2 Al (OH)3 + 3[ (NH4)2 SO4]
58. The hydroxides is soluble in acids and caustic alkalies forming aluminates in the later.
59. 2 Al (OH)3+ 2NaOH → 2Na[Al(OH)4]
60. The Al (OH)3 can also be obtained by hydrolysis of AlCl4 in excess water.
61. AlCl3 + 3H2O →Al(OH)3 + 3HCl
62. The Al (OH)3 has the ability to absorb various dyes forming colouring
matter known as lakes.

Other hydroxides

63. Silicon hydroxide is a molecule with formula Si(OH)4.

64. Li-Na-K-Rb-Cs-Fr
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Group–I A

65. Group first members are called alkali metals since they form oxides and
hydroxides which combine with water to produce alkaline solution.
66. Li-Na and K are safe to save in school lab and rest are violently reactive.
67. They are softer than other metals and can cut with knife.
68. These metals are lighter than other elements and having low melting point,
boiling point and density.

Atomic and physical properties

69. Down the group;
 Atomic radius → Increases
 Density → Decreases
 Ionization energy → Decreases
 Electronegativity → Decreases
 M.P and B.P → Decreases
70. Potassium is lighter than sodium.

Trend in reactivity with water

71. Excluding Lithium, which reacts slower than al the other elements of group-I.
72. The reactivity of group-I follow the values of electrode potential.

Reaction with oxygen

73. Li, Na and K are stored in oil.

74. Cs and Rb are normally stored in a sealed glass tube to prevent air contact.

Reaction with air or oxygen

75. Alkali metals react with air or oxygen to form various oxides such as
 Li2 O and Li3 N
 Na2 O and Na2O2
 K2 O2 and KO2
 Rb and Cs form superoxide
76. Oxides;

 Li → normal oxide
 Na → normal and peroxide
 K → peroxide and superoxide

 Rb →superoxide
 Cs → superoxide

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Reaction of oxides with water and dilute acids;

77. Normal oxide; X2O + H2O → 2XOH
78. Peroxide; X2O2 + 2H2O → 2XOH + H2O2
79. Superoxide; 2XO2 + 2H2O →2XOH + H2O2 + O2

Reaction with dilute acids

80. Normal oxide; X2O +2HCl → 2XCl +H2O
81. Peroxide; X2O2+2HCl → 2XCl +H2O2
82. Superoxide; 2XO2+ 2HCl →2XCl +H2O2 + O2

Reaction with chlorine

83. Sodium burns with intense orange flame in chlorine in exactly the same way as it
does in pure oxygen,
84. 2X + C2→ 2 XCl
85. 2Na + Cl2→ 2 NaCl

86. Compounds of Group-I A elements are more stable to heat than the corresponding
compounds of Group-II elements with the exception of lithium compounds.

Effect of heat on nitrates;

87. Colour of nitrogen dioxide is brown fumes.
88. Lithium nitrate produces lithium oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.
4 LiNO3→ 2 Li2O + 4NO2 + O2
89. Nitrates of the other alkali metals decompose to corresponding nitrites.
2XNO3→ 2 XNO2 + O2

Effect of heat on Carbonates;

90. Lithium carbonate decomposes on heating to give lithium oxide and carbon dioxide.
Li2CO3→ Li2O + CO2
91. The rest of group-I carbonates do not decompose even at higher temperature.

Effect of heat on Hydrogen Carbonates;

92. Carbonates of alkali metals are stable enough to be isolated as solids.
93. Hydrogen carbonates decompose on heating forming carbonates.
94. Thermal stability of hydrogen carbonates of group I and Group II increases down the
group. The reason is increasing size and decreasing charge density of the metal ions.
95. The polarizing power of a cation increases with increasing charge on the ion and
decreasing the radius of the ion.
96. Catoin of greater polarizing power distorts the HCO3 ion more and facilitates
its decomposition than a cation of larger size and lesser polarizing power.
97. Bicarbonates of group-I are more stable than those of group II and stability
decreases down the group.

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Flame Tests;
98. Li → Red
99. Na → Yellow
100. K → Lilac
101. Rb → Red
102. Cs → Blue/violet
103. Polarizing power is directly proportional to decomposition.
104. Polarizing power is directly proportional to charge and inversely to radius.

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 Non verbal solving tricks
 Full biology
 Chemistry
 Physics
 English
 Summarized tables of important points
 Shortcut tricks
 Frequently repeated questions

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SAMPLE PHYSICS PORTION

CHAPTER NO.2
VECTOR & EQUILIBRIUM
S.NO QUESTIONS ANSWERS

Anticlo
1. θ is the angle made with +X direction in ckwise
Sense
2. Two vectors of same magnitude result vector of same magnitude Angle of 1200
by
3. If both Rx and Ryare positive the θ lies in I Quadrant

4. If Rx is positive and Ryis negative the θ lies in II Quadrant

5. If both Rx and Ryare negative the θ lies in III Quadrant

6. If Rx is negative and Ry is positive the θ lies in IV Quadrant

7. A . B = AB Cosθ

8. A x B = AB Sinθ

9. Scalar product (work and power) is also called Dot product

10. Vector product (torque) is also called Cross

product
11. ABCosθ, here A is magnitude of 1stvector while B is that component Parallel to A
of B which is

12. ABSinθ, here A is magnitude of 1stvector while B is that component Perpendicula

of B which is r to A

13. The point of rotation in torque is called Fulcrum or

Pivot
14. Torque is rotational analogue of Force

15. For concurrent forces, the line of action of are Common

16. If 1st condition is satisfied the body will be in translational equilibrium Linear
and there will be no acceleration

Rotati
17. If 2nd condition is satisfied the body will be in translational onal
equilibrium and there will be no Accel
eratio
n
18. If both condition are satisfied the body has Zero
acceleration
19. Difference of two vectors divided by scalar must also be Vector

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20. Deceleration is also called Retardation

21. If x-component of vector is 3x and y-component is -3y the angle 3150

of its resultant is

22. Mass Scalar

Acceleration, momentum, electric intensity Vector

24. The magnitude of resultant of two forces is 2F. if the magnitude of 00

each force is F than the angle between these forces is

25. Three vectors of equal magnitude are acting on three sides zero
of an equilateral triangle .the magnitude of their resultant is

26. Two concurrent forces have maximum resultant of 45N and These are 20N
minimum of 5N and 25N

27. Two vectors are such that a+b =b+a the angle between them is 900
28. A unit vector is obtained by dividing the vector with its magnitude not the
direction
29. Impulse is Vector
quantity
30. When vector is multiplied by negative number its direction Change by
1800
31. The resultant of two forces, each of magnitude 5N has resultant of 1200
5N, the angle between the forces are

32. A force of 10N is acting along y-axis, its component along x-axis Zero
is
33. In the self cross product, the angle is Zero degree

34. Two equal forces make an angle 1800 with each other. The Zero
magnitude of their resultant is

35. the scalar product of two vectors A and B making an angle θ with lAl lBl cosθ
each other is given by

36. The scalar product of two vector is zero, when they are Perpendicula
r to each
other
37. If two vectors are parallel to each other, their resultant is Zero

38. 5N is Vector
quantity
39. Area of parallelogram in which the two adjacent sides are A and B is ABsinθ
given by

40. The vector product is also called Cross product

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LAST 5 YEARS PAST PAPERS OF VARIOUS AS&RC

Full book contain last 5 years day by day past papers.
In sample we have added only 1 day past papers of various AS&RC
AS & RC PESHAWAR
1. Value of "g" remains constant in the range of 1km.
2. Area under v-t graph gave distance.
3. Fnet=0 , ∆a=0 , ∆v does not equal to zero. The body will move with constant velocity.
4. When a triangle have two sides equal then there angle will also be equal.
5. increase in K.E=4 times
6. Momentum=?
7. P=√2mE
8. P= 2 times
AS&RC RAWALPINDI
1. Charged pores in a cell membrane are formed by Channel proteins.
2. Cytokinesis is the division of CELL after the division of cytoplasm.It is not the division of
cytoplasm.
3. Bacterial chromosome has DNA only,nothing else.
4. NOSTOC lacks mitochondria and hence it is not present.
5. Chromosome condensation is at PEAK in METAPHASE phase.
6. All those sugars ending in ''ulose'' are KETO SUGARS { exceptions are Fructose and
Dihydroxyacetone},these are also keto.
AS&RC LAHORE
1. ENDOSPORES are formed during DECLINE phase.
2. Spores are formed during ASEXUAL reproduction in Rhizopus.
3. Most superficial infections are caused by Duetromycetes fungi.
4. RED ALGAE also help in Coral formation.
5. Secondary host of Liverfluke is SNAIL.
6. TRANSDUCED bacteria has three types of DNA in it.{of itself,of other bacteria and of
Virus }
7. RHIZOPUS is Aseptate and Multinucleate.
8. Bacteriophage is always DNA,it cannot have RNA. 5
9. First organ system ever developed in evolution after formation of Mesoderm is neither
Digestive,nor Nervous but it is EXCRETORY system by PLATYHELMENTHES.

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AS&RC KARACHI
1. most of the animals around us OPEN TYPE blood circulation is present.
2. Longest part of Digestive system is ILEUM.
3. innermost layer of digestive systems is MUCOSA.
4. Pancreas is involved in Chemical digestion of LIPIDS.
5. Mucous is made of Glycoprotein.
6. Trypsinogen is activated by Enterokinase enzyme.
7. Ciliated Epithelial cells are present in TRACHEA.
8. Respiratory surface is 2-cell thick.
9. CO,carbon monoxide has highest affinity for Haemoglobin-
10. Ptaylin works on the food when it passes through oesophagus
AS&RC PANO AQIL
1. Pappilary muscles are extensions of Endocardium.
2. In case of fungal infections Eosinophils increases in numbers.
3. Lymph flow requires a strong pumping by blood.
4. Mitral valve is also known as Bicuspid valve.
5. Urinogenital tract is also known as Urethra.
6. Maximum reabsorption of water takes place in Proximal Convoluted Tubule.
7. Covering of Kidneys is Fibrous capsule.
8. Kidney interstitium is related to Aldosterone for more concentration.
AS&RC HYDERABAD
1. DNA ligase not required for PCR.
2. Antigen of donor reacts with antibody of reciepient.
3. Hydrogen bonds are more sensitive as compared to other bonds
4. Chlorophyll a is common in antenna complex and reaction centre of photosynthesis.
5. Evolution operates upon population.
6. Product of evolution is the origion of a new species.
7. Pilli are made up of PILLIN protein.
8. Wheat grain is seed as well as fruit.
9. Structural unit Reflex action is Neuron.
10. Nerve Tracts are part of Central Nervous Ssystem.
11. Hepatic Vein has maximum amount of Urea.

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