CN-PRO-0001

ARCH LINUX SETUP AND

BASICS

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Contents
REVISION TABLE........................................................................................................... 5

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 6

ARCH LINUX INSTALLATION .................................................................................... 6

Downloading Arch Linux ISO Image ........................................................................... 6

Verifying ISO Image ..................................................................................................... 6

SHA1 Verification ..................................................................................................... 7

MD5 Verification ...................................................................................................... 7

Signature Verification ............................................................................................... 7

Bootable USB Setup ...................................................................................................... 8

BIOS Configuration....................................................................................................... 8

Arch Linux Setup .......................................................................................................... 9

Determine Boot Mode (UEFI or BIOS) .................................................................... 9

Internet Connection ................................................................................................... 9

System Clock ........................................................................................................... 10

Partition Setup ......................................................................................................... 10

Single Boot .......................................................................................................... 10

Dual Boot............................................................................................................. 11

Partition Formatting and Mounting ......................................................................... 12

Single Boot .......................................................................................................... 12

Dual Boot............................................................................................................. 13

Package Installation ................................................................................................. 13

System Configuration .............................................................................................. 14

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Arch Linux Configuration ........................................................................................... 14

Important Packages ................................................................................................. 14

Time Zone Setup ..................................................................................................... 14

Language Setup ....................................................................................................... 15

Network Configuration ............................................................................................ 15

Root Password ......................................................................................................... 16

GRUB Setup ............................................................................................................ 16

Single Boot .......................................................................................................... 16

Dual Boot............................................................................................................. 16

Desktop UI Setup .................................................................................................... 17

Enable Services ....................................................................................................... 17

Boot Order ............................................................................................................... 17

Newly Installed Arch Linux ............................................................................................ 18

Add New Users............................................................................................................ 18

Connection................................................................................................................... 18

Additional Drivers ....................................................................................................... 18

AUR Helpers ............................................................................................................... 19

Yay Usage ................................................................................................................... 19

Linux Basics ................................................................................................................ 19

Files + Directories ................................................................................................... 19

VIM – edit, save and close files .............................................................................. 20

Check internet connectivity ..................................................................................... 21

Gitkraken ......................................................................................................................... 21

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Electrical Automation...................................................................................................... 21

Required Packages....................................................................................................... 21

GMDL Creation............................................................................................................... 22

CF Card Creation............................................................................................................. 22

Virtual Machine Setup................................................................................................. 22

New Users ............................................................................................................... 23

32Bit Factory2 Virtual Machine ...................................................................................... 24

Print Controller Setup ...................................................................................................... 24

Beckhoff Drive Setup ...................................................................................................... 25

SEW Drive Setup ............................................................................................................ 25

CX-Drive Setup ............................................................................................................... 25

Remote Access Server Setup ........................................................................................... 26

Machine Server Setup...................................................................................................... 26

TwinSAFE Setup ............................................................................................................. 26

Factory2 Setup ................................................................................................................. 26

EtherCAT Setup .............................................................................................................. 27

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REVISION TABLE
REVISION DATE NAME COMMENTS
1.0.32 09/05/2024 Juniarto Update 32 bit
1.0.20 14/03/2024 Juniarto Update BR2301
1.0.8 29/01/2024 Juniarto Final Ver. 1
0.1.12 12/12/2023 Juniarto 2. Draft
0.0.1 24/11/2023 Juniarto Initial Draft

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INTRODUCTION
This manual serves as a step-by-step guide on how to install Arch Linux on a new
x86_64 computer. This manual will also explain any software and setup required by the
control systems team.

ARCH LINUX INSTALLATION

Downloading Arch Linux ISO Image
In order to create a bootable USB, the most current Arch Linux ISO should be
downloaded from the Archlinux website (https://archlinux.org/download/). To
download the file, find a suitable mirror for New Zealand in the HTTPS Direct
Downloads section. The archlinux website also has a page for checking the status and
rating of mirrors (https://archlinux.org/mirrors/status/). Once a suitable mirror has been
chosen, download the file with the .ISO file extension.

Verifying ISO Image

The three ways of verifying that the image is correct, not corrupted or been tampered
with is as follows:

1) Comparing the SHA1

2) Comparing the MD5

3) Signature Verification

The verification steps require using powershell. To open powershell, type Powershell
into the search bar. An App called Windows Powershell should appear. Click on it so
you can continue the verification.

To view the files and folders in the current directory, type the following:

ls
To move to another folder, type the following:

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cd .\<name of folder>\
To go back to the home directory, type the following:

cd ..

SHA1 Verification
Using Powershell, go to the directory where the .iso file is located. The following
command will create a code:

CertUtil -hashfile <FILE NAME>.iso SHA1

The code printed in Powershell should be compared to the SHA1 code on the Arch
Linux website (https://archlinux.org/download/).

MD5 Verification
Using Powershell, go to the directory where the .iso file is located. The following
command will create a code:

CertUtil -hashfile <FILE NAME>.iso MD5

The code printed in Powershell should be compared to the MD5 code on the Arch Linux
website (https://archlinux.org/download/).

Signature Verification
This method utilises an external program called GNUpg. This program can be
downloaded from the GNUpg website (https://www.gnupg.org/download/index.html).
Download the GnuPG Signature Program.

Type the following command into Powershell:

gpg --locate-keys pierre@archlinux.de

Once the keys have been located, go to the Arch Linux website
(https://archlinux.org/download/) and download the PGP signature. This PGP signature
needs to be placed in the same folder as the .ISO file. Once the download is complete,
type the following command into Powershell:

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gpg --keyserver-options auto-key-retrieve --verify <FILE NAME>.iso.sig

This will print out the fingerprint and a warning about the key not being certified. This
warning is expected and should be ignored. Compare the fingerprint to the fingerprint
located on the Arch Linux website (https://archlinux.org/download/). If the signature is
correct, the following will be printed in Powershell:

Good signature from "Pierre Schmitz <pierre@archlinux.de>" [unknown]

Bootable USB Setup

In order to setup the USB, a flashing program like Balena Etcher needs to downloaded
(https://www.balena.io/etcher/). There are currently two options for Windows: A
portable version and an installer.

Download the portable version because:

1) Simple to use and fast

2) Just an .exe file

3) Doesn’t require an uninstaller

Once downloaded, click on the .exe file to run the program. The program is fairly
straight forward if the following steps are followed:

1) Choose the Arch Linux ISO Image for the Flash from File Section

2) Choose the USB as the destination/target

3) Click Flash and wait till the program is completed

As a general rule, when creating a bootable USB, make sure to use an empty USB with
at least 6GB of free space.

BIOS Configuration
Booting the USB may require changing the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) settings
of the computer. Depending on the make and model of computer, there will be different
ways of getting to the BIOS settings. On the Lenovo Thinkpad, the regular boot can be
interrupted by pressing shift as the computer turns on.

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After navigating to the BIOS Boot Menu, choose the USB to boot into it. If that doesn’t
work, it means the BIOS settings need to be changed. The two things to change here
are:

1) Turn off Kernel DMA protection

2) Turn off Secure Boot

After changing those two settings, the computer should be able to boot into the USB and
start the Arch Linux Installation. If the USB system is not booting, change the boot
order in the BIOS Boot Menu or manually boot into the USB by selecting it in the BIOS
Boot Menu.

Arch Linux Setup

Determine Boot Mode (UEFI or BIOS)
UEFI is the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface and is the replacement for
convention BIOS. It is quicker than BIOS and can deal with large storage devices unlike
BIOS. When installing and setting up Arch Linux, it is important to determine which
boot mode the computer uses. Once the computer has boot into the USB, a terminal will
appear for user input.

Type the following to determine which boot mode is used:

ls /sys/firmware/efi/efivars
If the files and folders in that directory are shown and no errors come up, the system is
booted in UEFI mode.

Internet Connection
Connection to internet using wifi can be set up using the iwd package. This comes with
the .ISO image and doesn’t have to be installed.

Type the following command to bring up the iwd interactive prompt:

iwctl
Type the following to determine the name of the wifi adapter in the computer:

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device list
Type the following to search for local networks:

station <WIFI ADAPTER NAME> scan

Type the following to display the local networks:

station <WIFI ADAPTER NAME> get-networks

Type the following to connect to a local network:

station <WIFI ADAPTER NAME> connect <NETWORK NAME>

It will then ask for the password for that network. Once the password is entered, exit out
of the prompt using CNTRL + C.

Type the following to verify the internet connection:

ping machinedata.framecad.com
If the connection is successful, it will show packets being sent and received.

System Clock
Type the following to update the system clock:

timedatectl set-ntp true

Type the following to check that the clock has been updated:

timedatectl status

Partition Setup
The installation instructions for single boot (Arch Linux will be installed as the only
OS) and dual boot (Arch Linux will be installed alongside another OS) differ in this
section.

SINGLE BOOT
Type the following to get the name of the disk:

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fdisk -l
In order for Linux to work, two new partitions need to be created.

Type the following to open the interface for creating new partitions:

cfdisk /dev/<DISK NAME>

Creating a new partition can be done by either creating the partitions using the free
space.

The following two partitions should be created:

1) EFI Type Partition with space of at least 512MB

2) Linux Filesystem Type Partition with space of at least 60GB

When creating the new partitions, make sure to write down the entry in the device
column for the Linux Filesystem Type partition and the EFI System partition, as these
will be used later. Once the partitions have been created, make sure to write these
changes to the disk and exit out of the interface.

DUAL BOOT
Type the following to view the partitions that are already there and to get the name of
the disk:

fdisk -l
In order for Linux to work, two new partitions need to be created alongside the existing
Windows and EFI Partitions.

Type the following to open the interface for creating new partitions:

cfdisk /dev/<DISK NAME>

This will open an interface similar to the one shown below:

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Creating a new partition can be done by either creating the partitions using the free
space or shrinking the Microsoft partition and then creating the Linux partitions using
the free space.

The following two partitions should be created:

3) Linux Filesystem Type Partition with space of at least 60GB

4) Linux Swap Type Partition with space of at least 4GB

When creating the new partitions, make sure to write down the entry in the device
column for the Linux Filesystem Type partition, the Linux Swap Type partition and the
EFI System partition, as these will be used later. Once the partitions have been created,
make sure to write these changes to the disk and exit out of the interface.

Partition Formatting and Mounting

The installation instructions for single boot (Arch Linux will be installed as the only
OS) and dual boot (Arch Linux will be installed alongside another OS) differ in this
section.

SINGLE BOOT
Type the following to format the EFI partition:

mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/<EFI PARTITION>

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Type the following to format the Linux Filesystem partition:

mkfs.ext4 /dev/<LINUX FILESYSTEM PARTITION>

Once the formatting of the partitions is complete, the partitions need to be mounted.

Type the following to mount the Linux Filesystem partition:

mount /dev/<LINUX FILESYSTEM PARTITION> /mnt

Type the following to create a new directory and mount the EFI partition:

mkdir /mnt/efi
mount /dev/<EFI PARTITION> /mnt/efi
DUAL BOOT
Type the following to format the Linux Filesystem partition:

mkfs.ext4 /dev/<LINUX FILESYSTEM PARTITION>

Type the following to format and activate the Linux Swap partition:

mkswap /dev/<LINUX SWAP PARTITION>

swapon /dev/<LINUX SWAP PARTITION>
Once the formatting of the partitions is complete, the partitions need to be mounted.

Type the following to mount the Linux Filesystem partition:

mount /dev/<LINUX FILESYSTEM PARTITION> /mnt

Type the following to create a new directory and mount the EFI partition:

mkdir /mnt/efi
mount /dev/<EFI PARTITION> /mnt/efi

Package Installation
Type the following to install important packages for the Linux system:

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pacstrap /mnt base linux linux-firmware vim nano

System Configuration
Type the following:

genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab

Once the configuration is complete, type the following to go into the newly created
Linux Filesystem partition:

arch-chroot /mnt

Arch Linux Configuration

Important Packages
Type the following to install important packages for use in the Arch Linux system:

pacman -Sy nano vim

pacman -Sy netctl
pacman -Sy dialog dhcpcd wpa_supplicant sudo
pacman -Sy ifplugd
pacman -Sy networkmanager
pacman -Sy iwd

Time Zone Setup

Type the following to set up the time zone for use in the Arch Linux system:

ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/NZ/
hwclock --systohc
nano /etc/locale.gen

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In the opened file, search for en_NZ.UTF-8 and remove the hash tag from that line.
Write Out the changes and exit from the file.

Type the following to set up the locale:

locale-gen

Language Setup
Type the following to set up the language for the Arch Linux system:

nano /etc/locale.conf
This will open up the file which needs to be edited. The following needs to be added to
the top of the file:

LANG=en_NZ.UTF-8
Once the changes have been made, write out the changes and exit the file.

Network Configuration
Type the following to set up the name of the Arch Linux system on the network:

nano /etc/hostname
Add the chosen name of the Arch Linux system to the top of the file, write out the
changes and exit the file.

Type the following to set up the local IP settings:

nano /etc/hosts
Edit the file so it looks like the figure below (where the maroon boxes should be
replaced with the computer name setup in /etc/hostname and the spaces are made using
the tab key once or twice):

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Once the changes have been made, write out the changes and exit the file.

Root Password
Type the following to set up the password for the root user:

Passwd

GRUB Setup
SINGLE BOOT
Type the following to download GRUB, which will access to the windows partition and
linux partition:

pacman -Sy grub efibootmgr

Type the following to install grub and make the grub config file:

grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/efi/ --bootloader-id=Arch

grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
DUAL BOOT
Type the following to download GRUB, which will access to the windows partition and
linux partition:

pacman -Sy grub efibootmgr os-prober

Type the following to create a directory where the EFI partition will be mounted:

mkdir /boot/efi
Type the following to view the partitions:

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fdisk -l
Type the following to mount the EFI partition:

mount /dev/<EFI PARTITION> /boot/efi

Type the following to install grub and make the grub config file:

grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --bootloader-id=GRUB --efi-

directory=/boot/efi
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Type the following to open the GRUB file:

nano /etc/default/grub
Uncomment the following line from the file:

GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=false
Write out the changes and exit the file.

Desktop UI Setup
Type the following to download xorg and gnome, which are used to create an easy to
use interface similar to Windows or MacOS:

pacman -Sy xorg gnome

Enable Services
Type the following to enable services required when the Arch Linux system is started:

systemctl enable gdm.service

systemctl enable NetworkManager.service

Boot Order
Once the necessary packages have been installed, type the following to leave the Arch
Linux system and restart the computer.

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exit
reboot
If the system is dual boot, go to the BIOS Boot settings and move GRUB to the top of
the Boot order. This means that once it starts, grub will allow access to Arch Linux and
Windows.

Newly Installed Arch Linux

Add New Users
Log in as the root user using the password set up earlier. Type the following to add a
new user:

sudo -m useradd <USERNAME>

A password will then need to be added for that user. Type the following to bring up a
prompt for adding a password:

passwd <USERNAME>

Connection
If the xorg and gnome installation and setup was done correctly, the user should be able
to connect to a wifi network using the GUI.

Additional Drivers
If any issues occur after the installation process, such as the wifi not connecting, the
hardware might require extra additional drivers to be installed. Searching online for
similar issues might be the only way to troubleshoot issues.

If important drivers are missing, the entire Arch Linux Setup installation process will
need to be repeated. These additional drivers will need to be installed prior to exiting the
Arch Linux system.

For Microsoft surface products, type the following to enable wifi:

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pacman -Sy linux-firmware-marvell

AUR Helpers
These are used to automate the usage of the Arch User Repository and make it easy to
find and install packages. Yay is a good AUR Helper to use because unlike Yaourt, it is
still being supported.

First, install the git package:

sudo pacman -Sy git

Then, get yay set up by typing the following:

git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay.git

git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay-bin.git
Go to the yay folder (should be on your desktop) and type the following to allow usage:

makepkg -si

Yay Usage
Type the following to search for packages with specific text in its name:

yay -Ss <TEXT>

Type the following to download packages:

yay -S <PACKAGE NAME>

Linux Basics
Files + Directories
To view the files in a directory, type the following:

ls
To view the files in a directory with more information, type the following:

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ls -la
To enter another directory, type the following:

cd <directory_name>
To go back one directory, type the following:

cd ..
To go back to the home directory, type the following:

cd --
To remove a file, type the following:

rm <file_name>
To copy a file, type the following:

cp <path>/<file_name> <destination_path>
Type the following to move files from one destination to another:

mv <file_location> <file_destination>
For example, if I was moving a file called “text.txt” from Downloads to Documents, I’d
type the following:

mv ~/Downloads/text.txt ~/Documents/

VIM – edit, save and close files

To view a file with vim, type the following:

vim <file_name>
To insert into/edit a file with vim, type the following and then press enter:

:i
To save a file with vim, type the following and then press enter:

:w

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To exit a file with vim, type the following and then press enter:

:q
To leave edit mode, press the escape button.

Check internet connectivity

Type the following:

ip a

Gitkraken
Download the following package to get Gitkraken, a application which provides a user
interface for dealing with git files:

1) gitkraken

Refer to CN-PRO-0002 for more information on using Gitkraken.

Electrical Automation
Required Packages
Download the following packages for the electrical automation to work:

1) texlive-core

2) texlive-bin

3) texlive-science

4) dpic

The texlive packages can be downloaded using yay, while dpic needs to be downloaded
from the website (http://www.ece.uwaterloo.ca/~aplevich/dpic/). Extract the package and follow the
instructions on the INSTALL sheet.

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Clone the git repository using the information and steps in 2.5 from the Gitlab website
(https://git.framecad.com/electrical/f-series_drawings).

Refer to CN-PRO-0004, for more information on the electrical automation and

generation of drawings.

GMDL Creation
No packages are required for the GMDL Creation. The updates to the GMDL can be
done using any text editor. An example of a good text editor would be QtCreator.

Type the following to download QtCreator:

sudo pacman -S qtcreator

Refer to CN-PRO-0005, for more information on GMDL creation.

CF Card Creation
Virtual Machine Setup
In order to build CF Cards, an Arch Linux Virtual Machine needs to be set up on the
Arch Linux partition. VirtualBox is a suitable program for the Arch Linux Virtual
Machine.

Download the following packages using pacman or yay:

1) virtualbox
2) virtualbox-guest-iso
3) virtualbox-host-modules-arch

Get the extension pack for USB 3.0 functionality from the following link:
https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads.

Download the .vdi file using this link (https://framecad-

my.sharepoint.com/:u:/p/trucv/EYUMBnomODtGnnJs4dTdyOkBJOGiQHJEWybkymC
3C6f6sw?e=NrV7Zz). Alternative link (https://framecad-

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my.sharepoint.com/:u:/p/karlp/EQS8ByjJX9BOnJramDy7VOkBYl2iLC2iePxtX9Ep3o
Ls-w?e=OD7j9I)

Once VirtualBox is downloaded. Go to File->Preferences->Extensions and add the

downloaded extension pack.

Follow the following steps:

1) Set Type to Linux and Version to Arch Linux(64-bit). The name of the VM is
not important

2) Set memory size to 5123MB

Once the VM is created, go into the settings. Delete the entry under Controller: SATA
and the entry under Controller: IDE. Then click the hard disk next to Controller: IDE
and select the downloaded .vdi file. If this step isn’t done, the VM will not work.

Make sure the factory file located in <user>/sysdev/archcore/update-files/var/factory/ is

the current version of factory.

New Users
On the main computer’s terminal, type the following to allow a user to use virtualbox:

sudo usermod -aG vboxusers <new_user>

Create a new user by typing the following in the virtualbox terminal:

sudo -m useradd <new_user>

Copy the files from another user to a new user by typing the following in the virtualbox
terminal:

scp <origin_directory> <destination_directory>

Type the following to make the user the owner of the archcore system in the virtualbox
terminal:

sudo chown -R <user> /home/<user>

Refer to CN-PRO-0006, for more information on building CF Cards.

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32Bit Factory2 Virtual Machine

32Bit machines (i.e machines without Beckhoff screens) use Ubuntu instead of Arch
Linux. In order to create CF Cards for these machines, an Ubuntu Virtual Machine is set
up using Virtual Box. The Virtual Machine is set up in exactly the same way, except a
different .vdi file is used, which is called ub1004.vdi.

Refer to CN-PRO-0006 for more information on building CF Cards in the Ubuntu

virtual machine.

Print Controller Setup

Use gitkraken to clone dfu-utils (https://git.framecad.com/electrical/dfu-util) and
print_controller (https://git.framecad.com/electrical/print_controller) to a local
repository.

Type the following to go to the dfu-utils folder:

cd ~/sysdev/dfu-utils
Type the following commands to generate build system files, makefiles, executables and
manual pages:

./autogen.sh
./configure
make
make install
Download the print_controller.dfu file from the shared drive (Z:\FCS -
Manufacturing\Elec-Controls2021plus\Installs\Print Controller) and copy it to
~/sysdev/print_controller/.

Type the following to install autoconf:

pacman -S autoconf
Type the following to install usbutils:

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pacman -S usbutils
Type the following to install yosys:

pacman -S yosys
Refer to CN-PRO-0007 for more information on print controller flashing and testing.

Beckhoff Drive Setup

The Beckhoff drives are set up using configuration files. These configuration files are
located in the /var/factory directory on the machine. These files can be added to the
Virtual Machine prior to building the CF Card or added using the GUI. Adding the files
via the GUI is easier and has a less chance of error. The Beckhoff configuration files are
saved on Gitlab (https://git.framecad.com/electrical/ethercat_startup_lists/-/tree/master).

Refer to CN-PRO-0008 for more information on setting up the Beckhoff drives.

SEW Drive Setup

<TO BE FILLED IN>

Refer to CN-PRO-0008 for more information on setting up the SEW drives.

CX-Drive Setup
Copy the Cx-Drive_V3.00_EN folder from the shared drive (Z:\FCS -
Manufacturing\Elec-Controls2021plus\Installs\OMRON CX_DRIVE). Click the
Setup.exe to start the installation process. Refer to the License CX-Drive V3.0.0.txt for
the licensing information when prompted during the installation process.

Refer to CN-PRO-0008 for more information on setting up the Omron drives.

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Remote Access Server Setup

Refer to CN-PRO-0009 for more information on how to add users who can access the
remote access server.

Machine Server Setup

Refer to CN-PRO-0009 for more information on how to add users who can access the
Machine Server.

TwinSAFE Setup
Start the TwinSAFE installation and setup by clicking the TC31-Full-
Setup.3.1.4024.32.exe file. This is the most recent version at the time of the writing of
this document. If a more recent version has been released, it may be worthwhile to
download that one.

Refer to CN-PRO-0011 for more information on setting up the TwinSAFE program and
testing on the machine.

Factory2 Setup
Download the Factory_2_extra_deps zip file from the shared drive (Z:\FCS -
Manufacturing\Elec-Controls2021plus\Installs\Factory2). Move pcan.h to /usr/include
and move all the rest of the files (including pcan.h) to /usr/lib.

Download the following packages using pacman or yay:

1) qt5-base

2) qt5-tools

3) boost

4) etherlab-ethercat

5) etherlab-ethercat-tools

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6) linux-headers

7) autoconf

8) automake

9) kyotocabinet

10) geoip

Type the following to create links for running factory:

sudo ln -s /usr/lib/libpcan.so.0.3 /usr/lib/libpcan.so

sudo ln -s /usr/lib/libpcan.so.0.3 /usr/lib/libpcan.so.0
Refer to CN-PRO-0013 for more information on running factory2 virtually.

EtherCAT Setup
Use gitkraken to clone ethercat (https://git.framecad.com/factory/ethercat).

If an issue occurs where the EtherCat configuration doesn’t work, a redownload of linux
and redo of the grub installation will need to be done. Type the following to redo those
installations:

yay -S linux-lts
yay -S linux-lts-headers
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
The system will now need to be rebooted, otherwise the EtherCAT configurations will
still not work.

Refer to CN-PRO-0013 for more information on using EtherCAT.

IFM ROP520 ENCODER SETUP

<TO BE FILLED IN>

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SICK DFS60B ENCODER SETUP

In order to program this encoder, the following things are required:

1) SOPAS Engineering Tool (https://www.sick.com/cn/en/sopas-engineering-

tool/p/p367244)

2) PGT-08-S Programming Unit

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