EKKO_View Enhanced

&
EKKO View Deluxe

User’s Guide

” Copyright 2003 Sensors & Software Inc. 2003-00476-03

s u b s u r f a c e i m a g i n g s o l u t i o n s
Sensors & Software Inc.
1040 Stacey Court Misslssauga, ON L4W (905) 624-8909 sales@sensoft.
2X8 Cañada (905) 624-9365 ca Webslte:
www.sensoft.ca
 SENSORS & SOFTWARE INC. PRODUCT LICENCE. COPYRIGHT. LIABILITY AND WARRANTY INFORMATION

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pulseEKKO®, Noggin®, SpiView®, Conquest® and SnowScan® are trademarks of S&S. No right, licence, or interest to such trademarks is
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2X8 Tel:
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8909 Fax:
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9365 E-mail:
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t.ca

pulseEKKO, Noggin, SpiView, SnowScan, Conquest, SmartCart, SmartHandle, Conquest for Windows, ConquestView, Win_EKKO,
EKKO_Mapper, E K K O_3D and EKKO_Pointer are Trademarks of Sensors & Software
Inc.
EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe Table of Contents

Table of Contents
1 Overview....................................................................................................1

2 Installation and Startup..............................................................................3

2.1 System Requirements.................................................................................................................3

2.2 Installing EKKO_View Enhanced or EKKO_View Deluxe.....................................................4

2.3 Installing EKKO_View..............................................................................................................4

2.4 Running EKKO_View Enhanced or EKKO_View Deluxe.......................................................4

3 Using EKKO_View Enhanced & EKKO_View Deluxe...........................5

3.1 Opening a Project.......................................................................................................................5

3.2 Original Data Mode....................................................................................................................7

3.3 Edit/Process Mode - Editing Data..............................................................................................7

3.3.1 Editing Data Summary........................................................................................................8
3.3.2 Spreadsheet Editing ..........................................................................................................10

3.4 Edit/Process Mode - Processing Data......................................................................................11

3.4.1 Editing the List of Processing Operations.........................................................................12
3.4.2 Processing Data Summary................................................................................................13
3.4.3 Recipe Processing .............................................................................................................14

4 File Menu.................................................................................................17
4.1 New Project..............................................................................................................................17

4.2 Open Project.............................................................................................................................17

4.3 Close Project.............................................................................................................................17

4.4 Save Project..............................................................................................................................17

4.5 Save As ....................................................................................................................................17

4.6 Print Spreadsheet......................................................................................................................17

4.7 Recent Projects.........................................................................................................................17

5 Edit Menu 19
 Table of Contents EKKO_View Enhanced & Deluxe

5.1 Columns....................................................................................................................................19

5.2 Reset Selected Files .................................................................................................................19

5.3 Copy File..................................................................................................................................19

5.4 Rename ....................................................................................................................................20

5.5 Delete........................................................................................................................................20
5.6 Reset All Files .........................................................................................................................20

5.7 Delete Folder............................................................................................................................20

5.8 Select All..................................................................................................................................20

5.9 Invert Selection........................................................................................................................20

6 View.........................................................................................................21
6.1 Section......................................................................................................................................21

6.1.1 How Depth is Determined ................................................................................................22

6.2 Traces .......................................................................................................................................23

6.3 Processing History....................................................................................................................24

6.4 Trace Header.............................................................................................................................24

6.5 Trace Comments.......................................................................................................................25

6.6 Average Time-Amplitude Plot.................................................................................................26

6.7 Average Amplitude Spectrum Plot...........................................................................................26

6.8 CMP Analysis...........................................................................................................................27

7 Data Editing.............................................................................................29
7.1 File..........................................................................................................................................29
7.1.1 Merge................................................................................................................................29
7.1.2 Stack..................................................................................................................................29
7.1.3 RubberBand.......................................................................................................................30
7.1.4 Convert..............................................................................................................................31
7.1.4.1 SEG-Y.................................................................................................................31
7.1.4.2 EAVESDROPPER.............................................................................................31
7.1.4.3 ASCII 1...............................................................................................................32
7.1.4.4 ASCII 2...............................................................................................................32
EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe Table of Contents

7.1.4.5 CSV.....................................................................................................................32
7.1.4.6 Export Time Slice...............................................................................................33
7.1.5 Add Topography using Topo File.....................................................................................35
7.1.6 Add Topography using GPS Z..........................................................................................36
7.1.7 Shift Topography...............................................................................................................37
7.1.8 Add GPS Data...................................................................................................................37
7.1.8.1 GPS on DVL Method..........................................................................................38
7.1.8.2 User GPS File Method........................................................................................40
7.1.8.3 Time Stamp Method............................................................................................42

7.2 Header File...............................................................................................................................45

7.2.1 Antenna Separation ..........................................................................................................45
7.2.2 Units..................................................................................................................................45
7.2.3 Frequency..........................................................................................................................45
7.2.4 Pulser Voltage...................................................................................................................45
7.2.5 Survey Mode ....................................................................................................................46
7.2.5.1 Reflection Surveys..............................................................................................46
7.2.5.2 CMP Surveys......................................................................................................46
7.2.5.3 Transillumination Surveys (ZOP’s, MOG’s and VRP’s)...................................46
7.2.6 Title1, Title2......................................................................................................................47

7.3 Positions ...................................................................................................................................47

7.3.1 Reposition Traces .............................................................................................................47
7.3.2 Reverse .............................................................................................................................48
7.3.3 Polarity .............................................................................................................................48
7.3.4 New Stepsize.....................................................................................................................49
7.3.5 Chop Data - Time..............................................................................................................50
7.3.6 Chop Data - Pos.................................................................................................................50
7.3.7 Mute Data..........................................................................................................................50
7.3.8 Insert Traces......................................................................................................................51
7.3.9 Delete Traces.....................................................................................................................52
7.3.10 Fill Data Gaps.................................................................................................................52

7.4 Time Window...........................................................................................................................52

7.4.1 New Time Window...........................................................................................................52

7.5 Points/Trace..............................................................................................................................53
7.5.1 Resample ..........................................................................................................................53
7.5.2 Decimate ..........................................................................................................................53
iv Table of Contents EKKO_View Enhanced & Deluxe

7.6 Timezero...................................................................................................................................53
7.6.1 Re-pick Timezero..............................................................................................................53
7.6.2 Datum Timezero................................................................................................................54
7.6.3 Edit Timezero....................................................................................................................55

7.7 Trace Comments.......................................................................................................................55

8 Insert Process..........................................................................................57
8.1 Gains ........................................................................................................................................57
8.1.1 AGC Gain..........................................................................................................................59
8.1.2 SEC Gain...........................................................................................................................62
8.1.3 Constant Gain ...................................................................................................................65
8.1.4 Autogain............................................................................................................................66
8.1.5 Usergain.............................................................................................................................67

8.2 Time Filters...............................................................................................................................68

8.2.1 Dewow .............................................................................................................................68
8.2.2 DC Shift............................................................................................................................70
8.2.3 Bandpass...........................................................................................................................72
8.2.4 Lowpass.............................................................................................................................74
8.2.5 Highpass............................................................................................................................75
8.2.6 Vertical..............................................................................................................................76
8.2.7 Median...............................................................................................................................78
8.2.8 Deconvolution...................................................................................................................79

8.3 Spatial Filters............................................................................................................................80

8.3.1 Horizontal .........................................................................................................................80
8.3.2 Binomial ...........................................................................................................................82
8.3.3 Lowpass ............................................................................................................................83
8.3.4 Highpass ...........................................................................................................................84
8.3.5 Median ..............................................................................................................................85
8.3.6 Trace Difference................................................................................................................86
8.3.7 Background Subtraction .................................................................................................87

8.4 2D Filters..................................................................................................................................89
8.4.1 Migration...........................................................................................................................89
8.4.2 Dip Filter...........................................................................................................................90

8.5 Attributes .................................................................................................................................91

EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe Table of Contents v

8.5.1 Envelope (Instantaneous Amplitude)................................................................................92

8.5.2 Instantaneous Phase..........................................................................................................94
8.5.3 Instantaneous Frequency...................................................................................................94

8.6 Operations...............................................................................................................................95
8.6.1 Rectify...............................................................................................................................95
8.6.2 Nth Power.........................................................................................................................95
8.6.3 Threshold...........................................................................................................................96
8.6.4 Amplitude Spectra.............................................................................................................96
8.6.5 Subtract Section................................................................................................................97
8.6.6 Add Section.......................................................................................................................98
8.6.7 Average Trace...................................................................................................................98

9 Recipes....................................................................................................99
9.1 Save Recipe .............................................................................................................................99

9.2 Load Recipe..............................................................................................................................99

10Utility.....................................................................................................101
10.1 Topography File.....................................................................................................................101

10.2 Usergain File..........................................................................................................................101

10.3 Rubberband File.....................................................................................................................101

10.4 User GPS File.........................................................................................................................102

10.5 GPS Tools...............................................................................................................................102

10.5.1 Reformat GPS File..........................................................................................................102
10.5.2 View GPS File.................................................................................................................104

11Help........................................................................................................105
11.1 Change DT1 Viewer...............................................................................................................105

11.2 Help Topics............................................................................................................................105

11.3 About......................................................................................................................................105

Appendix A:GPR Signal Artifacts.................................................................1

A. 1 Inductive WOW Removal Artifacts.......................................................................................1
EKKO_View Enhanced & Deluxe Table of Contents vi
A. 2...........................................................................................Inductive WOW Clipping Artifacts

Appendix B:Data File Formats......................................................................1

B. 1....................................................................................................pulseEKKO Data File Format

B.2 SEG-Y File Format............................................................................................................................2

B.3 ASCII 1 Data File Format..................................................................................................................4

B.4 ASCII 2 Data File Format..................................................................................................................7

EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe 1-Overview

1 Overview
The EKKO_View family of software is the next generation editing,
processing and plotting software package for Sensors & Software
GPR data.
This software package comes in three different versions:

1. EKKO_View is used for data plotting of GPR data,

2. EKKO_View Enhanced allows for data plotting as well as
data editing and simple data processing of the GPR data,
3. EKKO_View Deluxe is the professional version that
allows for data plotting, editing and full processing
routines including spatial and temporal filters,
migration, instantaneous attributes, amplitude spectra,
CMP velocity analysis and more.
The EKKO_View family of software was designed for the demanding
user, who needs to edit, process and plot large volumes of GPR
data quickly and efficiently. It is also possible to convert the
GPR data to other formats for export.
EKKO_View Enhanced and EKKO_View Deluxe use a simple to
understand spreadsheet approach to display all the GPR data in a
project (see Figure 1-1). All the data file names in the project
are listed in a column. As well, the survey parameters such as
the Start Position, Number of Traces, Time Window length, etc.
are listed in columns on the spreadsheet. This format allows
users to quickly spot errors in the data that need to be edited.
Editing and processing can be done to any or all the data files
in a project. Often used or "favou- rite” processing streams can

Figure: 1-1 The EKKO_View Enhanced screen in the background with the EKKO_View program in the
foreground displaying a data image.

1
1-Overview EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe

2
EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe 2-Installation and Startup

2 Installation and Startup

2.1 System Requirements

The complete EKKO_View Enhanced (or EKKO_View Deluxe) software
consists of two parts:
1. The EKKO_View Enhanced (or EKKO_View Deluxe) program
and,
The EKKO_View program.
2.
EKKO_View Enhanced (or EKKO_View Deluxe) is used for data
editing and processing data while the EKKO_View program is used
for plotting the data images.
Note that while EKKO_View is a part of the EKKO_View Enhanced
and EKKO_View Deluxe programs, it is a separate program that can
be run independently of EKKO_View Enhanced and EKKO_View Deluxe.
So, if you just want to plot a data file, it can be done by
running the EKKO_View program. It is not necessary to run the
EKKO_View Enhanced or EKKO_View Deluxe program.
The minimum system requirements for running the EKKO_View
Enhanced (or EKKO_View Deluxe) program are:
• Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III,
Pentium IV, Intel Xeon, AMD Athlon or Athlon XP
based personal computer
• Microsoft Windows 98 (original and Second Edition),
Windows Millennium Edi- tion (ME), Windows NT 4.0
(with Service Pack 5 for Y2K compliancy or Service
Pack 6a), Windows 2000, or Windows XP.
• CD-ROM drive (for installation from CD)
• 128 MB RAM minimum, 256 MB RAM recommended
• 25 MB free hard disk space
• 8-bit graphics adapter and display (for 256
simultaneous colors). A 16, 24 or 32-bit OpenGL

3
2-Installation and Startup EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe

2.2 Installing EKKO_View Enhanced or EKKO_View Deluxe

For the latest information about installing EKKO_View
Enhanced (or EKKO_View Deluxe), see the Software
Installation information sheets accompanying the Sen- sors
& Software CD-ROM or the Software Installation PDF file on

To install EKKO_View Enhanced, insert the Sensors & Software CD

into the CD drive. Click the START button and select RUN. Choose
the correct disk drive and move to the EKKO_View Enhanced folder
and run the SETUP.EXE program.
To install EKKO_View Deluxe, insert the Sensors & Software CD
into the CD drive. Click the START button and select RUN. Choose
the correct disk drive and move to the EKKO_View Deluxe folder
and run the SETUP.EXE program.
The CD-ROM has a folder called Samples that contains sub-folders
of GPR data.
The \SAMPLES\GPR_DATA, \SAMPLES\PIPES and \SAMPLES\WATERTNK
folders contain surveys where a number of parallel GPR data
lines were collected. These data can edited, pro- cessed and
plotted using EKKO_View Enhanced or EKKO_View Deluxe.
Any of the sample data can be copied from the CD-ROM. Note that
these GPR data may have the Read-Only attribute set if they are
2.3 Installing EKKO_View
The EKKO_View program is automatically installed when EKKO_View
Enhanced and EKKO_View Deluxe are installed. EKKO_View can, if
necessary, be installed by running the SETUP.EXE program in the
EKKO_View folder on the CD.
The manual for EKKO_View is available under the Help menu when
the EKKO_View program is run. It is possible to print a copy of

2.4 Running EKKO_View Enhanced or EKKO_View Deluxe

After installing EKKO_View Enhanced or EKKO_View Deluxe, the
program can be run by:
a) Double-clicking the EKKO_View Enhanced or EKKO_View
Deluxe icon on the Desk- top.
b) Clicking Start, selecting Programs, Sensors & Software
GPR and EKKO_View Enhanced or EKKO View Deluxe.

4
ProjecS Name:

|!est1
Input Directory:

| C:\data\linwood EKKO View EnhancedBrowst-...

& 3-Using EKKO_View
Deluxe Enhanced & EKKO_View
Deluxe

3 Using EKKO_View Enhanced & EKKO_View

OK Cancel

Deluxe

Figure: 3-1 The EKKO_View

Deluxe main window.

3.1 Opening a Project

A project in EKKO_View Enhanced and EKKO_View Deluxe is defined
as all the GPR data in a folder. If data files are in different
folders they must all be copied to one folder to be included in
the project. Microsoft Windows Explorer can be used to copy or
move files to the same folder.
Note that each survey line of Sensors & Software GPR data
consists of two files, an ASCII header file with a .HD extension
and a binary data file with a .DT1 extension. Both files must be
present to have complete data. See Appendix B for more details
about the Sensors & Software File format.
EKKO_View Enhanced and EKKO_View Deluxe project files have
a .prj extension.

Figure 3-2: Select File - New to open a new project. Use Browse to find the data folder and then give the project a name or use the default
name provided.

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After a new or existing project file has been selected, all the
files in the folder are listed to the spreadsheet as shown below
(see Figure 3-3). The spreadsheet lists more than 20 columns of
parameters associated with the file including the file name,

^ [«0_V¡ew
Fib
Delurte - C.\
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datn\i3*ID2\ -
. Fil
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et:
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Figure: 3-3 The display of the data files in the EKKO_View Deluxe spreadsheet.

Scroll bars can be used to see all the columns and all the files
in the list. The width of the columns can be changed by clicking
on the border between two column titles and widening or nar-
rowing the column. Widening the column allows the whole column
name to be displayed.
It is possible to edit which columns appear on the display by
selecting Edit - Columns or right clicking on any of the column
titles. This action will bring up a list of column titles that
can be checked or unchecked depending on which columns are to
appear on the list (see Section 5.1: Columns on page 19).
There are two buttons located above the spreadsheet:
1. Original Data

6
EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe 3-Using EKKO_View Enhanced & EKKO_View Deluxe

In Original Data mode, properties and plots of the data file(s)

can be displayed but the data can- not be edited or processed.
In Edit/Process mode, copies of the data files can be edited
and/or processed.

3.2 Original Data Mode

When a project is opened for the first time, the Original Data
button is on.
Highlighting a file name and then selecting the View menu item
(or right-clicking on the file name) allows:
1. Data files to be displayed as a Section plot (see Section
6.1: Section on page 21) or
2. Data files to be displayed as individual Traces (see Section
6.2: Traces on page
23),
3. The current Processing History of the file can be
viewed (see Section 6.3: Processing History on page 24).
4. Information
in the Trace Headers of the data file can
be viewed (see Section 6.4: Trace Header on page 24).
5. Trace
Comments added to the data during data
acquisition can be displayed (see Section 6.5: Trace
Comments on page 25).
As well, the EKKO_View Deluxe version allows two special plots
can be made. The Average Time - Amplitude Plot shows signal
strength versus time (see Section 6.6: Average Time- Amplitude
Plot on page 26) and the Average Amplitude Spectrum Plot shows
the frequency content of the data (see Section 6.7: Average
Amplitude Spectrum Plot on page 26).
The EKKO_View Deluxe version also allows CMP data files to have
a CMP Analysis done on them to extract velocity information (see
Section 6.8: CMP Analysis on page 27).
In Original Data mode, data files can be removed from the list
by highlighting them and then pressing the Delete key or

3.3 Edit/Process Mode - Editing Data

The original GPR data files in the folder cannot be edited or
processed. When data files are to be edited or processed, a sub-
folder is created and copies of the data files are written to
the sub- folder i.e. \data\edit1. It is the copies of the data
files in the sub-folders that are edited and or processed.
The first step is to select the data files to be copied to the
sub-folder. This is done by highlighting one or more data file
names in the spreadsheet list. To highlight a single file name,
click on it. To highlight a series of file names, click on the
first file name, hold down the Shift key and then click on the
last file name. This will highlight all the file names between
the first and last file names. To highlight selected file names,

7
3-Using EKKO_View Enhanced & EKKO_View Deluxe EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe

After highlighting the file names, click on the Edit/Process

button. The user is prompted to input the name of a new sub-
folder or select an existing sub-folder. Once OK is selected,
all the high- lighted data files are copied to the sub-folder
and listed to the spreadsheet. These files can now be edited
and/or processed.
Note that sub-folders do not have to be just from the original
data folder. It is possible to make a sub-folder from an
existing sub-folder. For example, if you are in Edit/Process
mode in a sub- folder, you can create a new sub-folder by
clicking on the Edit/Process button again. In this way it is
possible to create whole chains of sub-folders like \data\edit1\
edit1\process1.
Once the data files are listed in the sub-folder, the next step
is to select the data files to be edited and/or processed.
Again, highlight the data file names using the method described
above.
To edit the highlighted data files, find the desired editing
operation under Data Editing (see Section 7: Data Editing on
page 29), fill in any necessary parameters and select Run. The
editing operation will be performed on the file or files
selected.
Another way of selecting an editing operation is called the
Spreadsheet approach (see Section 3.3.2: Spreadsheet Editing on
page 10). Again, highlight the file or files to be edited and
now simply right-click in the column that relates to what you
want to edit. This will display a menu with all the editing
operations available for that column. For example, to edit the
position values of a data file, right click in the Start
Position column and list of position-related editing options
comes up. Choose one editing operation, fill in any parameters,
select Run and the edit is done.
If, during editing and/or processing you make a mistake,
highlight the file name and simply right- click and select Reset
to get a “fresh” copy of the original data file. The data file
in the sub-folder is over-written by a new copy from the main
folder. This is the ultimate “undo” tool.
As well, the Reset All Files option under the Edit menu item
overwrites all the files in the sub- folder with the original
files from the main folder.
Note that at any time during data editing or processing, the
data file can quickly be viewed. Simply select View - Section to
display the data file with all the current editing and/or
FILE:
MERGE merge two or more GPR data files together
STACK horizontally.
RUBBERBAN merge two or more data files together
D vertically.
rubberband the data to known

8
EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe 3-Using EKKO_View Enhanced & EKKO_View Deluxe

ADD_TOPO add topographic data to a GPR data file using a

*ADD_TOPO-GPS user defined Topo file. add topographic data to
SHIFT_TOPO a GPR data file using GPS Z data. shift data to
*ADD_GPS compensate for topography. add GPS X, Y and Z
positions to a GPR data file.
DATA CONVERSION:
SEGY convert pulseEKKO data to SEG-Y format. convert
EAVESDROPPER pulseEKKO data to Eavesdropper format. convert
ASCII1 the binary pulseEKKO data to ASCII format.
ASCII2 convert the binary pulseEKKO data to a columnar
CSV ASCII format that can be read by spreadsheet
EXPORT TIME and 2D data visualization programs. convert the
SLICE binary pulseEKKO data to CSV format.
export average amplitude data in a time range
from a pulseEKKO data to CSV format.
HEADER FILE:
ANTENNA_SEPARATI edit antenna separation.
ON edit survey mode (Reflection, CMP or
SURVEY_MODE Transillumination).
TITLES edit title1 and title2 fields in the header
UNITS file.
FREQUENCY edit the units used for measurement (metres or
PULSER VOLTAGE feet).
POSITIONS:
REPOSITION reposition all the traces in a data file
REVERSE reverse data file direction.
NEW_STEPSIZE resample the data spatially, either at a finer
CHOP DATA-TIM E or coarser stepsize.
CHOPDATA-POS used to take a smaller portion of a data set in
MUTEDATA the time direction.
DELETE_TRACES used to take a smaller portion of a data set in
INSERT_TRACES the position direction.
POLARITY zero a range of data.
FILL DATA GAPS delete bad traces from a data file.
insert blank traces into a data file.
reverses the polarity of some or all the traces
TIME WIN DOW:
NEW TIME increases or decreases the time window length.
WINDOW
POINTS/TRACE:
RESAMPLE resample the data in time, either at a finer or
DECIMATE coarser sampling interval. reduce the number of
TIMEZERO:
points in the data file to a fraction of the
RE-PICK a routine to re-pick the timezero point number
TIMEZERO in the header file.
DATUM find the first break based on a percentage of
TIMEZERO peak amplitude and then shift all
the traces to this new first break.
EDIT TIMEZERO
TRACE COMMENTS:
allows the user edit the timezero point number
UTILITY:
Utility program to create and edit:
TOPOGRAPHY FILE USERGAIN FILE RUBBERBAND
FILE *USER GPS FILE
*GPS TOOLS to View and Reformat a
raw GPS file.

9
3-Using EKKO_View Enhanced & EKKO_View Deluxe EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe

3.3.2 Spreadsheet Editing

Editing operations can always be selected from the operations
under the Data Editing menu option (see Section 3.3:
Edit/Process Mode - Editing Data on page 7). However, another,
per- haps more intuitive, way of editing data files is to
highlight the file names to be edited and then simply right-
click in the column that relates to what you want to edit. This
displays a menu with all the edit operations available for that

Figure 3-4: In Edit/Process mode right-clicking in any column in the spreadsheet brings up a menu of related editing operations.The editing
options available for each column are listed below.

If you RIGHT click in:Available editing operations are:

File Name Rubberband
View: Section, Traces, Processing History, Trace
Headers, Trace Com-
ments, Average Time Amplitude Plot, Average
Amplitude Spectrum Plot
Convert to SEG-Y, EAVESDROPPER, ASCII 1, ASCII 2,
CSV, Export
Time Slice.
Start If two or more data file names highlighted, Merge
and Stack.
Reset or Delete data file
Position
Reposition, Reverse, Polarity, Chop Data-Time,
Chop Data-Pos, Mute
Stop Reposition, Reverse, New Stepsize
Antenna Separation Edit to a new value
Position
Units metres or feet
Frequency Edit to 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 110, 200, 225,
450, 900, 1200 or OTHER.
#Traces Informational only. Cannot be edited.

10
EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe 3-Using EKKO_View Enhanced & EKKO_View Deluxe

Time Window New Time Window

#Points/Tra Resample, Decimate
ce Timezero Re-pick Timezero Point, Datum Timezero, Edit
Informational (not used in any calculations) but
Voltage can be edited to 200, 400
or 1000 Volts
Survey Mode Reflection, CMP or Transillumination survey modes
(ZOP, MOP, CAL)
Stacks For a CMP file, CMP Analysis
Sampling Informational only. Cannot be edited.
Interval Resample
Min Add Topography, Add Topography-GPS Z ,Shift
Elevation Topography
Max Add Topography, Add Topography-GPS Z, Shift
Elevation Topography
Title 1, Edit text in Title1 and Title2
Title 2 Informational only. Cannot be edited.
3.4 Edit/Process Mode - Processing Data
The original GPR data files in the folder cannot be edited or
processed. When data files are to be edited or processed, a sub-
folder is created and copies of the data files are written to
the sub- folder i.e. \data\edit1. It is the copies of the data
files in the sub-folders that are edited and or processed.
The first step is to select the data files to be copied to the
sub-folder. This is done by highlighting one or more data file
names in the spreadsheet list. To highlight a single file name,
click on it. To highlight a series of file names, click on the
first file name, hold down the Shift key and then click on the
last file name. This will highlight all the file names between
the first and last file names. To highlight selected file names,
hold down the Control (Ctrl) key while clicking on the desired
file names. If no file names are highlighted, ALL the data files
in the original data folder will be copied to the edit/process
sub-folder.
After highlighting the file names, click on the Edit/Process
button. The user is prompted to input the name of a new sub-
folder or select an existing sub-folder. Once OK is selected,
all the highlighted data files are copied to the sub-folder and
listed to the spreadsheet. These files can now be edited and/or
processed.
Note that sub-folders do not have to be just from the original
data folder. It is possible to make a sub-folder from an

11
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Processing

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Figure 3-5: EKKO_View Deluxe window showing the Processing window at the bottom. A series of processing operations can be listed using the Insert
Process menu item. When the processing list is complete, selecting Apply will apply the processing to all the data files currently highlighted in
the spreadsheet.

To process the data files, select the Apply button at the bottom
of the screen beside the Process window. These files are then
processed with the processing operations currently listed.
A series of processing operations can be saved as a "Recipe” for
future use (see Section 3.4.3: Recipe Processing on page 14).

3.4.1 Editing the List of Processing Operations

Editing the list of processing operations in the Processing
window is very easy.
To delete an operation, highlight it and then press the Delete
key or right click and then select Delete.

12
Procesa■ Properties

De wow

SEC Attenuation =1 ÜQÚO, íitart Valué = 1.ÜQÜ0. uam May = 5ÜG

Spatia! Median Filter Width = 3, Mean = 1
Migríition Velocity = G.lGlJÜ.. Spatial ülffsst = O.ÜGQQ, Scale = G.2ÜG0
Envelope Filter Widhh = O.üOGO
EKKO View 3-Using
Enhanced & EKKO_View
Deluxe Enhanced &
Apply ¡ |ÁÍ( ~ j
EKKO_View
An operation can be highlighted Deluxe
and moved
up or down the list by
clicking the up and down arrows on the left side of the
Processing window. This makes changing the order of the process-
ing operations very easy.
Processing parameters can be changed by highlighting the
operation, right clicking and then selecting Properties and

Processing:

Figure 3-6: A close up view of the Processing window at the bottom of the EKKO_View Deluxe window. Processing operations in the list
can be removed by highlighting them and pressing Delete. The order of processing operations can be changed by highlighting the
operation and using the Up and Down arrows to move the operation within the list. The current parameters for any operation can be
edited by highlighting the operation, right clicking, selecting Properties and
editing the current settings.

3.4.2 Processing Data Summary

Data Processing includes about 30 different operations. These

operations are available under the Insert Process menu under the
headings listed below.
All the headings and processing operations are listed below with
a brief description. Detailed descriptions of each operation are
given in Section 8: Insert Process on page 57. Processes pre-
fixed with a * indicate that these processes are only available
GAINS:

AGC apply Automatic Gain Control.

SEC apply Spreading and Exponential
CONSTANT Compensation.
AUTOGAIN apply a constant gain.
USERGAIN apply an automatic gain. No
parameters required.
TIME FILTERS:
DEWOW removes low frequency “wow” from each
DC_SHIFT trace.
*BANDPASS removes a DC level from each trace.
*LOWPASS filter out frequencies outside a
*HIGHPASS certain frequency band.
VERTICAL filter out frequencies above a certain
*MEDIAN frequency.
filter out frequencies below a certain
frequency.

13
3-Using EKKO_View Enhanced & EKKO_View Deluxe EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe

*DECON apply a deconvolution operator to

shorten radar wavelet to simplify data.

SPATIAL FILTERS:

HORZONTL trace to trace averaging filter to

remove dipping reflectors and enhance
*BINOMIAL flat-lying reflectors.
binomial spatial filter to remove
*LOWPASS dipping reflectors and enhance flat-
lying reflectors.
*HIGHPASS spatial low pass filter to remove
dipping reflectors and enhance flat-
*MEDIAN lying reflectors.
TRACE DIFFERENCE spatial high pass filter to remove flat-
*BACKGROUND lying reflectors and enhance dipping
SUBTRACTION reflectors.
alpha mean trim filter to remove
sporadic noisy, ringy or generally “bad”
2D FILTERS:

*MIGRATI collapses hyperbolic reflectors back to

ON points and focuses scattered signals.
*DIP binomial spatial weighting differencing
FILT filter to enhance reflectors of a
certain dip angle.
ATTRIBUTES:

*ENVELOP calculates an instantaneous

E amplitude of each trace.
*INSTPHA calculates an instantaneous
S phase of each trace. calculates
OPERATIONS:

*RECTIFY absolute value data to remove negative

*N_POWER component of trace.
raise each point to nth power to
*THRESHOL emphasize strong signals over
D
*AMP_SPEC weak signals.
zeroes amplitude below a certain
*ADDSECT percentage threshold. .
*SUBSECT calculate amplitude (frequency) spectrum
*AVETRACE of each trace in the data
file.

3.4.3 Recipe Processing

When EKKO_View Deluxe starts, the Processing window on the bottom
of the screen will be blank. The user can fill in specific
processing routines one at a time from the lists of processes
under Insert Process (see Section 3.4: Edit/Process Mode -

14
EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe 3-Using EKKO_View Enhanced & EKKO_View Deluxe

It is possible to save a list of processing operations as a

“Recipe” that can be loaded later and used again on another
project. This is useful for preserving popular processing
streams. To save the processing operations currently listed in
the Processing window to a Recipe, select Recipes - Save from
the main menu. The user is prompted to enter a name and folder
for the Recipe.
Once Recipes have been saved, they can loaded at any time by
selecting Recipes - Load from the main menu and selecting the
name of the recipe. The list of processing operations in this
recipe will then be listed in the Processing window. To process
data files with the processing stream, select Apply.

15
3-Using EKKO_View Enhanced & EKKO_View Deluxe EKKO_View Enhanced & Deluxe

16
EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe 4-File Menu

4 File Menu
4.1 New Project
This option allows the user to input a name for a new EKKO_View
Enhanced (or EKKO_View Deluxe) project (.prj) file. The desired
folder can be selected and the project name typed in. The
default project name can also be used.
All GPR data files in a project must be in the same folder. Use
Windows Explorer to copy or move all the data files to the same

Note that each survey line of Sensors & Software GPR data
consists of two files, an ASCII header file with a .HD
extension and a binary data file with a .DT1 extension.
Both files must be present to have complete data.

4.2 Open Project

This option allows the user to input the name of an existing
EKKO_View Enhanced (or EKKO_View Deluxe) project (.prj) file.
The desired folder can be selected and the name chosen from the
list.

4.3 Close Project

This option allows the user to close the current project.

4.4 Save Project

This option allows the user to save the current EKKO_View
Enhanced (or EKKO_View Deluxe) project (.prj) file.

4.5 Save As
This option allows the user to save the current EKKO_View
Enhanced (or EKKO_View Deluxe) project (.prj) file to a
different name. The desired folder can be selected and the new
project name typed in.

4.6 Print Spreadsheet

This option allows the user to print the spreadsheet to a
printer.
When the spreadsheet is printed it usually spans several pages.
The number of columns printed can be reduced by editing the
Columns displayed (see Section 5.1: Columns on page 19).

4.7 Recent Projects

This option lists the most recent EKKO_View Enhanced (or
EKKO_View Deluxe) projects, allow- ing the user to quickly load
previous files to continue work.

17
4-File Menu EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe

18
F Start Position
P Survey Mode

P Stop Position
P Number oí Stacks'

P Stepsize
P Sair¡p!e Inter val

W Antenna Separation

E
1
?
Max Elsvation

5
w Units
K P Min Elevaticn
-

p Antenna FrequencvK
P GPS E
O d

P P
i
Number of Traces
V5 Titie 1
t
P Time Window i
eE P Title 2
M
F
d P
Number oí Pointf/Trace
w Date e
n
5.1 Columns
P Timezero
ni
E
P Data Gaps u

P Transmitter Voltage

6). PThe spreadsheet

hData files are listed
at
Comments to the spreadsheet (See Figure 3-3 on page
lists up to 22 columns of parameters
n
cassociated with the file. Selecting Edit - Columns allows the
dM
euser to edit which columns appear on the display. This action
will bring up a list of column titles that can be checked or
&e
unchecked depending on which columns are to appear on the list
D
n
(see Figure 5-1).
Ühocse Cüiumm

u
e
l
u
x
e

QJÍ

Figure 5-1: Editing the Columns list allows the user to change which columns of parameters are
displayed on the spreadsheet.

5.2 Reset Selected Files

During editing and/or processing of a data file, the user may
make an error or simply want to try some other processing
stream. Highlighting the data file name and then selecting the
Reset option allows the user to replace the current version of
the data file with a new copy from the main data folder. The
user can then continue editing and/or processing with a new copy

5.3 Copy File

This option is only available from Edit/Process mode. This
routine allows the user to make a copy of one or more data files
into the same folder. Highlight one or more data file names and
then select Copy File. The user is prompted to provide a name(s)
for the copied data file(s).
This routine is handy when you want to apply different editing

19
5-Edit Menu EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe

5.4 Rename
This option is only available from Original Data mode. This
routine allows the user to rename a data file.

5.5 Delete
A data file or files can be removed from the current list by
highlighting them and then selecting Delete.
Note that the data files are not permanently deleted, they are
only removed from the current list. The complete list of data
files present in the main folder can be seen again by pressing
the Select button.

5.6 Reset All Files

This option is similar to Reset Selected Files described under
Reset Selected Files above except that ALL the data files
currently in the list are replaced with original copies from the
main data folder. The user can then continue editing and/or

5.7 Delete Folder

The Delete Folder option is used to delete the current sub-
folder of data. It is available when data are being edited
and/or processed.

5.8 Select All

Select All offers a quick way to highlight all the data file
names in the current list. This is often used to highlight all
the files before running some edit operation.

5.9 Invert Selection

This operation will highlight all the data file names that are
currently not highlighted. This means that if no data file names
are highlighted, selecting Invert Selection will highlight all
the data file names. If two data file names are highlighted,

20
Material Velocity (m/ns) Attenuation (dB/m)

Air 0.30 0

Ice 0.16-0.17 0.01

Dry Soil 0.15

6-ViewView Enhanced & Deluxe
EKKO EKKO_View 6-View
Dry Sand 0.15 0.01 Enhanced &
Deluxe
Granite 0.13 0.01-1.0

Dry Salt 66.1.1

0.13 View
How Depth is Determined
0.01-1.0
Ground penetrating radar systems record the time for a radio
Dry Rock wave
0.12 to travel to a target and back. The depth to that target is
Limestone calculated
0.12 based on the velocity at which the wave travels to
6.1
the target Section and 0.4-1.0
back. It is calculated as:
Wet Rock 0.10 D = generate
V x T/2 a section plot of any data file or files
The user can
Concrete where
in theD current
0.08-0.12 is Depthlist (metres)
at any time. This can be done from Original
Pavement Data
0.10 mode VorisEdit/Process
Velocity mode. To plot a section, double-click
(metres/nanosecond)
on the data T is Two-way
file name intravel
the time
first(nanoseconds)
column or highlight the data
Shales 0.09 1-100
file name or names and then select View - Section. Other ways of
Silts
Therefore,
plotting
0.07 a in 1-100
orderare
section to to
calculate
highlightthe
thedepth
file to a target,
name(s) it is
and right-
critical that the velocity of the material be known.
Wet Soil 0.06
EKKO_View Enhanced and EKKO_View Deluxe require that an average
Wet Sand velocity
0.06 be input
0.03-0.3 for cal- culations related to depth or
Clays elevation.
0.06 Specifically,
1-300 a velocity is required when viewing
depth sections (see Section 6.1: Section on page 21) or when
Fresh Water 0.033 0.1
applying a topographic shift (see Section 7.1.7: Shift
Sea Water Topography
0.033 on page
1000 37).
Radar wave velocity can be measured using the CMP Analysis to
calculate velocity from CMP surveys (see Section 6.8: CMP
Analysis on page 27).
If depth or elevation data is desired but radar velocity cannot
be measured, it must be estimated. The table below gives typical
Table 1: Typical Velocities and Attenuations of Common Materials

Figure 6-1: Display of a data section plotted using the EKKO_View program. EKKO_View has numerous features to edit and plot the
section.

Data sections are plotted using the EKKO_View program. Details

about how to use the EKKO_View program are located under the
Help menu when the EKKO_View program is running.

22
21
EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe 6-View

6.2 Traces
The user can display individual traces of any data file in the
current list. This can be done from Original Data mode or
Edit/Process mode. To plot traces, highlight the data file name
and then select View - Traces.

View Traces - DNAPL1

Figure: 6-2 Display of an individual data trace.

The trace display shows each trace with the time scale (in
nanoseconds) in the horizontal direc- tion and signal amplitude
scale (in millivolts) in the vertical direction. The trace
number and the position of the trace in the file is displayed
above. Selecting the Preferences button allows the time axis
label interval and amplitude scale can be modified. The vertical
dashed line indicates the current picked position of timezero.
The user can use the up and down arrows to move to any
particular trace up to the maximum number of traces in the data
file.
Selecting the Print button will print the current trace.
Viewing Traces is useful for looking at subtle features in the
data file. It can also be used to see the effect that different
types of editing and processing have on the individual traces.
Viewing traces can be used to see if the timezero point needs to
be edited. Normally the timezero point should occur at the first

23
6-View EKKO View Enhanced & Deluxe

6.3 Processing History

Every time an editing or processing operation is applied to a
data file a record of that operation is listed to the data
header (.HD) file. Selecting Processing History displays the
list of editing and processing operations that have been done to

Hiíiory: COLLECTED BY PE1000 - CON: ?? RX: ??

TX'.-??ANT: ??
THIS PROFILE CLIPPED FROM ORIGINAL PROFILE.
SIGNAL SATURATION CORRECTION APPLIED
VERTICAL TRACE AVERAGED. WIND LENGTH: 3POINTS
SEC GAINED. GMAX = 500.0, ATT EN = 1.0
SPATIAL ALPHA MEAN FILTER APPLIED. Width=3 Mean=1
SYNTHETICAPERTURE PROCESS 3 APPLIED (vel=0.10,X max
ENVELOPED VIA TEMPORAL HILBERT TRANSFORM. FILTER WIC

Figure: 6-3 Processing History of a data file.

6.4 Trace Header

Every time a data trace is collected, as well as saving the
trace amplitude information, other parameters associated with
that trace are saved to the "trace header” in the data file. The
trace header consists of 25 floating point numbers. Parameters
such as the trace number, trace position, elevation data (if
added later, see Section 7.1.5: Add Topography using Topo File
on page 35), Transmitter X, Y and Z positions, Receiver X, Y and
Z positions, GPS X, Y and Z positions (if added later, see
Section 7.1.8: Add GPS Data on page 37) and the time of day in
seconds past midnight when the trace data were collected, are
saved to the trace header.
Selecting Trace Header allows the user to see the values of
these parameters from every trace header in the data file. The
user has the option of selecting which parameters to display
using a list of checkboxes.
Selecting the View TXT button, saves the data as a text file
with the same name as the data file but with a .DAT extension.
The Trace Header parameters in the .DAT file are listed using
Microsoft Notepad or Wordpad. These programs allow the trace
header parameter list to be viewed, printed or saved.

24
 |i UNEO.dat - WordPad

File Edit View insert Format Help

ü eí 0 S Bi & i® | %

Edit Tiace U Position Comment

3 0.Ú2 Joint
1761
EKKO View
17.60
Enhanced &Joint
Deluxe 6-View
¡nsett Delete §ave

in File |

1.0 0.000000 0.000000 78.828330 60597 I

551826.145545 75832 5.800000 .7578
2.0 0.500000 0.000000 78.279356 13
55182 6.568446 75832 5.300000 60609
3.0 1.000000 0.000000 78.14410 5.10 .2382
551826.431275 75832 0000 81
4.0 1.500000 0.000000 78.14410 5.10 60609
55182 6.431275 75832 0000 .9531
5.0 2.000000 0.000000 78.14410 5.10 25
55182 6.431275 75832 0000 60610
6.0 2.500000 0.000000 79.28604 5.00 .6132
F
o
r
H
e
Figure 6-4: Trace Header is used to display the trace header parameters including trace number, position, GPS position and time of day when the trace
l
p was collected.
,
p
r
e
s
6.5 Trace s
F Comments
1
During data acquisition, it is possible to attach a short text
comment to an individual trace. For some Sensors & Software GPR
systems, comments can be added by pausing the system during data
acquisition and typing in a trace comment. For other systems a
marker can be added to the trace comment field during data
acquisition by pressing a trigger button or a special key on the
computer or data logger.
Selecting Trace Comments displays all the comments in the data
Trace Comments bridge

0K. |

Figure 6-5: The Trace Comment window displays all the comments added to the data file during data acquisition. Comments can be added, edited,
deleted and saved to a file.
Note that when Trace Comments is selected from Original Data
mode, trace comments can be displayed but not edited. In
Edit/Process mode trace comments can be viewed, added, edited,
deleted and saved to a file.

25
 50 i
00 i
0 If vx
—.
1A
10 6- EKK
00 Vie O
w Vie
0— l l l l l l l l 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 w
210 Time When (ns)editing trace comments, existing comments
Enha can be modified
nced
by selecting Edit and deleted by selecting Delete.
& As well, new
comments can be added to the list by selecting Delu Insert. The
comments can be saved to a text (.TXT) orxe a comma separated
values (.CSV) file by selecting Save to File.

6.6 Average Time-Amplitude Plot

This process is only available in the EKKO_View Deluxe version
of the program, not the EKKO_View Enhanced version.
The Average Time - Amplitude plot is used to look at the average
signal amplitudes (in micro- volts) for an entire data file.
Selecting the Preferences button allows the time axis label
interval scale to be modified. Selecting the Save button will
save the Time and Amplitude values to a .DAT text file or a .CSV
(comma separated values) file. The file will have the same name
as the data file but with _ATA added as a suffix.
This is a useful display for seeing how rapidly the signal
Average Time-Amplitude Plot - VANC_RDI _x
]

Figure 6-6: An Average Time - Amplitude plot shows the average signal amplitude for a data file. The left side of the plot shows the signal
level before the timezero point. This is the background noise level. At zero time, a strong amplitude signal occurs when the GPR system fires
its transmit- ter. At later times to the right, the GPR signal slowly decays back to the background noise level. How rapidly the signal level
drops is dependent on the material being scanned. The time at which the signal level drops back to the background noise level is the
maximum penetration time. This can be converted to the average maximum depth of penetration if a radar velocity for the material is known
(see Section 6.1.1: How Depth is Determined on page 22).

6.7 Average Amplitude Spectrum Plot

This process is only available in the EKKO_View Deluxe version
of the program, not the EKKO_View Enhanced version.
The Average Amplitude Spectrum plot is used to look at the
average signal frequencies for an entire data file. Selecting
the Preferences button allows the frequency axis label interval
scale to be modified. Selecting the Save button will save the
Frequency and Amplitude values to a .DAT text file or a .CSV
(comma separated values) file. The file will have the same name
as the data file but with _AAS added as a suffix.
This is a useful display for checking the dominant frequency in

26