Flags and Banners

A Wikipedia Compilation
by
Michael A. Linton
Contents

1 Flag 1
1.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 National flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Civil flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.2 War flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.3 International flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 At sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Shapes and designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.1 Vertical flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 Religious flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6 Linguistic flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.7 In sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.8 Diplomatic flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.9 In politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.10 Vehicle flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.11 Swimming flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.12 Railway flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.13 Flagpoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.13.1 Record heights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.13.2 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.14 Hoisting the flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.15 Flags and communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.16 Flapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.17 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.18 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2 War flag 28
2.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2 Current war flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.1 Used by armed forces only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.2 Army (Land) use only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2.3 War flags that are also naval ensigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2.4 Other war flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

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2.3 Former war flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

2.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.6 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3 Oriflamme 34
3.1 Legendary origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3 Appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.4 Significance on the battlefield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5 Porte oriflamme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5.1 Notable Bearers of the Oriflamme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.6 The Oriflamme in literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.7 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4 Heraldic flag 39
4.1 Types of heraldic flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.1.1 Pennon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.1.2 Banner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.1.3 Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.1.4 Banderole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.1.5 Gonfalone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.1.6 Guidon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.1.7 Pinsel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.3 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

5 Banner 46
5.1 Heraldic banners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.2 Banners in a religious context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.2.1 In Christianity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.3 Trade union banners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.4 Sports banners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.5 Advertising banners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

6 Field sign 54
6.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
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7 Royal standard 55
7.1 Former Royal Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
7.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

8 Colours, standards and guidons 57

8.1 General use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
8.2 Colours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
8.2.1 North, Central and South America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
8.2.2 Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
8.2.3 Commonwealth realms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
8.2.4 European countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8.3 Guidons and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.3.1 Commonwealth of Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.3.2 United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.3.3 Countries in Continental Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.4 Guns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.5 Etiquette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.6 Ceremonies of Colours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.6.1 Royal Navy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.6.2 United States Navy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.6.3 Yacht Clubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.7 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.8 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

9 Historical colours, standards and guidons 99

9.1 France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
9.1.1 Middle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
9.1.2 Ancien Régime (15th-18th centuries) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
9.1.3 Revolutionary Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
9.1.4 Imperial Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
9.2 Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
9.2.1 Kingdom of Prussia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
9.2.2 Third Reich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
9.3 Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
9.3.1 Russian Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.3.2 Soviet Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.4 Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.4.1 Kingdom of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.4.2 Spain under Franco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
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10 Banner of arms 103

10.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
10.1.1 National flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
10.1.2 Subdivision flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
10.1.3 County flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
10.1.4 City flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
10.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
10.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

11 Battle ensign 105

11.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
11.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
11.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

12 Blazon 110
12.1 Etymology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
12.2 Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
12.3 Tinctures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
12.4 Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
12.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
12.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
12.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
12.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

13 Burgee 114
13.1 Etiquette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
13.2 Flag officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
13.3 Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
13.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
13.5 Citations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
13.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
13.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

14 Gonfalon 117
14.1 Religious significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
14.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
14.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

15 Fimbriation 121
15.1 Flags using fimbriation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
15.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

16 Flammé (vexillology) 124

16.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
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16.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

17 Pennon 126
17.1 The Dutch Pennon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
17.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
17.3 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
17.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

18 Vexilloid 131
18.1 Vexilloids of ancient empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
18.2 Vexilloids of medieval empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
18.3 Vexilloids of modern empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
18.4 Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
18.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
18.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

19 Vexillum 137
19.1 Use in the Roman army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
19.2 General and later use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
19.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
19.3.1 In taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
19.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

20 Vexillology 141
20.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
20.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
20.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
20.4 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
20.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

21 Glossary of vexillology 144

21.1 Description of standard flag parts and terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
21.2 Basic patterns in flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
21.3 Techniques in flag display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
21.3.1 Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
21.4 Flag identification symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
21.4.1 National flag variants by use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
21.4.2 Other symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
21.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
21.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
21.7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
21.7.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
21.7.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
vi CONTENTS

21.7.3 Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Chapter 1

Flag

For other uses, see Flag (disambiguation).

A flag is a piece of fabric (most often rectangular or quadrilateral) with a distinctive design that is used as a symbol,

ASEAN members’ national flags in Jakarta

as a signaling device, or as decoration. The term flag is also used to refer to the graphic design employed by a flag,
or to its depiction in another medium.
The first flags were used to assist military co-ordination on battlefields, and flags have since evolved into a general tool
for rudimentary signalling and identification, especially in environments where communication is similarly challenging
(such as the maritime environment where semaphore is used). National flags are potent patriotic symbols with varied
wide-ranging interpretations, often including strong military associations due to their original and ongoing military
uses. Flags are also used in messaging, advertising, or for other decorative purposes. The study of flags is known as
vexillology, from the Latin word vexillum, meaning flag or banner.
Due to the use of flags by military units, “flag” is also used as the name of some military units. A flag (Arabic: ‫)لواء‬

1
2 CHAPTER 1. FLAG

Setting up a flag could also posses the meaning of conquering something. Jaan Künnap with the flag of Estonia in the top of Lenin
Peak (7134 m) in 1989.

is equivalent to a brigade in Arab countries, and in Spain, a flag (Spanish: bandera) is a battalion-equivalent in the
Spanish Legion.

1.1 History

Further information: Vexilloid, Heraldic flag and Royal Standard

In antiquity, field signs or standards were used in warfare that can be categorized as vexilloid or “flag-like”. Examples
include the Sassanid battle standard Derafsh Kaviani, and the standards of the Roman legions such as the eagle of
Augustus Caesar's Xth legion, or the dragon standard of the Sarmatians; the latter was let fly freely in the wind, carried
by a horseman, but judging from depictions it was more similar to an elongated dragon kite than to a simple flag.
During the High Middle Ages flags came to be used primarily as a heraldic device in battle, allowing more easily to
identify a knight than only from the heraldic device painted on the shield. Already during the high medieval period,
and increasingly during the Late Middle Ages, city states and communes such as those of the Old Swiss Confederacy
also began to use flags as field signs. Regimental flags for individual units became commonplace during the Early
Modern period.
During the peak of the age of sail, beginning in the early 17th century, it was customary (and later a legal requirement)
for ships to carry flags designating their nationality;[1] these flags eventually evolved into the national flags and maritime
flags of today. Flags also became the preferred means of communications at sea, resulting in various systems of flag
signals; see, International maritime signal flags.
Use of flags outside of military or naval context begins only with the rise of nationalist sentiment by the end of the
18th century; the earliest national flags date to that period, and during the 19th century it became common for every
sovereign state to introduce a national flag.
1.1. HISTORY 3

Bronze flag found in Iran, 3rd millennium BC

4 CHAPTER 1. FLAG

Sujagi of Eo Jae-yeon, captured in 1871

1.2 National flags

Main article: National flag
One of the most popular uses of a flag is to symbolize a nation or country. Some national flags have been particularly
inspirational to other nations, countries, or subnational entities in the design of their own flags. Some prominent
examples include:

• The flag of Denmark, the Dannebrog, is attested in 1478. It inspired the cross design of the other Nordic
countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, and regional Scandinavian flags for the Faroe Islands, Åland,
Scania and Bornholm, as well as flags for the non-Scandinavian Shetland and Orkney.[2]

• The flag of the Netherlands is the oldest tricolour. Its three colors of red, white and blue go back to Charlemagne's
time, the 9th century. The coastal region of what today is the Netherlands was then known for its cloth in these
colors. Maps from the early 16th century already put flags in these colors next to this region, like Texeira’s map
1.2. NATIONAL FLAGS 5

Flags at half-staff outside Central Plaza, Hong Kong, after the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake. The Flag of Saudi Arabia is exempted.

Tribal flags at Meeting Place Monument/Flag Plaza at the Oklahoma State Capitol.
6 CHAPTER 1. FLAG

The Flag of Ethiopia's colors inspired the colors of many African national flags.

The flag of the Arab Revolt of 1916 inspired the flags of many Arab states.

of 1520. A century before that, during the 15th century, the three colors were mentioned as the coastal signals
for this area, with the 3 bands straight or diagonal, single or doubled. As state flag it first appeared around 1572
as the Prince’s Flag in orange–white–blue. Soon the more famous red–white–blue began appearing, becom-
ing the prevalent version from around 1630. Orange made a come back during the civil war of the late 18th
1.2. NATIONAL FLAGS 7

century, signifying the orangist or pro-stadtholder party. During WW2 the pro-nazi NSB used it, so using that
version today would be the same as hoisting the red swastika flag. Any symbolism has been added later to the
three colors, although the orange comes from the House of Orange-Nassau. Surprisingly, this use of orange
comes from Nassau, which today uses orange-blue, not from Orange, which today uses red-blue. However, the
usual way to show the link with the House of Orange-Nassau is the orange pennant above the red-white-blue.
It’s said that the Dutch Tricolor has inspired many flags but most notably those of Russia, New York City, and
South Africa (the 1928–94 flag as well the current flag). As the probable inspiration for the Russian flag, it is
the source too for the Pan-Slavic colors red, white and blue, adopted by many Slavic states and peoples as their
symbols. Examples: Slovakia, Serbia, and Slovenia.

• The national flag of France was designed in 1794. As a forerunner of revolution, France’s tricolour flag style
has been adopted by other nations. Examples: Italy, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ireland, Haiti, Romania,
Mexico, etc.

• The Union Flag (Union Jack) of the United Kingdom is the most commonly used. British colonies typically
flew a flag based on one of the ensigns based on this flag, and many former colonies have retained the design
to acknowledge their cultural history. Examples: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Tuvalu, and also the Canadian
provinces of Manitoba, Ontario and British Columbia, and the American state of Hawaii; see commons:Flags
based on British ensigns.

• The flag of the United States, also nicknamed The Stars and Stripes or Old Glory. Some nations imitated this
flag so as to symbolize their similarity to the United States and/or the American Revolution. Examples: Liberia,
Chile, Uruguay, Taiwan (ROC), Malaysia and the French region of Brittany.

• The original tricolor Flag of Iran, the source for the Pan-Iranian colors green, white and red adopted by many
Indo-Iranian or Aryan states and peoples as their symbols. Examples: Tajikistan, Kurdistan, Republic of
Ararat, Talysh-Mughan.

• Ethiopia was seen as a model by emerging African states of the 1950s and 1960s, as it was one of the oldest
independent states in Africa. Accordingly, its flag became the source of the Pan-African colors, or “Rasta
colors”. Examples: Benin, Togo, Senegal, Ghana, Mali, Guinea.

• The flag of Turkey, which is very similar to last flag of the old Ottoman Empire, has been an inspiration for
the flag designs of many other Muslim nations. During the time of the Ottomans the crescent began to be
associated with Islam and this is reflected on the flags of Algeria, Azerbaijan, Comoros, Libya, Mauritania,
Pakistan and Tunisia.

• The Pan-Arab colors, green, white, red and black, are derived from the flag of the Great Arab Revolt as seen
on the flags of Jordan, Libya, Kuwait, Sudan, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, Egypt, Iraq,
Yemen and Palestine.

• The Soviet flag, with its golden symbols of the hammer and sickle on a red field, was an inspiration to flags
of other communist states, such as East Germany, People’s Republic of China, Vietnam, Angola, Afghanistan
(1978–1980) and Mozambique.

• The flag of Venezuela, created by Francisco de Miranda to represent the independence movement in Venezuela
that later gave birth to the “Gran Colombia”, inspired the flags of Colombia and Ecuador, both sharing three
bands of yellow, blue and red with the flag of Venezuela.

• The flag of Argentina, created by Manuel Belgrano during the war of independence, was the inspiration for the
United Provinces of Central America's flag, which in turn was the origin for the flags of Guatemala, Honduras,
El Salvador, and Nicaragua.

• Flags of Native American nations in the United States are common and many tribes have chosen a flag as their
symbol of choice.

National flag designs are often used to signify nationality in other forms, such as flag patches.
8 CHAPTER 1. FLAG

1.2.1 Civil flags

Main article: Civil flag

A civil flag is a version of the national flag that is flown by civilians on non-government installations or craft. The
use of civil flags was more common in the past, in order to denote buildings or ships that were not manned by the
military. In some countries the civil flag is the same as the war flag or state flag, but without the coat of arms, such
as in the case of Spain, and in others it’s an alteration of the war flag.

1.2.2 War flags

Main articles: War flag and Colours, standards and guidons
Several countries (including the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union) have had unique flags flown by their armed

Standing for the UK's Royal Air Force, the Ensign of the RAF displays the RAF roundel.

forces, rather than the national flag.

Other countries’ armed forces (such as those of the United States or Switzerland) use their standard national flag.
The Philippines' armed forces may use their standard national flag, but during times of war the flag is turned upside
down. Bulgaria's flag is also turned upside down during times of war. These are also considered war flags, though the
terminology only applies to the flag’s military usage.
Large versions of the war flag flown on the warships of countries’ navies are known as battle ensigns. In war waving
a white flag is a banner of truce or surrender.
Four distinctive African flags currently in the collection of the National Maritime Museum in Britain were flown in
action by Itsekiri ships under the control of Nana Olomu during conflict in the late 19th century. One is the flag
generally known as the Benin flag and one is referred to as Nana Olomu’s flag.[3]

1.2.3 International flags

Among international flags are the Flag of the United Nations, the Olympic flag, and the Paralympic flag.

1.3 At sea
Main article: Maritime flag
Flags are particularly important at sea, where they can mean the difference between life and death, and consequently
1.4. SHAPES AND DESIGNS 9

The Flag of the United Nations

where the rules and regulations for the flying of flags are strictly enforced. A national flag flown at sea is known as
an ensign. A courteous, peaceable merchant ship or yacht customarily flies its ensign (in the usual ensign position),
together with the flag of whatever nation it is currently visiting at the mast (known as a courtesy flag). To fly one’s
ensign alone in foreign waters, a foreign port or in the face of a foreign warship traditionally indicates a willingness
to fight, with cannon, for the right to do so. As of 2009, this custom is still taken seriously by many naval and port
authorities and is readily enforced in many parts of the world by boarding, confiscation and other civil penalties.
In some countries yacht ensigns are different from merchant ensigns in order to signal that the yacht is not carrying
cargo that requires a customs declaration. Carrying commercial cargo on a boat with a yacht ensign is deemed to be
smuggling in many jurisdictions. There is a system of international maritime signal flags for numerals and letters of
the alphabet. Each flag or pennant has a specific meaning when flown individually. As well, semaphore flags can be
used to communicate on an ad hoc basis from ship to ship over short distances. Traditionally, a vessel flying under
the courtesy flag of a specific nation, regardless of the vessel’s country of registry, is considered to be operating under
the law of her 'host' nation.
Another category of maritime flag flown by some United States Government ships is the distinguishing mark. Al-
though the United States Coast Guard has its own service ensign, all other U.S. Government ships fly the national
ensign their service ensign, following United States Navy practice. To distinguish themselves from ships of the Navy,
such ships historically have flown their parent organization’s flag from a forward mast as a distinguishing mark. To-
day, for example, commissioned ships of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) fly the
NOAA flag as a distinguishing mark.

1.4 Shapes and designs

Flags are usually rectangular in shape (often in the ratio 2:3, 1:2, or 3:5), but may be of any shape or size that is
practical for flying, including square, triangular, or swallow tailed. A more unusual flag shape is that of the flag of
Nepal, which is in the shape of two stacked triangles. Other unusual flag shapes include the flag of Ohio and the flag
of Tampa.
Many flags are dyed through and through to be inexpensive to manufacture, such that the reverse side is the mirror
image of the obverse (front) side, generally the side displayed when the flag is flying from the observer’s point of view
10 CHAPTER 1. FLAG

The international maritime signal flag Delta (letter D)

from left, the side of the pole, to right. This presents two possibilities:

1. If the design is symmetrical in an axis parallel to the flag pole, obverse and reverse will be identical despite the
mirror-reversal, such as the Indian Flag or Canadian Flag
2. If not, the obverse and reverse will present two variants of the same design, one with the hoist on the left (usually
considered the obverse side, see flag illustrations), the other with the hoist on the right (usually considered the
reverse side of the flag). This is very common and usually not disturbing if there is no text in the design. See
also US reverse side flag.

Some complex flag designs are not intended for through and through implementation, requiring separate obverse and
reverse sides if made correctly. In these cases there is a design element (usually text) which is not symmetric and
should be read in the same direction, regardless of whether the hoist is to the viewer’s left or right. These cases can
be divided into two types:

1. The same (asymmetric) design may be duplicated on both sides. Such flags can be manufactured by creating
two identical through and through flags and then sewing them back to back, though this can affect the resulting
combination’s responsiveness to the wind. Depictions of such flags may be marked with the symbol ,
indicating the reverse is congruent to (rather than a mirror image of) the obverse.
1.4. SHAPES AND DESIGNS 11

The flag of Nepal, a national flag that is not rectangular

2. Rarely, the reverse design may differ, in whole or in part, from that of the obverse. Examples of flags whose
reverse differs from the obverse include the flag of Paraguay, the flag of Oregon, and the historical flag of the
Soviet Union. Depictions of such flags may be marked with the symbol .

Common designs on flags include crosses, stripes, and divisions of the surface, or field, into bands or quarters—
patterns and principles mainly derived from heraldry. A heraldic coat of arms may also be flown as a banner of arms,
as is done on both the state flag of Maryland and the flag of Kiribati.
The de jure flag of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi, which consisted of a rectangular field of green, was for a long
period the only national flag using a single color and no design or insignia. However, other historical states have also
used flags without designs or insignia, such as the Soviet Republic of Hungary, whose flag was a plain field of red.
12 CHAPTER 1. FLAG

The flag of Kiribati, a banner of arms

Colors are normally described with common names, such as “red”, but may be further specified using colorimetry.
The largest flag flown from a flagpole worldwide, according to Guinness World Records, is the flag of Mexico flown
in Piedras Negras, Mexico. This flag was about 2058 square meters.[4] The largest flag ever made was the flag of
Qatar; the flag, which measures at 101,978 square meters, was completed in December 2013 in Doha.[5]

1.4.1 Vertical flags

Vertical flags are sometimes used in lieu of the standard horizontal flag in central and eastern Europe, particularly
in the German-speaking countries. This practice came about because the relatively brisk wind needed to display
horizontal flags is not common in these countries.[6]

1 2a 2b 3 4 5a 5b

The standard horizontal flag (no. 1 in the preceding illustration) is nonetheless the form most often used even in
these countries.[7]
The vertical flag (German: Hochformatflagge or Knatterflagge; no. 2) is a vertical form of the standard flag. The
flag’s design may remain unchanged (No. 2a) or it may change, e.g. by changing horizontal stripes to vertical ones
(no. 2b). If the flag carries an emblem, it may remain centered or may be shifted slightly upwards.[6][8]
The vertical flag for hoisting from a beam (German: Auslegerflagge or Galgenflagge; no. 3) is additionally attached
1.5. RELIGIOUS FLAGS 13

to a horizontal beam, ensuring that it is fully displayed even if there is no wind.[6][9]

The vertical flag for hoisting from a horizontal pole (German: Hängeflagge; no. 4) is hoisted from a horizontal
pole, normally attached to a building. The topmost stripe on the horizontal version of the flag faces away from the
building.[6][10]
The vertical flag for hoisting from a crossbar or banner (German: Bannerflagge; no. 5) is firmly attached to a
horizontal crossbar from which it is hoisted, either by a vertical pole (no. 5a) or a horizontal one (no. 5b). The
topmost stripe on the horizontal version of the flag normally faces to the left.[6][11]

1.5 Religious flags

See also: Religion in national symbols
Flags can play many different roles in religion. In Buddhism, prayer flags are used, usually in sets of five differently

Poland (Gorzów Wlkp.). Religious flag

colored flags. Many national flags and other flags include religious symbols such as the cross, the crescent, or a
reference to a patron saint. Flags are also adopted by religious groups and flags such as the Jain flag and the Christian
flag are used to represent a whole religion.

1.6 Linguistic flags

As languages rarely have a flag designed to represent them,[12] it is a common but unofficial practice to use national
flags to identify them. The practice is deprecated[13] because it is often considered insulting[14] and because flags tend
to evoke feelings other than the intended meaning. Examples of such use include:

• representing language skills of an individual, like a staff member of a company

14 CHAPTER 1. FLAG

Jain – Five-Colored Flag

Flag of La Francophonie

• displaying available languages on a multilingual website or software.

Though this can be done in an uncontroversial manner in some cases, this can easily lead to some problems for certain
languages:
1.6. LINGUISTIC FLAGS 15

Flag of Hispanicity

CPLP

Flag of CPLP (Lusophone Community)

• languages generating language dispute, such as Romanian and Moldavian which some consider two different
languages; and
• languages spoken in more than one country, such as English or Arabic.

In this second case, common solutions include symbolising these languages by:

• the flag of the country where the language originated

16 CHAPTER 1. FLAG

Flag of Esperanto

• the flag of the country having the largest number of native speakers

• a mixed flag of the both (when this is not the same)

• the flag of the country most identified with that language in a specific region (e.g. Portuguese Language: Flag
of Portugal in Europe and Flag of Brazil in South America). A Portugal-Brazil mixed flag, usually divided
diagonally, is also a possibility.

Thus, on the Internet, it is common to see the English language associated with the flag of the United Kingdom, or
sometimes the flag of England, the flag of the United States or a U.S.-UK mixed flag, usually divided diagonally.

1.7 In sports
Because of their ease of signalling and identification, flags are often used in sports.

• In association football, linesmen carry small flags along the touch lines. They use the flags to indicate to the
referee potential infringements of the laws, or who is entitled to possession of the ball that has gone out of the
field of play, or, most famously, raising the flag to indicate an offside offence. Officials called touch judges use
flags for similar purposes in both codes of rugby.

• In American and Canadian football, referees use penalty flags to indicate that a foul has been committed in
game play. The phrase used for such an indication is flag on the play. The flag itself is a small, weighted
handkerchief, tossed on the field at the approximate point of the infraction; the intent is usually to sort out the
details after the current play from scrimmage has concluded. In American football, the flag is usually yellow;
in Canadian football, it is usually orange. In the National Football League, coaches also use red challenge flags
to indicate that they wish to contest a ruling on the field.

• In yacht racing, flags are used to communicate information from the race committee boat to the racers. Different
flags hoisted from the committee boat may communicate a false start, changes in the course, a cancelled race,
or other important information. Racing boats themselves may also use flags to symbolize a protest or distress.
1.7. IN SPORTS 17

The flags are often part of the nautical alphabetic system of International maritime signal flags, in which 26
different flags designate the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet.

Flags flown at a car race

• In auto and motorcycle racing, racing flags are used to communicate with drivers. Most famously, a checkered
flag of black and white squares indicates the end of the race, and victory for the leader. A yellow flag is used
to indicate caution requiring slow speed and a red flag requires racers to stop immediately. A black flag is used
to indicate penalties.

Main article: Racing flags

• In addition, fans of almost all sports wave flags in the stands to indicate their support for the participants. Many
sports teams have their own flags, and, in individual sports, fans will indicate their support for a player by
waving the flag of his or her home country.
• Capture the flag is a popular children’s sport.
• In Gaelic football and Hurling a green flag is used to indicate a goal while a white flag is used to indicate a
point
• In Australian rules football, the goal umpire will wave two flags to indicate a goal (worth six points) and a single
flag to indicate a behind (worth one point).
• For safety, dive flags indicate the locations of underwater scuba divers or that diving operations are being
conducted in the vicinity.
• In water sports such as Wakeboarding and Water-Skiing, an orange flag is held in between runs to indicate
someone is in the water.
18 CHAPTER 1. FLAG

• In golf, the hole is marked with a flag. The flagpole is designed to fit centered within the base of the hole and
is removable. Many courses will use color-coded flags to determine a hole location at the front, middle or rear
of the green. However color-coded flags are not used in the professional tours.
• Flag poles with flags of all shapes and sizes are used by marching bands, drum corps, and winter guard teams
use flags as a method of visual enhancement in performances.

1.8 Diplomatic flags

Some countries use diplomatic flags, such as the United Kingdom(Image of the Embassy flag) and the Kingdom of Thailand(Image of the Embassy flag)

1.9 In politics

The Rainbow flag of the LGBT social movement. Similar flags are used in Europe to support pacifism and in Peru and Bolivia to
represent the indigenous peoples of the Andes.

Social and political movements have adopted flags, to increase their visibility and as a unifying symbol.
The socialist movement uses red flags to represent their cause. The anarchist movement has a variety of different flags,
but the primary flag associated with them is the black flag. In the Spanish civil war, the anarcists used the red-and-
black bisected flag. In the 20th century, the rainbow flag was adopted as a symbol of the LGBT social movements.
Bisexual and transgender pride flags were later designed, in an attempt to emulate the rainbow flag’s success.
Some of these political flags have become national flags, such as the red flag of the Soviet Union and national socialist
banners for Nazi Germany. The present Flag of Portugal is based on what had been the political flag of the Portuguese
Republican Party previous to the 5 October 1910 revolution which brought this party to power.

1.10 Vehicle flags

Flags are often representative of an individual’s affinity or allegiance to a country, team or business and can be
presented in various ways. A popular trend that has surfaced revolves around the idea of the 'mobile' flag in which an
individual displays their particular flag of choice on their vehicle. These items are commonly referred to as car flags
1.11. SWIMMING FLAGS 19

and are usually manufactured from high strength polyester material and are attached to a vehicle via a polypropylene
pole and clip window attachment.

1.11 Swimming flags

Open swimming area

In Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the Philippines, and the United Kingdom a pair of red/yellow flags is used to
mark the limits of the bathing area on a beach, usually guarded by surf lifesavers. If the beach is closed, the poles
of the flags are crossed. The flags are colored with a red triangle and a yellow triangle making a rectangular flag, or
a red rectangle over a yellow rectangle. On many Australian beaches there is a slight variation with beach condition
signaling. A red flag signifies a closed beach (in the UK also other dangers), yellow signifies strong current or difficult
swimming conditions, and green represents a beach safe for general swimming. In Ireland, a red and yellow flag
indicates that it is safe to swim; a red flag that it is unsafe; and no flag indicates that there are no lifeguards on duty.
Blue flags may also be used away from the yellow-red lifesaver area to designate a zone for surfboarding and other
small, non-motorised watercraft.
Reasons for closing the beach include:

• dangerous rip
• hurricane warning
• no lifeguards in attendance
• overpolluted water
• sharks
• tsunami
• waves too strong

A surf flag exists, divided into four quadrants. The top left and bottom right quadrants are black, and the remaining
area is white.
20 CHAPTER 1. FLAG

Closed swimming area

Signal flag “India” (a black circle on a yellow square) is frequently used to denote a “blackball” zone where surfboards
cannot be used but other water activities are permitted.

1.12 Railway flags

Railways use a number of colored flags. When used as wayside signals they usually use the following meanings (exact
meanings are set by the individual railroad company):

• red = stop
• yellow = proceed with care
• green or white = proceed.
• a flag of any color waved vigorously means stop
• a blue flag on the side of a locomotive means that it should not be moved because someone is working on it (or
on the train attached to it). A blue flag on a track means that nothing on that track should be moved. The flag
can only be removed by the person or group that placed it. In the railway dominated steel industry this principle
of “blue flag and tag” was extended to all operations at Bethlehem Steel, Lackawanna, NY. If a man went inside
a large machine or worked on an electrical circuit for example, his blue flag and tag was sacrosanct.[15] The
"Lock Out/Tag Out" practice is similar and now used in other industries to comply with safety regulations.

At night, the flags are replaced with lanterns showing the same colors.
Flags displayed on the front of a moving locomotive are an acceptable replacement for classification lights and usually
have the following meanings (exact meanings are set by the individual railroad company):

• white = extra (not on the timetable)

• green = another section following
• red = last section
1.13. FLAGPOLES 21

Additionally, a railroad brakeman will typically carry a red flag to make his or her hand signals more visible to the
engineer. Railway signals are a development of railway flags.[16]

1.13 Flagpoles
“Flagpole” redirects here. For the magazine, see Flagpole Magazine.
A flagpole, flagmast, flagstaff, or staff can be a simple support made of wood or metal. If it is taller than can be
easily reached to raise the flag, a cord is used, looping around a pulley at the top of the pole with the ends tied at the
bottom. The flag is fixed to one lower end of the cord, and is then raised by pulling on the other end. The cord is
then tightened and tied to the pole at the bottom. The pole is usually topped by a flat plate or ball called a "truck"
(originally meant to keep a wooden pole from splitting) or a finial in a more complex shape. Very high flagpoles may
require more complex support structures than a simple pole, such as a guyed mast.
Dwajasthambam are flagstaffs commons at the entrances of South Indian Hindu temples.[17]

1.13.1 Record heights

Since 2011, the tallest free-standing flagpole in the world has been the Dushanbe Flagpole in Tajikistan,[18] with a
height of 165 m (541 ft), beating the formerly record holding National Flagpole in Azerbaijan (size: 162 m; 532
ft)[19] and the North Korean flag at Kijŏng-dong (size: 160 m; 525 ft).
The tallest flagpole in the United Kingdom from 1959 until 2013 stood in Kew Gardens. It was made from a Canadian
Douglas-fir tree and was 68.5 m (225 ft) in height.[20]
The current tallest flagpole in the United States (and the tallest containing an American flag) is a 400 feet (120 m) pole
completed near Memorial Day 2014 and custom-made with a large 11 feet (3.4 m) base in concrete by wind turbine
manufacturer Broadwind Energy, which is situated on the north side of the Acuity Insurance headquarters campus
along Interstate 43 in Sheboygan, Wisconsin and is visible from Cedar Grove. The pole will hold a 220-pound flag
for pleasant conditions and a thicker 350-pound flag for harsh weather.[21] Acuity had made three separate attempts
in the 2000s at the tallest flagpole which were all removed due to collapses or wind-swaying, following the example
of a nearby Perkins location which had put up a flag visible on their property from the WI 28 exit.

1.13.2 Design

Flagpoles can be designed in one piece with a taper (typically a steel taper or a Greek entasis taper),[22] or be made
from multiple pieces to make them able to expand. In the United States, ANSI/NAAMM guide specification FP-
1001-97 covers the engineering design of metal flagpoles to ensure safety.

1.14 Hoisting the flag

Hoisting the flag is the act of raising the flag on the flagpole. Raising or lowering flags, especially national flags,
usually involves ceremonies and certain sets of rules, depending on the country, and usually involve the performance
of a national anthem.
A flag-raising squad is a group of people, usually troops, cadets, or students, that marches in and brings the flags
for the flag-hoisting ceremony. Flag-hoisting ceremonies involving flag-raising squads can be simple or elaborate,
involving large numbers of squads. Elaborate flag-hoisting ceremonies are usually performed on national holidays.

1.15 Flags and communication

Semaphore is a form of communication that utilizes flags. The signalling is performed by an individual using two
flags (or lighted wands), the positions of the flags indicating a symbol. The person who holds the flags is known as
the signalman. This form of communication is primarily used by naval signallers. This technique of signalling was
adopted in the early 19th century and is still used in various forms today.
22 CHAPTER 1. FLAG

Flagpole of modest size, with simple truck

The colors of the flags can also be used to communicate. For example; a white flag means, among other things,
surrender or peace, a red flag can be used as a warning signal, and a black flag can mean war, or determination to
defeat enemies.
Orientation of a flag is also used for communication, though the practice is rarely used given modern communication
systems. Raising a flag upside-down was indicative that the raising force controlled that particular area, but that it
was in severe distress.
1.16. FLAPPING 23

Large flagpole, showing structured truck (New Zealand)

1.16 Flapping
When blown by the wind, flags are subject to wave-like motions that grow in amplitude along the length of the flag.
This is sometimes ascribed to the flag pole giving vortex shedding, however flags that are held by lanyards also can
be seen to flap.

1.17 See also

Lists and galleries of flags

• Gallery of sovereign-state flags

• List of flag names

• Lists of flags

• Timeline of national flags

• Unofficial flags

Notable flag-related topics

• False flag

• Flag Day

• Flag desecration
24 CHAPTER 1. FLAG

New Caledonia has two official flags, flown here in Nouméa, the capital city, on a single flagpole with a crossbar.

• Flag etiquette

• Flag patch

• Flag semaphore

• Flag terminology

• Flag throwing

• Pledge of Allegiance

• Standard-bearer (also enumerates various types of standards, both flag types and immobile ensigns)

• Vexillology

Miscellaneous

• Flags of the World, an Internet-based vexillological association and resource

• Petrosomatoglyph Symbols and prehistory

• Windsock

• Koinobori

1.18 References
[1] Articles 90–94 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
1.18. REFERENCES 25

Dwajasthambam (flagstaff) at Brihadeeswarar Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.

[2] National Flag -The official website of Denmark. An earlier use of the white cross on red is attested by an armorial
(Netherlands) of 1370-1386. In later monastic tradition, the Danneborg made its first, miraculous appearance at the Battle
of Lyndanisse on 15 June 1219.

[3] Rog.nmm.ac.uk
26 CHAPTER 1. FLAG

Semaphore signals for the letters of the English alphabet

Video of U.S. Flag Flapping

[4] “Largest flag flown”.

[5] “Qatar breaks record for world’s largest flag”. BBC. December 17, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2013.

[6] “Flaggentypen”. German Vexillological Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Flaggenkunde e. V., DGF). Retrieved 20
February 2012.

[7] German Federal Ministry of the Interior: Hissflagge, accessed 20 February 2012
1.18. REFERENCES 27

[8] German Federal Ministry of the Interior: Hochformatflagge, accessed 20 February 2012

[9] German Federal Ministry of the Interior: Auslegerflagge, accessed 20 February 2012

[10] German Federal Ministry of the Interior: Hängeflagge, accessed 20 February 2012

[11] German Federal Ministry of the Interior: Hängeflagge, accessed 20 February 2012

[12] Why you should not use a flag as a symbol of language

[13] W3C, Internationalization Best Practices

[14] European Committee for Standardization, European Culturally Specific ICT Requirements

[15] OSHRC.gov

[16] Calvert, J.B. (2004-07-25). “Early Railway Signals”. University of Denver. Retrieved 2007-10-07.

[17] Hiltebeitel, Alf (1991). The Cult of Draupadi, Volume 2: On Hindu Ritual and the Goddess. University of Chicago Press.
ISBN 0226340473. pp. 91-92.

[18] “Wer baut den hoechsten Fahnenmast”. Asia Plus. September 9, 2008.

[19] “Flag of Azerbaijan”. Telegraph.co.uk. July 3, 2008.

[20] “Kew Gardens Flagpole”. Kew.org.

[21] Weyandt, Janet (25 May 2014). “High-flying: Up in time for Memorial Day, Acuity flag is world’s tallest”. The Sheboygan
Press. Retrieved 26 May 2014.

[22] “Cone Tapered vs. Venetian Entasis Tapered”. Lingo Flagpoles Inc. Archived from the original on 2005-02-28.

• Australian Botany pages

• William G. Crampton; The World of Flags; Rand McNally; ISBN 0-528-83720-6 (hardcover, 1994).

• Samuel Finley Breese Morse

• Ultimate Pocket Flags of the World; Dorling Kindersley; ISBN 0-7894-2085-6; (1st American edition, hard-
cover, 1996).
Chapter 2

War flag

For the Standard WWI steamship, see SS War Flag.

A war flag (military flag or battle flag) is a variant of a national flag for use by the nation’s military forces on land.
The nautical equivalent is a naval ensign — the battle ensign. Under this strict sense of the term, few nations currently
have war flags, most preferring to use instead their state flag or standard national flag for this purpose.

2.1 History
Further information: Oriflamme, Heraldic flag, Banner, Vexilloid, Field sign and Royal Standard

Field signs were used in early warfare at least since the Bronze Age. The word standard itself is from an Old Frankish
term for a field sign (not necessarily a flag).
The use of flags as field signs apparently emerges in Asia, during the Iron Age, possibly in either China or India.[1]
Early field signs that include, but are not limited to a flag, are also called vexilloid or “flag-like”, for example the
Roman Eagle standard or the dragon standard of the Sarmatians. The Roman Vexillum itself is also “flag-like” in the
sense that it was suspended from a horizontal crossbar as opposed to a simple flagpole.
Use of simple flags as military ensigns becomes common during the medieval period, developing in parallel with
heraldry as a complement to the heraldic device shown on shields. The maritime flag also develops in the medieval
period. The medieval Japanese Sashimono carried by foot-soldiers are a parallel development.
Some medieval free cities or communes did not have coats of arms, and used war flags that were not derived from
a coat of arms. Thus, the city of Lucerne used a blue-white flag as a field sign from the mid 13th century, without
deriving it from a heraldic shield design.

2.2 Current war flags

2.2.1 Used by armed forces only

• War Flag of Bolivia
• War Flag of Brunei
• Canada
• War Flag of the People’s Republic of China
• Georgia
• Flag of the Armed Forces of Moldova
Officially not the war flag of Moldova

• Myanmar

28
2.2. CURRENT WAR FLAGS 29

A knight (Jan I van Brabant) flying a heraldic flag in battle, in addition to the heraldic device displayed on his shield (Codex Manesse,
ca. 1304)

• War Flag of Portugal

• Saudi Arabia

• Flag of the Armed Forces of Serbia

• Sri Lanka
30 CHAPTER 2. WAR FLAG

• Flag of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

2.2.2 Army (Land) use only

• Bulgarian Land Forces

• War Flag of the People’s Republic of China

• War Flag of the Republic of China

• Georgia

• War Flag of Hungary

• India

• Flag of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force

• Army Ensign of Malaysia

• Myanmar

• North Korean People’s Army

• Pakistan Army

• Polish Land Forces

• Russia

• Saudi Arabia

• South Korea

• Thailand
(also used for the Royal Thai Armed Forces HQ)

• Flag of Turkish Land Forces Command

• Ukrainian Army flag

• British Army non-ceremonial flag

• Venezuela

• Flag of Vietnam People’s Armed Forces

2.2.3 War flags that are also naval ensigns

• War Ensign of Finland

• Flag of Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force

• War Ensign of Peru

• War Ensign of Russian Federation

• Royal Saudi Navy Saudi Arabia

• The Singapore Naval Force Ensign

• War Ensign of Sweden

• Ukrainian Navy ensign

2.3. FORMER WAR FLAGS 31

2.2.4 Other war flags

• State and War Flag and State Ensign of Denmark

• State and War Flag and State Ensign of Germany

• State and State/Naval Ensign of Iceland

• State/War Flag and State/Naval Ensign of Norway

• Flag of the Philippines at War

• War Flag (regimental colour) of the Hellenic Army

• Ukrainian Air Force flag

2.3 Former war flags

• Battle flag of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army

• War Flag, Military of the Ottoman Empire

• The original Eureka Flag specimen, rebel warflag at the 1854 Battle of Eureka Stockade.

• Battle Flag of the Confederate States of America (1861–65)

• Cross of Burgundy Flag, Spain (1506–1843)

• War Flag of the Imperial Japanese Army

• War Flag of the People’s Republic of Congo (1970–91)

• Battle flag of the United Irishmen, used at the 1798 Rebellion Battle of Arklow

• War Flag of East Germany (1960–90)

• Reichskriegsflagge, the war flag for the German Wehrmacht and official flag of the Kriegsmarine
(banned in most European nations)

• State and War Flag of the Kingdom of Greece (1863–1924 and 1935–70)

• War Flag of the Italian Social Republic (1943–45)

• War Flag of Prussia (1816)

• War Flag of the German Empire (1903–19)

• War Flag of the Roman Republic of 1849

• South Vietnam

• Flag of the Red Army

• Naval Ensign of the Soviet Union

• Royal Siam Armed Forces (1892–1936)

• Royal Siam Army in Haw wars (1885–1890)

• United States Cavalry

• War flag of the Royal Italian Army

• War ensign of the Slovak Republic (Client state of Nazi Germany 1939–45)
32 CHAPTER 2. WAR FLAG

2.4 See also

• Colours, standards and guidons

• Ensign

2.5 References
[1] flag. (2008). Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.

2.6 Further reading

• Wise, Terence (1978) Military flags of the world, in color. New York: Arco Publishing. 184p. ISBN
0668044721. War flags of 1618–1900.

2.7 External links

• FIAV Flag Information Symbols at Flags of the World
2.7. EXTERNAL LINKS 33

Babur and his Mughal Army saluting the Nine Standards of Timur.
Chapter 3

Oriflamme

The Battle of Poitiers 1356. The oriflamme can be seen on the top left.

This article is about the battle standard of the King of France. For other uses, see Oriflamme (disambiguation).

The Oriflamme (from Latin aurea flamma, “golden flame”) was the battle standard of the King of France in the
Middle Ages. It was originally the sacred banner of the Abbey of St. Denis,[1] a monastery near Paris.
In French, the term "oriflamme" has come to mean any banner with pointed ends; by association with the form of the

34
3.1. LEGENDARY ORIGIN 35

original.

3.1 Legendary origin

36 CHAPTER 3. ORIFLAMME

Reconstructions of two versions of the historical Oriflamme banner. Other descriptions have the banner as plain red.

The Oriflamme was mentioned in the eleventh-century ballad the Chanson de Roland (vv. 3093-5) as a royal banner,
first called Romaine and then Montjoie.[2] According to legend, Charlemagne carried it to the Holy Land in response to
a prophecy regarding a knight possessing a golden lance, from which flames would burn and drive out the Saracens.[3]
This suggests that the lance was originally the important object, with the banner simply a decoration, but this changed
over time.[4]

3.2 History
The Oriflamme was first used by Louis VI in 1124 and was last flown in battle at Agincourt in 1415,[5] though a
version of it remained in the Abbey of St. Denis until the 18th century.[6]
Louis VI replaced the earlier banner of Saint Martin with the oriflamme of the Abbey of St. Denis, which floated
about the tomb of St. Denis and was said to have been given to the abbey by Dagobert. Until the 12th century the
standard-bearer was the Comte de Vexin, who, as vowed to St. Denis, was the temporal defender of the abbey. Louis
VI, having acquired Vexin, became standard-bearer; as soon as war began, Louis VI received Communion at St.
Denis and took the standard from the tomb of the saint to carry it to the combat.
It is recorded as having been carried at the following battles
3.3. APPEARANCE 37

• Bouvines 1214

• Mons-en-Pevele 1304

• Crécy 1346

• Poitiers 1356

• Roosebeke 1382

• Agincourt 1415

The Oriflamme was lost four times; Mons-en-Pevele,[7] Crécy [8] Poitiers[9] and Agincourt[10]

3.3 Appearance
The banner was red or orange-red silk and flown from a gilded lance.[11] According to legend, its colour stems from
it being dipped in the blood of the recently beheaded St. Denis.
The surviving descriptions of the Oriflamme are in Guillaume le Breton (thirteenth century), in the “Chronicle of
Flanders” (fourteenth century), in the “Registra Delphinalia” (1456) and in the inventory of the treasury of St. Denis
(1536). They show that the primitive Oriflamme was succeeded in the course of the centuries by newer Oriflammes
which bore little resemblance to one another except for their colour.[2]

3.4 Significance on the battlefield

When the Oriflamme was displayed on the battlefield it indicated that no quarter was to be given, its red colour being
symbolic of cruelty and ferocity.[12]
Although the azure ground (from the blue cope of St. Martin of Tours) strewn with gold fleur-de-lis remained the
symbol of royalty until the 15th century, the Oriflamme became the royal battle standard of the King of France, and
it was carried at the head of the king’s forces when they met another army in battle. In the fifteenth century, the
fleur-de-lis on the white flag of Joan of Arc became the new royal standard replacing both the symbol of royalty and
the Oriflamme on the battle field.[2]

3.5 Porte oriflamme

The bearer of the standard, the porte-oriflamme, became an office (like that of Marshal or Constable) and a great
honour, as it was an important and very dangerous job to take charge of such a visible symbol in battle. If things
went badly, the bearer was expected to die rather than relinquish his charge.
Froissart vividly describes porte-oriflamme Geoffroi de Charny’s fall at the side of his king at the Battle of Poitiers in
this passage:

“There Sir Geoffroi de Charny fought gallantly near the king (note: and his fourteen-year-old son).
The whole press and cry of battle were upon him because he was carrying the king’s sovereign banner
[the Oriflamme]. He also had before him his own banner, gules, three escutcheons argent. So many
English and Gascons came around him from all sides that they cracked open the king’s battle formation
and smashed it; there were so many English and Gascons that at least five of these men at arms attacked
one [French] gentleman. Sir Geoffroi de Charny was killed with the banner of France in his hand, as
other French banners fell to earth.”[13]

3.5.1 Notable Bearers of the Oriflamme

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
38 CHAPTER 3. ORIFLAMME

• Geoffroi de Charny - 14th-century knight and author of several works on chivalry. He first bore the Oriflamme
during the failed attempt to relieve Calais in 1347[14] and died at Poitiers defending it.[15]
• Arnoul d'Audrehem - 14th-century former Marshal of France. He held the office from 1368 to his death in
1370 but never carried the banner in action.
• Guillaume de Martel - Seigneur de Bacqueville. He carried the Oriflamme at Agincourt and died there.[16]

3.6 The Oriflamme in literature

The 19th-century poet Robert Southey refers to the Oriflamme and its reputation in his poem Joan of Arc

3.7 See also

Media related to Oriflamme at Wikimedia Commons

3.8 References
[1] Oriflamme Society

[2] "Oriflamme". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.

[3] Tuchman, Barbara (1978). A Distant Mirror. Penguin. p. 148. ISBN 0140054073.

[4] Heraldica.org

[5] Richard W. Barber (1984) The Penguin guide to medieval Europe, Penguin Books. p. 224

[6] Slater, Stephen (2002). The Complete Book of Heraldry. Hermes House. p. 30. ISBN 1846819601.

[7] DeVries, Kelly (2006) : Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, p.40

[8] Sumption, Jonathon (1990). Trial by Battle. London: Faber & Faber. p. 530. ISBN 0-571-20095-8.

[9] Green, David (2004). The Battle of Poitiers 1356. p. 56. ISBN 0-7524-2557-9.

[10] Barker, Juliet (2005). Agincourt. London: Little, Brown. p. 288. ISBN 0316726486.

[11] Slater (2002), p.33

[12] Keen, Maurice (1965). The laws of War in the late Middle Ages. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 105–6.

[13] Jean Froissart; trans Geoffrey Brereton, Chronicles ( Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK, 1978), p. 140

[14] Sumption, Jonathon (2001). Trial by Fire. faber & faber. p. 12. ISBN 0-571-20737-5.

[15] Green (2004), p.56

[16] Barker (2005), p.323

[17] Robert Southey The Poetical Works of Robert Southey: With a Memoir of the Author, in X Volumes, Volume I, Boston.
Little Brown and Company, New York, 1860 pp. 181,307
Chapter 4

Heraldic flag

In heraldry and vexillology, a heraldic flag is any of several types of flags, containing coats of arms, heraldic badges,
or other devices used for personal identification.
Heraldic flags include banners, standards, pennons and their variants, gonfalons, guidons, and pinsels. Specifi-
cations governing heraldic flags vary from country to country, and have varied over time.
Rectangular personal, military, and national flags are sometimes referred to as “standards” or royal standards; these
should be distinguished from the heraldic standard, which is a different, specific shape.

4.1 Types of heraldic flags

4.1.1 Pennon
Main article: Pennon

The pennon is a small elongated flag, either pointed or swallow-tailed (when swallow-tailed it may be described as a
banderole[1] ). It was charged with the heraldic badge or some other armorial ensign of the owner, and displayed on
his own lance, as a personal ensign. The pennoncelle was a modification of the pennon.[2]
In contemporary Scots usage, the pennon is four feet long. It tapers either to a point or to a rounded end as the owner
chooses. It is assigned by the Lord Lyon King of Arms to any armiger who wishes to apply for it.[3]

4.1.2 Banner
Main article: Banner
The banner of arms (also simply called banner) is square or oblong and larger than the pennon, bearing the entire
coat of arms of the owner, composed precisely as upon a shield but in a square or rectangular shape.[2]

In the olden time, when a Knight had distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry, it was the cus-
tom to mark his meritorious conduct by prompt advancement on the very field of battle. In such a case,
the point or points of the good Knight’s Pennon were rent off, and thus the ... small Flag was reduced to
the square form of the Banner, by which thenceforth he was to be distinguished
—- Charles Boutell, The Handbook to English Heraldry[2]

The banners of members of Orders of Chivalry are typically displayed in the Order’s chapel. Banners of Knights of
the Order of the Thistle are hung in the 1911 chapel of the Order in St Giles High Kirk in Edinburgh.[5] Banners
of Knights of the Order of the Garter are displayed in St George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle. From Victorian times
Garter banners have been approximately 5 feet by 5 feet.[6]
Banners became available to all English armigers as a result of a report by Garter to the Earl Marshal dated 29 January
1906. The report stated that the size of banner for Esquires and Gentlemen should be considered in the future.[7] Until

39
40 CHAPTER 4. HERALDIC FLAG

Banners of Knights of the Thistle displayed in St. Giles’ Cathedral

that date they were available to all noblemen and knights banneret.[8] In 2011, Garter Woodcock said that the banner
for an Esquire or Gentleman should be the same size as a Marquess’s and those of a lower rank down to Knight, that
is, 3 feet by 3 feet.[9]
In Scotland, the size of personal banners, excluding any fringes, are specified by the Lord Lyon.[3]
4.1. TYPES OF HERALDIC FLAGS 41

Heraldic banners at the funeral of Elizabeth I. The queen’s casket is escorted by mourners bearing the banners of her ancestors’ arms
marshalled with the arms of their wives.[4]

4.1.3 Standard

Standard of Sir Henry de Stafford, about 1475, features the Stafford knot and Bohun swan heraldic badges differenced with a
crescent gules for cadency. The standard bears the Cross of Saint George for England. Black and red (sable and gules) are Sir
Henry’s livery colours.[10]

The heraldic standard appeared about the middle of the fourteenth century, and was in general use by personages
of high rank in the two following centuries. The standard appears to have been adopted for the special purpose of
displaying badges. “The badge was worn on his livery by a servant as retainer, and consequently the standard by which
he mustered in camp was of the livery colours, and bore the badge, with both of which the retainer was familiar.”[2]
A standard is not rectangular: it tapers, usually from 4 feet down to 2 feet, and the fly edge is rounded (lanceolate).
In England any armiger who has been granted a badge is entitled to fly a standard.
The medieval English standard was larger than the other flags, and its size varied with the owner’s rank. The Cross
of St. George usually appeared next to the staff, and the rest of the field was generally divided per fess (horizontally)
into two colours, in most cases the livery colours of the owner. “With some principal figure or device occupying a
prominent position, various badges are displayed over the whole field, a motto, which is placed bend-wise, having
divided the standard into compartments. The edges are fringed throughout, and the extremity is sometimes swallow-
tailed, and sometimes rounded.”[2]
The Oriflamme was the royal standard of the King of France during the Middle Ages.
In Scotland, a standard requires a separate grant by the Lord Lyon. Such a grant is only made if certain conditions
are met.
42 CHAPTER 4. HERALDIC FLAG

The length of the standard depends upon one’s noble rank.[3]

An example of a standard suitable for a Scottish baronet (who is, in this case, also the chief of Clan Macdonald of Sleat).

4.1.4 Banderole
Main article: Banderole

A Banderole (Fr. for a “little banner”), has both a literal descriptive meaning for its use by knights and ships, and is
also heraldic device for representing bishops.[1]

4.1.5 Gonfalone
Main article: Gonfalone

A gonfalone or gonfalon is a vertically hung banner emblazoned with a coat of arms. Gonfalons have wide use in
civic, religious, and academic heraldry. The term originated in Florence, Italy, where communities, or neighborhoods,
traditionally displayed gonfaloni in public ceremonies.

4.1.6 Guidon
The Scots guidon is similar shape to the standard and pennon. At 6.5' long, it is smaller than the standard and twice the
size of the pennon. Guidons are assigned by the Lord Lyon to those individuals who qualify for a grant of supporters
to their Arms and to other individuals who have a following such as individuals who occupy a position of leadership
or a long-term official position commanding the loyalty of more than a handful of people. The Guidon tapers to a
round, unsplit end at the fly.[3]
A guidon can also refer to a cavalry troop’s banner, such as that which survived the Custer massacre.[12]

4.1.7 Pinsel
The Scottish pinsel is triangular in shape, 2.5 feet high at the hoist and 4.5 feet in width tapering to a point. This
is the flag denoting a person to whom a Clan Chief has delegated authority for a particular occasion, such as a Clan
Gathering when the Chief is absent. This flag is allotted only to Chiefs or very special Chieftain-Barons for practical
use, and only upon the specific authority of the Lord Lyon King of Arms.[3]

4.2 See also

• Royal Standard
• Royal standards of Canada
4.2. SEE ALSO 43

Royal Banner of the King of Denmark in the 14th century, based on the Royal Arms of Denmark.

• Flag of the Governor General of Canada

• Flags of the Lieutenant Governors of Canada
• Royal Standard of Norway
• Royal Standard of Spain
• Royal Standard of the United Kingdom
44 CHAPTER 4. HERALDIC FLAG

• Royal Standard of England

• Royal Standard of Scotland
• Oriflamme
• Personal Command Sign of the Swedish Monarch
• Queen’s Personal Australian Flag
• Flag of the Governor-General of Australia
• Queen’s Personal New Zealand Flag
• Flag of the Governor-General of New Zealand
• Japanese heraldic banners:
• Fūrinkazan
• Hata-jirushi
• Nobori
• Sashimono
• Uma-jirushi

4.3 Notes
[1] Chisholm 1911, p. 312.

[2] Boutell, p. 246-251

[3] Lord Lyon King of Arms. “Further Guidance on Flags…". Retrieved 2012-12-11.

[4] From a manuscript of 1603.

[5] Burnett and Hodgson, pp6–7

[6] Johnston, L. (2011)

[7] Garter Woodcock (2011)

[8] Berry, W.(1830)

[9] Garter Woodcock (2011)

[10] See Boutell, p. 251.

[11] Lipskey, Glenn Edgard. “The Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor, The Poem of Almeria”. Retrieved 15 December 2014.

[12] http://www.nbcnews.com/id/40608795/ns/us_news-life/#.USl8s1f_rOc

4.4 References
• Berry, W. (1830). Encyclopaedia heraldica or complete dictionary of heraldry 1. London: Sherwood, Gilbert
& Piper.
• Boutell, Charles (1914). Fox-Davies, A. C., ed. The Handbook to English Heraldry (11th ed.). London:
Reeves & Turner.
• Burnett, C.J.; Hodgson, L. (2001). Stall Plates of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle in the
Chapel of the Order within St Giles’ Cathedral, The High Kirk of Edinburgh. Edinburgh: Heraldry Society of
Scotland. ISBN 0-9525258-3-6.
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Banderole". Encyclopædia Britannica 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University
Press. p. 312.
4.4. REFERENCES 45

• Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1976) [1904]. The Art of Heraldry (facsimile ed.). Arno Press.

• Johnston, L. (2011). “Emperor Akihito and the heraldic achievements of the Garter”.
• Nelson, Phil (1 February 2010). “Banderole”. Dictionary of heraldic terms.

• OED staff (September 2011). “banderol[e] | bandrol | bannerol, n.”. Oxford English Dictionary (Second 1989;
online version September 2011. ed.). Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1885.

• Woodcock, T (2011). “Garter King of Arms”. Personal communication dated 23 December 2011.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from A. C. Fox-Davies' 1914 edition of Charles Boutell’s

• The Handbook to English Heraldry at Project Gutenberg, which is in the public domain in the United States.
Chapter 5

Banner

For other uses, see Banner (disambiguation).

A banner is a flag or other piece of cloth bearing a symbol, logo, slogan or other message. A flag whose design is
the same as the shield in a coat of arms (but usually in a square or rectangular shape) is called a banner of arms.
Banner-making is an ancient craft. Church banners commonly portray the saint to whom the church is dedicated.
The word derives from French word “bannière” and late Latin bandum, a cloth out of which a flag is made (Latin:
banderia, Italian: bandiera, Portuguese: bandeira, Spanish: bandera). The German language developed the word to
mean an official edict or proclamation and since such written orders often prohibited some form of human activity,
bandum assumed the meaning of a ban, control, interdict or excommunication. Banns has the same origin meaning
an official proclamation, and abandon means to change loyalty or disobey orders, semantically “to leave the cloth or
flag”.

5.1 Heraldic banners

Further information: Heraldic flag

A heraldic banner, also called banner of arms, displays the basic coat of arms only: i.e. it contains the design usually
displayed on the shield and omits the crest, helmet or coronet, mantling, supporters, motto or any other elements
associated with the coat of arms (for further details of these elements, see heraldry).
A heraldic banner is usually square or rectangular.
A distinction exists between the heraldic banner and the heraldic standard. The distinction, however, is often mis-
understood or ignored. For example the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom is in fact a banner of the royal
arms.

• The full armorial achievement of the arms of the Kingdom of Scotland (before the Union of the Crowns)

• The arms as depicted on the escutcheon.

• The Royal Standard of Scotland: the banner of the King of Scots

• Banner of Cardinal Wolsey

5.2 Banners in a religious context

The prophet Isaiah was commanded to raise a banner and exalt his voice (Isaiah 13:2). Habakkuk received a similar
order to write a vision upon tables that could be read by one who runs past it (Habakkuk 2:2).

46
5.2. BANNERS IN A RELIGIOUS CONTEXT 47

Banners of Knights of the Thistle displayed in St. Giles’ Cathedral

5.2.1 In Christianity

For more on the design and making of church banners, see Banner-making. For banners used in the Eastern Orthodox
Church, see Khorugv.

Banners in churches have, in the past, been used mainly for processions, both inside and outside of the church building.
48 CHAPTER 5. BANNER

Russian Orthodox Crucession with lantern, processional cross and Khorugvi (banners).

However, the emphasis has, in recent years, shifted markedly towards the permanent or transient display of banners
on walls or pillars of churches and other places of worship. A famous example of large banners on display is Liverpool
R.C. Cathedral, where the banners are designed by a resident artist.
Banners are also used to communicate the testimony of Jesus Christ by evangelists and public ministers engaged in
Open Air Preaching.

5.3 Trade union banners

The iconography of these banners included mines, mills, factories, but also visions of the future, showing a land
where children and adults were well-fed and living in tidy brick-built houses, where the old and sick were cared for,
where the burden of work was lessened by new technology, and where leisure time was increasing. The same kind of
banners are also used in many other countries. Many, but not all of them, have red as a dominant colour.
In Australia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, trade union banners were unfurled with pride in annual
Eight Hour Day marches which advocated ‘Eight Hours Labour, Eight Hours Recreation and Eight Hours Rest’. These
marches were one of the most prominent annual celebrations staged in Australia by any group. In Sydney alone, by
the early twentieth century, thousands of unionists representing up to seventy different unions would take part in such
parades, marching behind the banner emblematic of their trade. Most of these banners have not survived; the Labour
Council of NSW has the largest surviving collection at Sydney Trades Hall Sydney Trades Hall in Sussex Street,
Sydney.
The State Library of NSW in Sydney has a small collection of trade union banners that were donated to the Library
in the early 1970s such as this photograph of a Federated Society of Boilermakers, Iron & Steel Shipbuilders of
Australia banner thought to have been made c. 1913-1919. The Federated Society of Boilermakers, Iron & Steel
Shipbuilders of Australia was formed in 1873 and joined the Amalgamated Metal Workers Union in 1972.
The banner features a kneeling figure in the centre surrounded by scroll work and is decorated with Australian native
5.4. SPORTS BANNERS 49

Banners of AUT, NATFHE, Cambridge TUC and Cambridge University Students’ Union.

flowers and images representative of the work of the Union’s members such as a New South Wales Government
Railways 34 class steam locomotive, the Hawkesbury River rail bridge built in 1889, and a furnace. The reverse of
the banner shows the warship “Australia” at sea. The banner is canvas and was painted by Sydney firm Althouse &
Geiger, master painters and decorators. Founded in 1875, the company is still in operation. The banner is a powerful
interpretive tool in communicating the experience and the history of the Australian labour movement.
For more on the design and making of these banners, see Banner-making.

5.4 Sports banners

Sports fans often buy or make banners to display in the grandstands. Team banners typically contain the logo, name
or nickname, motto and the team colors. Banners on individual competitors can contain a picture or drawing of the
player. Sports banners may also honor notable players or hall-of-fame athletes and commemorate past championships
won. These types of sports banners are typically hung from rafters in stadiums. The Miami Heat, an NBA Team,
hangs division titles and championship banners at the top of the rafters in their home stadium, American Airlines
Arena. Similar to other sports banners, they feature the color palette of the team’s logo, the logo, names of players,
and championship winning years.
Uruguay’s Club Nacional de Football supporters made a 600 x 50 metre banner that weighs over 2 tonnes; they claim
it is the largest in the world.[1] It was unveiled in April 2013 in a Copa Libertadores football match at the Estadio
Centenario.

5.5 Advertising banners

Often fabricated commercially on a plastic background, the banner industry has developed from the traditional cut-
vinyl banners to banners printed within large, ultra-wide format inkjet printers on various vinyl and fabric materials
50 CHAPTER 5. BANNER

Federated Society of Boilermakers, Iron & Steel Shipbuilders of Australia, Union Banner A928321h

using solvent inks and ultraviolet-curable inks.

Banners are used in many business ventures, marketing to their potential audience. A number of British towns and
cities have whole series of banners decorating their city centers, effectively advertising the town or its special features
and attractions. Pre-printed banners, albeit commonly used, are simple and accessible. Banners can be printed in
enormous formats, with a full range of rich colors. They can also be used in many different physical situations whether
it be hanging from an existing fixture, fixed to a wall or even free standing. When an advertising banner is hung or
suspended between posts, grommets or another method of attachment are necessary to prevent the banner from
tearing or flying away. Aluminum grommets can be punched into the banner and used as secure entry points to tie
the banner down. This installation method allows for more durable advertisements. Some vendors offer pre-installed
grommets. Another common form of free standing banners are retractable displays.
Banners can be found plastered behind a window screen, as billboards, atop skyscrapers, or towed by airplanes or
blimps. As with variable of size and quantity, the number of sides and quality of ink are as much of a crucial factor. In
an instance of retail stores which purchase pre-printed clearance banners, or a variety of sale banner. A banner facing
underneath or against glass is absorbing exposure from the sun. A banner printed on UV outdoor ink will last several
years to a decade where cheaper ink fades, requiring frequent replacement. Being behind glass, a two-sided banner
can be displayed from the inside and out, often building recognition between shoppers and caretakers. Three-sided
banners are often appealing as there is dimension and can be embellished differently. The more sides that exist, the
more angles the banner covers, which is a possibility where a two-sided banner doesn't face the viewer from center
5.6. SEE ALSO 51

FC Nantes banner

of the room or streets.

Another manifestation of advertising banners, unique to the 21st century, are "banner ads",[2] which are advertise-
ments on websites. The banner ads contain hyperlinks to other websites. Also, on free music streaming services such
as Spotify and Pandora, audio advertisements will play in between songs. One of the common tag lines is “Click the
banner to learn more.”

5.6 See also

• Heraldic standard
• Sashimono
• Knight Banneret
• Nobori
• The Star-Spangled Banner
• Stainless Banner
• Vinyl banners
• Web banner
• Banners in Northern Ireland
• County Clare in Ireland is known as the Banner County.
• Vexillum
• Gonfalone
52 CHAPTER 5. BANNER

Heat banners in the rafters

2009 Michigan Wolverines football team enters Michigan Stadium under the M Club banner as the Michigan Marching Band salutes.
5.7. REFERENCES 53

5.7 References
[1] Gigante como si hinchada - Diario Ovción, August 11, 2012

[2] http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/banner+ad
Chapter 6

Field sign

Not to be confused with field mark.

A field sign is an unofficial differencing mark worn on a combatant’s clothing to show the difference between friend
and foe or a combatant and a civilian.

6.1 Examples
• A tabard in the livery colors of a lord and bearing his coat of arms was a common field sign.
• A sash of colored cloth worn on the waist or over the shoulder.
• A bow of ribbon worn on the cap or hat.
• A black bow was worn by the troops of the House of Hanover.
• A white bow was worn by the House of Bourbon.
• A red bow was worn by the House of Savoy.
• An orange bow was worn by the House of Orange.
• The cockade (made originally of ribbon, cloth, or leather) is the best known type of field sign. The national
and military insignia of most of the countries of Europe still use them today.
• Scottish clans had plant badges that they wore in battle to tell foe from ally.
• The Welsh leek badge (now believed to be a “St. Mary’s Leek”, or Dandelion) goes back to the Middle Ages.
In 633 AD the Welsh were sorely pressed by the invading Saxons. They met at the Battle of Heathfield, where
there was a field filled with leeks. To distinguish themselves from the enemy, the Welsh wore the leeks in their
hats—and subsequently gained a great victory over their enemies. To commemorate the victory they won, the
Welsh soldiers were given the right to wear a leek pinned to their caps on March 1, the feast of their national
patron saint, St. David.
• Irish Protestants and Ulster Unionists still wear the orange ribbon of the House of Orange today in their caps
on July 12 "King Billy’s Day". This commemorates the defeat of James II’s Jacobite troops by the forces of
William, Prince of Orange.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi's followers, who became the nucleus of the irregular Cacciatori delle alpi corps in 1859,
wore their red shirts when they fought the Austrians.

6.2 See also

• War flag - use by military forces to identify themselves

54
Chapter 7

Royal standard

Several countries use the term royal standard to describe the flag used by the monarch and members of the royal
family.

• Royal Standard of Australia

• Royal Standard of Bahrain
• Royal Standard of Barbados
• Royal Standard of Belgium
• Royal Standard of Cambodia
• Royal Standards of Canada
• Royal Standard of Denmark
• Royal Standard of Jamaica
• Royal Standard of Jordan
• Royal Standard of Lesotho
• Princely Standard of Liechtenstein
• Grand Ducal Standard of Luxembourg
• Royal Standard of Malaysia
• Princely Standard of Monaco
• Royal Standard of Morocco
• Royal Standard of the Netherlands
• Royal Standard of New Zealand
• Royal Standard of Norway
• Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia
• Royal Standard of Spain
• Royal Standard of Swaziland
• Royal Standard of Sweden
• Royal Standard of Thailand
• Royal Standard of Tonga
• Royal Standard of the United Kingdom
• Princely standard of Wales (for the Prince of Wales)
• Royal Standard of Scotland

55
56 CHAPTER 7. ROYAL STANDARD

7.1 Former Royal Standards

• Royal Standard of France (before 1792; 1814–1830)

• Personal Standards of the Kings of Portugal (until 1910)

• Queen’s Personal Maltese Flag, also known as the Royal Standard of Malta (1967–1974)

• Queen’s Personal Mauritian Flag, also known as the Royal Standard of Mauritius (1968–1992)

• Queen’s Personal Trinidadian Flag, also known as the Royal Standard of Trinidad and Tobago (1966–1976)
• Royal Bend of Castile, the battle standard of the Castilian monarchs (from the Middle Ages to the 16th century)

• Royal Standard of Egypt (1923–1953)

• Royal Standard of England (c. 1198–1603)

• Royal Standard of Nepal

• Royal Standard of Yugoslavia (1922–1937)

7.2 See also

• Imperial Standard (disambiguation)
• Presidential Standard (disambiguation)
Chapter 8

Colours, standards and guidons

In the age of line tactics, the unit colour was an important rallying point for infantry soldiers.

In military organizations, the practice of carrying colors, standards or guidons, both to act as a rallying point for
troops and to mark the location of the commander, is thought to have originated in Ancient Egypt some 5,000 years
ago. The Roman Empire also made battle standards a part of their vast armies. It was formalized in the armies of
Europe in the High Middle Ages, with standards being emblazoned with the commander’s coat of arms.

57
58 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

8.1 General use

Napoleon I awarding the Legion d'Honneur to a dragoon for the capture of an Imperial regimental flag.

As armies became trained and adopted set formations, each regiment’s ability to keep its formation was potentially
critical to its, and therefore its army’s, success. In the chaos of battle, not least due to the amount of dust and smoke
on a battlefield, soldiers needed to be able to determine where their regiment was.
Regimental flags are generally awarded to a regiment by a head-of-State during a ceremony. They were therefore
8.2. COLOURS 59

treated with reverence as they represented the honour and traditions of the regiment. Colours may be inscribed with
the names of battles or other symbols representing former achievements (see battle honours).
Regiments tended to adopt "colour guards", composed of experienced or élite soldiers, to protect their colours. As a
result, the capture of an enemy’s standard was considered as a great feat of arms.
They are never capriciously destroyed - when too old to use they are replaced and then laid-up in museums, religious
buildings and other places of significance to their regiment. However, in most modern armies, standing orders now
call for the Colours to be intentionally destroyed if they are ever in jeopardy of being captured by the enemy.
Due to the advent of modern weapons, and subsequent changes in tactics, Colours are no longer carried into battle,
but continue to be used at events of formal character.

8.2 Colours

8.2.1 North, Central and South America

Argentina

The Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic's military colours of the Argentine Army, Argentine Navy and Argentine
Air Force are the Flag of Argentina as the National War Colour and the Unit Colour. The National War Colour is
a variation of the Argentine national flag made for military use, while the Unit Colour differs per service arm and
unit. The Army’s older regiments tend to have their unit colour based on designs used before while the Regiment of
Mounted Grenadiers tend to have the Flag of the Army of the Andes as a second National War Colour.
Only the Regiment of Patricians uses company colors.

Brazil

Units of the Brazilian Armed Forces carry a stand of two Colours, differing per service.
The standard of the Army measures 80 × 120 cm, white with the Army coat of arms in the centre, trimmed with
gold fringe. The name of the service is inscribed in gold letters on a green scroll beneath the shield. Above the shield
is a knight’s helmet with red and sky blue mantling. The staff is topped by a nickel-plated lance-head finial, 32 cm
high. Below the lance-head, there is a cravat (laço militar) divided lengthwise, sky blue and red, with a gold fringe
at the end, tied in a bow and fastened with a cockade of blue with the Southern Cross in white stars, red, and blue.
Ten red streamers with campaign honours inscribed in sky blue letters are also attached below the lance-head. The
staff is 212 cm long, not including the lance-head, and 3.5 cm in diameter. It is covered in sky blue velvet with a red
spiral strip. The colour belt is 10 cm in width, covered with sky blue velvet with red velvet stripes. The Navy’s flag
uses dark blue colours, the Air Force flag ultramarine blue.
Brazilian military units also carry the national flag as a National Colour. This is in the dimensions 90 × 128 cm. It
is mounted on the same size staff and with the same finial as the Army standard, but the cravat is divided lengthwise
yellow and green, with a gold fringe at the end, tied in a bow and fastened with a cockade of blue with the Cruzeiro
do Sul in white stars, yellow, and green. The staff is covered in green velvet with a yellow spiral strip. The colour belt
is 10 cm in width, covered with green velvet with yellow velvet stripes of width and number varying with the rank of
the organization’s commander.

Chile

Units of the Chilean Army carry one main Colour, known as the estandarte de combate (combat standard). This is
the same as the national flag, but with an embroidered star and with the unit designation, honorific title, founding date
and place, and, depending on the unit, other historic information and honours embroidered diagonally across the fly
in gold. The flag is also trimmed with gold fringe. It is mounted on a staff with a gilt condor finial; below the finial is a
cravat in the national colours with decorations attached. In addition to the military Colour, particularly distinguished
units, and long serving units may carry a second Colour known as a bandera coronela (colonel’s colour). This is a red
field with a large white five-pointed star. In the angles of the star are the names and dates of battle honours surrounded
by laurel wreaths, all in gold, while in an arc above the star is the designation of the unit, also in gold. The flag is also
surrounded by gold fringe.
60 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

The Chilean Air Force, the Chilean Navy, the Carabineros de Chile and the Chilean Gendarmerie all use the es-
tandarte de combate as their main colour, and do not use the bandera coronela at all. The design is the same as in the
Army’s.

Colombia

The main state colours of the Military Forces of Colombia and the National Police of Colombia is the Flag of Colom-
bia with the Coat of arms of Colombia in the centre inside a circle with a red border, used by all the services. These
flags also carry medals and decorations attached to the flag. The MFC and the NPC also uses unit regimental colours
and battle colors, that differ accordingly per service. All of them are gold fringed.

Mexico

The Mexican Armed Forces use the Flag of Mexico as the National Color, with the unit inscription below the Coat
of arms of Mexico and the official name of the country (Estados Unidos Mexicanos, United Mexican States) above it.

United States

Joint colour guard showing the organizational colours of each branch: L-R:National, Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, &
Coast Guard.

Main articles: Flags of the United States armed forces and Guidon (United States)

In the United States military, each branch has its own flag, an organizational colour, sometimes also called a ceremonial
flag. Each of these is 4 ft 4 in × 5 ft 6 in, some using 2.5 in gold fringe during specific instances. The ceremonial flag
is paraded with a National Colour of equal dimensions in a colour guard, with gold fringe as necessary. The National
Color is never dipped in salute, but remains vertical at all times, while the organizational colours and any guidons are
dipped as necessary. When the National Colour is not cased, all persons salute the Colors. The finial is a nickel or
chrome-plated spearhead, though the Navy uses different finials on occasion.
Each service attaches campaign/battle streamers, sometimes known as battle honours, for actions in which the service
as a whole has taken part. These can either be war service streamers, which are in the colours of the appropriate
8.2. COLOURS 61

campaign medal and have the name of the campaign embroidered; or unit citation streamers, which have the name
of the action embroidered and signify that the unit’s performance in a specific action has been worthy of special
mention. Units are also permitted to wear streamers of overseas awards they may have been presented with. These
streamers are in the colours of the appropriate medal ribbon.[1] The streamers are 3 ft × 2.75 in. The Army, for
instance, currently has 178 service streamers,[2] embroidering the name of each battle on each, as does the Air Force.
The Marine Corps and Navy instead embroider award devices onto streamers to consolidate them, having 62 and 34,
respectively.

The 130th Engineer Brigade, its subordinate units and their colours.

United States Army Main article: Flag of the United States Army

In the Army, most regiments, battalions of regiments, and separate battalions also have a stand of colours. The
first is the National Colour, which is a 36 in × 48 in version of the national flag trimmed with a 2.5 in wide gold
fringe, and is the equivalent of the Queen’s Colour in the British Army. The second is the Organizational Colour,
which is the equivalent of the Regimental Colour; this is the same dimensions as the National Color, but is of a
single colour representing the branch of the service that the unit is from; each branch also has its own fringe colour,
which the Organizational Colour is trimmed with. In the centre of the Colour is the eagle from the Great Seal of
the United States, but with the regimental coat of arms in the shield. The eagle has in its beak a scroll bearing the
regimental motto, with the crest of the regiment’s coat of arms above it and the regiment’s name below. Attached
to the Organizational Colour will be the campaign and unit citation streamers awarded to the individual unit - these
are equivalent to the battle honours embroidered directly onto the colours of British and Commonwealth units. The
Organizational Color was carried in lieu of a National Colour until shortly before the Civil War, when the Stars and
Stripes became the National Color.[3] Civil War era units sometimes carried alternative Organizational Colours based
on their home state flags or of other designs.

United States Marine Corps Main article: Flag of the United States Marine Corps

In the Marine Corps, each battalion-sized unit or larger maintains a set of colors.[4][5] The organizational color identical
62 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

A Marine colour guard dips the Marine Flag for the national anthem.

to the Marine Corps battle color, excepting that the scroll will have the unit’s name instead of “United States Marine
Corps”. It will also bear the streamers authorized to the unit, or scarlet and gold tassels if none are authorized.
Fringe is generally not seen on the National Colours when carried by Marine Corps unit (the exception being indoor
parades). Instead, a red, white, and blue tassel is used to decorate.
8.2. COLOURS 63

United States Navy Main article: Flag of the United States Navy

While the Navy uses a number of maritime flags, such as the Ensign and Jack of the United States, the Flag of the
United States Navy is normally seen only at ceremonies and parades. The display of streamers and fringe is consistent
with that of the Marine Corps.

United States Air Force Main article: Flag of the United States Air Force

U.S. Air Force (USAF) groups have the same National Colour as the Army; the Organizational Colour is ultramarine
blue, with the group’s coat of arms beneath the USAF crest, which is an eagle on a cloud background. The fringe is
in gold.

Uruguay

Aside from the three state colours (the Flag of Uruguay, the Flag of Artigas and the Flag of the Treinta y Tres),
the Uruguayan military also has regimental colours that differ per service and unit. The national colours have armed
colour guards while the regimental colour has none at all.

Venezuela

In the National Armed Forces of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, aside from the Flag of Venezuela as the
National Colour, there are also Organizational Colours for each of the 6 service branches and the Ministerial Colour
of the Ministry of Defence and Unit Colours, which differ per service branch and arm. Every military unit from
the Ministry of Defense down to all individual units have a stand of colours like in the United Kingdom, but differ
from the battalion to the service and the national level. The national flag, until the 1940s, served also as the unit state
colour in the same manner as the National Colour of the United States Army and the State/Sovereign’s Colour in the
Commonwealth of Nations, and was based on the national flag but with the unit inscription replacing the stars in the
centre in white lettering. The Venezuelan National Militia is the only service branch that uses a battle colour, similar
to the flag of the Cuban July 26th Movement: the colour is red and black with the service name on it in white, and
a separate colour is used for the service headquarters at the Montana Barracks in Caracas. Starting from July 2013
onward it was granted permission to use a 4th colour for its battalions: red with the eyes of the late President Hugo
Chávez and the inscription Chavez Vive (Chavez Lives On) below, topped with a scarlet star.
Since 2014 The National Armed Forces uses a 3rd colour (the National Militia its 5th): that of the Supreme Com-
mander’s Colour, which is red bearing the portrait of the late President Chávez surrounded by a wreath, with the dates
of February 4, 1992 (the date of the 1st coup attempt against Carlos Andres Perez) and December 6, 1998 (the date
of the 1998 presidential election) and the Armed Forces Motto (Independence and Socialist Fatherland, we will live
on and triumph!) below and the inscription Supreme Commander of the Bolivarian Revolution (Comandante Supremo
de la Revolucion Bolivariana) and the eight golden stars from the National Flag above it.
The colors used on the Unit Colours are as follows:

• Red: Ministry of Defence (formerly gray), Service units, Marine Corps, National Militia, Military Technical
Academy, Presidential Honour Guard, Caracas HQ Battalion of the Ministry of Defence
• Dark Blue and Red: Venezuelan Army HQ and units directing to Army HQ, Division and Brigade Colours
• Yellow: Infantry, Jungle Infantry, Airborne Units
• Orange: Rangers
• Green: Army Engineers
• Dark Blue: Venezuelan Army Special Forces
• Black: Armor
• Burgundy Red: Artillery and Air Defence Artillery
• Gray: Logistics, National Armed Forces Communications and Electronics School
64 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

• Navy Blue: Navy

• Ultramarine Blue: Air Force
• Maroon: National Guard
• Dark Blue and White: Military academy of Venezuela and Armed Forces Health Sciences Academy
• Light Blue and White: Venezuelan Naval Academy
• White : Venezuelan Army schools

8.2.2 Asia
China

This details the two Chinas (People’s Republic of China and Republic of China)

People’s Republic of China The People’s Liberation Army is the overall body for the entire armed forces of the
People’s Republic of China, and is represented by a single flag, which serves as a ceremonial colour for all regiments
and larger formations. This is based on the national flag, but has instead of the four smaller gold stars the Chinese
characters for the numerals '8' and '1', which stands for the 1 August, which was the date in 1927 that the PLA was
founded. When paraded, the flag is fringed with gold, and is mounted on a red and gold pole. However, each branch
of the PLA has its own flag, based on the Army Flag:

• Ground forces: This is the Army Flag with the lower 40% coloured green.
• Navy: This is the Army flag except that the lower 40% has three blue and two white horizontal stripes of equal
width.
• Air Force: This is the Army Flag with the lower 40% coloured air force blue.
• Banners of the PLA

Republic of China The army of the Republic of China (Taiwan) also has a single flag that it uses, which is red, with
a blue rectangle in the centre and the white sun from the national flag. It has a red flagpole with silver spearhead finial
and red tassels immediately underneath. Individual units use a variation of the Army Flag as their own identifying
Colour; this features a white strip next to the hoist, which has the unit’s name in black characters, as well as yellow
fringe.

Philippines

Philippine military colours are the Flag of the Philippines as the National Colour, the Organizational Colours, and the
Unit Regimental Colour. The Flag of the Philippines is the National Colour of the Armed Forces of the Philippines,
but unlike the US colour has no markings on the flag. The Organizational Colours are the flags of the AFP’s four
Major Service Commands while the Unit Regimental Colour differs per service arm and unit. Like the US, it also has
2nd order guidons for companies and troops, but these are also based on the Spanish military guidons and banners,
not on the American ones, reflecting the long history of the military establishment here. These guidons are therefore
not swallow tailed save for the PMA, the Philippine Army’s Escort and Security Btn and some other units under the
Philippine Army.

Thailand

Each unit of the Royal Thai Armed Forces is given a colour called the “Thong Chai Chalermphol” (Thai: ธงชัยเฉลิมพล)
or Victory Colours. These are presented to each unit personally by the King of Thailand. The flags are divided into
four different designs, for: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy, Royal Thai Air Force and Royal Guard units.
Before their presentation the colours are ceremonially blessed in a religious ceremony attended by Buddhist monks
and other high ranking dignitaries inside the Temple of the Emerald Buddha in Bangkok. During the ceremony
8.2. COLOURS 65

Army flags of the People’s Republic of China (top) and the Republic of China (or Taiwan) (bottom).

amidst the chanting of the monks, the King will personally hammer the brass nails into the staff of each colour using
a silver hammer. Each colour contains about 32-35 nails, in which the cloth is attached to the wooden staff. Within
66 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

The Unit Colour of the 1st Engineer Bataillion, King’s Guard of the Royal Thai Army during the funeral procession of Princess
Galyani Vadhana in 2008.

the same ceremony, the King will also take a strand of his own hair and conceal it within a compartment at the top of
the staff, which is closed by a round silver screw top. The King will also attach each colour with its own ceremonial
Buddha image, and bless each colour with holy water. The ceremony is steeped in Buddhist and Brahmic heritage, it
symbolizes and cements the King’s role as Chief Kshatriya (กษัตริย์) or Warrior ruler of his realm. It also emphasizes
his constitutional role as Head and Chief of the Thai Armed Forces (จอมทัพไทย: Chomthap Thai).
These colours are similar to the Flag of Thailand and therefore are treated like the State Colours of the Common-
wealth, but are not lowered to the ground but above it to the tune of Sansoen Phra Barami (the Royal Anthem) when
salutes are rendered by these Colours to the Thai Royal Family (most especially the King and Queen) in all military
events that they attend.

• Royal Thai Army Unit Colour

• Royal Thai Navy Unit Colour (same design to the naval jack)
• Royal Thai Air Force Unit Colour
• Colours of the Royal Guard units

8.2.3 Commonwealth realms

A moth-eaten rag on a worm-eaten pole,
It does not look likely to stir a man’s Sole,
'Tis the deeds that were done 'neath the moth-eaten rag,
When the pole was a staff, and the rag was a flag.
Sir Edward Hamly on seeing some old Colours
of the 32nd Foot in Monmouth Church.[6]
8.2. COLOURS 67

The Colours of the Infantry are a set of large flags, unique to each regiment, that the ordinary soldier would be able
to identify straight away.

United Kingdom

Queen’s Colour of the 1st Battalion, the Grenadier Guards. In contrast with those of the line infantry regiments, the Queen’s Colours
of Foot Guards regiments are crimson, and it is their Regimental Colours that are based on the Union Flag. Foot Guards regiments
also emblazon the same honours (from all conflicts, including both World Wars) on both colours.

Line infantry and foot guards In regiments of infantry of the British Army and the armies of other Commonwealth
countries, each battalion carries two colours, which collectively are called a stand. These are large flags, usually 36
in × 45 in, and mounted on a pike which is 8 ft 7½ in long; the King’s/Queen’s Colour is usually a version of the
country’s national flag, often trimmed with gold fabric, and with the regiment’s insignia placed in the centre. The
Regimental Colour is a flag of a single colour, usually the colour of the uniform facings (collar/lapels and cuffs) of
the regiment, again often trimmed and with the insignia in the centre. Most regiments that are designated as 'royal'
regiments (that is either have the word 'Royal' or the sponsorship of a royal personage in their name) have a navy blue
Regimental Colour. Irish regiments, today the Royal Irish Regiment, have a dark green Regimental Colour.
The colours of the five regiments of Foot Guards have the pattern of the line infantry reversed, with the Queen’s
Colour being crimson with the regimental insignia and honours and the Regimental Colour a variation of the Union
Flag with the battle honours embroidered.
68 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

Additional Colours of the 3rd Bn Yorkshire Regiment (Duke of Wellington’s).

Additional Colours

• The Grenadier, Coldstream and Scots Guards each have at least one State Colour; this is usually crimson with
various regimental devices and honours, and the Royal Cypher at the corners of it. They are only used by
Guards of Honour from any unit from these regiments, not found by the Queen’s Guard, mounted on State
occasions when The Queen is present. They are only lowered to the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh. They
are also lowered on other State occasions only when the Queen is present, even if the Guard of Honour is
mounted in honour of some other personage. The colour design is larger than the normal colours of the Guards
Division used in ceremonies.
• The Princess of Wales’s Royal Regiment: The 1st Battalion, Princess of Wales’s Royal Regiment, as the linear
descendant, bears the Third Colour initially born by the 2nd Regiment of Foot, later renamed the Queen’s
Royal Regiment (West Surrey) which, for one reason or another, was never taken away from the regiment in
the 18th century when new regulations on colours were implemented.
• The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers: The 1st Battalion, Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, which is the direct descen-
dant, bears the Drummer’s Colour awarded after the Battle of Wilhelmsthal to the 5th Regiment of Foot (Royal
Northumberland Fusiliers).
• The Yorkshire Regiment: The 3rd Battalion, Yorkshire Regiment (Duke of Wellington’s), as the linear descen-
dent, carries the honorary Queen’s and Regimental Colours that were given to the 76th Regiment of Foot by
the Honourable East India Company following their actions at Delhi and Allyghur.
• The Royal Highland Fusiliers: The Royal Highland Fusiliers (2nd Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland)
carries the Assaye Colour awarded as an honorary colour to the 74th Regiment of Foot following the Battle of
Assaye, which is paraded every year on Assaye Day.

Rifle regiments By tradition, rifle regiments do not carry colours; this goes back to their formation, when they
were used as skirmishers and sharpshooters. While individual units may have had banners or pennants to distinguish
themselves from other units, regiments as a whole never needed a full stand of Colours. Today, the two rifle regiments
8.2. COLOURS 69

in the British Army, The Rifles and the Royal Gurkha Rifles carry their battle honours on their drums, while the Royal
Green Jackets also had theirs inscribed on their cap badge; this tradition is maintained by The Rifles, who wear the
Maltese Cross badge of the Royal Green Jackets, inscribed with the regimental honours, as the belt badge. In place
of a Regimental Colour, the Gurkhas carry the Queen’s Truncheon.

Colours in the cavalry regiments In the British Army’s cavalry units, the Queen’s Cavalry Standard and the
Regimental Standard (for the heavy cavalry) and the Queen’s Cavalry Standard and Regimental Guidons (for the light
cavalry) are the equivalents to the line infantry colours. The Queen’s Standard is crimson with the Royal coat of
arms and cypher, plus the regimental honours, while the Regimental (Squadron/Union) Standard has an adaptable
background colour per unit (the colour is sometimes scarlet) and includes sometimes the Union Badge below the
crown and the Royal Cypher at the sides of the badge, with the unit honours below. The light cavalry Guidon is
swallow-tailed and includes the regimental coat of arms and honours. Before the 1950s, however, Timpani in the
drumhorses (and later snare, bass and tenor drums in the dismounted bands) carried the regimental honours and
insignia of the light cavalry regiments.

The Honourable Artillery Company The Honourable Artillery Company has both a stand of Colours (Queen’s
and Regimental) and Guns. The latter are also regarded as colours and accorded the same compliments just as the
Royal Artillery regard their guns as their Colours.

Embellishments Woven onto the colours are battle honours; the Queen’s Colour has honours from the First World
War and Second World War, while the Regimental Colour has honours from other campaigns. The Regimental
Colour will also have other distinctions, including antecedent emblems and unique honours; one significant example
is the Sphinx emblem carried by regiments who took part in the Egypt campaign of 1801. If the regiment has more
than a single battalion, then there will be identifying marks on the colours to show which battalion they belong to.
There are various other embellishments that can be added to the colours on various occasions:

• On anniversaries of various battle honours, and certain other events, a laurel wreath is added to the top of the
pike.

• Battle honour equivalents awarded by foreign countries may be added to the colours, subject to permission
being given by the head of state. In the Commonwealth, three infantry battalions are permitted to display the
four-foot-long blue streamer that signifies the Presidential Unit Citation/Distinguished Unit Citation, which is
the highest collective award given by the United States of America:

• 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry

• 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment
• 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment

In the UK, 41 Commando, Royal Marines and the 1st Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment were also awarded the
PUC and permitted to display the streamer of their regimental colours.
Because of their importance to the regiment, prior to a new stand of colours being presented, they are consecrated.

Royal Hospital, Chelsea The Royal Hospital, Chelsea had neither colours nor other distinctive device during its
entire history, until 2002 when The Queen presented the Hospital with the Sovereign’s Mace. This is now paraded
by a party of In-Pensioners at all of the Royal Hospital’s ceremonial events

Royal Marines The Corps of Royal Marines has a single pattern Queen’s Colour, which is the Union Flag with
the foul anchor and the reigning sovereign’s cypher interlaced in the centre. Above is a scroll with the single battle
honour Gibraltar surmounted by St Edward’s Crown. Below is the globe (which represents the many Battle Honours
the Royal Marines had earned) surrounded by a laurel wreath (which represents the Battle of Belle Isle) and below this
is a scroll with the Corps’ motto. Each of the four commandos (the battalion-sized formations that make up the bulk
of the corps) has a Queen’s Colour, with the only difference being the colour of the cords and tassels. Each commando
also has its own Regimental Colour. The Regimental Colour is a dark blue flag (because the Corps is classed as a
'royal regiment') with a small Union Flag at the pike head. The Colour carries similar central embellishments as the
70 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

Queen’s Colour, with the exception that the cypher of George IV replaces that of the reigning monarch and the unit
numeral is below. The Royal Cypher is at the other corners. The Regimental Colours also have the coloured cords
and tassels, which are gold combined with the following colours:

• 40 Commando: Light Blue

• 42 Commando: White

• 43 Commando: Old Gold and Scarlet

• 45 Commando: Red

The former 41 Commando was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for its service in the Korean War, and was
thus permitted to carry the streamer on its Regimental Colour.

• Colours of the Royal Marines

Queen’s Colour of the Royal Navy

The Royal Navy The Colours of Her Majesty’s ships in the Royal Navy consist of:
8.2. COLOURS 71

• a White Ensign (worn at the stern, or from the gaff or main yardarm when at sea);
• a Union Jack (worn at the ship’s jackstaff at the bow when not underway or when the ship is dressed);
• a Masthead pennant (worn at the masthead, except when displaced by an admiral's flag or commodore's broad
pennant).

In addition, each principal command in the Royal Navy also has its own Queen’s Colour which is a variation of the
White Ensign, with its dimensions altered to mirror those of the Colours of infantry regiments. In the centre is the
Royal Cypher of the reigning monarch within the Garter, surmounted by the crown.
Unlike the Colours of regiments in the Army, every Queen’s Colour of the Royal Navy is identical. The following
units hold a Queen’s Colour of the Royal Navy:

• Naval Aviation Command (ACOS(AV), HMS Heron)

• Submarine Command (CAPTFASFLOT, HMS Neptune)
• Fleet (CINCFLEET HQ)
• Britannia Royal Naval College
• Surface Flotilla (MWS, HMS Collingwood)
• Royal Naval Reserve (COMMARRES, HMS Vivid)

The Royal Air Force RAF Colours are made of sky blue silk and measure approximately 36” x 36”. The following
colours have been awarded:

• RAF College, Cranwell, approved 27 December 1947, presented 6 July 1948.

• The RAF in the UK, approved 27 December 1947, presented, 16 May 1951.
• No. 1 School of Technical Training RAF, approved 27 December 1947, presented 25 July 1952.
• RAF Regiment, presented 17 March 1953.
• Near East Air Force, presented 14 October 1960, laid up 31 May 1976.
• Far East Air Force, presented 13 July 1961, laid up 30 January 1972.
• Central Flying School, presented 26 June 1969.
• RAF Germany, presented 16 September 1970, laid up 27 June 1993.
• Royal Auxiliary Air Force, presented 12 June 1989.
• RAF Halton, presented 31 October 1997.

The Queen’s Colour for the Royal Air Force in the United Kingdom is a variation of the RAF Ensign with its di-
mensions altered. The RAF Roundel is moved to the lower fly, with its place in the centre again taken by the Royal
Cypher surmounted by the crown. Other colours feature the unit’s badge in the centre with the Royal Cypher and
crown in the first quarter.
The RAF’s Squadron Standards are its counterpart to the Regimental Colours. They are in air force blue with a gold
fringe surrounding it, with the Squadron insignia and honours.

Australia, Canada and New Zealand

The naval and air forces of all three of these countries also have similar Colours based on their own ensigns. Rules
stipulated by the Canadian Department of Defence state that the First, or Senior Colours symbolizes the unit’s loyalty
to the Crown; authorization to possess a Queen’s Colour may only be granted, and the Colour presented, by the Queen
or her vice-regal representative. The design based on the flag of Canada reflects the custom established for infantry
line regiments in the mid-18th century, when the Sovereign’s Colour was based on the national flag.[7]
72 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

Queen’s Colour of the Royal Air Force

Navy

• Royal Australian Navy: The Queen’s Colour of the RAN is a variation of the Australian White Ensign – it
is a reverse of the Australian flag (white with blue stars), with the Royal Cypher and Garter band positioned
between the Commonwealth Star and the stars representing the Southern Cross. (See former Colours at Naval
Chapel, Garden Island NSW.) The RAN possesses two Colours, the first is the Fleet Colour held on behalf
of the fleet units by Fleet Headquarters, HMAS Kuttabul. The second, known as the Establishment Colour, is
held by HMAS Cerberus on behalf of the shore establishments.
• Royal Canadian Navy: The Queen’s Naval Colour is a variation of the Canadian Naval Ensign (which used
to be the Canadian Forces naval Jack) – it is white, with the Canadian flag in the canton, the cypher from the
Queen’s personal flag for the Commonwealth (a crowned “E” surrounded by a wreath of roses) in the centre,
and the symbol of the navy in the lower fly. The edge of the Colour is trimmed in gold. The RCN possesses
two identical colours: one for the Atlantic fleet and one for the Pacific fleet.

Air Force

• Royal Australian Air Force: The Queen’s Colour of the RAAF is similar to that of the RAF - however, in
addition to the RAAF roundel, which is in the lower fly, it has the Commonwealth Star in the lower hoist and
8.2. COLOURS 73

George VI presents the King’s Colours to the Royal Canadian Navy at a ceremony in Beacon Hill Park, Victoria, in 1939

the stars of the Southern Cross in the upper fly, with the Royal Cypher in the centre. The flag has a border of
golden wattle as well as golden fringe.

• Royal Canadian Air Force: The Queen’s Air Force Colour is significantly different from the standard in that it
is not based on the ensign but instead is similar to the Queen’s Colour of infantry regiments: it is a silk national
flag of Canada with a red circlet on the maple leaf inscribed with the name of the command, surrounding the
royal cipher, and ensigned with the royal crown. Uniquely among Commonwealth air forces, the Canadian
air force also has a Command Colour, analogous to an infantry Regimental Colour. This is light blue with
the command badge in the centre and a gold maple leaf in each corner, stems outward. Also like army units,
squadrons with 25 years or more of active service receive unit colours with battle honours surrounding the unit
badge on the same light blue background edged with flowers.

Sri Lanka

When Sri Lanka declared itself a republic in 1972 the units that had a Queen’s Colour retired them. These were
replaced by the new President’s Colour, which was first awarded in 1972. The following colours have been awarded:

Army

• Regiments

• Sri Lanka Light Infantry - 1978

• Gemunu Watch - 1980
• Gajaba Regiment - 2007

• Establishments
74 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, presents new Colours to the Royal Regiment of Canada and Toronto Scottish Regiment at Varsity
Stadium in Toronto, 5 November 2009

President’s Colour of Sri Lanka

• Army Training Centre - 1972, laid up 20 August 1992

• Sri Lanka Military Academy - 1997

Air Force

• Sri Lanka Air Force - 1976

8.2. COLOURS 75

• SLAF Regiment - 2009

• Squadrons

• No. 1 Flying Training Wing - 2001

• No. 2 Heavy Transport Squadron - 2009
• No. 4 (VIP) Helicopter Squadron - 2009
• No. 9 Attack Helicopter Squadron - 2009
• No. 10 Fighter Squadron - 2009

• Stations

• SLAF Katunayake - 2001

Navy

• Naval and Maritime Academy - 2000

Malaysia

The same format of Sovereign’s and Regimental Colours also apply in Malaysia. The King’s Colours and Regimental
Colours of the Malaysian Armed Forces are the flags given by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in his responsibilities as
Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and by the 8 other state monarchs, to units recognized as Royal
units and to flags of large formations (the King’s Colour) and to units now receiving their new regimental colours (the
Unit Regimental Colour).
The King’s Colour is yellow with the national arms surrounded by paddy on the centre, thus Malaysia is one of only
two Commonwealth countries, the other being Brunei, that does not use its national flag for use as a senior Colour
(the flag is the senior colour of the entire Armed Forces establishment). The sides are emblazoned with the battle
honours of the unit. On the canton the service emblem of either service of the Armed Forces (Army, Navy and Air
Force) can be seen. The Regimental Colour, however, differs by service arm or branch (the latter case being used in
the Army) and unit. Both flags have gold fringes surrounding them.

Singapore

Singaporean military colours of the Singapore Armed Forces are divided today into Service State Colours and Unit
Regimental Colours. Until 1997 there were also Service Regimental Colours and Unit State Colours. The State
Colours are similar to the Flag of Singapore but differ per service. But Regimental Colours are different, and they
differ per unit or service arm (save for the flags of the Air Force and Navy that show their respective service colours
instead and some SAF service-wide commands like the Military Police). Their common design is that of the reg-
imental or command arms at the centre of the colour used. Both are gold fringed and are brought out on major
occasions only.

8.2.4 European countries

Belgium

Infantry units have a drapeau / vaandel, a square vertical tricolour of black, yellow, and red within a 15 mm wide gold
border, the whole being 90 cm square. The names of battle honours for which the unit was cited are embroidered in
gold in French on the obverse and in Dutch on the reverse, in straight lines.

Denmark

Danish Navy, Army and Air Force units carry a unit colour (Danish: regimentsfane) and for the Life Guards a battalion
colour (bataljonsfane), which measures 105 × 140 cm, former horse units a slightly smaller guidon.[8] The flag is a
variation of the Dannebrog, with a curvilinear white Dannebrog cross, called the Mantova cross, set with its centre
76 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

Mantova cross

about one-half the width of the hoist from the hoist edge. The royal cypher is embroidered in gold over the centre
of the cross, the unit badge in gold in the upper hoist, and the unit number, name or both in gold in the lower hoist.
Some regiments have additional marks in the upper fly. The Jyske Dragonregiment, for instance, has Prince Henrik’s
cipher in the upper fly. The finial is an ornate gold openwork spearhead with the royal cypher in the centre. Attached
below the spearhead can be one or more campaign streamers (fanebånd). The colour is decorated with a gold cord
with two tassels and bordered with a thin strip of gold cord. The sleeve holding the colour to the pike is attached with
ornamental nails, the first three of which represent the sovereign, the Fatherland, and the Union.

Finland

Units of Finnish Defence Forces have a single Colour. The Colours are either active or traditional. An active Colour
belongs to a brigade or a separate regiment. A traditional Colour belongs to a battalion or a regiment that has formerly
been separate but is now part of a brigade. The difference between an active and traditional Colour is the way of
presenting them. The active Colour has always a guard of two officers, while a traditional Colour is borne without
one. The military oath is always given in the presence of the active Colour of the unit.
The Finnish military vexillology is a mixture of Scandinavian and Russian tradition. The Colours are usually modelled
after Swedish regimental flags of the 17th century, but some units carry flags modelled after Russian or German flags.
The Colour usually bears the emblem of the province where the unit is located with an appropriate symbol of the
service branch. No battle honours were awarded for units during the Second World War but some units have battle
honours from the Finnish Civil War.

• Colour of the Finnish Guard Jaeger Regiment. Note the Imperial Russian-style design of the flag
• Colour of the Armoured Brigade features the black and silver colours of Finnish armoured troops while the
main emblem is a cuirassier helmet symbolizing armoured force.

France

In January 1188, in a meeting between Henry II of England and Philip II of France, where it was agreed that both
would go on a crusade, and that Henry II would use a white cross and Philipp II would use a red cross.[9] Later on,
8.2. COLOURS 77

this usage was inverted, and the English took to using a red cross on white, and the French a white cross on red.

Background As the use of regimental colours spread in Europe, the habit developed of using a symmetric white
cross as the basis of the design of the French regimental flags, and by the 18th century almost every regiment had a
white cross. The regiments were distinguished by the colours of the cantons
After the French Revolution and the appearance of the new Tricolore, crosses disappear in 1794 and various arrange-
ments of the tricolour come into use. Napoleon standardizes first in 1804 to a white field chape-chausse of red and
blue, and in 1812 to the modern French flag.

• French, white-cross, and English, red cross, fighting at the battle of Formigny during the Hundred Years’ War.

• Regiment of Auvergne.

• Regiment of Normandy.

• King’s Regiment (Régiment du Roi).

• The pre-revolutionary regimental flags inspired the flag of Quebec (here, the Compagnies Franches de la Ma-
rine).

• French Imperial regimental flag with its Eagle (1804-1812).

• Regimental flag of the 1st Regiment of Grenadiers of the French Imperial Guard (1812).

About battle honours on current colours Somehow, the French Armed Forces of today are not officially con-
sidered to be the successors of the Royal Army and Navy, although many of their individual units are de facto.
Accordingly, battles fought and won by the Royal Army and Navy before the French Revolution (such as Patay,
Fontenoy, Chesapeake, Porto Praya and so on) do not appear as battle honours on regimental colours. The names of
battles of the old times, however, which are rightly still considered as most glorious by the modern French Army, are
honoured by being given to ships or armoured vehicles, and remembered by anniversaries.
As a paradoxical example, the 1st Infantry Regiment Picardie (founded 1479, during the reign of Louis XI) which
is one of the oldest regiments with continuous service of all European armies, has fought an impressive number of
fierce battles since the 15th century, as one may imagine... yet, officially, its battle honours record starts only in 1792:

• Valmy 1792

• Fleurus 1794

• Moeskirch 1800

• Biberach 1800

• Miliana 1842

• Guise 1914

• Verdun - L'Yser 1916-1917

• La Somme 1916

• L'Ourcq 1918

• Résistance Berry 1944

• AFN 1952-1962.
78 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

Standard of the 1st Spahi Rgt. in 2008. This unit has inherited the flag and battle honours of the 1st Moroccan Spahis of the Army
of Africa.

Latest official regulations The following official documents relate to the colours of the Land Army (armée de
Terre) :

• recommendation (circulaire) 808 EMM/CAB of 5 December 1985 rules what sorts of units can be given
colours, abiding to previous regulations of joint services;

• decision 12350/SGA/DPMA/SHD/DAT of 14 September 2007 deals with the inscriptions of battle honours
upon the flags and standards of the units of the Army, the Defence Health service and the Military Fuel Ser-
vice;[10]
8.2. COLOURS 79

• government order of 19 November 2004 relates to the award of the AFN 1952-1962 battle honour to flags and
standards of Army and Services units.[11]

Land Army in general

• Regimental colours of units which are traditionally on foot, such as Infantry regiments of the line, Marine
Infantry, Foreign Legion Infantry, Paratroops Infantry, Engineers, Signal Corps and Military Colleges are
called drapeaux (flags).

• Regimental colours of the (traditionally) mounted units of the Armoured Cavalry Branch and other cavalry units
such as Dragoon Paratroopers, Hussar Paratroopers, Legion Cavalry, Artillery (including Marine Artillery,
Legion Artillery, etc.), Transportation, Army Aviation, and Materiel, are called étendards (standards).

Flag of the 22nd Marine Infantry Regiment.

Regimental colours are 90 cm × 90 cm Tricolore silk square flags - standards are smaller: 64 cm × 64 cm - surrounded
by a golden fringe. Both are set on a stave (2.11 m long and 32 mm diameter - staves for standards are slightly shorter)
ended by a 38 cm pike-shaped finial with a cartouche bearing the initials “RF” for République française on one side,
and the name or number of the unit on the other side.
The cravate hanging from the pike is made of two tricolour silk ribbons, 90 cm long and 24 cm wide, ended by an
8 cm gold fringe on which the unit number or monogram is embroidered in gold, encircled by an oak and laurel
wreath. French decorations and fourragères[12] awarded to the unit are pinned or tied to the cravate; foreign awards
and decorations are borne on a red velvet cushion.
All writings on the colour are embroidered in gold, as well the unit number (or monogram) encircled in antique oak
and laurel wreath in each corner of the flag.
Obverse of a colour:

• RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE

• (NAME OF THE UNIT)

80 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

Reverse of a colour:

• HONNEUR (Honour)

• ET (and)

• PATRIE (Fatherland)

• (BATTLE HONOURS)

The ‘’Drapeau des chasseurs’’.

Rifle battalions (chasseurs à pied) By tradition, all the battalions of the rifles (the bataillons de chasseurs à pied
together with the chasseurs alpins) share a single collective colour. Individual battalions have pennants (fanions) and
the flag of the rifles (Drapeau des chasseurs) is given to be held each year in turn to a different rifle battalion. As a
result, the single flag displays all the battle honours earned by every rifle battalion.

Other specific colours

• Since 1844, the obverse of Foreign Legion regimental colours do not carry the motto “Honneur et Patrie”
but “Honneur et Fidélité" (Honour and Fidelity). This motto was originally written on the flags of the Swiss
regiments in French service, such as the Régiment de Diesbach (85th Infantry of the line).

• The École polytechnique, as a military college, also has a colour which does not carry “Honneur et Patrie” but
instead “Pour la Patrie, les Sciences et la Gloire” (For the Fatherland, Sciences and Glory). The reverse of
École polytechnique’s colour has one battle honour written under the motto: Défense de Paris - 1814, awarded
in 1901 by President Émile Loubet.

• Since 1880, the motto of the Paris Fire Brigade (which is a military unit belonging to the Engineering Arm),
“Dévouement et Discipline” (Devotion and Discipline), is written under “Honneur et Patrie”.

• The reverse of the Saint-Cyr Military College's colour has seven lines: Honneur / et / patrie / Ils s’instruisent
pour vaincre / Premier / bataillon / de France (Honour / and / Fatherland / They study for victory / First /
battalion / of France).
8.2. COLOURS 81

Colour of the 2nd Foreign Infantry Rgt bearing the motto “Honneur et Fidélité".

The National Navy The Colours worn by the ships of the National Navy (Marine nationale) consist of the National
Ensign and the jack:

• the National Ensign[13] is flown at the stern and at the bowsprit if not replaced there by the FNFL jack or a
military award jack;
• the FNFL jack is flown at the ship’s jackstaff if the ship has fought with the Free French Naval Forces, or is
named after such a ship;
• military award jacks may also be flown at the ship’s jackstaff if the ship has received mention in dispatches (in
which case crew members wear the corresponding fourragère).

Currently, only eight individual National Navy units do have colours[14] other than the National Ensign or the FNFL
jack. Under recommendation 808 EMM/CAB of 5 December 1985, naval units to which colours can be bestowed
must be those with manpower equivalent to that of a regiment, which are specialised in combat or services on land
(or corps which have inherited their traditions from such units), and naval instruction centres or colleges. The flags
are quite similar to those of Land Army units, the difference being the wreaths in corners which encircle anchors
instead of name of unit, except for the Naval Gunners (initials CM) and the Fleet Engineering Cadets College (initials
EAMF).
As of today, these units are (between brackets is where the colours are currently kept):

• the 1er Régiment de fusiliers marins (École des fusiliers marins) - the 1st Naval Fusiliers Rgt. (Naval Fusiliers
College);
• the Demi-brigade de fusiliers marins (Compagnie de fusiliers marins de Cherbourg) - the Naval Fusiliers Half-
Brigade (Cherbourg Naval Fusiliers Company);
• the Canonniers marins (Centre d' instruction naval de Saint-Mandrier) - the Naval Gunners (Saint-Mandrier
Naval Instruction Centre);
82 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

Regimental flag of the 1st Naval Fusiliers at the Bastille Day Military Parade.

• the École navale (Groupe des écoles du Poulmic) - the Naval College (Poulmic Schools Group);

• the École militaire de la flotte (Groupe des écoles du Poulmic) - the Fleet Military College (Poulmic Schools
Group);

• the École des mousses (Centre d'instruction naval de Brest) - the Cabin Boys College (Brest Naval Instruction
Centre);

• the École des apprentis mécaniciens de la flotte (Centre d' instruction naval de Saint-Mandrier)' - the Fleet
Engineering Cadets College (Saint-Mandrier Naval Instruction Centre);

• the Bataillon de marins pompiers de Marseille (Bataillon de marins pompiers de Marseille) - the Marseille Marine
Fire Battalion (The Marseille Marine Fire Battalion).

The Air Army The colours of Air Army (armée de l'Air) units are by all means similar to those of the Land Army
from which it separated as an independent military arm in 1933. Colours are generally not bestowed to Air Army
units smaller than escadres (wings), land combat regiments, air force bases, instruction centres or air colleges.
8.2. COLOURS 83

Flag of Sqn 1/30 Normandie-Niémen kept at BA112 Reims-Champagne.

The National Gendarmerie The units of the National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale) have colours which
are very similar to those of the Land Army. Each region (formerly legion), instruction centre, college or Republican
Guard Regiment has its flag or standard, altogether 56 flags and 2 standards. The reverse of colours of the De-
partmental Gendarmerie units and Gendarmerie instruction centres have the same motto as the Land Army units
(Honneur et Patrie) but the colours of the Mobile Gendarmerie have their own particular motto: Valeur et Discipline
(Valour and Discipline). Most subordinate or smaller units use 50 cm large x 40 cm high pennants.
84 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

The National Gendarmerie also has a common flag, under the guard of the Director-general, on which five battle
honours are registered:

• Hondschoote 1793;

• Villodrigo 1812;

• Taguin 1843;

• Sébastopol 1855;

• Indochine 1945-1954.

French influence

Nations of the former French Empire Many of today’s armed forces of independent countries that once were
part of the French Empire share customs and traditions closely similar if not identical to those of the French military
regarding organisation of military arms, army and navy rank structures and uniform styles. Indeed, in countries where
the decolonisation process had been conducted through peaceful political negotiations (chiefly French West Africa
and French Equatorial Africa), French colonial units were sometimes directly inherited by the former colonies where
they had been raised to form the basis of the new national armies. This legacy not only included colour etiquette (the
way colours are respected, taken care of and paraded), but also design, adapted to new national flag designs.
On the contrary, in countries where independence came as the aftermath of bloody wars of liberation, such as in
Vietnam and Algeria, due to the Cold War context, French military culture was strongly rejected often only to be
replaced by communist Soviet or Chinese style military culture (colours, ranks, uniforms, parade pace, etc.).

Other Nations As one of the World’s great powers together with Great Britain, France did not only exercise its
influence by conquest but also by the prestige of its military. At the height of European colonial expansion in the 19th
century, France’s army and Britain’s navy were each regarded as the most powerful forces ever on land and at sea.
This lead many a military to copy both powers’ military and naval cultures. As most navies in the World adopted the
British naval looks (double-breasted navy blue jacket and peaked cap for officer, blue jean collar for ratings, etc.),
numerous land armies adopted French-inspired uniforms during the 1860s and 1870s (both Union and Confederate
armies during the American Civil War, the Chilean Army of the War of the Pacific, the Russian Imperial Army, etc.)
and even sometimes imported types of French units (e.g. Zouave regiments). France’s influence on military fashion
dimmed for the time being after the most unexpected French defeat ending the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871
and many armies then changed to adopt Prussian military style (as a perfect example of this trend, Chilean soldiers
traded their kepis for pickelhauben).
As far as regimental colours are concerned, French influence was mainly to be seen in armies of smaller European
powers with strong cultural, economical or political ties to France, notably in such countries whose national flag itself
was patterned after the French national flag, such as Belgium or Romania.

• Djiboutian colours: French influence through legacy.

• Belgian colours: French influence through common culture.

• Romanian colours: French influence through prestige.

Germany

Units of the Bundeswehr have only a single Colour. The Truppenfahne is a square version of the national flag with the
Bundesadler (national shield) overall in the centre. The flag is surrounded by a black, red, and gold lacework border
and edged on three sides by gold fringe. The finial is a gilt bronze openwork spearhead surrounding a black and silver
Iron Cross. Below the finial, a streamer is attached with the unit badge at the top and its designation embroidered in
gold at the end. These streamers are red for army (Heer) units, blue for the navy (Marine), and white for the air force
(Luftwaffe). The streamer is the same length as the hoist of the flag.[15]
8.2. COLOURS 85

German Truppenfahne

Greece

Traditionally, Army infantry and tank/cavalry regiments have a single colour or war flag (Greek: Πολεμική Σημαία).
This is blue, with a white cross and features St George and the Dragon in the centre.[16] The flag has no distinguishing
features for individual regiments, although battle honours are sometimes added to the flag; the regiment’s identity
is inscribed on the flagstaff. The pattern has been in use since the 1830s, with no changes between the periods of
monarchy or republic. The Hellenic Army Academy has also been awarded a war flag, its cadets having participated
in the Battle of Crete in 1941. Similar flags exist also for the Air Force, featuring the archangel Michael. Recently
war flags were assigned to the Army NCO Academy and the Police Academy.
Unlike Army, Police and Air Force, the Hellenic Navy uses the Flag of Greece as both the naval ensign and national
colour.

Holy See

The flag of the Swiss Guard, the army of the Vatican City, consists of four quarters. The Coat of Arms of the current
pope is in the first quarter, while the arms of Pope Julius II are in the fourth quarter. In the second and third quarters
are horizontal stripes of red, yellow and blue, the colours of the unit’s uniforms.
86 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

Hellenic Army War Flag

The flag also has the coat of arms of the commander within a wreath, on a background of the colour of his canton.
The design of the flag changes with the election of a new pope and the appointment of a new commander.

Italy

The Colour (bandiera di guerra) for army units (other than cavalry) is a square version of the national tricolour in
silk, 99 cm × 99 cm. It is mounted on a pike 2.2 m long, made of wood covered with green velvet and decorated
with ornate brass nails arranged in a spiral. The pike is topped by a 35 cm high finial consisting of an ornate gilt brass
spearhead chased with a five pointed star and the monogram RI (for Repubblica Italiana), which is in turn mounted
atop a gilt brass ball on which is the name and date of establishment of the unit. The pike is adorned with two silver
cords 67 cm long, each with a 10 cm long silver tassel and a blue silk cravat 8 cm × 66 cm with an 8 cm silver fringe
at each end, to which the unit’s decorations are pinned, the ribbons of the decorations overlapping so that the medals
hang down the cravat.
8.2. COLOURS 87

Banner of the Swiss Guard with the coat-of arms of commander Daniel Anrig, Pope Francis and Pope Julius II.

Netherlands

In the Dutch armed forces, the Colour is orange (except for the colour of the midshipsmans’ corps, which is red).
On the obverse is the royal cypher of the monarch that gave the regiment its (original) colour, with the unit’s name
underneath, both in gold; around the four edges is a laurel branch. On the reverse is the arms of the Kingdom of the
Netherlands without the mantle. The shield is blue and is strewn with small upright rectangles; the main device is
a crowned rampant lion, holding a sword in its upper paw. The lion and rectangles are gold, whilst the blade of the
sword is silver. Supporting the shield on either side is a gold rampant lion, facing outwards towards the viewer. There
is a gold crown above the shield; whilst below it is a blue scroll with the motto Je Maintiendrai in gold. The shield and
lions are surrounded by a wreath of green palm and oak leaves, and there is another wavy gold laurel wreath around
the edge. Battle honours are added in the corners of the obverse; if additional honours are awarded, they are placed
on streamers that are attached to the pike until the presentation of a new Colour. The Military Order of William or
other decorations are attached to the pike when awarded. The pike has a finial of a lion on a block holding a sword
and a bunch of seven arrows. Traditionally a colour is 87 cm x 87 cm (with a pike of 2.50 m in length), but armoured
infantry regiments carry colours that measure 60 cm x 60 cm (with a pike of 2.20 m in length). Guards regiments
carry the same colour, with some differing details.[17]
88 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

Norway

Norwegian infantry units have a stand of colours - the first (King’s Colour) is the national flag, while the second
(Regimental Colour) is unique to each unit:

• Infantry: Norwegian line infantry units carry regimental colours, either of a solid colour or divided vertically
into two or three stripes, with the Norwegian lion in the centre, the name of the unit, and battle honours embroi-
dered on the field. The colours vary by regiment and derive either from historic associations with predecessor
regiments or from the colours of the regiment’s oldest known uniform.

• Guards: The Royal Norwegian Guards regiment has a regimental colour that is all white, again with the lion in
the centre, and with the Royal Cypher of the reigning monarch in each corner.

Poland

The standard military colours of the Polish Armed Forces are in red and white, with the design tracing back to the
Polish Second Republic, a standardized form based on earlier colours. The motto of the Armed Forces, “God, Honor
and Fatherland” are at the reverse while the Polish military eagle (which differs per service) is at the centre of the
obverse. The unit’s name is inscribed on the obverse.

Portugal

All regiments of the Portuguese Army have a National Colour - Estandarte Nacional - which is based on the National
Flag of Portugal. Regiments and battalions also have regimental heraldic colours based on the unit’s coat of arms.
National Colours are also carried by major units of the Portuguese Navy, Portuguese Air Force and Portuguese
National Republican Guard.
The official standard for the National Colours was established in 1911 and states that they should measure 120 cm in
the hoist by 130 cm in the fly, the National Arms being surrounded by two olive branches tied by a scroll with the
motto "Esta é a Ditosa Pátria Minha Amada - This is My Loved Blessed Motherland”.

Romania

According to the Romanian General Staff, “The military colors (drapel de luptă) are the symbol of military honor,
bravery and glory. They evoke the past struggle of the Romanian people for national liberty and the traditions of
unity, reminding each soldier of his sacred duty to serve the Fatherland with trust, and to defend at all costs the unity,
sovereignty and independence of Romania”.
The military colours are granted to military units by presidential decree, on the advice of the Minister of National
Defence, the Minister of Internal Affairs or the director of the Romanian Intelligence Service. According to the
Ministry of National Defence, the complete description of this military insignia is as follows:
The military colours of Romania are made of double silk cloth and have dimensions of 100 × 66 cm (2:3 ratio). The
canvas has the colours of the Romanian flag and its obverse is identical with the reverse. The national coat of arms,
measuring 29 × 21.5 cm, is applied in the middle of the yellow stripe, 18 cm above its base. In each corner, 5 cm
from the edge of the canvas, is sewed a wreath of oak leaves, which surrounds the weapon signs, all of golden thread:

• two crossed swords for land forces

• a helicopter blade juxtaposed over a pair of wings in downward flight, a radar and a crossed rocket and telescope
for aerial forces

• an anchor for naval forces.

• the letter J in a rhombus over two crossed swords for gendarmerie units

• the emblem of the Romanian Intelligence Service for its units

8.2. COLOURS 89

National Colour of Portugal

The three sides of the flag not attached to the pole are decorated with fringes of golden thread (5–7 cm long) and
tassels of the same material (10–12 cm long) hang from the corners of the fly. The flag is attached to the pole by an
antioxidant metal rod 70 cm long.
The pole, of brown wood, is 240 cm high and 3.5 cm in diameter. A brass cylinder is at the base, 4 cm long and
closed on the bottom. The rod is attached to the pole by a brass ring, gilt on its lower part, and a 6 cm high cylindrical
protective tube of the same material and gilt on its upper part. The ring (3.2 cm high) is inscribed with the name of
the unit. Another brass cylinder is placed on the tip of the pole, 6 cm long and of brass. The eagle, of gilt copper,
sheet, 15 cm high and 11.5 cm wide, is placed over this. Looking rightward, the eagle’s wings are pointed downward
and it holds the thunderbolts of Jupiter in its talons. It is placed on a parallelepipedic support of the same metal (10
× 3.5 × 2 cm), which has a 3.4 cm high ornament on its lower part. The support is screwed onto the brass cylinder
and has inscribed into the front the motto “Onoare şi Patrie” (“Honor and Fatherland”). The name of the respective
unit is engraved into the reverse.
Other features of the military colours are a tie for attaching decorations, six sashes for the troops in the flag’s guard
and a protective cover of impermeable fabric.
The military colours of navy vessels are identical to their ensign. The ensign is in turn identical to the national flag,
being made of ordinary canvas in various dimensions, according to the ship’s rank, size and place of hoisting.
90 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

Romanian Military colours. Air Force design

Russia and Soviet Union

In the 18th century the Imperial Russian Army started to have colours of its own. Starting from the 1790s, Cross style
flags in the colours of the various military units appeared in various units: large flags for the infantry and the other
arms and small flags for the cavalry and horse artillery. These flags mirrored the Commonwealth military colours of
today, with one colour set as the state colour and the rest as the regimental and battalion or squadron colours.
From 1942 onwards, each regiment in the armed forces of the Soviet Union (especially the Army and Air Force) had
its own colour, which was produced to a standard design:

• Obverse: red field, a red star yellow bordered and the full name and number of a military unit/school below.
Each unit has its own inscription.

• Reverse: red field, a gold hammer and sickle and the motto “For our Soviet Motherland!" (За нашу советскую
родину!, Za nashu sovyetskuyu rodinu)

The colour was gold fringed.

The former designs had a red star on the reverse with the name of the Central Executive Committee and later, the
Supreme Soviet of the USSR surrounding it, and the obverse had the unit inscription below the coat of arms of the
8.2. COLOURS 91

Russian Armed Forces (top); Russian Army (middle); Russian Air Force (bottom).

Soviet Union, which had the Soviet Union state motto and the red star with the hammer and sickle inside (both were
on the flag of the Soviet Union) above it (the latter was near the hoist).
The Soviet Navy colours had the 1935 official design with them (it was later revised in 1950), with additions for
units honoured with the Order of the Red Banner, but in 1964 the Supreme Commander’s and Defence Minister’s
own naval colour and the colours of the Navy Commander-in-Chief (formerly the Minister for the Navy) and Chief
of Naval Operations were issued with different designs used, with the addition of the Armed Forces General Staff’s
own naval colour. The first colour was red with the USSR state arms, the next two had the arms with blue stripes
indicating office rank, and the final two were adaptations of the naval ensign (with a different ensign with the rank)
plus the stripes. The 1935 design (that of a white field with a blue lower stripe and the red star plus the hammer
and sickle above the blue stripe) replaced a much earlier, post-revolutionary naval colours design adopted in 1925.
In 1944 a different flag was issued to the Navy for its land based units – the same design used by the Army with a
different obverse having the unit name below the naval ensign.
Early flags even had the RKKA and RKKF insignia (the Army General Staff, represented by crossed blue rifles and
later became the General Staff’s naval colour until 1964, the Naval General Staff and the Army Naval Operations Staff,
later the flag of the People’s Comissariat for the Navy on its 1938 creation and was issued with two new colours for
the Navy Commissar and Deputy Comissar) beside the hammer and sickle, even the flags of the People’s Commissar
for National Defence and that of the Navy General Staff and the various flags of naval officers which had the ensign
92 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

on a canton surrounded by a red field, derived from the Navy Commissar’s. The cruiser Aurora since 1968 has had a
different version of the ensign, flanked by the Order of the Red Banner and of the Order of the October Revolution
on the top sides of the star, as the Aurora was the only naval recipient of the latter order in 1967 while in 1918, the
Order of the Red Banner was conferred to the ship.
Regimental colours of the Guards units
The colours of those regiments that were classed as "Guards" was slightly different as per 1942 regulations. These
had the portrait of Lenin, the Za nashu motto and the abbreviation “USSR” (СССР, SSSR) on the obverse and the
small star with hammer and sickle in its centre, unit’s name and a motto on the reverse of the colour. The mottoes
were different for every regiment (for example, those regiments made Guards in the Great Patriotic War bore the
motto “Death to the German invaders”, Смерть Немецким захватчикам, Smyert' Nyemyetskim zahvatchikam). In
some Guards Armies and Corps, different designs on the obverse and reverse were used. Even the Lenin portrait was
different in these colours. All of them were gold fringed.
The Navy’s Guards units still had the 1935 design, with the addition of the Guards ribbon below, except for units
which were honoured with the Order of the Red Banner and became Guard units later. The difference is in the red
five-pointed star, in which Red Banner Guard unit flags had applied the Guards ribbon below aside from the Order of
the Red Banner on the star for units that had the order bestowed on their colours earlier. Units which used the 1944
regimental colour design but adapted for the navy’s guards units[18] included air and marine units which still had the
obverse of Army and Air Force guards units standards.
Colours of the present-day Russian Armed Forces
Since the birth of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the aftermath of the dissolution of the USSR, the
old Soviet unit colours were retained. Starting in 1998, the traditional Imperial Russian Armed Forces flag designs
were reinstated; however, the new designs began to appear in the early years of the 21st century in the Army and Air
Force. But the Russian Navy’s old naval colour (St. Andrew’s cross in blue on a white field) began to be used again
in 1992. It has several variations, and the old jack colour of the Soviet Navy (pre-1935) soon became its jack colour,
with the red star with the hammer and sickle removed. The unit colours (especially those of the Navy honour guards)
have the same design with the unit insignia at the centre of it while Guards units and bemerited and decorated units
apply a different version of the colour.
The new Army and Air Force unit colours are square shaped, have St. Andrew’s cross in the service or arm colour,
and with the unit insignia in the middle. These colours are the basis for similar ones used today in the various Russian
uniformed services.

Spain

• Standard Colours: Units of the Spanish Armed Forces have a single colour based on the national flag. This
has the coat of arms in the centre of the flag, surrounded by the regiment’s name in black lettering. Red and
yellow tassles are attached to the finial which have the battle honours embroidered on them. Formerly a white
regimental colour with the unit insignia on the middle of a red Cross of Burgundy or at the sides was used by
these units until the adoption of the present colours design in 1843.

• Coronelas: Up until the early years of the 20th century, some Spanish regiments had a coronela, or King’s
Colour in addition to their Regimental Colour based on the national flag. Although officially the only colour is
the standard one, some older regiments continue to carry a copy of their old coronela which are used on some
occasions to maintain regimental traditions. However, the coronelas no longer have any official standing and
are not used on official occasions. The design of such colours are white with the royal arms at the centre and
the unit insignia and honours at the sides.

• Second Order Colours-Regimental/Wing Guidons and Banners:In the Spanish Armed Forces, Guidons and
Banners are second order colours, but are more smaller (Guidons are medium square shaped while Banners
are small square shaped). Guidons are used by battalions, squadrons and groups (even vessels) in the Armed
Forces while the banners are used by companies, troops, flights and batteries. All have different and unique
designs with some of these having the old Burgundy cross on them. These have also the unit insignia at the
centre. Like the Regimental Colour the finials of these colours have the attached unit battle honours and
decorations.
8.2. COLOURS 93

Standard Spanish Army Colour

Yugoslavia and post-Yugoslav nations

The first Yugoslav military colours came about when the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was established in 1918. These
were the square versions of the Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia with the state coat of arms and the motto of
the Yugoslav Royal Army. The unit names were attached to a ribbon at the pole. The colours were inspired by the
military colours of Serbia and of the Croat, Slovene and Bosnian military units of resistance against Austria-Hungary
during the First World War.
With the birth of the communist Partisans in 1941 in time for the Second World War, their flags showed the same
Pan-Slavic colours on them (arranged according to nationality) but this time a red star was added in the middle. The
naval units had a different ensign used and these flags became the basis for the military colours of Democratic Federal
Yugoslavia at the time of its 1943 proclamation.
By the time, these flags had the unit name on the pole pennants and were gold fringed. The Partisan General Staff
had their own version of it.
Postwar colours (from 1947, when the nation became a Federal People’s Republic) used various flag design with the
Yugoslav People’s Army motto in Serbo-Croatian (For the freedom and independence of the socialist fatherland) both
in Cyrillic and Latin and differed per unit or service arm of the YPA, but was longer and were gold fringed. Just
as before, the unit name stayed on the attached ribbon. Both the Flag of Yugoslavia and the flag of the League of
Communists of Yugoslavia were used as National Colours in parades. Unique colours were issued to the Navy, to
YPA reserve units and the Territorial Defense Forces of the republics.
Today all the nations comprising the former Yugoslavia have separate colour traditions per armed forces, but keep
their unique appearance.
94 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

8.3 Guidons and Standards

8.3.1 Commonwealth of Nations

The standard is the colours-equivalent for the heavy cavalry (e.g., horse guards and dragoon guards). At 27 in × 30 in,
on an 8 ft 6 in long pole, it is much smaller than infantry colours, so that it can be carried by a soldier on horseback.

The Guidon of the Queen Alexandra’s Mounted Rifles.

The guidon is the equivalent for the light cavalry (e.g., dragoons, light dragoons, hussars and lancers). It is swallow-
tailed, 27 in × 41 in, with an 8 ft 6 in long pole.
The word guidon is a corruption of the French guyde homme – 'the guide man'.[19] Originally each troop had its
own, but this was quickly reduced to a single, regimental one. With the increased dispersion of troops required in
the light cavalry role, their operational function had ceased by the 1830s and they were discontinued. The regiment’s
kettledrums, with the battle honours woven onto the drum banners (with the exception of 3rd The King’s Own Hussars
and its successors, where they are uncovered, with the battle honours engraved onto the kettledrums themselves)
became the focal point of the regiment’s loyalty. In 1952 King George VI reintroduced the guidons of the light
cavalry for ceremonial purposes.
Both the standard and the guidon are usually of crimson trimmed in gold and with the regiment’s insignia in the
centre. The regiment’s battle honours are emblazoned on both the obverse and reverse, up to a maximum of 22 on
each side.

8.3.2 United States

Main article: Guidon (United States)

8.4. GUNS 95

In the United States armed forces, guidons are much more prevalent, with units below battalion size being authorized
to use them. These are swallow tailed flags that are 20 in × 27 in, and are in the colour of the branch of the service
the unit is from, with the branch’s insignia the most prominent device. Also on the guidon is included the unit’s
identifying letter, and the number(s) of its parent unit. War service and campaign streamers are not attached to these
guidons, but unit citation streamers can be.

8.3.3 Countries in Continental Europe

Denmark

Cavalry (armour) units carry an estandart (standard), of similar design to the infantry fane, but smaller and square,
with the cross centred on the field. The royal cypher is in the upper hoist and the initials of the regiment in the lower
hoist.

France

In the French Army, mounted units carry étendards (standards). Mounted units include Armoured corps and Cavalry,
Artillery, Transportation, Army Aviation, Supplies. The étendard is a 64 × 64 cm square flag similar to the drapeaux
carried by the units of foot.

Italy

In the Italian Army, cavalry units carry a stendardo (standard) of the same pattern as the bandiera di guerra, but
which measures 60 cm × 60 cm.

The Netherlands

The four Hussar regiments of the Royal Netherlands Army carry a standaard (standard), of similar design to the
infantry colour, but smaller (50 cm x 50 cm).

Portugal

In the Portuguese Armed Forces a flâmula (swallow-tailed or triangular guidon) is used by each unit bellow battalion
size. Usually, the colour of the field of these guidons is different from unit to unit, identifying it inside the mother
battalion or regiment.

8.4 Guns
In regiments of the (British) Royal Artillery, and artillery regiments of other Commonwealth countries, the guns are
afforded the status of colours.[20] This is due to the difficulty of artillery regiments being able to carry flags onto
the battlefield, and the fact that the guns themselves were the rallying points for the soldiers manning them. As
a consequence, whenever artillery regiments parade, the etiquette that would normally be applied to the colours is
applied to the guns. During the Battle of Balaclava gunners abandoned their guns, in effect abandoning their colours,
causing disgrace.
Because the guns have the status of colours, gunners of commonwealth countries will attempt to prevent their guns
falling intact into enemy hands both for practical reasons (so that the guns can not be turned and used against their
own side) and for the honour of the regiment.[21] For example the last action of gunners of the Royal Artillery during
the fall of Singapore was to destroy their guns.[22][23]
The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest regiment in the British Army, and not part of the Royal Artillery, is
the only artillery regiment to have both colours and guns, which are treated with equal respect.
In Singapore, however since its independence the Singapore Army’s artillery arm (the Singapore Artillery) uses
Colours instead of Guns (this is also the case for the Malaysian Army and the Royal Thai Army, whose artillery units
96 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

WWI German Field Gun displayed in North Sydney. The gun was allocated to the local council by the State War Trophy Committee
in 1921.

use Colours and not Guns on parade). But in the Venezuelan Army, Guns and Colours are both used for the field
artillery, but the colours are attached to the lead vehicle on parades.

8.5 Etiquette
• The Regimental Colour (or Standard or Guidon) is always paraded whenever the regiment is on a formal parade.
However, the Queen’s Colour is only paraded on certain occasions.
• Compliments (for example saluting and presenting arms) are always paid to the (uncased) Colours.
• When the Colours are being paraded, they are carried either by a subaltern or warrant officer, dependent on
the regiment. On parade, the Colours always have an armed escort, the Colour Party, who would normally be
non-commissioned officers. In the infantry this role usually falls to Colour Sergeants.
• When the Colours are not being paraded, most regiments house them in their Officers’ Mess. They are cased
and secured every night.
• When a regiment is presented with new Colours, the old Colours, which will now never again be paraded, are
laid up (i.e.: put on permanent display) in a place sacred to the Regiment (for example the Regimental Chapel).

8.6 Ceremonies of Colours

8.6.1 Royal Navy

The British Royal Navy and other navies of the Commonwealth of Nations call the flag-raising ceremony that happens
every morning when a ship is in harbour colours. In British home waters, colours is conducted at 0800 (eight bells in
8.7. SEE ALSO 97

the morning watch) from 15 February to 31 October inclusive, and at 0900 (two bells in the forenoon watch) during
the winter.
When sunset is at or before 2100, flags are lowered at sunset at the ceremony of sunset. When sunset is after 2100,
the evening flag lowering ceremony is called evening colours and carried out at 2100.

8.6.2 United States Navy

The United States Navy performs the same ceremonies, called “Morning Colours” and “Evening Colours,” at 0800
and sunset each day. When Colours is played aboard Navy and Marine Corps bases, those outdoors must stop to
render proper courtesies by saluting if in uniform or, if out of uniform, by standing at attention, until “Carry On” is
sounded. Marines and sailors driving on base during this time are expected to stop their vehicles and stand at attention
until the ceremony is over.

8.6.3 Yacht Clubs

Many traditional Yacht Clubs worldwide also conduct morning and evening colour ceremonies. At 0800 each morning
and at sunset during the club’s active sailing season the ceremony is performed by the launchmen or harbourmaster.

• First, a bell is sounded as an alert for all members and guests present to stand at attention.

• A cannon is then shot and the national ensign hoisted (or lowered if sunset).

• At the conclusion of the ceremony the most senior officer present says: “As you were” and members and guests
may carry on.

8.7 See also

• The finial is the top piece of the pike or lance which the colour/guidon/standard is attached to.

• Glossary of vexillology

• Historical colours, standards and guidons

• Honor guard

• Trooping the Colour

• War flag

• With flying colours

8.8 Notes
[1] Campaign Streamers, Commendation Streamers, and Awards and Decorations of the United States Military

[2] U.S. Army Press Release, Army to award campaign participation credit and streamers for global war on terror. Retrieved
16 August 2006.

[3] U.S. Army FM 3-21.5 PDF. Retrieved 16 August 2006.

[4] “Flag Manual” (PDF). Mco P10520.3B. 15 September 1989.

[5] McMillan, Joseph (2001). “Flags of the U.S. Marine C”. Seaflags. Retrieved 10 January 2008.

[6] “Regimental Colours, Banners, and Flags Past and Present”. Regimental website of the Lincoln and Wetland Regiment.
Major A.D. Woolley. Retrieved 22 July 2011.

[7] Department of National Defence; Cadet Instructors Cadre; pg. 33

98 CHAPTER 8. COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

[8] http://forsvaret.dk/ghr/om%20ghr/kendetegn/fane_estandart/Pages/default.aspx

[9] “On January 1188 there was a meeting between Henry II and Phillip II under an old tree at Gisors on the
border between France and Normandy. The meeting was attended also by Phillip of Alsace, the Count of
Flanders. The two rivals agreed to stop the wars between them and swear to “take the cross” (i.e. to go in a
crusade). They also agreed to establish symbols to the different corps: white cross for the Plantagenet corps
of Henry II, a red cross for the Capetian corps of Phillip II, and a green cross for the Flemish.”
Joshua Prawer, A history of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Hebrew, 3rd edition, vol. II, pp. 17-18)

[10] Bulletin officiel des armées, 27, 9 novembre 2007

[11] (A) NORDEF0452926A, by Minister of Defence Mme Michèle Alliot-Marie.

[12] The modern fourragère of the French Army is awarded to all members of military units which have been awarded a mention
in despatches. It should not be confused with unit awards of particular decorations, where the medal itself is hung on the
colour of the unit. For example, there are many units wearing the fourragère of the Médaille militaire, whereas only six
units wore the medal on their colours. See also the article dealing with the Croix de guerre.

[13] The ensign of the National Navy differs from the French national flag by its slightly darker blue shade, and by the dimensions
of the stripes: while the stripes of the national flag has 1:1:1 proportions, the naval ensign has 30:33:37.

[14] Les drapeaux de la Marine on the French Ministry of Defence and Veterans Affairs website (pdf download)

[15] Imperial German Empire Army Colours

[16] Presidential Decree 348 /17-4-1980, On the war flags of the Armed Forces and the Gendarmerie Corps, Gazette issue
A-98/1980, pp. 1486.

[17] “Nederlands Instituut voor Militaire Historie | Ministerie van Defensie”. Nimh.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-01.

[18] Soviet Army colours (In Russian)

[19] The medieval “guidon, a name derived from the Fr. Guyd-homme, was somewhat similar to the standard, but without the
cross of St George, rounded at the end, less elongated and altogether less ornate. It was borne by a leader of horse, and
according to a medieval writer 'must be two and a half yards or three yards long, and therein shall no armes be put, but
only the man’s crest, cognisance, and devyce.'" (Swinburne 1911, p. 457,458)

[20] "[ARCHIVED CONTENT] The Royal Artillery - British Army Website”. Army.mod.uk. Retrieved 2012-08-01.

[21] “The Regiment -Firepower - The Royal Artillery Museum - Royal Arsenal in Woolwich”. Firepower. Retrieved 2012-08-
01.

[22] “History 1919-1942”. Fort Siloso. Retrieved 2012-08-01.

[23] Did Singapore Have to Fall: Churchill and the Impregnable Fortress - Kevin Blackburn - Google Books. Books.google.com.
Retrieved 2012-08-01.

8.9 References
• BR1834 – Royal Naval Handbook of Ceremonial and Drill

• Swinburne, H Lawrence (1911). “Flag”. In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica 10 (11th ed.). Cam-
bridge University Press. pp. 457, 458.

8.10 External links

• Flags of the World

• Warflags
Chapter 9

Historical colours, standards and guidons

In the age of line tactics, the unit colour was an important rallying point for the troop.

9.1 France

99
100 CHAPTER 9. HISTORICAL COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

9.1.1 Middle Age

During Middle Age, the units had not really colours. They got often the heraldry of their lord. The armies got the
fleurdelisé, a kind of French national flag : blue with lys flowers, because lys flowers were the symbol of France and
of the King of France, until the 19th century. The King of France had also an official battle standard, the Oriflamme
: a special flag, red with gold, and the motto "Montjoie Saint-Denis". When the king went to war, he had to take
the oriflamme in Saint-Denis, near Paris. The knights, as lords, got their own colours (the member of the capetian
dynasty were recognizable because of the lys flower on their family heraldry). The French field units got a white
cross, called “Croix de France” (Cross of France). The English got a red cross.

9.1.2 Ancien Régime (15th-18th centuries)

The French colours of the Ancien Régime got the same design : a white cross, the Cross of France (vertical cross,
but sometimes it was a St Andrew’s cross, like the “Royal Deux Ponts” Régiment’s flag). The rest of the standard
was depending of the regiment. Often, the Cross of France divided the flag in four equal quarters. The quarters
could have the same colour (specially for the Marine troops’s flags). Sometimes, there were two colours : the top-left
and the bottom-right quarters of one colour, the top-right and the bottom-left of another. In the most part of the
time, lys flowers were on the Cross of France, with an inscription or a motto. The regiment often got the name of
their province : Picardie (the oldest regiment of Europe), Normandie, Piemont, Provence... but were also called with
special names, like “Régiment de la Reine” (Queen’s regiment), which had a dark green and black quartered flag, with
the cross of France. Each regiment had its flag. The colonel, at the head of the regiment, had a special flag : it also
had the white Cross of France, but the four quarters were white too (white was the colour of the French monarchy).
The actual flag of Quebec has exactly the design of the French colours of this time.

9.1.3 Revolutionary Army

In 1794, the French Army was reorganised following the Revolution. Regiments were renamed demi-brigades,
with three battalions in each. The 1st Battalion of each was raised from the volunteers, while the 3rd Battalion were
conscripts. These two received identical colours. The 2nd Battalion meanwhile was formed from a regiment of the
old Royal Army, and received a different colour from the 1st Battalion. The colours of all of the 2nd Battalions were
identical to each other (except for the demi-brigade’s number), while the 1st Battalions all received different colours.

9.1.4 Imperial Army

In the Imperial Army under Napoleon I, regiments received new colours, which were called aigles (eagles), from the
eagle that was mounted atop the pole. Up to 1812, they resembled the colours of the Revolutionary Army, specifically
the 1st Demi-Brigade of infantry, with a white diamond and the corners filled in (from clockwise top left) red-blue-
red-blue. The name of the regiment was written in gold on the obverse, and the words Valeur et Discipline, together
with the battalion number, on the reverse. The regiment’s number was written in gold in the four corners. In 1812,
a new pattern of colours was authorised; this used the French Tricolour, fringed in gold, and with various regimental
and imperial devices forming a frame around the gold writing. The obverse bore the name of the regiment, while
the reverse saw listed its battle honours. However, only those actions in which the Emperor himself had participated
were permitted to be displayed, so some regiments had nothing on the reverse of their colours. Only the 1st Battalion
of each regiment was issued with this Colour; subsequent battalions were issued with plain, coloured marker flags;
although the regulations issued specifically prohibited the addition of any inscriptions or insignia, many battalions did
so to allow them to stand out.

• Battalion Flag Colours after 1812

• 1st Battalion - Regimental Colour
• 2nd Battalion - White Flag
• 3rd Battalion - Red Flag
• 4th Battalion - Blue Flag
• 5th Battalion - Green Flag
• 6th Battalion - Yellow Flag
9.2. GERMANY 101

• The regiments of the Imperial Guard were subjected to a similar pattern after 1812, with the 1st Battalion
carrying the regiment’s Colour, and subsequent battalions carrying plain red flags with either grenades (for
grenadier regiments) or hunting horns (for chasseur regiments) in the centre and at the corners.

• French Colours prior to the Revolution

• French Colours from the Revolution onwards

9.2 Germany

9.2.1 Kingdom of Prussia

King Frederick II - known to history as Frederick the Great - ascended the throne of Prussia in 1740. Shortly
thereafter he began to issue colours of a new pattern to the infantry regiments of the Prussian Army. Under the new
regulations, each regiment received two flags per battalion. The first battalion carried the King’s Colour (leibfahne)
and one Regimental Colour (regimentsfahne), while the second battalion carried two regimentsfahnen. The Leibfahne
had a white field and the Regimentsfahne had a field in the distinguishing colour of the regiment. In the center of
both colours was a circular tablet bearing the crowned Prussian eagle under a scroll inscribed Pro Gloria et Patria
(For Glory and Fatherland), all within a wreath surmounted by the royal crown. The corners were decorated with
crowned royal cyphers (FR for Fredericus Rex) The colours of the wreath, crown and cyphers could be either gold or
silver. Unusually, Prussian infantry colours were longer at the hoist than on the fly, measuring 140 by 120 centimetres.
Cords and tassels were silver and black. The colours were made of silk, with insignia painted on. The colours of the
regular infantry regiments remained virtually unchanged from 1742 until 1806, when catastrophic defeat at the hands
of Napoleon all but destroyed the once-proud Prussian Army. When new flags were issued to the reconstituted army
beginning in 1811-12, their design was based on the original pattern, but with a number of modifications.

9.2.2 Third Reich

• • Army: The pattern of the colours for the German Army of the Third Reich was instituted in 1936. It
encompasses a square white flag with a black Iron Cross extending nearly to the edges; the cross has a
silver border followed by a thinner black edge and a white fimbriation; in each corner is a black swastika.
At the center of the flag is a white disk surrounded by a silver wreath and containing a black (“Army
type”) eagle grasping a black swastika. The colour of the background varied depending on the branch of
the service. Cavalry and artillery had the same pattern, but as a swallow tailed standarte (standard) rather
than an ordinary fahne.
• Luftwaffe: The ground troops of the Luftwaffe were given different colours to those of the army. It was
either red (for anti-aircraft troops) or yellow (for field troops), with a black lined white diagonal cross.
On the obverse in the centre was an Iron Cross on top of a silver wreath. In each corner was a black
swastika, with the whole flag trimmed in silver. The reverse was identical except for a silver (Luftwaffe
type) eagle replacing the Iron Cross.
• Navy and Marines: The colours of the marine infantry and the Kriegsmarine were similar in design to
those of the Luftwaffe. The flag itself was blue, with a black swastika replacing the eagle. The wreath
was gold instead of black, as were the diagonal lines. In the corners were gold anchors (top left, bottom
right) and Iron Crosses (top right, bottom left). On the other side was an Iron Cross in the centre, with
gold eagles replacing the two Iron Crosses in the corners. The flag was fringed in gold.
• Waffen SS: The colours awarded to the Waffen SS were completely different from those of the rest of
the armed forces. It was essentially the national flag, fringed with gold, with the battalion and regiment
numbers in the top left hand corner.

9.3 Russia
102 CHAPTER 9. HISTORICAL COLOURS, STANDARDS AND GUIDONS

9.3.1 Russian Empire

9.3.2 Soviet Union

Each unit in the armed forces of the Soviet Union had its own Regimental Colour, which was produced to a standard
design from the 1930s onward:

• Obverse - red field, a red star yellow bordered and the full name and number of a military unit below. Each
unit has its own inscription.
• Reverse - red field, a gold hammer and sickle and the motto “For our Soviet Motherland!" (За нашу советскую
родину!, Za nashu sovyetskuyu rodinu)

All the Colours were red with gold fringe and square in form.
The Naval Flags used by the Soviet Navy are white with a bottom blue stripe. Above it are the USSR’s national
symbols, the hammer and the sickle. There are many versions of this naval ensign.

Guards Regiments

The Colours of those regiments that were classed as 'Guards' was slightly different. These had the portrait of Lenin,
the Za nashu motto and the abbreviation “USSR” (СССР) on the obverse and the small star with hammer and sickle
in its centre, unit’s name and a motto on the reverse. The mottoes were different for different regiments (for example,
those regiments made Guards in the Great Patriotic War bore the motto 'Death to the German Invaders!'). Naval
Guards units had a Guards ribbon included in the Naval ensign whenever a ship becomes a Guards ship.

• Soviet Army colours (In Russian)

9.4 Spain

9.4.1 Kingdom of Spain

An army regulation of July 1810 stated that line infantry regiments of the Spanish army would bear two colours.
The first battalion would carry the coronela (King’s Colour), which was white and bore the Royal Coat of Arms
in the centre, sometimes on top of a burgundy Cross, surrounded by various regimental devices, while the second
battalion (and independent battalions of light infantry) would carry the sencilla (Regimental Colour), which would
have a burgundy cross with the provincial coat of arms at the four corners, and the name of the regiment in the
top half. In 1843, the regulations introduced a new pattern for regimental colours, with the sencilla replaced by the
batallona. This was a flag that adopted the national colours of red-yellow-red horizontal stripes, with a simplified
royal coat of arms in the centre atop a small burgundy cross and the name of the regiment encircling it.

9.4.2 Spain under Franco

Following the victory of General Franco in the Spanish Civil War, the Spanish army adopted the policy of using only
a single colour, the batallona, with the new coat of arms in its centre replacing the Royal arms, and the name of the
regiment encircling it.

9.5 See also

Modern Colours and Guidons
Chapter 10

Banner of arms

The official flag of Scania, one of Sweden’s traditional provinces, is a banner of arms.

A banner of arms is a flag, which has the same image as a coat of arms, i.e. the shield of a full heraldic achievement,
rendered in the rectangular shape of the flag.[1] It can thus be compared with the heraldic flag but it is not only used
ceremoniously but may be used e.g. as a national flag.

103
104 CHAPTER 10. BANNER OF ARMS

The term is derived from the terminology of heraldry but mostly used in vexillology. Examples of modern national
flags which are banners of arms are the flags of Austria, Iraq, and Switzerland.
The banner of arms is sometimes simply called a banner, but a banner is in a more strict sense a one of a kind personal
flag of a nobleman held in battle.[2][3]

10.1 Examples

10.1.1 National flags

10.1.2 Subdivision flags

10.1.3 County flags

10.1.4 City flags

10.2 References
[1] “Flags of the World: Dictionary of Vexillology: B (Backing - Banner of Victory): Banner of arms”. Flags of the World.
Retrieved 25 January 2014.

[2] Puttock, A.G. (1985). A Dictionary of Heraldry. Exeter: Blaketon Hall Ltd. p. 196. ISBN 0 907854 93 1.

[3] Friar, Stephen, ed. (1987). A New Dictionary of Heraldry. London: Alphabooks/A&C Black. pp. 45–46. ISBN 0 906670
44 6.

10.3 External links

Chapter 11

Battle ensign

The Tonnant at the Battle of the Nile, by Louis Lebreton.

A battle ensign is the name given to a large war flag which is flown on a warship's mast just before going into battle.
The flag identified the allegiance of the ship in what could be a very confusing situation, with thick clouds of gunsmoke
obscuring the ships in action, hence the large size of these ensigns typical for the Royal Navy from the 17th to 18th
centuries of about 20 by 40 ft (6.1 by 12.2 m). It was commonly accepted that so long as a ship flew its ensign it was
an active participant in battle; prior to action it was an acceptable ruse to fly a false flag.
If a ship surrendered then it would take down its ensigns (which was known as striking the colors). This is also the
origin of the phrase "To nail one’s colours to the mast", showing a determination to fight on and never surrender. In
practice, warships would fly more than one battle ensign, so that if the flag was destroyed or brought down during the
fighting there would be no confusion. Conversely, keeping the flag flying even though the ship might appear to be
past fighting was a sign of determination rather than foolishness. The German battleship Bismarck continued to fly
its battle ensign even after its gun batteries had all been silenced by British shells, and it sank with the ensign still up.
The battle ensign was seen as an important element for the morale of the crew and was held in high regard. If a
warship was sinking and had to be abandoned, flags such as the battle ensigns would be taken off the ship before it
sank and were entrusted to the senior (surviving) officer.

105
106 CHAPTER 11. BATTLE ENSIGN

Niagara flying Perry’s Don't Give Up the Ship battle ensign at the Battle of Lake Erie, 10 September 1813.

USS McFaul flying her battle ensign as she returns to Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia from deployment.

Some countries use their national flag as the battle ensign, while others use their naval ensign. Sometimes unique flags
were made and used as battle ensigns, for example the one flown by United States Naval Forces at the Battle of Lake
Erie in the War of 1812.
The battle ensign is sometimes also flown by U.S. Navy warships as a courtesy when entering or leaving foreign ports.
11.1. EXAMPLES 107

Battle ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy.

108 CHAPTER 11. BATTLE ENSIGN

Postcard commemorating the naval victory of Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney over the German light cruiser Emden at the
Battle of Cocos in 1914.

11.1 Examples

In the United States Navy, battle ensigns from American warships and battle ensigns captured from enemy ships are
displayed at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. The battle ensign flown from USS Arizona
during the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese Naval Air Forces on December 7, 1941 was badly stained with oil
and it was burned as being 'unfit for further use', before anyone thought to save it.
From the start of the Naval Battle of Casablanca during Operation Torch, the USS Massachusetts flew an extra-large
battle ensign in the hopes the French Forces would decide not to fight the U.S. Navy. The French decided to fight,
and the Massachusetts continued to fly the large battle ensign, throughout the battle.
The USS Ramage uses the flag of the New York City Police Department as its battle ensign in commemoration of
the actions of the NYPD during the September 11 attacks.[1]
The British National Maritime Museum has in its collection a battle ensign taken from the Spanish San Ildefonso,
captured at the Battle of Trafalgar which measures 9.8 by 14.4 m (32.2 by 47.2 ft).
An ensign from the French Généreux of 8.2 by 16 m (26.9 by 52.5 ft) was captured by HMS Foudroyant in 1800,
and presented by its captain, one time Flag Captain of Lord Nelson, to the City of Norwich.
On 9 November 1914, HMAS Sydney wore a large Australian National Flag as a battle ensign from the mainmast
during her celebrated victory over German warship SMS Emden at the Battle of Cocos. The battle was the first naval
clash and first victory for the Royal Australian Navy.[2][3]
In the early days of World War II Captain F. S. Bell of HMS Exeter gave the order to hoist battle ensigns as Exeter
turned to engage German “pocket battleship” Admiral Graf Spee, which significantly outgunned her, during the Battle
of the River Plate.
11.2. REFERENCES 109

11.2 References
[1] http://navysite.de/dd/ddg61.htm

[2] http://www.australianflag.com.au/debateresource.php

[3] http://www.anzacday.org.au/anzacservices/poetry/allaussies.htm

11.3 See also

• British ensigns

• Flag
• Flag terminology

• Russian Navy Ensign

• Japanese ensigns

• Vexillology
Chapter 12

Blazon

This article is about heraldry. For the term used in Romantic poetry, see Blason.

In heraldry and heraldic vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of a coat of arms, flag or similar emblem, from
which the reader can reconstruct the appropriate image. The verb to blazon means to create such a description. The
visual depiction of a coat of arms or flag traditionally has considerable latitude in design, while a blazon specifies the
essentially distinctive elements; thus it can be said that a coat of arms or flag is primarily defined not by a picture but
rather by the wording of its blazon (though often flags are in modern usage additionally and more precisely defined
using geometrical specifications). Blazon also refers to the specialized language in which a blazon is written, and, as
a verb, to the act of writing such a description. This language has its own vocabulary, grammar and syntax, or rules
governing word order, which becomes essential for comprehension when blazoning a complex coat of arms.
Other objects — such as badges, banners, and seals — may also be described in blazon.
The word blazon (referring to a verbal description) is not to be confused with the verb emblazon, or the noun embla-
zonment, both of which relate to the graphic representation of a coat of arms or heraldic device.

12.1 Etymology
The word blazon is derived from French blason, “shield.” It is found in English by the end of the 14th century.[1]
Formerly, experts in heraldry assumed that the word was related to the German verb blasen, “to blow (a horn).”[2][3]
Present-day lexicographers reject this theory as conjectural and disproved.[1]

12.2 Grammar
The blazon of armorials follows a rigid formula, designed to eliminate ambiguity of interpretation, to be as concise
as possible and to avoid repetition and extraneous punctuation. Boutell (1864) stated:[4]

“Heraldic language is most concise, and it is always minutely exact, definite, and explicit; all unnec-
essary words are omitted, and all repetitions are carefully avoided; and, at the same time, every detail
is specified with absolute precision. The nomenclature is equally significant, and its aim is to combine
definitive exactness with a brevity that is indeed laconic".

The rules of blazonry are as follows:

• Every blazon of a coat of arms begins by describing the field (background), with first letter as a capital, followed
by a comma ",”. In a majority of cases this is a single tincture; e.g. Azure (blue). If the field is complex, the
variation is described, followed by the tinctures used; e.g. Chequy gules and argent (checkered red and white).
If the shield is divided, the division is described, followed by the tinctures of the subfields, beginning with the
dexter side (shield bearer’s right, but viewer’s left) of the chief (upper) edge; e.g. Party per pale argent and

110
12.3. TINCTURES 111

vert (dexter half silver, sinister half green), or Quarterly argent and gules (clockwise from top left: white, red,
white, red).

• The principal charge(s) are then named, with their tincture(s); e.g. a bend or.

• The principal charge is followed by any other charges placed around or on it. If a charge be a bird or beast, its
attitude is described, followed by the animal’s tincture, followed by anything that may be differently coloured;
e.g. An eagle displayed gules armed and wings charged with trefoils or (see the coat of arms of Brandenburg).

Any accessories present — such as crown/coronet, helmet, torse, mantling, crest, motto, supporters and compartment
— are then described in turn, using the same terminology and syntax.

• According to Boutell (1864): “It appears desirable always to print all heraldic blazon in italic".[5] Heraldry
has its own vocabulary, word-order and punctuation, and showing it in italics thus indicates to the reader the
presence of a quasi-foreign language.

• Azure, a bend or. A coat made famous by the mediaeval court case Scrope v. Grosvenor.

• Party per pale argent and vert, a tree eradicated counterchanged. Arms of Behnsdorf.

• Quarterly 1st and 4th Sable a lion rampant on a canton Argent a cross Gules; 2nd and 3rd quarterly Argent
and Gules in the 2nd and 3rd quarters a fret Or overall on a bend Sable three escallops of the first and as an
augmentation in chief an inescutcheon, Argent a cross Gules and thereon an inescutcheon Azure, three fleurs-
de-lis Or.
Arms of Churchill.[1]

• Argent, an eagle displayed gules armed and wings charged with trefoils Or. Arms of Brandenburg.

1. ^ Courtenay, P. The Armorial Bearings of Sir Winston Churchill. The Churchill Centre.

A quartered (composite) shield is blazoned one quarter (panel) at a time, proceeding by rows from chief (top) to base,
and within each row from dexter (the right side of the bearer holding the shield) to sinister; in other words, from the
viewer’s left to right. A divided shield is blazoned “party per [line of division]" or "parted per [line of division]",
though the word “party” or “parted” is almost always omitted (e.g. “Per pale argent and vert, a tree eradicated
counterchanged”). A tincture is sometimes replaced by “of the first”, “of the second” etc. to avoid repetition of
tincture names; they refer to the order in which the tinctures were first mentioned. “Counterchanged” means that a
charge which straddles a line of division is tinctured of the same tinctures as the divided field, reversed (see Behnsdorf
arms pictured above).
But as to the rigid formulae of blazoning, John Brooke-Little, Norroy and Ulster King of Arms, wrote in 1985:
“Although there are certain conventions as to how arms shall be blazoned ... many of the supposedly hard and fast
rules laid down in heraldic manuals [including those by heralds] are often ignored.”[6]
A given coat-of-arms may be drawn in many different ways, all considered equivalent, just as the letter “A” may be
printed in many different fonts while still being the same letter. For example, the shape of the escutcheon is almost
always immaterial, so long as it is not of an anachronistic variety, a rare exception being the coat of arms of Nunavut,
for which a round shield is specified.
Because heraldry developed at a time when English clerks wrote in Anglo-Norman French, many terms in English
heraldry are of French origin, as is the practice of placing most adjectives after nouns rather than before.
Several websites (cited below) give illustrations of coats of arms with blazons; these can give the reader a good
practical feel for blazons and blazoning.

12.3 Tinctures
Tincture is the term used to describe the background of a field. It can be a colour, a metal or a fur (i.e. pattern). In
a black and white representation of arms (such as in bookplates), colors are represented through the use of hatching
or patterns of lines and dots. The list of standard tinctures and their names are listed below.
112 CHAPTER 12. BLAZON

• Metals
• Or (gold, shown as yellow)
• Argent (silver, shown as white, never grey)
• Colors
• Gules (red)
• Azure (blue)
• Sable (black)
• Vert (green)
• Purpure (purple)
• Tenné (orange)
• Sanguine (blood red)
• Murrey (mulberry)
• Bleu-celeste (sky blue)
• Furs
• Ermine
• Ermines
• Erminois
• Erminites
• Pean
• Vair
• Potent

12.4 Complexity
Full descriptions of shields range in complexity, from a single word to a convoluted series describing compound
shields:

• Arms of Brittany: Ermine

• Azure a Bend Or, over which the families of Scrope and Grosvenor fought a famous legal battle (see Scrope v.
Grosvenor and image above).
• Arms of Östergötland, Sweden: Gules a Griffin with dragon wings tail and tongue rampant Or armed beaked
langued and membered Azure between four Roses Argent.
• Arms of Hungary dating from 1867, when part of Austria-Hungary:
Quarterly I. Azure three Lions’ Heads affronté Crowned Or (for Dalmatia); II. chequy Argent and
Gules (for Croatia); III. Azure a River in Fess Gules bordered Argent thereon a Marten proper beneath
a six-pointed star Or (for Slavonia); IV. per Fess Azure and Or over all a Bar Gules in the Chief a
demi-Eagle Sable displayed addextré of the Sun-in-splendour and senestré of a Crescent Argent in
the Base seven Towers three and four Gules (for Transylvania); enté en point Gules a double-headed
Eagle proper on a Peninsula Vert holding a Vase pouring Water into the Sea Argent beneath a Crown
proper with bands Azure (for Fiume); over all an escutcheon Barry of eight Gules and Argent impaling
Gules on a Mount Vert a Crown Or issuant therefrom a double-Cross Argent (for Hungary).[7]

• Arms of Brittany
• Arms of Östergötland
• Arms of Hungary (1867)
12.5. SEE ALSO 113

12.5 See also

• Flag terminology

12.6 Notes
[1] “blazon, n.”. OED Online. June 2012. Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/20024 (accessed Septem-
ber 10, 2012).

[2] Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th. ed., vol.11, p.683, “Heraldry”

[3] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Blazon". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

[4] Boutell, Charles, Heraldry, Historical and Popular, 3rd Edition, London, 1864 pp.9-10

[5] Boutell, 1864, p.11

[6] J P Brooke-Little: An heraldic alphabet (new and revised edition), p. 52. Robson Books, London, 1985.

[7] Velde, François (August 1998). “Hungary”. Heraldry by Countries. Retrieved 2007-12-13.

12.7 References
• Brault, Gerard J. (1997). Early Blazon: Heraldic Terminology in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, (2nd
ed.). Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-711-4.
• Elvin, Charles Norton. (1969). A Dictionary of Heraldry. London: Heraldry Today. ISBN 0-900455-00-4.

• Parker, James. A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry, (2nd ed.). Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle Co. ISBN
0-8048-0715-9.

12.8 External links

• The dictionary definition of blazon at Wiktionary

• Media related to Illustrated atlas of French and English heraldic terms at Wikimedia Commons
• Heraldric Dictionary

• A Heraldic Primer, by Stephen Gold and Timothy Shead, explaining the terminology in detail
• A Grammar of Blazonry by Bruce Miller

• “Commonly Known” Heraldic Blazon/Emblazon Knowledge, an SCA page with a lengthy dictionary of blazon
terms

• Public Register of the Canadian Heraldic Authority with many useful official versions of modern coats of arms,
searchable online

• Civic Heraldry of England and Wales, fully searchable with illustrations

• Arms of members of the Heraldry Society of Scotland, fully searchable with illustrations of bearings

• Arms of members of the Heraldry Society (England), with illustrations of bearings

• Members’ Roll of Arms of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada, with illustrations of bearings
Chapter 13

Burgee

Burgee of the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron.

A burgee is a distinguishing flag, regardless of its shape, of a recreational boating organization.

13.1 Etiquette
Yacht clubs and their members may fly their club’s burgee while under way and at anchor, day or night, but not while
racing. Sailing vessels may fly the burgee from the main masthead or from a lanyard under the starboard spreader on
the mast.[1] Power boats fly the burgee off a short staff on the bow.

13.2 Flag officers

The officers of a yacht club may fly various burgees appropriate to their rank: for example, the commodore may fly
a swallow-tailed version of the club burgee (and the vice- and rear-commodores the same, but distinguished by the
addition of one or two balls respectively at the canton). A past-commodore may also be given a distinctively-shaped
flag.[2]

114
13.3. EXCHANGE 115

Burgee of the Royal Cork Yacht Club, the world’s oldest yacht club.

13.3 Exchange
Traditionally, the first time a member of one yacht club visits another, there is an exchange of burgees. Exchanged
burgees are then often displayed on the club’s premises, e.g., in the office or bar. On “Opening Day”, sailors fly their
burgees together.

13.4 See also

• Broad pennant

• Civil ensign

• Courtesy flag

• Ensign

• Maritime flag

• Naval ensign

13.5 Citations
1.HE Web Design. “International Burgee Registry.” . 21 Sept. 1998. Halling Enterprises. 28 July.2009 <http:
//www.burgees.com/burgeeframe.htm>. 2.Bakker, Jarig. “History of Yacht Club-burgees (Germany).” WWW.
crwflags.com. 11 Nov. 2006. Web. 28 July 2009. <http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de@ychis.html>.

13.6 References
[1] Rousmaniere, John (1999). The Annapolis Book of Seamanship (3rd ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 370. ISBN
978-0-684-85420-5. Retrieved June 30, 2011.

[2] 'Flags and Signals’ by Cdr R.L. Hewitt, Royal Yachting Association 1969, 1984
116 CHAPTER 13. BURGEE

13.7 External links

• Crystal Lake Yacht Club’s Burgee collection
Chapter 14

Gonfalon

This article is about the flags. For Kurt Vonnegut’s fictional cohesive groups, see Granfalloon.
The gonfalon, gonfalone (from the early Italian confalone), or “gonfanon” (from French heraldry) is a type of
heraldic flag or banner, often pointed, swallow-tailed, or with several streamers, and suspended from a crossbar in an
identical manner to the ancient Roman vexillum. It was first adopted by Italian medieval communes, and later, by
local Guilds, Corporations and Districts. The difference between a gonfanon with long tails and a standard is that a
gonfanon displays the device on the non-tailed area, and the standard displays badges down the whole length of the
flag.[1]
A gonfalon can include a badge or coat of arms, or ornamentations of fancy design. Today every Italian comune
(municipality) has a gonfalon sporting its coat of arms. The gonfalon has long been used for ecclesiastical ceremonies
and processions. The papal "ombrellino", a symbol of the pope, is often mistakenly called “gonfalone” by the Italians
because the pope’s ceremonial umbrella was often depicted on the banner.
Gonfalone was originally the name given to a neighbourhood meeting in medieval Florence, each neighbourhood
having its own flag and coat of arms, leading to the word Gonfalone eventually becoming associated with the flag.
Gonfalons are also used in some university ceremonies, such as those at the University of Chicago,[2] Rowan Univer-
sity,[3] Rutgers University,[4] Princeton University, University of Toronto and the University of St. Thomas.[5]
A Gonfalon of State (Dutch: Rijksvaandel or Rijksbanier) is part of the Regalia of the Netherlands. The banner
is made of silk and it has been painted with the souvereign’s coat of arms as they were in the 19th. century. The
Gonfalon of State is only used when a new king or queen is sworn in.
A picture of a gonfalon is itself a heraldic charge in the coat of arms of the Counts Palatine of Tübingen and their
cadet branches.[6]

14.1 Religious significance

Gonfalons had great significance as Christian religious objects in Europe during the Medieval period, especially in
central Italy. These religious objects consisted of a cloth, usually of canvas but occasionally of silk, supported by
a wooden frame with a T-shaped support on the back, and a long pole to hold up the banner during ceremonies
and processions. The banners were painted with tempera or oil paints, sometimes on both sides. Images on the
gonfalons included the patron saints of cities, villages, confraternities or guilds, the Virgin and Child, Jesus Christ,
God the Father, plague saints, and the Virgin Mary as Queen of Heaven, Mediatrix, Theotokos, or Madonna of Mercy.
Because these banners were often associated with a particular group, highly unusual and individual iconography could
appear.
These gonfalons were often commissioned and kept by confraternities, lay religious groups who gathered together
for devotional purposes such as the singing of hymns (laudae), the performance of charitable works, or flagellation.
The banners would be either displayed on the wall of the oratory or packed away until they were needed for their
primary use, religious processions. During processions, the banner would be carried on its pole by members of the
confraternity. This devotional act of carrying the banner in procession was believed to be a holy act of worship, and
it was hoped that the act would gain divine favour from God, Jesus, Mary, and the saints portrayed on the banner.
From the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries, plague banners were produced and carried in processions as a way to

117
118 CHAPTER 14. GONFALON

plead for divine intercession to prevent or cure the plague.

14.2 See also

• Khorugv, a gonfalone analogue in Christian churches of East-European origin
• Baseball’s Sad Lexicon, 1910 poem referring to a baseball championship pennant as a “gonfalon”

• Gonfaloniere

• Coat of arms
• Flagellant Confraternities (Central Italy)

• Fanion
• Vexillum

14.3 References
• Armorial Display:Banners, Standards, and Heaters

[1] http://donna.hrynkiw.net/sca/flags/gonfanon.html

[2] Alumni Procession

[3]

[4] Presidential Inauguration: Pageantry and Color

[5]

[6] attested since the 14th century; it has been suggested that the gonfalon in the Tübingen coat of arms originates as a re-
interpretation of the tripod symbol found on ancient coins. Hildebrecht Hommel: Antike Spuren im Tübinger Wappen.
Zur Frage der Verwertung und Umdeutung numismatischer Motive. Vorgelegt am 13. Juni 1981. Sitzungsberichte der
Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse. Bericht Jg. 1981, 9.
14.3. REFERENCES 119

Gonfalon with coat of arms of the Italian comune of Montebuono.

120 CHAPTER 14. GONFALON

The tip of a gonfalon from the 1839 Eglinton Tournament as held at Eglinton Castle in Scotland.
Chapter 15

Fimbriation

This article is about the heraldic term. For fimbriation in microbiology and anatomy, see Fimbria (disambiguation).
In heraldry and vexillology, fimbriation is the placement of small stripes of colour (technically called "tincture"

The British Union Flag: A white-fimbriated symmetric red cross on a blue field with a white-fimbriated counterchanged saltire of
red and white.

in this sense in heraldry) around common charges or ordinaries, usually in order for them to stand out from the
background, or perhaps just because the designer felt it looked better, or for a more technical reason (in heraldry
only) to avoid what would otherwise be a violation of the rule of tincture.[1][2] While fimbriation almost invariably
applies to both or all sides of a charge, there are very unusual examples of fimbriation on one side only.[3] Another
rather rare form is double fimbriation (blazoned “double fimbriated”), where the charge or ordinary is accompanied
by two stripes of colour instead of only one. In cases of double fimbriation the outer colour is blazoned first. The
arms of Mozirje, in Slovenia, show an example of fimbriation that itself is fimbriated.[4]
Fimbriation may also be used when a charge is the same colour as the field on which it is placed. A red charge placed
on a red background may be necessary, for instance where the charge and field are both a specific colour for symbolic
or historical reasons, and in these cases fimbriation becomes a necessity in order for the charge to be visible. In some
cases, such as a fimbriated cross placed on a field of the same colour as the cross, the effect is identical to the use of
cross voided, i.e. a cross shown in outline only.
According to the rule of tincture, one of the fundamental rules of heraldic design, colour may not be placed on colour
nor metal on metal. (In heraldry, “metal” refers to gold and silver, frequently represented using yellow and white
respectively. “Colour” refers to all other colours.) Sometimes, however, it is desired to do something like this, so
fimbriation is used to comply with the rule.
In vexillology that is not specifically heraldic, the rules of heraldry do not apply, yet fimbriation is still frequently seen.

121
122 CHAPTER 15. FIMBRIATION

Flag of South Africa, showing yellow and white fimbriation

The reason for this is largely the same as the reason for the heraldic rule of tincture: that is, the need for visibility -
the separation of darker colours by white or yellow is an aid to the visual separation of the darker colours. A good
example of a flag which uses fimbriation is the national flag of South Africa which is fimbriated in white above and
below the central green area, and in yellow between it and the triangle at the hoist.
Though fimbriation is, heraldically, intended to be used to separate areas that are both colours (by the use of a metal)
or both metals (by the use of a colour), occasionally flags may be found which use fimbriation in non-standard ways.
One example of this is the flag of the Faroe Islands, which separates a red cross from a white field with blue fimbriation.
Another example of this non-standard fimbriation is the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand, which separates
areas of blue and red with black fimbriation. The flag of Uzbekistan also uses this form of “pseudo-fimbriation” - it
adds a thin red band between a colour and a metal, separating blue (above) and green (below) from a central white
stripe.
Some 15 to 20 countries use fimbriation on their national flags. National flags that use fimbriation include those of
Trinidad and Tobago, North Korea, Botswana, Kenya and - most famously - the British Union Flag. On this last flag
the fimbriation is unusual, as a white fimbriation separates a blue field from a red cross (representing England) but
also from a divided red and white saltire (the red representing Ireland and the white representing Scotland). The
white fimbriation along the white part of the saltire - possibly unique in vexillology - is responsible for the famous
“lopsidedness” of the Union Jack, giving it the appearance of having a red saltire fimbriated more widely on one side
than the other.

15.1 Flags using fimbriation

• Flag of the Åland Islands (Finland)

• Flag of American Samoa (United States)

• Flag of Botswana

• Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Flag of the Gambia

15.2. REFERENCES 123

• Flag of the Faroe Islands (Denmark)

• Flag of Iceland
• Flag of Kenya

• Flag of Mozambique
• Flag of Namibia

• Flag of North Korea

• Flag of Norway

• Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis

• Flag of South Africa

• Flag of South Sudan

• Flag of Suriname
• Flag of Swaziland

• Flag of Tanzania
• Flag of Trinidad and Tobago

• Flag of the United Kingdom

• Flag of Uzbekistan

15.2 References
[1] The arms of Daniel Christopher Boyer (“Sable, three fleurs-de-lys one and two Azure, fimbriated Argent, in base a chevron
per chevron Vert and Gules, all fimbriated Argent”) are an example of this reason. APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION
OF HERALDIC REPRESENTATIONS AND OBJECTIONS THERETO, July 23, 2010, retrieved 2011-01-03

[2] “REGISTRATION OF HERALDIC REPRESENTATIONS, December 24, 2010”. Retrieved 2011-01-03.

[3]

[4]
Chapter 16

Flammé (vexillology)

Flammé (German geflammt) is a term in vexillology for a flag design that places a coat of arms in the center of the
flag, filling the remaining space on the flag with flame-like designs. The design was used specifically in the Old Swiss
Confederacy during the 17th and 18th centuries, where there was no difference between coat of arms and flags, and
the same design was used for both. Regiments of Swiss mercenaries during the 18th century, especially those in
French service, often used flammé designs with the Swiss Cross superimposed rather than a coat of arms.

16.1 References
• Peter M. Mäder, Fahnen; 2 - Frühe Neuzeit in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary
of Switzerland.

• Michel Rochat, Drapeaux flammés des Régiments suisses au Service de France, Delachaux & Niestlé SA, Lau-
sanne, 1994, ISBN 2-603-00939-7.

16.2 See also

124
16.2. SEE ALSO 125

18th century flag of the city of St. Gallen.

Chapter 17

Pennon

Pennant of shipping control of the German Democratic Republic.

A pennon was one of the principal three varieties of flags carried during the Middle Ages (the other two were the
banner and the standard).[1] Pennoncells and streamers or pendants are minor varieties of this style of flag. The
pennon is a flag resembling the guidon in shape, but only half the size. It does not contain any coat of arms, but only
crests, mottos and heraldic and ornamental devices.
Pennon comes from the Latin penna meaning “a wing" or “a feather". It was sometimes pointed, but more generally
forked or swallow-tailed at the end. In the 11th century, the pennon was generally square, one end being decorated
with the addition of pointed tongues or streamers, somewhat similar to the oriflamme. During the reign of Henry III,
the pennon acquired the distinctive swallow-tail, or the single-pointed shape. Another version of the single-pointed
pennon was introduced in the 13th century. In shape this was a scalene triangle, obtained by cutting diagonally the
vertically oblong banner.
The pennon was a purely personal ensign. It was essentially the flag of the knight bachelor, as apart from the knight
banneret, carried by him on his lance, displaying his personal armorial bearings, and set out so that they stood in
correct position when he couched his lance for charging. A manuscript of the 16th century (Harl. 2358, “A paper
Heraldical book in small Quarto”) in the British Museum, which gives detailed particulars as to the size, shape and
bearings of the standards, banners, pennons and pennoncells, says “a pennon must be two yards and a half long, made
round at the end, and contain the arms of the owner,” and warns that “from a standard or streamer a man may flee
but not from his banner or pennon bearing his arms.” A pennoncell (or penselle) was a diminutive pennon carried by

126
 127

The pennon of James Douglas, Earl of Douglas as used at the Battle of Otterburn.

the esquires.[1]
Pennons were also used for any special ceremonial occasion, and more particularly at state funerals. For instance,
there were “XII doz. penselles” among the items that figured at the funeral of the Duke of Norfolk in 1554, and in
the description of the lord mayor's procession in 1555, it reads “two goodly pennes (state barges) decked with flags
and streamers, and a 1000 penselles.” Among the items that ran the total cost of the funeral of Oliver Cromwell up to
an enormous sum of money, we find mention of 30 dozen of pennoncells a foot long and costing 20 shillings a dozen,
and 20 dozen of the same kind of flags at 12 shillings a dozen.[2][3]

A contemporary depiction of streamers (or pennoncells) on all four masts of the warship Mary Rose which sank in 1545. Here they
have a cross of Saint George at the hoist and the white and green heraldic colours of the House of Tudor along the rest of its length.
Illustration from the Anthony Roll.

The streamer, so called in Tudor days but now better known as the pennant or pendant, was a long, tapering flag,
which it was directed “shall stand in the top of a ship or in the forecastle, and therein be put no arms, but the man’s
cognisance or device, and may be of length 20, 30, 40 or 60 yards (55 m), and is slit as well as a guidon or standard”.[4]
128 CHAPTER 17. PENNON

The pennon of Sir Henry Percy, also known as Harry Hotspur.

Among the fittings of the ship that took Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, to France in the reign of Henry VII was a
“great streamer for the ship 40 yards (37 m) in length [and] 8 yards (7.3 m) in breadth”.[4]

The Royal Navy's commissioning pennant.

Besides the white ensign, ships commissioned in the Royal Navy fly a long streamer from the maintopgallant masthead.
This, which is called a pennant, is in fact the sign of command, and it is first hoisted when a captain commissions his
ship. The pennant, which was really the old “pennoncell”, was of three colours for the whole of its length, and towards
the end left separate in two or three tails, and so continued until the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Now, however the
pennant is a long white streamer with the St George’s cross in the inner portion close to the mast. Pennants have been
carried by men-of-war from the earliest times, prior to 1653 at the yard-arm, but since that date at the maintopgallant
masthead.[5] There are other navies that also fly pennant in a similar manner (see pennant (commissioning)).
The commissioning pennant in ships may end in a point, but they can also be forked, in which case it is also called a
banderole.[6]
Pennants are also associated with American sports teams, such as Major League Baseball and college sports teams.
In Australian rules football, a pennant is awarded to the winner of major competitions. For many years, this was the
only prize given. As a result, a League Championship is often referred to as a “pennant,” as in, “The Giants win the
Pennant!" And in Australian football, a premiership can also be referred to as a “flag.”
17.1. THE DUTCH PENNON 129

US Coast Guard's Commissioning Pennant.

17.1 The Dutch Pennon

Orange pennon

In the Netherlands, an orange pennon is always used on the King’s Day. It is flown alongside the standard Dutch flag.
The Dutch provinces each have a pennon as well.

17.2 See also

• Campaign streamer
• Heraldic standard
• Household pennants of Finland
130 CHAPTER 17. PENNON

17.3 Notes
[1] Swinburne 1911, p. 456.

[2] Swinburne 1911, p. 456,457.

[3] “For the solemnization of the funeral, no less than the sum of sixty thousand pounds was allotted to defray the expence”
(Rutt 1828, pp. 516–530).

[4] Swinburne 1911, p. 458.

[5] Swinburne 1911, p. 459.

[6] “1. A long narrow flag, with cleft end, flying from the mast-heads of ships, carried in battle, etc.” (OED staff 2011)

17.4 References
• OED staff (September 2011). “banderol[e] | bandrol | bannerol, n.”. Oxford English Dictionary (Second 1989;
online version September 2011. ed.). Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1885.

• Rutt, John Towill, ed. (1828). “Cromwell’s death and funeral order”. Diary of Thomas Burton esq, volume 2:
April 1657 - February 1658. Institute of Historical Research. pp. 516–530.

Attribution

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Swinburne, H Lawrence (1911).
“Flag”. In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 456–
459.
Chapter 18

Vexilloid

"Vexilloid" is a term used tenuously to describe vexillary (flag-like) objects used by countries, organizations, or
individuals as a form of representation other than flags. Coined by Whitney Smith in 1958, he defined a vexilloid as:

An object which functions as a flag but differs from it in some respect, usually appearance. Vexilloids
are characteristic of traditional societies and often consist of a staff with an emblem, such as a carved
animal, at the top.

The strictest definition specified in the ultimate sentence describes a vexillum. In a broader sense (that is, taking only
Smith’s first sentence into account), “vexilloid” can be used of any banner (vexillary object) which is not a flag. Thus
it includes vexilla, banderoles, pennons, streamers, standards, and gonfalons.
The first most primitive proto-vexilloids in pre-historic times, and the precursors of all later vexilloids and, after that,
flags, may have been simply pieces of cloth dipped in the blood of a defeated enemy.[1]
The use of flags replaced the use of vexilloids for general purposes during late medieval times between about 1100
CE to about 1400 CE, however vexilloids still remain in use for specialized purposes such as for some military units
or to symbolize various organizations such as fraternal organization in street parades.[2]

18.1 Vexilloids of ancient empires

• The Achaemenid Empire used a stylized falcon on its vexilloid, which is pictured at right.

• The vexilloid of Alexander the Great's Macedonian Empire displayed the Vergina Sun, shown at right.

• The symbol of the Mauryan Empire was the Ashoka Chakra.

• The vexilloid of Carthage most probably consisted of a spear with a disk and crescent (points upwards), sym-
bolizing the god Baal (sun = disk) and the goddess Tanit (moon = crescent).[3]

• The vexillum of Ancient Rome, shown at the top right of this article, displayed the slogan S·P·Q·R (senātus
populusque Rōmānus), “the Senate and the Roman people,” in gold on a field of crimson.

• The Sassanian Empire, which is called Eran Shahr (Aryan Empire) in Middle Persian,[4] used a symbol similar
to the sun cross on its vexilloid, which is called the Derafsh Kaviani.[5][6]

• The tugh of Central Asian and Turkic peoples of the pre-Ottoman and Ottoman periods.

131
132 CHAPTER 18. VEXILLOID

The vexillum of the Roman Empire, emblazoned with S·P·Q·R (senātus populusque Rōmānus), “senate and people of Rome”.

18.2 Vexilloids of medieval empires

• The Byzantine Empire began using a double-headed eagle as its symbol after 1057 CE. The version shown at
right is the version used by the Palaiologos dynasty.
18.3. VEXILLOIDS OF MODERN EMPIRES 133

The vexilloid of Cyrus the Great, Emperor of the Achaemenid Empire

• The vexilloid of the Mongol Empire, the only vexilloid of an empire to be three-dimensional rather than mostly
a flat surface, the “Yöson Khölt tsagaan tug” (Mongolian: Есөн хөлт цагаан туг) or the "Nine Base White
Banners", was composed of nine flag poles decorated with nine off-white horse tail hairs hanging from a round
surface with a flame or trident-like shape on the top at the center. The Nine White Banners was a peacetime
emblem used by the Khan in front of his yurt. The war flag of the Mongol Empire was the same as the banner
at right, except the horse tails were off-black instead of off-white as they were cut from black instead of white
horses.

18.3 Vexilloids of modern empires

• In Nazi Germany, also referred to as the Third Reich, the SS used vexilloids which they marched with in street
parades and at the Nuremberg rallies. These vexilloids were topped with an eagle and a swastika and with the
name of the particular locale of the SS contingent carrying the vexilloids. Inscribed on them was the slogan
Deutschland Erwache which means Germany Awake.[7][8]
134 CHAPTER 18. VEXILLOID

The Vergina Sun was displayed on the vexilloid of Alexander the Great's Macedonian Empire

18.4 Source
• Smith, Whitney (1975). Flags Through the Ages and Across the World. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN
0-07-059093-1.

18.5 References
[1] Vexilloids, Flags of the World.

[2] Smith, Whitney (1975). Flags Through the Ages and Across the World. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-059093-1.

[3] Vexilloid of the Carthaginian Empire:

[4] Wiesehofer, Joseph Ancient Persia New York:1996 I.B. Tauris

[5] Website honoring Dr. Kourosh Aryamanesh—Depicts images of the Derafsh Kaviani:

[6] Image of the Derafsh Kaviani:

[7] Hitler and the Rise of Nazism (Museum of World War II--Navick, Massachusetts, USA):
18.6. EXTERNAL LINKS 135

Illustration of the Ashoka Chakra, as depicted on the National flag of the Republic of India.

[8] Image of an SS vexilloid:

18.6 External links

• Entry on Vexilloids in the Flags of the World website:
136 CHAPTER 18. VEXILLOID

Emblem of the Palaiologos dynasty and the Byzantine Empire

Chapter 19

Vexillum

For the gastropod of Costellariidae family, see Vexillum (gastropod).

The vexillum (/vɛkˈsɪləm/; plural vexilla) was a flag-like object used as a military standard by units in the Ancient

The only extant Roman vexillum, 3rd century AD. Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Russia.

137
138 CHAPTER 19. VEXILLUM

Modern reproduction of a Roman cavalry vexillum

19.1. USE IN THE ROMAN ARMY 139

Roman army.

19.1 Use in the Roman army

The word vexillum is a diminutive of the Latin word, velum, meaning a sail, which confirms the historical evidence
(from coins and sculpture) that vexilla were literally “little sails” i.e. flag-like standards. In the vexillum the cloth was
draped from a horizontal crossbar suspended from the staff; this is unlike most modern flags in which the 'hoist' of
the cloth is attached directly to the vertical staff. The bearer of a vexillum was known as a vexillarius or vexillifer.[1]
Just as in the case of the regimental colors or flag of Early Modern Western regiments, the vexillum was a treasured
symbol of the military unit that it represented and it was closely defended in combat. It was the main standard of some
types of unit, especially cavalry; however, it was regarded as less important than a legion’s aquila or eagle, and may
have represented a sub-division of a legion, though this is not entirely clear from surviving sources (see vexillatio).[2]
The only extant Roman military vexillum is dated to the 1st half of the 3rd century AD and is housed in the Pushkin
Museum of Fine Arts. It is an almost square piece of coarse linen cloth with the image of goddess Victoria and
measures 47×50 cm.[3] The lower edge has remains of a fringe.[3] The vexillum was once attached to a piece of reed
wood.[3] It is unknown which military unit the vexillum belonged to. The vexillum was found in Egypt sometime
before 1911, the exact provenance is also unclear.[4]

19.2 General and later use

The term “vexillum” (plural “vexilla”) is used more generally for any object such as a relic or icon used as a standard
in battle, and may be considered the offensive equivalent of the more defensive palladium in this context.[5]
Vexillology, or the study of flags, derives its name from this word, and a vexilloid is a standard that is not of conven-
tional flag form.
Nearly all of the present-day regions of Italy preserve the use of vexilla. Many Christian processional banners are
in the vexillum form; usually these banners are termed labara (Greek: λάβαρον) after the standard adopted by the
first Christian Roman emperor Constantine I which replaced the usual spearpoint with the "Chi-Rho" symbol ☧. For
example vexillum is used by the Legion of Mary as the term for its standards. A small version is used on the altar
and a larger one leads processions. In the Middle Ages the type of banner draped from a horizontal crossbar became
known as a gonfalon.

19.3 See also

• Vexilla Regis, early Christian hymn whose first line uses this word, referring to the Cross as a standard

19.3.1 In taxonomy
• Vexillum (botany), the large upper petal of a papilionaceous flower

• Vexillum (gastropod), a genus of snails in the family Costellariidae

• Inquisitor vexillum, a sea snail species

19.4 References
[1] Vexillum. Flagspot.net, retrieved March 18, 2011

[2] Vexillum. Flagspot.net, retrieved March 18, 2011

[3] Rostovtzeff, Michael (1942). “Vexillum and Victory”. The Journal of Roman Studies 32: 92. doi:10.2307/296463.

[4] Rostovtzeff, p. 106

140 CHAPTER 19. VEXILLUM

Roman Ensigns, Standards, Trumpets etc.

[5] Ryan, William Francis,The Bathhouse at Midnight: An Historical Survey of Magic and Divination in Russia, pp. 237-239,
1999, Penn State Press, ISBN 0271019670, 9780271019673
Chapter 20

Vexillology

For the album by Deadmau5, see Vexillology (album).

Vexillology is the “scientific study of the history, symbolism and usage of flags or, by extension, any interest in flags

The flag of the International Federation of Vexillological Associations depicts a sheet bend

in general”.[1] The word is a synthesis of the Latin word vexillum (“flag”) and the Greek suffix -logia (“study”). It
is formally defined by the constitution of the International Federation of Vexillological Associations (known by its
French acronym FIAV) as “the creation and development of a body of knowledge about flags of all types, their forms
and functions, and of scientific theories and principles based on that knowledge.”

20.1 History
The term was conceived in 1957 by the U.S. scholar and student of flags Whitney Smith and first appeared in print
in 1959 (12). It was originally considered a sub-discipline of heraldry,[1] and is still occasionally regarded as such. A
person who studies flags is a vexillologist; vexillography is the art of designing flags; one who does so is a vexillographer;
an admirer of flags is a vexillophile.

141
142 CHAPTER 20. VEXILLOLOGY

Since 1965, an International Congress of Vexillology (ICV) has been organized every two years under the auspices
of FIAV. The 2013 ICV was in Rotterdam, Netherlands.[2] Internet activity of vexillologists is centered on the Flags
of the World website and mailing list.
It was announced in November 2013, on the front page of The North Shore Times, that the terms vexillographer, and
vexillography, which had first appeared in that paper in 1976, would be included in subsequent editions of Australia’s
Macquarie Dictionary.[3]

20.2 See also

• Flag

• Flag Institute

• Flag terminology

• Flags of the World

• Great Waters Association of Vexillology

• Heraldry

• International Federation of Vexillological Associations

• List of vexillologists

• Nordic Flag Society

• North American Vexillological Association

• Raven: A Journal of Vexillology

• Sociedad Española de Vexilología

• Tincture (heraldry)

• William Crampton Library

• Portuguese vexillology

• Vexillography

20.3 References
[1] Smith, Whitney. Flags Through the Ages and Across the World New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975. Print.

[2] Netherlands Flag Congress 2013, website: www.nfc2013.com

[3] http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/after-40-years-john-vaughan-has-successfully-had-vexillographer-listed-in-the-di
story-fngr8h9d-1226771159896

20.4 Further reading

• Leepson, Marc. Flag: An American Biography New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2005. Print.

• Smith, Whitney. Flags Through the Ages and Across the World New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975. Print.
20.5. EXTERNAL LINKS 143

20.5 External links

• World Flag Database

• Flags of the World

• Flag Institute (United Kingdom)

• Deutsche Gesellschaft für Flaggenkunde (Germany)

• Southern African Vexillological Association (SAVA)

• ICV 2005 at Buenos Aires, Argentina

• Flags Forum, discussion forum on vexillology

Chapter 21

Glossary of vexillology

Flag terminology is the nomenclature, or system of terms, used in vexillology, the study of flags, to describe precisely
the parts, patterns, and other attributes of flags and their display.

21.1 Description of standard flag parts and terms

Badge a coat of arms or simple heraldic symbol.

Canton any quarter of a flag, but commonly means the upper hoist (left) quarter, such as the field of stars in the flag
of the United States or the Union Flag in the Australian Flag.

Charge a figure or symbol appearing in the field of a flag.

Emblem a device often used as a charge on a flag. It may be heraldic in origin or modern, for example the maple
leaf on the Canadian Flag.

Field the background of a flag; the color behind the charges.

Fimbriation a narrow edging or border, often in white or gold, on a flag to separate two other colors. For example
the white and gold lines of the South African Flag.

Fly the half or edge of a flag farthest away from the flagpole. This term also sometimes refers to the horizontal length
of a flag.

Hoist the half or edge of a flag nearest to the flagpole. This term also sometimes refers to the vertical width of a
flag.

Length the span of a flag along the side at right angles to the flagpole.

Width the span of a flag down the side parallel to the flagpole.

144
21.2. BASIC PATTERNS IN FLAGS 145

21.2 Basic patterns in flags

Border Canton Quarterly

Greek Cross Symmetric Cross Scandinavian Cross

Pales Fesses Bends

Chevron Pall Saltire

21.3 Techniques in flag display

• Hoist – the act or function of raising a flag, as on a rope.

• Lower – the act or function of taking down a flag, as on a rope.

• Half Staff or Half Mast – a style of flag display where the flag is flown at the width of the flag from the top.
Usually this is done by first hoisting the flag to the top, then lowering it the width of the flag. Similarly, when
lowering a half-mast flag, you raise it to full height and then lower it.(Equally valid 'half-masting' is flying the
flag at two-thirds of its normal height. This is especially applicable where the full height of the pole is not visible
to most observers; for instance, where the pole is mounted on the roof of a building and the lower portion of
the pole is not visible from street level.) This usually denotes distress or a show of grief, such as mourning a
death. The use of 'mast' suggests naval use but typically the two terms are interchangeable.

• Distress – flying the flag upside-down,[1] or tying it into a wheft.[2]

21.3.1 Illustrations

Flag illustrations generally depict flags flying from the observer’s point of view from left to right, the view known as
the obverse (or “front”); the other side is the reverse (or “back”). There are some exceptions, notably some Islamic
flags inscribed in Arabic, for which the obverse is defined as the side with the hoist to the observer’s right.
146 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

21.4 Flag identification symbols

“Flag identification symbol” redirects here.

A vexillological symbol is used by vexillologists to indicate certain characteristics of national flags, such as where
they are used, who uses them, and what they look like. The set of symbols described in this article are known as
international flag identification symbols, which were devised by Whitney Smith.

21.4.1 National flag variants by use

Some countries use a single flag design to serve as the national flag in all contexts of use; others use multiple flags
that serve as the national flag, depending on context (i.e., who is flying the national flag and where). The six basic
contexts of use (and potential variants of a national flag) are:

civil flag – Flown by citizens on land.

state flag – Flown on public buildings.
war flag – Flown on military buildings.
civil ensign – Flown on private vessels (fishing craft, cruise ships, yachts, etc.).
state ensign – Flown on unarmed government vessels.
war ensign – Flown on warships.

In practice, a single design may be associated with multiple such usages; for example, a single design may serve a dual
role as war flag and ensign. Even with such combinations, this framework is not complete: some countries
define designs for usage contexts not expressible in this scheme such as air force ensigns (distinct from war flags or
war ensigns, flown as the national flag at air bases; for example, see Royal Air Force Ensign) and civil air ensigns.

21.4.2 Other symbols

Other symbols are used to describe how a flag looks, such as whether it has a different design on each side, or if it is
hung vertically, etc. These are the symbols in general use:

• Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side

• Design was proposed in the past, but never officially adopted
• Design is a reconstruction, based on past observations

• Reverse side of flag

• Design is an acceptable variant
• Alternative version of flag
• De facto version of flag

• Flag has different designs on its obverse side and its reverse side
• Obverse side meant to be hoisted with pole to the observer’s right
• Design officially authorized to represent nation by government of that nation

• Design used in the past, but now abandoned (this symbol is not part of Smith’s original set)

• Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side

• Reverse side is congruent to obverse side

21.5. REFERENCES 147

• Information on reverse side is not available

• Flag can be hung vertically by hoisting on a normal pole, then turning the pole ninety degrees
• Flag can be hung vertically by rotating the design first

• Vertical hoist method of flag is unknown

• Design has no element which can be rotated

• Flags can only be hoisted vertically

21.5 References
[1] For example, 36 US Code §176 provides: “The flag should never be displayed with the union down, except as a signal of
dire distress in instances of extreme danger to life or property.”

[2] Flying flags upside down

21.6 External links

• Dictionary of Vexillology at Flags of the World
148 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

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mash, Glaisher, Zenibus, Madamedefaulter24, Ginsuloft, Ham105, Jianhui67, Robin Owain (WMUK), Joansamper, Dinomaster123,
Wastion Wang, Me13254, Djbmans, 1mu7lia4di, JBlakley26, Motosporteditor, Monopoly31121993, Rupeshguragain, Thowaway, Mys-
trium, SeverFencePost, Qwertyuiopasdfghjklñzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklñzxcvbnm, Mymy2008, Dlrowmodeerf and Anonymous: 974
• War flag Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20flag?oldid=660596445 Contributors: Leandrod, Scott, Bobblewik, Dainamo, Sam
Hocevar, TiMike, Dbachmann, Zscout370, Senori, JadziaLover, Nightstallion, Unixer, GraemeLeggett, Gryphon Hall, Valentinian, Ea-
monnPKeane, Hede2000, ScottMainwaring, Marcus Cyron, Robertvan1, Awiseman, Toya, Mjroots, Nick-D, SmackBot, Mangoe, Chu-
choHuff, Neo-Jay, Cplakidas, OrphanBot, Volker89, Aktalo, Fvasconcellos, Necessary Evil, R-41, Dougweller, Aldis90, Headbomb,
Alphachimpbot, TuvicBot, Niagara, .anacondabot, Edmundwoods, Textorus, Kiore, CommonsDelinker, Jhattara, Alex:D, Hammersoft,
VolkovBot, Cave cattum, SteveStrummer, Lvivske, JhsBot, Bluedenim, StAnselm, Quest for Truth, Buttons, BenoniBot~enwiki, Im-
ageRemovalBot, Muhandes, Lx 121, Addbot, Dhmmjoph, ‫דוד‬55, Yobot, Damzow, Arilang1234, FrescoBot, HCPUNXKID, Рудський,
Fry1989, Splinter1044, Bobalugee1940, EmausBot, Kpufferfish, Opunium, Rayukk, Vicimea, Benjamin1414141414141414, Krd, Kazek-
ageTR, Zoupan, TRAJAN 117, ClueBot NG, Lukeno94, LoneWolf1992, Trần Ái Quốc, Ah Cong Strike, Ló Béla, Dexbot, Arzawa, SiBr4,
Avenflight, Sind789, PJDF2367, Metalgun, Eureka Jack, Filedelinkerbot, Alhadramy Alkendy and Anonymous: 47
• Oriflamme Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriflamme?oldid=659390788 Contributors: Leandrod, JASpencer, Molinari, Indefati-
gable, PBS, Mr impossible, YUL89YYZ, Dbachmann, Byrial, Bennylin, Zscout370, Rackham, A2Kafir, Alansohn, Leithp, FlaBot, Wave-
length, Pseudomonas, Mathae, Alexius Manfelt, Caerwine, Seventy-one, Hellmitre, SmackBot, Rojomoke, Srnec, Chris the speller, Žiga,
Iridescent, ChrisCork, Lazulilasher, Neelix, NL-Ninane, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, CopperKettle, Deipnosophista, Steveprutz, Lordjim13,
Ssolbergj, Steifer, Masamunemaniac, SieBot, Buho09, Elassint, ClueBot, Alexbot, Keysanger, Lx 121, DumZiBoT, Addbot, Lightbot,
Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Mugginsx, Xqbot, Monstrelet, MastiBot, VenomousConcept, Mrleonin, Malcolm77, ZéroBot, Soerfm,
EagerToddler39, Blaue Max, Jayaguru-Shishya, 32RB17 and Anonymous: 25
• Heraldic flag Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldic%20flag?oldid=662020110 Contributors: PBS, Fishal, Rich Farmbrough,
Zscout370, Walter Görlitz, PKM, Oudeís, Rogue 9, SmackBot, Banderas, Tamfang, Dr pda, Dl2000, FairuseBot, Erechtheus, J. Patrick
Fischer, JAnDbot, MishaPan, Mich Taylor, Wilhelm meis, Birczanin, G2bambino, TXiKiBoT, Celtus, StAnselm, Ipankonin, Barliner,
Jeffrey Zimmerman, Dancingwombatsrule, MelonBot, Addbot, Lightbot, Przsak, Gilo1969, Sodacan, Miesianiacal, Volvo B9TL, Ben-
zolBot, ArwinJ, EmausBot, Lobsterthermidor, Liuthar, Dougalbnz, Helpful Pixie Bot, Pratyya Ghosh, Hmainsbot1, Arms Jones and
Anonymous: 14
• Banner Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner?oldid=661712373 Contributors: Magnus Manske, The Anome, William Avery, Si-
monP, KF, Olivier, Renata, Ixfd64, Jengod, Clngre, Gtrmp, Niteowlneils, Kpalion, Eckhart Wörner~enwiki, Ran, Antandrus, Rdsmith4,
Demiurge, Trevor MacInnis, Porges, Mike Rosoft, Jiy, Discospinster, Adam850, MeltBanana, Zscout370, Bill Thayer, LuoShengli, Jjron,
Atlant, Bart133, Velella, Woohookitty, Terence, Huhsunqu, John Anderson, Josh Parris, Shortenfs, FlaBot, Nimsara, LeCire~enwiki,
Chobot, PKM, Mhking, YurikBot, Raven4x4x, N. Harmonik, Zzuuzz, NHSavage, GraemeL, Zane McFate, Krótki, Attilios, Smack-
Bot, Dweller, McGeddon, Kimon, C.Fred, CapitalSasha, Yamaguchi , Gilliam, Amatulic, Whispering, Jonbeebe, Banderas, Tam-
fang, Dr pda, Dreadstar, Derek R Bullamore, Ryan Roos, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Minna Sora no Shita, Aleenf1, Childzy, CmdrObot,
BeenAroundAWhile, NaBUru38, Gogo Dodo, Zalgo, NL-Ninane, Epbr123, TonyTheTiger, Frogman574, AntiVandalBot, Seaphoto,
MER-C, Geniac, Magioladitis, Dhurowitz, Bonadea, MishaPan, Xonzen, Helenalex, Philip Trueman, JhsBot, AlleborgoBot, Jonni777,
SieBot, Yintan, Barliner, KnowledgeHegemony, Oda Mari, Faradayplank, Anchor Link Bot, ClueBot, Snigbrook, Mild Bill Hiccup, Foof-
bun, Fenwayguy, P. S. Burton, Buissavelives, Mspraveen, Mindlurker, Thisisthebestsongintheworld, Felix Folio Secundus, Addbot, Sergei,
CarsracBot, Tide rolls, Lightbot, MissAlyx, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Pink!Teen, Fraggle81, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Synchronism,
Endrick Shellycoat, RevelationDirect, Eaton666, Erik9bot, Alex.pratt36, Halifaxhurst, Kthapelo, Godzilla Man J, Tóraí, HalfordForEver,
Giaguara, Piero79, DC, Mean as custard, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Immunize, Jsayre64, ChuispastonBot, Qasimzuhaib, ClueBot NG,
Jack Greenmaven, Mr indresh, Qarakesek, Rezabot, Vagobot, OldSquiffyBat, Probity incarnate, Drawering, Sander.v.Ginkel, Display
Advice, Smallandsimple, Bannerbuzz, Shakecandy1, Brucabruca2, Crovata, Wikiwoogle, Arms Jones, Banner009, Xxjennybrownsxx,
Amdtwkr83, Nozzy96, Bannermaker and Anonymous: 96
• Field sign Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20sign?oldid=601673283 Contributors: MeltBanana, Dbachmann, TomStar81,
SmackBot, Elonka, Kostmo, Hotspur23, Robofish, P199, Pascal.Tesson, Jefferson Anderson, JL-Bot, NuclearWarfare, Yobot, AnomieBOT,
150 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

PigFlu Oink, Curb Chain and Anonymous: 2

• Royal standard Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20standard?oldid=635353794 Contributors: Dbachmann, Welsh, Jprg1966,
Ibadibam, BOTijo, Addbot, Miesianiacal, FrescoBot, Fry1989, Dexbot and Anonymous: 1
• Colours, standards and guidons Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colours%2C%20standards%20and%20guidons?oldid=659128950
Contributors: Panairjdde~enwiki, Edward, GABaker, Scott, Jiang, Andrew Yong, Indefatigable, PBS, Folks at 137, Jrquinlisk, Peter Ellis,
Gugganij, ALE!, Icairns, Hammersfan, Klemen Kocjancic, Pmsyyz, Rupertslander, Calion, Xezbeth, Ibagli, Dbachmann, Kaisershat-
ner, CanisRufus, Zscout370, Sietse Snel, RobNS, Bobo192, Nigelj, Cmdrjameson, Milesli, Saga City, Jrleighton, Sleigh, Nightstallion,
Tabletop, SDC, Prashanthns, GraemeLeggett, Formeruser0910, BD2412, Alexmb, Valentinian, Bgwhite, RussBot, Tresckow, Danbar-
nesdavies, ScottMainwaring, Gaius Cornelius, Manxruler, Saberwyn, Nate1481, Mysid, Light current, SmackBot, Mike McGregor (Can),
Wittylama, AdamCarden, ERcheck, Chris the speller, Cush, Hibernian, JagSeal, Colonies Chris, George Ho, Cplakidas, Greenshed, Rada-
gast83, Khazar, SilkTork, Robofish, Nobunaga24, Iridescent, CmdrObot, Harej bot, AshLin, Aodhdubh, Corpx, Gimmetrow, Aldis90,
Benjaminw1, SkonesMickLoud, Saruwine, I do not exist, MPorciusCato, TBBle, WinBot, Darklilac, Appraiser, Ed!, MetsBot, Jpjohnsn,
Keith D, CommonsDelinker, Vox Rationis, KTo288, PrestonH, Maxburgoyne, Alex:D, Squids and Chips, G2bambino, Slysplace, Ba-
hamut0013, Nitraven, Calliopejen1, Blackshod, WereSpielChequers, Xiengyod~enwiki, Benea, Lightmouse, Anchor Link Bot, Jakednb,
ImageRemovalBot, NoNotin, SlackerMom, Sfan00 IMG, Jbening, Czarkoff, Mild Bill Hiccup, Foofbun, P. S. Burton, Junior Woodchuck,
Sv1xv, Sun Creator, SchreiberBike, InternetMeme, Dthomsen8, Addbot, Potterppl2, Lightbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Endrick Shellycoat,
Cossde, Materialscientist, Bihco, Tragino, Ulf Heinsohn, Gira2be, Sodacan, Miesianiacal, DITWIN GRIM, Some standardized rigour,
Highfield1730, Depictionimage, FrescoBot, NetherSarum, Sfflk40y, Citation bot 1, Lloydelliot10, JMRAMOS0109, TangoSixZero, John
of Reading, BillD44, Gavbadger, UltimaRatio, Wally Wiglet, MrPierre100, Will Beback Auto, Barabbas1312, AuspiciousBoron, Tito-
dutta, Spinwing, HGK745, L' empereur Charles, Blaue Max, Hendrick 99, Eureka Jack, Cornersss and Anonymous: 88
• Historical colours, standards and guidons Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical%20colours%2C%20standards%20and%
20guidons?oldid=640865389 Contributors: Edward, Altenmann, GreatWhiteNortherner, Hammersfan, Sam Hocevar, Zscout370, Milesli,
Mindmatrix, JIP, Nick-D, Hmains, Bluebot, CmdrObot, Harej bot, MPorciusCato, WinBot, Job70, ImageRemovalBot, Sv1xv, Schreiber-
Bike, Anticipation of a New Lover’s Arrival, The, Aditya, LilHelpa, JMRAMOS0109, Ego White Tray, Hmainsbot1, Eureka Jack and
Anonymous: 6
• Banner of arms Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner%20of%20arms?oldid=661091898 Contributors: John Anderson, Kevlar67,
Micropot, J. Patrick Fischer, NikNaks, CommonsDelinker, KylieTastic, StAnselm, Michael Peter Fustumum, ImageRemovalBot, Ur-
bourbo, Fry1989, Werieth, Illegitimate Barrister, Dqfn13, Xarucoponce, Xwejnusgozo, Flaggalf, AlexTref871, Arms Jones, Andrew
J.Kurbiko, GlasshouseWP, Marchjuly, Filedelinkerbot and Anonymous: 2
• Battle ensign Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20ensign?oldid=659711910 Contributors: Sam Hocevar, Expatkiwi, Arminius,
Rama, Zscout370, Ganesha, Pearle, Aeolien, Jonasaurus, Peter Robinett, GraemeLeggett, ShinyKnows, ScottMainwaring, Carajou, Mal-
colma, Saberwyn, SmackBot, Banderas, DutchboyMatthijs, Markbassett, Gotterdammerung~enwiki, Escarbot, U608854, STBotD, Ran-
domusernamealso, NJChristian07, JMOprof, Rumping, Sturmvogel 66, Addbot, Full-date unlinking bot, Lotje, Лобачев Владимир,
Armedradar79, BattyBot, WPGA2345 and Anonymous: 22
• Blazon Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazon?oldid=654116145 Contributors: Daniel C. Boyer, Montrealais, Bdesham, Scott, Je-
andré du Toit, David Latapie, Furrykef, Indefatigable, Denelson83, Altenmann, Halibutt, Lupo, Carnildo, Jao, Kpalion, Fishal, Evertype,
Rich Farmbrough, Kaisershatner, Zscout370, Reinyday, Ludger1961, Scott Ritchie, Grutness, Alansohn, Anthony Appleyard, QVanillaQ,
AndreasPraefcke, BDD, Sleigh, Tobyc75, Megan1967, LeonWhite, Fred J, AndrewWatt, Hedgie, George Burgess, PinchasC, Zander-
Schubert, Fëaluinix, Rbonvall, Krun, Valentinian, Bgwhite, Digitalme, Kordas, Hede2000, ScottMainwaring, Petter Strandmark, Schriste,
Gadget850, Alarob, Lord Fitzwarin, Edward Waverley, SmackBot, EncycloPetey, Yopie, Septegram, Snori, OrangeDog, Tamfang, Dr
pda, Diverman, Bjankuloski06en~enwiki, Boven, Kransky, MrDolomite, Hu12, Birdoman, Ibadibam, INVERTED, Jane023, Mr Gronk,
Gimmetrow, Thijs!bot, AntiVandalBot, Pawel z Niepolomic, JAnDbot, Awien, VoABot II, László Szegedi~enwiki, Arz1969, Alekjds,
Fool4jesus, Kingvald, Jarry1250, Mich Taylor, Wilhelm meis, Balmung0731, 3DS Mike, Latulla, Robert1947, Gustav von Humpelsch-
mumpel, SieBot, Oxymoron83, Dancingwombatsrule, Thehelpfulone, Addbot, Monsieur Net, Sketraw, Juliancolton Alternative, Rubin-
bot, Galoubet, Xqbot, Omnipaedista, Mattis, A. di M., I dream of horses, Host09, DixonDBot, José Luís Ávila Silveira, Lobsterthermidor,
GrindtXX, ClueBot NG, Narracan3824, Rolandodeynigo, SiBr4, Codye333 and Anonymous: 44
• Burgee Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgee?oldid=589452791 Contributors: Altenmann, Nicholsr, Zscout370, AnyFile, Michael
Slone, SmackBot, Banderas, Elendil’s Heir, Mike65535, Victoriaedwards, Dricherby, Jmrowland, Addbot, Yobot, Irønie, Charliedog10,
Kawebb, Ohyes5421, Diiscool, ZéroBot, Barabbas1312, CruisingKitty, 32RB17 and Anonymous: 3
• Gonfalon Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonfalon?oldid=653504796 Contributors: Jerzy, Robbot, Andycjp, CALR, Dbachmann,
Zscout370, Dralwik, Woohookitty, BD2412, MauriceJFox3, Rjwilmsi, Jivecat, FlaBot, Robert Prummel, Mercury McKinnon, RussBot,
Wknight94, Victor falk, Attilios, SmackBot, Ssbohio, Whispering, Ian Spackman, Codice1000.en, NL-Ninane, Thijs!bot, Nick Num-
ber, Gioto, Artemisia l, The Anomebot2, Urselius, Idioma-bot, JhsBot, Y, ImageRemovalBot, Foofbun, Dana boomer, DumZiBoT,
XLinkBot, Rkarl13, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, Bob Burkhardt, Brutaldeluxe, SoccerMan2009, BabbaQ,
TraceySwans, Benjamin Baudin and Anonymous: 16
• Fimbriation Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimbriation?oldid=642635791 Contributors: Daniel C. Boyer, Heron, LittleDan, Zs-
cout370, Grutness, TotoBaggins, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi, Eubot, RussBot, Danjj, SmackBot, Kimon, W!B:, Peter Isotalo, Marco79, Boven,
Tawkerbot2, Harej bot, Ibadibam, PKT, CarbonLifeForm, Dancingwombatsrule, WikiBotas, Addbot, Ehrenkater, ‫ماني‬, Damzow, Icha-
bod Paisleyhurst, SiBr4, EminentCluster, Impsswoon and Anonymous: 9
• Flammé (vexillology) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamm%C3%A9%20(vexillology)?oldid=655455422 Contributors: Dbach-
mann, Thnidu, Addbot and Yobot
• Pennon Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennon?oldid=651746504 Contributors: Chris~enwiki, Ellywa, Kaihsu, PBS, Zscout370,
Angusmclellan, FlaBot, MoRsE, PKM, RussBot, Johndburger, Krilia, SmackBot, Peter Isotalo, NickPenguin, The Man in Question,
Rosser1954, Khan singh, Rich257, Rugops, R'n'B, Metrax, Johnbod, Rilez4058, StAnselm, Addbot, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Przsak, Luckas-
bot, Gilo1969, GrouchoBot, Kyng, LucienBOT, Cedalyon, HRoestBot, RjwilmsiBot, Eekerz, 32RB17 and Anonymous: 4
• Vexilloid Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexilloid?oldid=639040375 Contributors: Leandrod, Palnatoke, Zscout370, Longhair,
Poli, Dejvid, ScottMainwaring, SmackBot, The Man in Question, Kurtle, PKT, Keraunos, CommonsDelinker, Johnbod, Useight, Trivi-
alist, Kikos, Addbot, AndersBot, DasRakel, FrescoBot, ZéroBot, PBS-AWB, Erianna, Chewings72, Puffin, ANGELUS, Thegreatmuka,
MinorStoop and Anonymous: 7
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 151

• Vexillum Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum?oldid=648227840 Contributors: The Anome, Palnatoke, GTBacchus, Nv8200pa,

Andycjp, JoJan, Freakofnurture, CALR, Zscout370, Zippanova, Poromenos, BDD, Crux, Woohookitty, Encyclopedist, GregorB, Rjwilmsi,
FlaBot, Witan, ScottMainwaring, MosheA, Snek01, Peter Delmonte, Amakuha, Veinor, SmackBot, Derek Andrews, Bazonka, Jon-
Harder, The Man in Question, SimonATL, Neddyseagoon, Victoriaedwards, Keraunos, Tarokhan, Deflective, .anacondabot, TheCormac,
Urselius, Nono64, Hans Dunkelberg, Johnbod, PocklingtonDan, Search3210, Greatbeagle, Remember the dot, Idioma-bot, Marcus334,
Persiana, Bluedenim, PericlesofAthens, RafaAzevedo, DumZiBoT, Addbot, Picture Master, Luckas-bot, Anne McDermott, ArthurBot,
GrouchoBot, WikitanvirBot, Brandmeister, Sahimrobot, BG19bot, Raymond1922A, MinorStoop and Anonymous: 14
• Vexillology Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillology?oldid=655853905 Contributors: Aldie, DonDaMon, Michael Hardy, Pal-
natoke, Tobias Conradi, Mevsfotw~enwiki, Elwoz, AnonMoos, Denelson83, Catskul, Vardion, Postdlf, Marcus Wendel, Scooter~enwiki,
Dbenbenn, Smjg, LLarson, SoWhy, LiDaobing, Eranb, Urhixidur, Expatkiwi, Jiy, Helohe, Rich Farmbrough, Andrejj, Zscout370, El C,
Joanjoc~enwiki, Liberatus, AlexBOCEMb, Obradovic Goran, Pharos, Grutness, Blahma, Tabor, Edeans, Sciurinæ, LukeSurl, Stephen,
Joriki, Etf, Miaow Miaow, Jacobolus, Ejrs, Chlewey, Gerbrant, Kinu, Harmil, Vsion, Alberrosidus, JPD, YurikBot, Retodon8, Brandmeis-
ter (old), ScottMainwaring, Justin Eiler, Zwobot, Bota47, Pelister, Emijrp, Scoutersig, Foolestroupe, David Biddulph, SmackBot, Hydro-
gen Iodide, Kimon, AnonUser, Big Adamsky, Kintetsubuffalo, Edgar181, Peter Isotalo, MalafayaBot, A. B., Banderas, Libertines, Tam-
fang, Rrburke, MarkVolundNYC, Flyguy649, Ged UK, Bigbermus, SashatoBot, Hanksname, Michael miceli, Boven, MTSbot~enwiki,
Lent, GrahamPadruig, Cxw, MiShogun, Jtphall, Jakup r, Fiavsecgen, Martin23230, Rosser1954, Thijs!bot, Flagmanbruce, Charlot-
teWebb, Turtle Falcon, Rpjs, Gioto, Fayenatic london, JAnDbot, Landeydan, Albany NY, Max Hyre, DanPMK, Rothorpe, JamesBWat-
son, Tedickey, EdBedden, Sarping, Arz1969, GSI.Secretary, Tgeairn, Trusilver, Reddyrov, RenataLiting, Tohuvabohuo, Elmo61~enwiki,
Spshu, Funandtrvl, Meiskam, VolkovBot, Ryan032, Mercurywoodrose, From-cary, AlleborgoBot, Redishflag, Froztbyte, Furdong, Or-
ereta, Ken123BOT, RashersTierney, Zephyr1981, 7&6=thirteen, Correct-o-pedia, Kikos, Wikimancer, Rror, Wikiuser100, Skittles the
hog, Addbot, Willlomax, Movingboxes, Fluffernutter, ChenzwBot, Nadando, Zorrobot, Legobot, Artichoke-Boy, Yobot, THEN WHO
WAS PHONE?, The1NinjaEditor, AnomieBOT, Piano non troppo, Maycoll F. Vieira, Greenknight04, Xqbot, Sionus, Helvetica123, Ml-
pearc, Omnipaedista, Geraldmpiper, AJCham, Geyol, Aamsse, Peace and Passion, Hamaxides, SeoMac, Gleaman, EmausBot, Mgtm7m,
Solarra, JSquish, ZéroBot, Illegitimate Barrister, Cristiano Tomás, ClueBot NG, Dominiquewikki, Widr, Lebowbowbowski, Curb Chain,
Arashium, Ebvs, Trần Ái Quốc, Spookydinface, ChrisGualtieri, JYBot, Georgepreble, Mogism, Lugia2453, Ajgluntz, Kcgwiki, Epicge-
nius, Sadamo1, Tiearibbon, Fluffykitten667, Tommy Douglas, Arms Jones, EdgarBedden, Oalhenaki, SirWafflemunch, Gfocker098123,
Jpwillings and Anonymous: 145
• Glossary of vexillology Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20vexillology?oldid=655030735 Contributors: Tarquin,
Fonzy, Olivier, PhilipMW, Oarias, Dominus, Delirium, CesarB, Kaihsu, Denelson83, Postdlf, Alan Liefting, Dbenbenn, Abigail-II,
Kahusi, Kpalion, Peter Ellis, AHM, Perey, AxSkov, Jnestorius, Zscout370, La goutte de pluie, Pharos, Hooperbloob, Jeltz, Jacobo-
lus, Rjwilmsi, Ecelan, Harmil, Ewlyahoocom, YurikBot, ScottMainwaring, Zirland, Finell, Bluebot, The Moose, Xyzzyplugh, Greenshed,
Mitrius, -xfi-, Drunken Pirate, Ergative rlt, Courcelles, Poolkris, Rdunn, Daven200520, Thijs!bot, AntiVandalBot, Paul1776, JAnD-
bot, Instinct, PhilKnight, .anacondabot, CopyToWiktionaryBot, Vox Rationis, Taliesinn, Redishflag, SieBot, Vituzzu, Anchor Link Bot,
EoGuy, CounterVandalismBot, Tomeasy, Sun Creator, MacedonianBoy, 0XQ, Ivysrb, Addbot, CarsracBot, Luckas-bot, Fraggle81, Capri-
corn42, GrouchoBot, AJCham, Bestpay, Z611O591, VEO15, WikitanvirBot, Akerans, GrindtXX, Usfb2000, Dqfn13, ClueBot NG,
APerson, Georgepreble and Anonymous: 49

21.7.2 Images
• File:1502_Acclamation_of_Nine_Standards_th.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/1502_Acclamation_
of_Nine_Standards_th.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Baburnama Original artist: Painters of Babur
• File:1er_RFM_flag_guard_Bastille_Day_2008.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/1er_RFM_flag_guard_
Bastille_Day_2008.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marie-Lan Nguyen
• File:1st_Spahis_standard_guard_Bastille_Day_2008.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/1st_Spahis_
standard_guard_Bastille_Day_2008.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marie-Lan Nguyen
• File:2008-04-30_oude_st_mauritius_silvolde_met_vlag.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/2008-04-30_
oude_st_mauritius_silvolde_met_vlag.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ziko-C
• File:20090926_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team_enters_the_field_with_marching_band_salute.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/20090926_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team_enters_the_field_with_marching_band_salute.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/larrysphatpage/4041586243/in/set-72157622484858201/ Original artist: flickr
user larrysphatpage
• File:50voskresensk_g.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/50voskresensk_g.png License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.heraldik.ru/gerbs/voskresenskgp.htm Original artist: идея герба: Юрий Белимов (Воскресенск);
геральдическая доработка: Константин Моченов (Химки); художник и компьютерный дизайн: Галина Русанова (Москва);
обоснование символики: Юрий Белимов (Воскресенск), Кирилл Переходенко (Конаково).
• File:ASEAN_Nations_Flags_in_Jakarta_3.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/ASEAN_Nations_Flags_
in_Jakarta_3.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gunawan Kartapranata
• File:Aberdeen-arms.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Aberdeen-arms.png License: Public domain
Contributors: Fox-Davies, A.C. (1915) The Book of Public Arms. London: T. C. & E. C. Jack Original artist: Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles,
1871-1928
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Bye. Original by Anthony Anthony.
152 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

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class='image'><img alt='Proyecto Heraldica Wikipedia.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Proyecto_Heraldica_
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154 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

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Авторская группа:
Идея герба: В. Сапелкин. (Туапсе), Н. Пшеничников (Белореченск), при участии М. Медведева (Санкт-Петербург); Компьютерный
дизайн: М. Шарунов (Краснодар);
Обоснование символики: М. Шарунов (Краснодар), В. Нагаевский (Тихорецк).
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• File:Blason_Languedoc.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Blason_Languedoc.svg License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30' style='vertical-
align: top' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.
1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow'
class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%
2FBlason_Languedoc.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist:
Image created for the Blazon Project of the French Wikipedia
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 155

• File:Blason_Marseille.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Blason_Marseille.svg License: CC BY-SA

3.0 Contributors: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30' style='vertical-
align: top' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.
1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow'
class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%
2FBlason_Marseille.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Darkbob
• File:Blason_de_Kyzyl.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Blason_de_Kyzyl.png License: Public do-
main Contributors: Wikipedia Russia : ru:Изображение:New Kyzyl coat.gif according to the Central Asia Newspaper [1] Original artist:
Alexander Oydool
• File:Blason_de_l'Aquitaine_et_de_la_Guyenne.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Blason_de_l%27Aquitaine_
et_de_la_Guyenne.svg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work, using Image:Meuble héraldique léopard passant.svg Original artist:
Peter17
• File:Blason_duche_fr_Savoie.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Blason_duche_fr_Savoie.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Syryatsu
• File:Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.
org/wiki/File:Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_Fleur_de_lys.svg' class='image'><img alt='Meuble héraldique Fleur de lys.svg' src='//upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_Fleur_de_lys.svg/15px-Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_Fleur_
de_lys.svg.png' width='15' height='20' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_Fleur_
de_lys.svg/23px-Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_Fleur_de_lys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Meuble_
h%C3%A9raldique_Fleur_de_lys.svg/31px-Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_Fleur_de_lys.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='711' data-file-height='919'
/></a> Meuble héraldique Fleur de lys.svg (by Yorick). Original artist: Zigeuner
• File:Blason_fr_Franche-Comté.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Blason_fr_Franche-Comt%C3%A9.
svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30'
style='vertical-align: top' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow'
class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%
2FBlason_fr_Franche-Comt%25C3%25A9.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Bruno Vallette
• File:Blason_région_fr_Alsace.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Blason_r%C3%A9gion_fr_Alsace.
svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30'
style='vertical-align: top' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow'
class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%
2FBlason_r%25C3%25A9gion_fr_Alsace.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist:
Image created for the Blazon Project of the French Wikipedia

• File:Blason_région_fr_Picardie.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Blason_r%C3%A9gion_fr_Picardie.

svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30'
style='vertical-align: top' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow'
class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%
2FBlason_r%25C3%25A9gion_fr_Picardie.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: User:Spedona 28/09/2007
• File:Blason_région_fr_Provence-Alpes-Côte_d'Azur.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Blason_r%
C3%A9gion_fr_Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur.svg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work, using Image:Nice Arms.svg
and Image:Heraldique meuble DauphinVif.svg Original artist: Peter17
• File:Blason_ville_fr_Lyon_(Rhone).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Blason_ville_fr_Lyon_%28Rhone%
29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Syryatsu
• File:Bogoduhov_city_fl.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Bogoduhov_city_fl.png License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:BormlaHTML.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8e/BormlaHTML.gif License: PD Contributors:
Own work
Original artist:
Tsum60 (talk) (Uploads)
• File:Brno_(znak).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Brno_%28znak%29.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Czenek
156 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:Bronze_flag,_Shadad_Kerman,_Iran.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Bronze_flag%2C_Shadad_

Kerman%2C_Iran.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: History of Art in Iran from website: www.chap.sch.ir Original artist: Un-
known
• File:Buden_flag.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Buden_flag.jpg License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: http://www.budgorod.ru/images/stories/flag_buden.jpg Original artist: Unknown
• File:Burgee_of_rsys.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Burgee_of_rsys.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Buzuluk_gerb.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Buzuluk_gerb.jpg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: http://kraeved.opck.org/geraldika/buzuluk.php Original artist: не указан в источнике
• File:COA_Dzerzhynsk.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/COA_Dzerzhynsk.png License: Public do-
main Contributors: http://www.dzerghinsk.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=27 Original artist: ukrainian heraldics
• File:COA_Jagodina.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/COA_Jagodina.png License: Public domain
Contributors: www.zastave-grbovi.com/Jagodina Original artist: Serbian Heraldry Society “Beli orao”.
• File:COA_Kamjantec-Podilsky.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/COA_Kamjantec-Podilsky.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this: <a href='//commons.
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kamjantec-Podilsky_flag.svg' class='image'><img alt='Kamjantec-Podilsky flag.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kamjantec-Podilsky_flag.svg/30px-Kamjantec-Podilsky_flag.svg.png' width='30' height='20' srcset='//upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kamjantec-Podilsky_flag.svg/45px-Kamjantec-Podilsky_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kamjantec-Podilsky_flag.svg/60px-Kamjantec-Podilsky_flag.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='600'
data-file-height='400' /></a> Kamjantec-Podilsky flag.svg (by UP9). Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid76
• File:COA_shepetovka_city_1995.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/COA_shepetovka_city_1995.png
License: Public domain Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/4326 Original artist: Шепетівка
• File:Cardiffcoatofarms.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Cardiffcoatofarms.JPG License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ashley0690
• File:Chehov_coa.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Chehov_coa.png License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: Source = http://chekhov-city.ru/chehovo/about/symbol/ Original artist: ?
• File:Chervonograd_prapor.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Chervonograd_prapor.png License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: http://daily.lviv.ua/index.php?gerbu Original artist: ?
• File:China_Taiwan_army_flags.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/China_Taiwan_army_flags.svg License:
PD Contributors:
Own work
Original artist:
Mysid (talk) (Uploads)
• File:City_of_Edinburgh_flag.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/City_of_Edinburgh_flag.png License:
Public domain Contributors: The Flag Institute (UK Flags Registry) Original artist: The College of Arms / The Flag Institute
• File:Civil_Ensign_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Civil_Ensign_of_Luxembourg.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:CoA_Città_di_Milano.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/CoA_Citt%C3%A0_di_Milano.svg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: F l a n k e r, Fale

• File:CoA_of_Chelyabinsk_(2000).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/CoA_of_Chelyabinsk_%282000%

29.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Chelyabinsk_(2000).png'
class='image'><img alt='Coat of Arms of Chelyabinsk (2000).png' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Chelyabinsk_%282000%29.png/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Chelyabinsk_%282000%29.png' width='75' height='93' srcset='//upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_Arms_of_Chelyabinsk_%282000%29.png/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Chelyabinsk_
%282000%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_Arms_of_Chelyabinsk_%282000%29.png/
150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Chelyabinsk_%282000%29.png 2x' data-file-width='174' data-file-height='215' /></a> Original artist: Fred
the Oyster
• File:Coat_of_Arms_Dmitrov.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Coat_of_Arms_Dmitrov.png License:
Public domain Contributors: Transferred from ru.wikipedia to Commons.
http://geraldika.ru/symbols/17531 Original artist: . The original uploader was Рыцарь поля at Russian Wikipedia
• File:Coat_of_Arms_Dobromyl.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Coat_of_Arms_Dobromyl.png Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: uk:Зображення:Dobromyl Herb.gif, [1] Original artist: Andrii Grechylo
• File:Coat_of_Arms_Drohobych.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Coat_of_Arms_Drohobych.png
License: Public domain Contributors: uk:Зображення:Drohobych herb.gif Original artist: Unknown
• File:Coat_of_Arms_Pavlograd.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Coat_of_Arms_Pavlograd.jpg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: uk:Зображення:Pavlograd gerb.jpg Original artist: uk:Користувач:Coom
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Agidel_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Agidel_%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9778 Original
artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Aleksin_(Tula_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Aleksin_%28Tula_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of
vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 157

• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Anapa_(Krasnodar_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Coat_of_Arms_

of_Anapa_%28Krasnodar_krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of
vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Angarsk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Coat_of_Arms_of_Angarsk.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.angarsk-adm.ru/geraldika Original artist: Oleg Tkachenko
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Anzhero-Sudzhensk_(Kemerovo_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/
a7/Coat_of_Arms_of_Anzhero-Sudzhensk_%28Kemerovo_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.
com/image.php?epsid=9828 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Apatity_(Murmansk_oblast)_(1973).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Apatity_%28Murmansk_oblast%29_%281973%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original
artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Armavir_(Krasnodar_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Armavir_%28Krasnodar_krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author
of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Arseniev_(Primorsky_kray).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Arseniev_%28Primorsky_kray%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author
of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Artyom_(Primorsky_kray).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Artyom_%28Primorsky_kray%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author
of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Asbest_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Asbest_%28Sverdlovsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author
of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Azov.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Coat_of_Arms_of_Azov.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Vectorised SVG version made with Adobe Illustrator CS4 Original artist:
• Converted to SVG by: WWay
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Balashikha_(Moscow_oblast)_(1999).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Balashikha_%28Moscow_oblast%29_%281999%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.balashiha.ru/
symbolism.php Original artist: Nikolay Lyubimov (concept), Konstantin Mochenov (heraldic finalization), Robert Malanichev (art), Ok-
sana Afanasyeva (digital design)
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Balashov_(Saratov_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Balashov_%28Saratov_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Bataisk_(Rostov_oblast)_(2003).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Bataisk_%28Rostov_oblast%29_%282003%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.hrono.ru/heraldicum/
russia/subjects/towns/bataysk.htm Original artist: коллектив ПАМ "Олива" г.Батайск
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Belebei_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Belebei_%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9780 Original
artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Belogorsk_(Amur_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Belogorsk_%28Amur_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of
vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Beloretsk_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Beloretsk_%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9782 Orig-
inal artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Belovo_(Kemerovo_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Belovo_%28Kemerovo_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author
of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Berdsk_(Novosibirsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Berdsk_%28Novosibirsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Berezniki_(Perm_krai)_(1981).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Berezniki_%28Perm_krai%29_%281981%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist:
Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Berezovsky_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Berezovsky_%28Sverdlovsk_oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Cian Akril
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Biarezań.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Biareza%C5%
84.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.heraldicum.ru/belarus/subjects/towns/berezin.htm Original artist: Unknown
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Biaroza,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Coat_of_Arms_of_Biaroza%
2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Birsk_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Birsk_%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9784 Original
artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Blagoveschensk_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Blagoveschensk_%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?
epsid=9786 Original artist: vector-images.com
158 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Bohodukhiv.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bohodukhiv.

png License: Public domain Contributors: Ukrainian Heraldry Original artist: Unknown heraldics
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Borovichi_(Novgorod_oblast)_(1772).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Borovichi_%28Novgorod_oblast%29_%281772%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Origi-
nal artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratsk_(Irkutsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Bratsk_%28Irkutsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: bratsk-city.ru Original artist: Unspecified
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_British_Columbia.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Coat_of_Arms_of_British_
Columbia.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://reg.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=1406&ShowAll=
1 Original artist: Arthur John Beanlands, Ambrose Lee (1906), and Conrad Swan (1987).
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Buda-Kašalova,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Buda-Ka%C5%A1alova%2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Budyonnovsk_(Stavropol_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Budyonnovsk_%28Stavropol_krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Castile-La_Mancha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Coat_of_Arms_of_
Castile-La_Mancha.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: [1] Original artist: Heralder
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Castile_and_Leon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Castile_
and_Leon.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: [1] Original artist: Heralder], some elements by Rastrojo
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Chapaevsk_(Samara_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Chapaevsk_%28Samara_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Cheremkhovo_(Irkutsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Cheremkhovo_%28Irkutsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.heraldicum.ru/russia/subjects/
towns/ceremha.htm Original artist: V. Semyonov, T. Kovalskaya, K. Mochyonov, O. Afanasyeva, V. Mishin; converted to PNG by
User:SibFreak
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernihiv.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernihiv.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work by uploader; based on [1] Original artist: Alex Tora
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernogorsk_(Khakassia).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Chernogorsk_%28Khakassia%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of
vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Chojniki,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Chojniki%
2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Dimitrovgrad.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Coat_of_Arms_of_Dimitrovgrad.
png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Dobruš,_Belarus.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Coat_of_Arms_of_Dobru%
C5%A1%2C_Belarus.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Dolgoprudny_(Moscow_oblast)_(2003).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/
Coat_of_Arms_of_Dolgoprudny_%28Moscow_oblast%29_%282003%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com
Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Domodedovo_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Domodedovo_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Un-
known. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Donetsk_(Rostov_Oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Donetsk_%28Rostov_Oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Администрация города Донецка. Герб и флаг города
Original artist: Unknown
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Dubna_(Moscow_oblast)_(2003).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Dubna_%28Moscow_oblast%29_%282003%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://naukograd-dubna.ru/aboutcity/
symvolic/gerb.php Original artist: Yuri Meshenkov (concept), Konstantin Mochenov (heraldic finalization), Yuri Korzhik (digital design)
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Elektrostal_(Moscow_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Elektrostal_%28Moscow_oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Masur
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Elets_(Lipetsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Elets_%28Lipetsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Essentuki_(Stavropol_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Essentuki_%28Stavropol_krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author
of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Fryazino_(Moscow_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Fryazino_%28Moscow_oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_
of_Arms_of_Moscow_oblast.svg' class='image'><img alt='Coat of Arms of Moscow oblast.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/4/47/Coat_of_Arms_of_Moscow_oblast.svg/42px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Moscow_oblast.svg.png' width='42' height='54'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Coat_of_Arms_of_Moscow_oblast.svg/63px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Moscow_
oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Coat_of_Arms_of_Moscow_oblast.svg/84px-Coat_of_Arms_
of_Moscow_oblast.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='284' data-file-height='365' /></a> Original artist: Converted to SVG by: Fluter
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 159

• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Georgievsk_(Stavropol_kray)_(2009).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Coat_

of_Arms_of_Georgievsk_%28Stavropol_kray%29_%282009%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.georgievsk.ru/
city/gerb.php Original artist: Администрация
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Gorodskoe_poselenie_Klin_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
3/30/Coat_of_Arms_of_Gorodskoe_poselenie_Klin_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.
klincity.ru/gp_sovet_resheniya/ Original artist: реконструкция герба: Константин Мочёнов (Химки); художник: Роберт Маланичев
(Москва); компьютерный дизайн: Оксана Афанасьева (Москва); обоснование символики: Кирилл Переходенко (Конаково).
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Grozny_(Chechnya).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_
Grozny_%28Chechnya%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/27509 Original artist: Художники: Д.
Иванов, А. Грефенштейн.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Gubkin_(Belgorod_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Gubkin_%28Belgorod_oblast%29.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Лобачев Владимир
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Gus-Khrustalny_(Vladimir_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Gus-Khrustalny_%28Vladimir_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist:
Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Homiel,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Homiel%
2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_
Voblasts.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ishimbai_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Ishimbai_%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9788 Origi-
nal artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ivacevičy,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ivacevi%
C4%8Dy%2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ivanovo_(Ivanovo_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Ivanovo_%28Ivanovo_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=373 Origi-
nal artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ivanteevka_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Ivanteevka_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Izhevsk_(Udmurtia).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Coat_of_Arms_of_
Izhevsk_%28Udmurtia%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Герб города Ижевска Original artist: векторная графика -
Виктор_В
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Jelsk,_Belarus.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jelsk%
2C_Belarus.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kaluga.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kaluga.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Popadius
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kamensk-Shakhtinsky_(Rostov_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/
Coat_of_Arms_of_Kamensk-Shakhtinsky_%28Rostov_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.footballufo.
ru/progres.aut.htm Original artist: M. V. Revnitsev, Engels
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kamensk-Uralsky_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/
Coat_of_Arms_of_Kamensk-Uralsky_%28Sverdlovsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Origi-
nal artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kasciukovičy,_Belarus.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Kasciukovi%C4%8Dy%2C_Belarus.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kazan_(Tatarstan)_(2004).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Kazan_%28Tatarstan%29_%282004%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Khabarovsk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Coat_of_Arms_of_Khabarovsk.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: S. Loginov
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Khanty-Mansiysk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Khanty-Mansiysk.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vectorised SVG version made with Adobe Illustrator CS3 Original artist:
• Converted to SVG by: WWay
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kirishi_(Leningrad_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Kirishi_%28Leningrad_oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist:
This drawing was created by Artem Topchiy (user Art-top). Other drawings see here
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kiselyovsk_(Kemerovo_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Kiselyovsk_%28Kemerovo_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=
9654 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kislovodsk_(2013).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kislovodsk_
%282013%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.dumaksl.ru/images/simvols/1.doc Original artist: Администрация
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Klimovsk_(Moscow_oblast)_(2002).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Klimovsk_%28Moscow_oblast%29_%282002%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original
artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
160 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kogalym_(Khanty-Mansia).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Coat_of_Arms_

of_Kogalym_%28Khanty-Mansia%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author
of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kopeysk_(Chelyabinsk_oblast)_(2002).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/
Coat_of_Arms_of_Kopeysk_%28Chelyabinsk_oblast%29_%282002%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com
Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kovel.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kovel.png License:
Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Andrii Grechylo
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Krasnogorsk_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Krasnogorsk_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Krasnoturinsk_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Krasnoturinsk_%28Sverdlovsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?
epsid=9581 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kropotkin_(Krasnodar_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Kropotkin_%28Krasnodar_krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kryčaŭ,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kry%
C4%8Da%C5%AD%2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: File created by Anton F. Bryl. Original artist: Anton F. Bryl.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kstovo_(Nizhny_Novgorod_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Kstovo_%28Nizhny_Novgorod_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Решение городской Думы города
Кстово от 30.01.2014 № 386 «Об утверждении Положений о символах муниципального образования городского поселения
„город Кстово“ Кстовского района Нижегородской области» Original artist: Администрация поселения
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kumertau_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Kumertau_%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9790 Orig-
inal artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kungur.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kungur.jpg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: http://iskra-kungur.ru/uploads/posts/2010-03/1268110272_gerb-goroda-sajjt.jpg Original artist: Администрация
города Кунгура
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kuznetsk_(Penza_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Kuznetsk_%28Penza_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of
vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Lepiel,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Coat_of_Arms_of_Lepiel%
2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Lesnoy_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Lesnoy_%28Sverdlovsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://gerb.rossel.ru/ter/sym63 Original artist: Уральская
геральдическая ассоциация.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Lipetsk_(Lipetsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Lipetsk_%28Lipetsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of
vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Lipetsk_oblast.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Coat_of_Arms_of_Lipetsk_
oblast.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
• Coat_of_Arms_of_Lipetsk_oblast.png Original artist:
• derivative work: User:Stinec
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Livny_(Oryol_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Coat_of_Arms_of_
Livny_%28Oryol_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=10022 Original artist:
vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Lobnya_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Lobnya_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of
vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Lubań,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Luba%
C5%84%2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Lytkarino_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Lytkarino_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author
of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Lyubertsy_(Moscow_oblast)_(2007).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Lyubertsy_%28Moscow_oblast%29_%282007%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.luberadm.ru/
index/left/list/nacts/2007/ Original artist: Oleg Agafonov, Konstantin Mochenov, Vladimir Mikhaylov (concept), Galina Rusanova (digital
design)
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Magadan.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Coat_of_Arms_of_Magadan.png
License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=660 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Magnitogorsk_(Chelyabinsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Magnitogorsk_%28Chelyabinsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist:
Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 161

• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Makhachkala.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Coat_of_Arms_of_Makhachkala.

png License: Public domain Contributors: makhachkala.dgu.ru Original artist: D. Ivanov, M. Shelkovenko, K. Grefenshtein
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Marjina_Horka,_Belarus.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Marjina_Horka%2C_Belarus.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Maładečna,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Coat_of_Arms_of_
Ma%C5%82ade%C4%8Dna%2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Mezhdurechensk_(Kemerovo_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/
Coat_of_Arms_of_Mezhdurechensk_%28Kemerovo_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/
image.php?epsid=1418 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Mezhgorie_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Mezhgorie_%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9792 Orig-
inal artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Miass_(Chelyabinsk_oblast)_(2002).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Miass_%28Chelyabinsk_oblast%29_%282002%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/
image.php?epsid=152 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Mikhaylovka_(Volgograd_Oblast)_2009.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/
81/Coat_of_Arms_of_Mikhaylovka_%28Volgograd_Oblast%29_2009.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/
symbols/24510 Original artist: Владислав Коваль
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Monaco.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Coat_of_arms_of_Monaco.svg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Denelson83
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Moscow.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Coat_of_Arms_of_Moscow.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=14 Original artist:
• Converted to SVG by: Oren neu dag
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Mytishchi_rural_settlement_(Moscow_Oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
4/44/Coat_of_Arms_of_Mytishchi_rural_settlement_%28Moscow_Oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.
mytyshi.ru/about_district/symbol/index.php Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Naberezhnye_Chelny_(Tatarstan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Naberezhnye_Chelny_%28Tatarstan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Nalchik_since_2011.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Nalchik_
since_2011.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.heraldicum.ru/russia/subjects/towns/nalchik.htm Original artist: Un-
known
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Namibia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Coat_of_arms_of_Namibia.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: FXXX
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Nazarovo_(Krasnoyarsk_krai).gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Nazarovo_%28Krasnoyarsk_krai%29.gif License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.nazarowo.ru Original artist: Евгений
Дмитриевич Мендюк
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Nazran.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Coat_of_Arms_of_Nazran.svg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Дагиров Умар
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Neftekamsk_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Neftekamsk_%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=
8872 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Nefteyugansk_(Khanty-Mansia).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Nefteyugansk_%28Khanty-Mansia%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Un-
known. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhnekamsk_rayon_(Tatarstan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Nizhnekamsk_rayon_%28Tatarstan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?
epsid=8798 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhniy_Novgorod.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhniy_
Novgorod.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: AlexTref871
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Tagil_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Tagil_%28Sverdlovsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.vector-images.com Orig-
inal artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Norilsk_(Krasnoyarsk_kray).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Norilsk_%28Krasnoyarsk_kray%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Novocheboksarsk_(Chuvashia)_(2005).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/
Coat_of_Arms_of_Novocheboksarsk_%28Chuvashia%29_%282005%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.
com/image.php?epsid=9670 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Novomoskovsk_(Tula_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Novomoskovsk_%28Tula_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Novorossiysk_(Krasnodar_kray)_(2006).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/
62/Coat_of_Arms_of_Novorossiysk_%28Krasnodar_kray%29_%282006%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.
com/image.php?epsid=8161 Original artist: vector-images.com
162 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Novosibirsk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Novosibirsk.

svg License: Public domain Contributors: nobo-sibirsk.ru Original artist: Grigoriy Kuzhelev, Sergei Morzhakov, Valeriy Smirnov
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Novotroitsk_(Orenburg_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Novotroitsk_%28Orenburg_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Un-
known. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Novy_Urengoy_(Yamal_Nenetsia).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Novy_Urengoy_%28Yamal_Nenetsia%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Noyabrsk_(Yamal_Nenetsia).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Noyabrsk_%28Yamal_Nenetsia%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Obninsk_(Kaluga_oblast)_proposal_(2003_N2).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
2/2a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Obninsk_%28Kaluga_oblast%29_proposal_%282003_N2%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-
images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Odintsovo_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Odintsovo_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.odin.ru/news/?id=31744 Original
artist: Konstantin Mochenov (concept), Robert Malanichev (art), Oksana Afanasyeva (digital design)
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Oktyabrsky_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Oktyabrsky_%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=
9775 Original artist: vector-images.com
улучшение: gimaev98
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Orenburg.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Coat_of_Arms_of_Orenburg.
png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-
images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ozyorsk_(Chelyabinsk_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Ozyorsk_%28Chelyabinsk_oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Pastavy,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Coat_of_Arms_of_Pastavy%
2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Perm.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Perm.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work by uploader; based on File:Coat of Arms of Perm.png Original artist: Sodacan
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Pervouralsk_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Pervouralsk_%28Sverdlovsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Un-
known. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Pietrykaŭ,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Coat_of_Arms_of_
Pietryka%C5%AD%2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Polevskoy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Polevskoy.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://gerb.duma.midural.ru/ter/sym78 Original artist: http://gerb.duma.midural.ru/ter/sym78
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ramenskoye_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Ramenskoye_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Reutov_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Reutov_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of
vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Rossosh_(Voronezh_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Rossosh_%28Voronezh_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ryazan_large.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ryazan_
large.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at
Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Rybinsk_(Yaroslavl_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Rybinsk_%28Yaroslavl_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_(2003).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Saint_Petersburg_%282003%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Salavat.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Coat_of_Arms_of_Salavat.png Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from ru.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Alego at ru.wikipedia
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Salsk_(Rostov_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Coat_of_Arms_of_
Salsk_%28Rostov_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Source Original artist: User:Panther
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Saransk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Coat_of_Arms_of_Saransk.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: provided by the Administration of Saransk Original artist: Administration of Saransk
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Schyokino_(Tula_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Schyokino_%28Tula_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of
vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Sergiev_Posad_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Sergiev_Posad_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Un-
known. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 163

• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Serov_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Coat_of_Arms_

of_Serov_%28Sverdlovsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author
of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Serpukhov_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Serpukhov_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=
3306 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Severomorsk_(Murmansk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Severomorsk_%28Murmansk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Un-
known. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Seversk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Seversk.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: seversknet.ru Original artist: Unknown
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Shchelkovo_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Shchelkovo_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.schelkovo-gorod.ru/municipalacts
Original artist: Sergey Savelyev (concept), Konstantin Mochenov, Oleg Agafonov (heraldic finalization), Oksana Afanasyeva (digital de-
sign)
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Sibai_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Sibai_%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9794 Original
artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Siġġiewi,_Malta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Coat_of_Arms_of_Si%
C4%A1%C4%A1iewi%2C_Malta.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Siġġiewi Local Council
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Slavyansk-na-Kubani_(Krasnodar_krai)_(12-2006).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/e/ed/Coat_of_Arms_of_Slavyansk-na-Kubani_%28Krasnodar_krai%29_%2812-2006%29.png License: Public domain Con-
tributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9434 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Slutsk,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Slutsk%
2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://nasledie-sluck.by/ru/sluchina/heraldry/543/ Original artist: Republic of Be-
larus
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Sochi_(Krasnodar_krai).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Sochi_%28Krasnodar_krai%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Autor of SVG file Ivangricenko
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Stary_Oskol_(Belgorod_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Stary_Oskol_%28Belgorod_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Sterlitamak_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Sterlitamak_%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=
9796 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Stoŭbcy,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Sto%
C5%ADbcy%2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Stupino_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Stupino_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of
vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Surgut_(2003).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_Surgut_
%282003%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Svietłahorsk,_Belarus.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Sviet%C5%82ahorsk%2C_Belarus.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
• Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland.svg Original artist: Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland.svg: Redo by cs:User:-xfi-
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Syktyvkar_(Komi)_(2005).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Syktyvkar_%28Komi%29_%282005%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9404
Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Synelnykove.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Coat_of_Arms_of_Synelnykove.
png License: Public domain Contributors: http://sinelnikovo.org.ua/ Original artist: Andrii Grechylo
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Tambov_(2008).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Coat_of_Arms_of_Tambov_
%282008%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://city.tambov.gov.ru/index.php?id=71 Original artist: city administration of
Tambov (reconstruction), Konstantin Mochenov (consultation), Oksana Afanasyeva (digital design)
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ternopil_Oblast.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ternopil_
Oblast.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Д. Чепіль. Svg - Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_London.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Coat_of_Arms_of_
The_City_of_London.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sodacan
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Tikhoretsk_(Krasnodar_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Tikhoretsk_%28Krasnodar_krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Tikhvin_(Leningrad_oblast)_(1773).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Tikhvin_%28Leningrad_oblast%29_%281773%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original
artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
164 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Tobolsk_(Tyumen_oblast)_(2007).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Coat_

of_Arms_of_Tobolsk_%28Tyumen_oblast%29_%282007%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.
php?epsid=9287 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Tuapse_(Krasnodar_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Tuapse_%28Krasnodar_krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of
vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Tuimazy_rayon_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Tuimazy_rayon_%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://cs319018.userapi.com/v319018067/
11c7/xNyumr6CvsU.jpg Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Tula.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Tula.png License:
Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Tula_oblast.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Coat_of_Arms_of_Tula_oblast.
png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-
images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ulyanovsk_Oblast.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ulyanovsk_
Oblast.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ust-Ilimsk_(Irkutsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Ust-Ilimsk_%28Irkutsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=
9658 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Uzlovaya_(Tula_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Uzlovaya_%28Tula_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of
vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Vasilevičy,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Coat_of_Arms_of_
Vasilevi%C4%8Dy%2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Vaŭkavysk,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Coat_of_Arms_of_
Va%C5%ADkavysk%2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Velikie_Luki_(Pskov_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Velikie_Luki_%28Pskov_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_
Novgorod.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
8/88/Coat_of_Arms_of_Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_%28Sverdlovsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com
Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Vietka,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Vietka%
2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Vladimir_(1781).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Coat_of_Arms_of_Vladimir_
%281781%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=523 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Volnovakha_1999.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_Volnovakha_
1999.png License: Public domain Contributors: FOTW, [1] Original artist: Авторы герба: Евгений Александрович Малаха и Николай
Стародубцев
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Vologda_(Vologda_oblast)_(1780).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Vologda_%28Vologda_oblast%29_%281780%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.vologda-city.ru/
img/2008/12/gerb/gerb4.jpg/image_view_fullscreen Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Voronezh_oblast_(2005).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Voronezh_oblast_%282005%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: rossimvolika.ru Original artist: K. Mochyonov, Yu. Ko-
rzhik, K. Medvedev, R, Malanichev, O. Afanasyeva
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Votkinsk_(Udmurtia).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Coat_of_Arms_of_
Votkinsk_%28Udmurtia%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Vyazma_(Smolensk_oblast)_(1780).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Vyazma_%28Smolensk_oblast%29_%281780%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original
artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Vyshny_Volochek_(Tver_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Vyshny_Volochek_%28Tver_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Xghara_Local_Council.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Xghara_Local_Council.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Yaroslavl_Oblast_(2011)_full.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Yaroslavl_Oblast_%282011%29_full.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.yarregion.ru/About/symbol_reg.
aspx Original artist: Mikhail Medvedev, Dmitry Ivanov
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Yegorievsk_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Yegorievsk_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Yoshkar-Ola_(Mariy-El)_(2005).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%28Mariy-El%29_%282005%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original
artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 165

• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Yurga_(Kemerovo_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Coat_of_Arms_

of_Yurga_%28Kemerovo_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=7747 Orig-
inal artist: Panther
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Zarechny_(Penza_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Zarechny_%28Penza_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=7718 Origi-
nal artist: vector-images.com
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Zelenodolsk_(Tatarstan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Coat_of_Arms_
of_Zelenodolsk_%28Tatarstan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from ru.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist:
The original uploader was K AHTOH at Russian Wikipedia
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Zelenogorsk_(Krasnoyarsk_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Zelenogorsk_%28Krasnoyarsk_krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Un-
known. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Zheleznodorozhny_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Coat_
of_Arms_of_Zheleznodorozhny_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist:
Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Zheleznogorsk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Coat_of_Arms_of_Zheleznogorsk.
svg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Taejo
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Zhigulyovsk_(Samara_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Zhigulyovsk_%28Samara_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Zhukovsky_(Moscow_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Zhukovsky_%28Moscow_oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
• Based on File:Zhukovsky coat of arms.jpg Original artist: Inductiveload
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Zlatoust_(Chelyabinsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Coat_of_
Arms_of_Zlatoust_%28Chelyabinsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown.
Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Spanish_Region_of_Murcia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Coat_
of_Arms_of_the_Spanish_Region_of_Murcia.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text'
href='http://www.cepc.es/include_mav/getfile.asp?IdFileImage=567'>Decreto 34/1983, de 8 de junio, aprobando el modelo oficial y
uso del Escudo de la Región de Murcia, en Los símbolos de las Comunidades Autónomas, del Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitu-
cionales</a> shield colour [1] Original artist: Heralder
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Čavusy,_Belarus.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_%C4%
8Cavusy%2C_Belarus.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Čačersk,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Coat_of_Arms_of_%C4%
8Ca%C4%8Dersk%2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ščučyn,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Coat_of_Arms_of_%C5%
A0%C4%8Du%C4%8Dyn%2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Žodzina,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Coat_of_Arms_of_%C5%
BDodzina%2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Žłobin,_Belarus.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Coat_of_Arms_of_%C5%
BD%C5%82obin%2C_Belarus.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_Labinsk.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Coat_of_Labinsk.png License: Public do-
main Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/19936 Original artist: Владимир Нагаевский (Тихорецк)
• File:Coat_of_Timashevsk.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Coat_of_Timashevsk.png License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/20623 Original artist: С. Гречко (Тимашевск)
• File:Coat_of_arms_(emblem)_of_Iraq_2008.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_%28emblem%
29_of_Iraq_2008.svg License: Public domain Contributors: symbol adopted in July 2nd, 1965, with updates. Based on File:Coat_of_
arms_(emblem)_of_Iraq_2004-2007.svg with stars removed and text enlarged. Original artist: File:Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg was by
User:Tonyjeff, based on national symbol, with the help of User:Omar86, User:Kafka1 and User:AnonMoos; further modifications by
AnonMoos. Arabic script modified by User:Militaryace.
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Achinsk_(2006).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Coat_of_arms_of_Achinsk_
%282006%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Интернет-портал администрации города Ачинска Originally from ru.wikipedia;
description page is/was here. Original artist: The original uploader was Tandser at Russian Wikipedia
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Arzamas_(Nizhny_Novgorod_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Coat_
of_arms_of_Arzamas_%28Nizhny_Novgorod_oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: 2012-04-21 von ludger1961 (<a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ludger1961' title='User talk:Ludger1961'>talk</a>) erstellt Original artist: город Арзамас
(city of Arzamas)
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Baarle-Hertog.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Coat_of_arms_of_Baarle-Hertog.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham.
svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: JimmyGuano
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_
of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This was drawn by Vernes Seferovic Original artist: Modified by
historicair 17:01, 10 December 2006 (UTC)
166 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Cheshire_County_Council.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Coat_of_arms_

of_Cheshire_County_Council.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
• Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(−1340).svg Original artist: Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(−1340).svg: Sodacan
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Floriana,_Malta.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Coat_of_arms_of_Floriana%
2C_Malta.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Xwejnusgozo
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Law 48, ΦΕΚ 108Α, 7 June 1975, [1] and [2]

Article 2
Original artist: File:Coat of Arms of Greece (Ministries).svg: Tonyjeff, based on national symbol.
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hamburg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Hamburg.svg
License: Public domain Contributors:
• Heraldry of the world Original artist: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Iskitim.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_Iskitim.png Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: И.Д.Бакрымов, Э.Григо, С.Колеватов
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kiribati.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Coat_of_arms_of_Kiribati.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Indolences
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kirov.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Coat_of_arms_of_Kirov.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: NKM
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kraljevo.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Coat_of_arms_of_Kraljevo.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: Originally from sr.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: original uploaded
by/importé par sr:Корисник:Обрадовић Горан
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Luxembourg_(Lesser).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Coat_of_arms_of_
Luxembourg_%28Lesser%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Texte coordonné du 16 septembre 1993 de la loi modifiée du 23
juin 1972 sur les emblèmes nationaux. Original artist: Coat_of_Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg: en:User:Ssolbergj and authors of source files
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Madeira.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Madeira.png Li-
cense: Copyrighted free use Contributors: Assembleia Legislativa Regional da Madeira Original artist: Assembleia Legislativa Regional
da Madeira
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Malta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Malta.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: national symbol, described by the Emblem and Public Seal of Malta Act of 1988. Original artist: Tonyjeff,
based on national symbol.
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Maykop.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_Maykop.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: This vector image was created by converting the Encapsulated PostScript file available at Brands
of the World (view • download).
Remember not all content there is in general free, see Commons:Fair use for more.
Original artist: A. Parshin
A. Vins
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Middelburg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Coat_of_arms_of_Middelburg.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: SVG is own work. Original artist: Original by User:Arch
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.minsk.gov.by/ru/tempage/symbolics/gerb_minsk.cdr Original artist: NN
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Northumberland_County_Council.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Coat_
of_arms_of_Northumberland_County_Council.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
• Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_III_of_England_(1327-1377)_(Attributed).svg Original artist: Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_III_of_England_(1327-
1377)_(Attributed).svg: Sodacan
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nova_Scotia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Coat_of_arms_of_Nova_Scotia.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work based on: Nova Scotia coat of arms.png Original artist: Sodacan
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Orsk.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_Orsk.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Transferred from ru.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Hardscarf using CommonsHelper. Original
artist: Original uploader was ВАЛ орск at ru.wikipedia
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Symbol adopted in June 30th, 1911. Original artist: Tonyjeff, based on national symbol
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Shakhty.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Shakhty.png
License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Unknown
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Shuya_(Ivanovo_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Coat_of_arms_
of_Shuya_%28Ivanovo_oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist:
This drawing was created by Artem Topchiy (user Art-top). Other drawings see here
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sicily.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_Sicily.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors:
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 167

• Flags of the World – Somalia Original artist: Thommy

• File:Coat_of_arms_of_St._Julian’{}s_(Malta).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Coat_of_arms_of_
St._Julian%27s_%28Malta%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ufa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Ufa.svg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Пакко
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ullà.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Ull%C3%A0.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30'
style='vertical-align: top' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow'
class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%
2FCoat_of_arms_of_Ull%25C3%25A0.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Mutari
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Voronezh.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Voronezh.png
License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.heraldicum.ru/russia/subjects/towns/voronez.htm Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Vyborg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Coat_of_arms_of_Vyborg.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Wallonia_(Belgium).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallonia_
%28Belgium%29.svg License: CC0 Contributors: This file was derived from: Flag of Wallonia.svg
Original artist: Original: S. Solberg J.
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Zwolle.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Coat_of_arms_of_Zwolle.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: SVG is own work. Original artist: Original by User:Arch
• File:Coat_of_arms_zhmerynka.PNG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Coat_of_arms_zhmerynka.PNG
License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.heraldry.com.ua/index.php3?lang=U&context=info&id=2836#verh Original artist: Andrii
Grechylo
• File:Coats_of_arms_of_Prokhladny_(Kabardino-Balkaria).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Coats_
of_arms_of_Prokhladny_%28Kabardino-Balkaria%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://admprohladnyi.ru/index.php?
option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=15&Itemid=39 Original artist: Совет местного самоуправления.
• File:Codex_Manesse_Johann_von_Brabant.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Codex_Manesse_Johann_
von_Brabant.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cpg848/0031 Original artist: Meister des
Codex Manesse (Grundstockmaler)
• File:Colour_of_Germany.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Colour_of_Germany.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: www.bundeswehr.de Original artist: Marco Kaiser from German-Wikipedia
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
• File:County_Flag_of_Cheshire.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/County_Flag_of_Cheshire.png Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
• Héraldique_meuble_Gerbe_de_blé.svg Original artist: Own work (with reference to this and this)
• File:County_Flag_of_Cumbria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/County_Flag_of_Cumbria.svg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
• County_Flag_of_Cumbria.png Original artist: County_Flag_of_Cumbria.png: *Tudor_rose.svg: Ipankonin
• File:County_Flag_of_Herefordshire.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/County_Flag_of_Herefordshire.
png License: Public domain Contributors:
• [1] Original artist: Urdorf-blazon.svg: -
• File:County_Flag_of_Hertfordshire.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/County_Flag_of_Hertfordshire.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
• FlagOfHertfordshire.PNG Original artist: FlagOfHertfordshire.PNG: The College of Arms
• File:County_Flag_of_Staffordshire.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/County_Flag_of_Staffordshire.
png License: Public domain Contributors:
• [1] Original artist: Royal_Standard_of_England_(2)_at_3^5_ratio.svg: *Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg: Yaddah
• File:County_Flag_of_Warwickshire.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/County_Flag_of_Warwickshire.
svg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: JimmyGuano
• File:Cáceres_-_Escudo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/C%C3%A1ceres_-_Escudo.svg License: CC-
BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: HansenBCN
• File:DAB_list_gray.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/DAB_list_gray.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-
tributors: modified versions from File:Disambig gray.svg Original artist: Edokter (modified version)
• File:Dimitrov_flag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Dimitrov_flag.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Dimitrov city council
• File:Dimitrov_gerb_big.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Dimitrov_gerb_big.svg License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dimitrov city council
• File:Dingli_coa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Dingli_coa.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Inkwina
168 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:Donskoy_gerb.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Donskoy_gerb.svg License: Public domain Con-

tributors:
• Coat_of_Arms_of_Donskoi_(Tula_oblast).png Original artist:
• derivative work: Ifor (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ifor' title='User talk:Ifor'>talk</a>)
• File:Drapeau_2REI_verso.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Drapeau_2REI_verso.jpg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: collection personnelle Original artist: davric
• File:Drapeau_chasseur.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Drapeau_chasseur.jpg License: Public do-
main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Drapeau_du_22e_RIMa.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Drapeau_du_22e_RIMa.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: photographie personnelle(prise à l'amicale des anciens du 22e B.I.Ma). Original artist: Fantassin 72
• File:Edit-clear.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The
Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist:
The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the file, specifically: “Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although
minimally).”
• File:EmblemofPaola.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1e/EmblemofPaola.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
The logo may be obtained from Paola.
Original artist: ?
• File:Enakieve_gerb.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Enakieve_gerb.png License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.heraldry.com.ua/index.php3?lang=U&id=11008#verh Original artist: А.Чутчев, А.Уткін, Г.Андрієнко, О.Панасенко.
• File:Enakieve_prapor.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Enakieve_prapor.png License: Public do-
main Contributors: http://www.heraldry.com.ua/index.php3?lang=U&id=11009#verh Original artist: А.Чутчев, А.Уткін, Г.Андрієнко,
О.Панасенко.
• File:Ensign_of_the_Royal_Air_Force.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Air_
Force.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Escudo_Berga.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Escudo_Berga.svg License: CC BY 2.5 Contrib-
utors: Own work, inspirado en esta descripción y en esta imagen. Editado a partir de Escudo Jaén.svg, del que he tomado el contorno
hispano-francés y de Spain.Catalunya.Heraldica.Corones.svg, del que he tomado la corona ducal. Original artist: User:Johnbojaen
• File:Escudo_de_Berango.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Escudo_de_Berango.svg License: GFDL
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SanchoPanzaXXI
• File:Escudo_de_Blanes.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Escudo_de_Blanes.svg License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30' style='vertical-
align: top' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.
1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow'
class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%
2FEscudo_de_Blanes.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escudo_de_Ibarrangelu.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Escudo_de_Ibarrangelu.svg License:
GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: SanchoPanzaXXI
• File:Escudo_de_Lemoa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Escudo_de_Lemoa.svg License: GFDL Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: SanchoPanzaXXI
• File:Escudo_de_Lezama.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Escudo_de_Lezama.svg License: GFDL
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SanchoPanzaXXI
• File:Escudo_de_Navarra_(oficial).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Escudo_de_Navarra_%28oficial%
29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: self-made BON (es:Boletín oficial de Navarra) nº 140, de 20-11-1985 Original artist:
Miguillen
• File:Escudo_de_Zaragoza.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Escudo_de_Zaragoza.svg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Escut_Oblast_Brest.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Escut_Oblast_Brest.png License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Escut_Warwickshire.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Escut_Warwickshire.png License: Copy-
righted free use Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Escut_d'Esplugues_de_Llobregat.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Escut_d%27Esplugues_de_
Llobregat.svg License: GFDL Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_de_Badia_del_Vallès.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Escut_de_Badia_del_Vall%C3%
A8s.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_de_Barcelona.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Escut_de_Barcelona.svg License: CC BY-
SA 2.5 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Ebrenc First version

• File:Escut_de_Calders.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Escut_de_Calders.svg License: CC BY-SA

3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Xavigivax
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 169

• File:Escut_de_Calonge_de_Segarra.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Escut_de_Calonge_de_Segarra.

svg License: GFDL Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_de_Cardedeu.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Escut_de_Cardedeu.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Mutxamel

• File:Escut_de_Castellcir.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Escut_de_Castellcir.svg License: CC BY-

SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_de_Castellet_i_la_Gornal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Escut_de_Castellet_i_la_Gornal.
svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Albert Mestre

• File:Escut_de_Castellnou_de_Bages.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Escut_de_Castellnou_de_Bages.

svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_de_Castellterçol.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Escut_de_Castellter%C3%A7ol.svg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Albert Mestre
• File:Escut_de_Castellví_de_la_Marca.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Escut_de_Castellv%C3%
AD_de_la_Marca.svg License: GFDL Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_de_Corbera_de_Llobregat.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Escut_de_Corbera_de_Llobregat.
svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Albert Mestre
• File:Escut_de_Cubelles.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Escut_de_Cubelles.svg License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_de_Gallifa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Escut_de_Gallifa.svg License: CC BY 3.0
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_de_Montcada_i_Reixac.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Escut_de_Montcada_i_Reixac.
svg License: GFDL Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_de_Parets_del_Vallès.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Escut_de_Parets_del_Vall%C3%
A8s.svg License: GFDL Contributors: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30'
style='vertical-align: top' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow'
class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%
2FEscut_de_Parets_del_Vall%25C3%25A8s.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_de_Sant_Quirze_Safaja.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Escut_de_Sant_Quirze_Safaja.
svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30'
style='vertical-align: top' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow'
class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%
2FEscut_de_Sant_Quirze_Safaja.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_de_Santa_Maria_d'Oló.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Escut_de_Santa_Maria_d%27Ol%
C3%B3.svg License: GFDL Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_de_Santa_Perpètua_de_Mogoda.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Escut_de_Santa_Perp%
C3%A8tua_de_Mogoda.svg License: GFDL Contributors: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88'
height='30' style='vertical-align: top' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.
svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%
29.svg/176px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG
is <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%
2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FEscut_de_Santa_Perp%25C3%25A8tua_de_Mogoda.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_de_Sentmenat.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Escut_de_Sentmenat.svg License: GFDL
Contributors: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30' style='vertical-
align: top' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.
1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow'
class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%
2FEscut_de_Sentmenat.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Xavi Garcia
• File:Escut_de_Tagamanent.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Escut_de_Tagamanent.svg License: GFDL
Contributors: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30' style='vertical-
align: top' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.
170 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_

SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow'
class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%
2FEscut_de_Tagamanent.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_de_Vic.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Escut_de_Vic.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-
tributors: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/
1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30' style='vertical-align: top'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%
29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_SVG_1.1_
%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow'
class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%
2FEscut_de_Vic.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_de_badalona.PNG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Escut_de_badalona.PNG License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: Ajuntament de Badalona Original artist: Lluís Domènech i Montaner (1850-1923)
• File:Escut_de_la_Jonquera.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Escut_de_la_Jonquera.svg License: CC
BY 3.0 Contributors: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30' style='vertical-
align: top' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.
1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow'
class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%
2FEscut_de_la_Jonquera.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Xavigivax
• File:Escut_del_Brull.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Escut_del_Brull.svg License: GFDL Contrib-
utors: Own work Original artist: SanchoPanzaXXI
• File:FIAV_000001.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:FIAV_000010.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/FIAV_000010.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:FIAV_000100.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/FIAV_000100.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:FIAV_001000.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/FIAV_001000.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:FIAV_001001.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/FIAV_001001.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:FIAV_010000.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/FIAV_010000.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:FIAV_100000.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/FIAV_100000.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:FLAG_Jagodina.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/FLAG_Jagodina.png License: Public domain
Contributors: www.zastave-grbovi.com/Jagodina Original artist: Serbian Heraldry Society “Beli orao”.
• File:FLAG_Kraljevo.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/FLAG_Kraljevo.gif License: Public domain
Contributors: [1] Original artist: Republic of Serbia (Republika Srbija)
• File:FLAG_Leskovac.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/FLAG_Leskovac.gif License: Public domain
Contributors: [1] Original artist: Republic of Serbia (Republika Srbija)
• File:Fahne_Stadt_St_Gallen_18_Jh.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Fahne_Stadt_St_Gallen_18_
Jh.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Louis Mühlemann: Wappen und Fahnen der Schweiz. Zürich 1980. Original artist: D. W.
Hartmann
• File:Federated_Society_of_Boilermakers,_Iron_&_Steel_Shipbuilders_of_Australia,_Union_Banner_A928321h.jpg Source: http:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Federated_Society_of_Boilermakers%2C_Iron_%26_Steel_Shipbuilders_of_Australia%
2C_Union_Banner_A928321h.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Mitchell Library, State Library of NSW Original artist: Althouse
& Geiger
• File:Fgura_coa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Fgura_coa.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contribu-
tors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
• File:Flag_Haarlem.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Flag_Haarlem.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Mcke
• File:Flag_Labinsk.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_Labinsk.gif License: Public domain Con-
tributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/19937 Transferred from ru.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Bagratun using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: Владимир Нагаевский (Тихорецк)
• File:Flag_Magadan,_Russian_Federation.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Flag_Magadan%2C_
Russian_Federation.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vector based on file:Flag of Magadan.png Original artist: Ahnode
• File:Flag_Timashevsk.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Flag_Timashevsk.gif License: Public domain
Contributors: Transferred from ru.wikipedia; transfer was stated to be made by User:Bagratun. Original artist: . Original uploader was
СафроновАВ at ru.wikipedia
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 171

• File:Flag_Types.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Flag_Types.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contribu-

tors: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_types.svg Original artist: Sandstein
• File:Flag_of_Aberdeen.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Aberdeen.gif License: Public do-
main Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Dell9300 at English Wikipedia
• File:Flag_of_Achinsk_(Krasnoyarsk_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Flag_of_Achinsk_%28Krasnoyarsk_
krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9667 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Agidel_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Flag_of_Agidel_%28Bashkortostan%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9779 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Aleksin_(Tula_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Flag_of_Aleksin_%28Tula_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Alsace.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Flag_of_Alsace.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Self-made in Inkscape. Original artist: User:Mysid
• File:Flag_of_Anapa_(Krasnodar_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Flag_of_Anapa_%28Krasnodar_
krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown
• File:Flag_of_Angarsk_(2004).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Angarsk_%282004%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.angarsk-adm.ru/geraldika Original artist: Oleg Tkachenko
• File:Flag_of_Anzhero-Sudzhensk_(Kemerovo_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_
Anzhero-Sudzhensk_%28Kemerovo_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=
9829 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Apatity_(Murmansk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Apatity_%28Murmansk_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Решение Совета депутатов муниципального образования город Апатиты от
25.06.2013 № 788 «О флаге муниципального образования город Апатиты с подведомственной территорией Мурманской области»
Original artist: Администрация муниципального образования
• File:Flag_of_Aquitaine.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Aquitaine.svg License: CC0 Con-
tributors:
• http://www.openclipart.org/ Original artist: Patricia Fidi
• File:Flag_of_Armavir_(Krasnodar_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Flag_of_Armavir_%28Krasnodar_
krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from ru.wikipedia to Commons.
Original artist: - художник и компьютерный дизайн: Галина Русанова (Москва).. Original uploader was BuHHu nyx at ru.wikipedia
• File:Flag_of_Armyansk.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Flag_of_Armyansk.png License: Public
domain Contributors: http://armyansk.info Original artist: Армянский Городской Совет
• File:Flag_of_Arseniev_(Primorsky_kray).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Flag_of_Arseniev_%28Primorsky_
kray%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Artyom_(Primorsky_kray).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Artyom_%28Primorsky_
kray%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/4678 Original artist: Союз геральдистов России. Векторизация
User:Permjak
• File:Flag_of_Arzamas_(Nizhny_Novgorod_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Flag_of_Arzamas_
%28Nizhny_Novgorod_oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: «Флаг города Арзамаса представляет собой прямоугольное
полотнище с отношением ширины к длине 2:3, воспроизводящее композицию герба города Арзамаса в жёлтом, красном и
зелёном цветах». Original artist: Администрация Арзамаса.
• File:Flag_of_Asbest_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Flag_of_Asbest_%28Sverdlovsk_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Flag_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: according to specifications at the Astrakhan Oblast government website. Original artist: drawn by
Conscious
• File:Flag_of_Attard.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Flag_of_Attard.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work based on w:File:AttardHTML.svg Original artist: NikNaks93
• File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp
• File:Flag_of_Azov.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Flag_of_Azov.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Vectorised SVG version made with Adobe Illustrator CS4 Original artist:
• Converted to SVG by: WWay
• File:Flag_of_Balashikha_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Flag_of_Balashikha_
%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization
can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Balashov_(Saratov_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Flag_of_Balashov_%28Saratov_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Balzan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Balzan.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work based on w:File:BalzanHTML.gif Original artist: NikNaks93
• File:Flag_of_Barcelona.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_Barcelona.svg License: CC BY-
SA 2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
172 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:Flag_of_Bataysk_(Rostov_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Bataysk_%28Rostov_

oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/17593 Original artist: флаг разработан группой в
составе: Юрий Назаров, Владимир Олейников, Александр Чамуха, Андрей Горшков, Константин Мочёнов, Анна Назарова,
Игорь Линник, Татьяна Говорухина, Наталья Атрохова, Михаил Белозеров, Кирилл Переходенко, Галина Русанова.
• File:Flag_of_Batumi.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Batumi.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gaeser
• File:Flag_of_Belebei_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Flag_of_Belebei_%28Bashkortostan%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9781 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Belfast.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Flag_of_Belfast.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
• CityOfBelfastFlag.PNG Original artist: CityOfBelfastFlag.PNG: The College of Arms / The Flag Institute
• File:Flag_of_Belgrade.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Flag_of_Belgrade.svg License: CC-BY-SA-
3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper. Original artist: The original
uploader was Zscout370 at English Wikipedia
• File:Flag_of_Belogorsk_(Amur_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Flag_of_Belogorsk_%28Amur_
oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/subjects/towns/belogorsk.htm Original artist:
Константин Мочёнов
• File:Flag_of_Belorechensk_(Krasnodar_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Belorechensk_
%28Krasnodar_krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Геральдика.ру Original artist: This work is not an object of copy-
right according to Part IV of Civil Code No. 230-FZ of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2006.
• File:Flag_of_Beloretsk_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Flag_of_Beloretsk_%28Bashkortostan%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9783 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Belovo_(Kemerovo_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Flag_of_Belovo_%28Kemerovo_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Berdsk.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Flag_of_Berdsk.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://berdskadm.ru/ Original artist: Grigoriy V. Kuzhelev, Sergei V. Morzhakov, Valeriy N. Smirnov (Russian: Кужелев
Г. В., Моржаков С. В., Смирнов В. Н.)
• File:Flag_of_Berezniki_(Perm_krai).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Flag_of_Berezniki_%28Perm_
krai%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.berezniki.ru/4/8/ Original artist: Владимир Павлович Шека
• File:Flag_of_Berezovsky_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Berezovsky_
%28Sverdlovsk_oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Cian Akril
• File:Flag_of_Biaroza-Kartuskaja.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Flag_of_Biaroza-Kartuskaja.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Bierazań.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Flag_of_Bieraza%C5%84.png License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: http://www.vexillographia.ru/belarus/index.htm Original artist: NN
• File:Flag_of_Birmingham.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Flag_of_Birmingham.svg License: CC0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: JimmyGuano
• File:Flag_of_Birsk_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Flag_of_Birsk_%28Bashkortostan%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9785 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Blagoveschensk_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Flag_of_Blagoveschensk_
%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9787 Original artist: vector-
images.com
• File:Flag_of_Borovichi_(Novgorod_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Borovichi_
%28Novgorod_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Решение Совета депутатов города Боровичи от 31.01.2012 №
112 «Об утверждении Положения о флаге города Боровичи» Original artist: К. Ф. Мочёнов, Ольга Салова, В. В. Мишин
• File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kseferovic
• File:Flag_of_Bourgogne.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Flag_of_Bourgogne.svg License: CC0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Patricia.fidi
• File:Flag_of_Bratsk_(Irkutsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Flag_of_Bratsk_%28Irkutsk_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.bratsk-city.ru/city/gerb.php Original artist: Администрация города.
• File:Flag_of_Brest_Voblast,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Flag_of_Brest_Voblast%2C_
Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work according to [1] Original artist: Koostia
• File:Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Province of British Columbia [2] Original artist: Original concepts of Arthur John Beanlands; Ambrose
Lee, York Herald (1906); and Conrad Swan, York Herald (1987), College of Arms, London.[3]. Rendered into SVG by -xfi-.
• File:Flag_of_Brno.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Flag_of_Brno.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi-
• File:Flag_of_Bruges.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Bruges.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sayravai
• File:Flag_of_Buda-Kašalova.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Flag_of_Buda-Ka%C5%A1alova.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 173

• File:Flag_of_Buzuluk_(Orenburg_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_Buzuluk_%28Orenburg_

oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/subjects/towns/buzuluk.htm Original artist:
Администрация города Бузулука.
• File:Flag_of_Cambridgeshire.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Flag_of_Cambridgeshire.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: File:County Flag of Cambridgeshire.png Original artist: Ch1902
• File:Flag_of_Cardiff.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Flag_of_Cardiff.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
• City_of_Cardiff_flag.png Original artist: City_of_Cardiff_flag.png: The College of Arms / The Flag Institute
• File:Flag_of_Castile-La_Mancha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Flag_of_Castile-La_Mancha.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Xinese-v
• File:Flag_of_Castile_and_León.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Flag_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n.
svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rastrojo ₍D•ES₎
• File:Flag_of_Chapaevsk_(Samara_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Flag_of_Chapaevsk_
%28Samara_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Решение Думы городского округа Чапаевск Самарской области 4-
го созыва от 30.06.2011 № 105 «О Положении о флаге городского округа Чапаевск Самарской области» Original artist: Администрация
городского округа
• File:Flag_of_Chausy.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Flag_of_Chausy.jpg License: FAL Contribu-
tors: http://chausy.mogilev-region.by/ru/region/geraldika Original artist: Template:LVI
• File:Flag_of_Chekhov_(Moscow_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Flag_of_Chekhov_%28Moscow_
oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/2097 Original artist: Союз геральдистов России. Векторная
обрисовка User:Permjak
• File:Flag_of_Chelyabinsk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Flag_of_Chelyabinsk.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chelyabinsk.png' class='image'><img alt='Flag of Chelyabinsk.png'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Chelyabinsk.png/100px-Flag_of_Chelyabinsk.png' width='100'
height='68' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Chelyabinsk.png/150px-Flag_of_Chelyabinsk.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Flag_of_Chelyabinsk.png 2x' data-file-width='200' data-file-height='135' /></a>
Original artist: Fred the Oyster
• File:Flag_of_Cheremkhovo_(Irkutsk_oblast).gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Cheremkhovo_
%28Irkutsk_oblast%29.gif License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.heraldik.ru/regions/38.htm Original artist: Вадим Семёнов,
Татьяна Ковальская, Константин Моченов, Оксана Афанасьева, Вячеслав Мишин
• File:Flag_of_Chernogorsk_(Khakassia).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Flag_of_Chernogorsk_
%28Khakassia%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=10026 Original artist: vector-
images.com
• File:Flag_of_Chojniki.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Flag_of_Chojniki.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Corsica.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Flag_of_Corsica.svg License: CC0 Contribu-
tors: Own work Original artist: Patricia.fidi
• File:Flag_of_Dimitrovgrad_(Ulianovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Flag_of_Dimitrovgrad_
%28Ulianovsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Dingli.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Dingli.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work based on w:File:DingliHTML.gif Original artist: NikNaks93
• File:Flag_of_Dmitrov_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Flag_of_Dmitrov_%28Moscow_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: О.Ю.Потап (flag design), user:Hellerick (SVG)
• File:Flag_of_Dobromyl.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Flag_of_Dobromyl.png License: Public do-
main Contributors: Transferred from uk.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Олег Кікта at Ukrainian
Wikipedia
• File:Flag_of_Dobruš.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Dobru%C5%A1.png License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: www.vexillographia.ru Original artist: Unknown
• File:Flag_of_Dolgoprudny_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Flag_of_Dolgoprudny_
%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.heraldik.ru/flags/dolgoprudnyy_f.htm Original artist:
Союз геральдистов России.
• File:Flag_of_Domodedovo_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Flag_of_Domodedovo_
%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization
can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Donetck_(Rostov_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_Donetck_%28Rostov_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/16226 Original artist: К. Ф. Мочёнов, К. В. Переходенко,
О. Г. Афанасьева.
• File:Flag_of_Donetsk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Flag_of_Donetsk.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Self-made in Inkscape, based on http://www.vexillography.narod.ru/ukraine/towns/doneck.htm. Original artist: Mysid
• File:Flag_of_Donskoy_(Tula_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Flag_of_Donskoy_%28Tula_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/26183 Original artist: Союз геральдистов России.
174 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:Flag_of_Dubna_(Moscow_oblast)_(2003).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Dubna_

%28Moscow_oblast%29_%282003%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author
of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Early_Medieval_Kingdom_of_Leon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Early_
Medieval_Kingdom_of_Leon.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: SanchoPanzaXXI
• File:Flag_of_Eisk_(Krasnodar_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_Eisk_%28Krasnodar_
krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=8624 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Elektrostal_(Moscow_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_Elektrostal_
%28Moscow_oblast%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Masur
• File:Flag_of_Elets_(Lipetsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Flag_of_Elets_%28Lipetsk_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/subjects/towns/elec.htm Original artist: Администрация
города
• File:Flag_of_Esperanto.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Flag_of_Esperanto.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gabriel Ehrnst GRUNDIN
• File:Flag_of_Essentuki_(Stavropol_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Flag_of_Essentuki_%28Stavropol_
krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Essex.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Greentubing
• File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1975–1987).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%
E2%80%931987%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Johannes Rössel (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.
org/wiki/User_talk:Joey-das-WBF' title='User talk:Joey-das-WBF'>talk</a>)
• File:Flag_of_FIAV.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Flag_of_FIAV.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370, uploaded by Himasaram
• File:Flag_of_Flanders.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Flag_of_Flanders.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: De vlag van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap + various official publications.
An example of the actual flag Original artist: Lemmens, Tom

• File:Flag_of_Florence.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Flag_of_Florence.svg License: Public do-

main Contributors: Fleur-de-lis from Image:Fleur de lis of Florence.svg Original artist: Kanchelskis
• File:Flag_of_Floriana,_Malta.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_Floriana%2C_Malta.png
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Xwejnusgozo
• File:Flag_of_Fontana.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Flag_of_Fontana.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work, based on w:File:FontanaHTML.gif and File:Fontana coa.svg Original artist: GIF flag: Tsum60

• File:Flag_of_Franche-Comté.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Flag_of_Franche-Comt%C3%A9.

svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Adapted from File:Blason fr Franche-Comté.svg Original artist: Damouns + others (see
File:Blason fr Franche-Comté.svg)
• File:Flag_of_Fryazino_(Moscow_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Flag_of_Fryazino_%28Moscow_
oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vectorised SVG version Original artist: Converted to SVG by: Fluter
• File:Flag_of_Frydek-Mistek.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Flag_of_Frydek-Mistek.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tomáš Urban
• File:Flag_of_Gelendzhik_(Krasnodar_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Flag_of_Gelendzhik_
%28Krasnodar_krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization
can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Genoa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Himasaram
• File:Flag_of_Georgievsk_(Stavropol_kray).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Flag_of_Georgievsk_
%28Stavropol_kray%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.georgievsk.ru/city/gerb.php Original artist: Администрация
города.
• File:Flag_of_Gharb.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Gharb.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work, based on w:File:GharbHTML.gif and File:Gharb coa.svg Original artist: GIF flag: Tsum60

• File:Flag_of_Ghaxaq.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Ghaxaq.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0

Contributors: Own work based on w:File:GhaxaqHTML.svg Original artist: NikNaks93
• File:Flag_of_Gomel.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Flag_of_Gomel.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Greece_(1822-1978).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%
29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) User:Makaristos
• File:Flag_of_Grozny_(Chechnya).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Flag_of_Grozny_%28Chechnya%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/27510 Original artist: Д. В. Иванов, А. К. Грефенштейн.
• File:Flag_of_Gubkin_(Belgorod_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Flag_of_Gubkin_%28Belgorod_
oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Решение Совета депутатов Губкинского городского округа Белгородской
области от 21.05.2008 № 4 о принятии Положения «О флаге муниципального образования Губкинский городской округ и
порядке его официального использования». Original artist: Own work
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 175

• File:Flag_of_Gudja.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Flag_of_Gudja.svg License: CC0 Contributors:

Own work Original artist: DoktorRF
• File:Flag_of_Gukovo_(Rostov_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Flag_of_Gukovo_%28Rostov_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Решение Гуковской городской Думы от 28.08.2014 № 525 «Об утверждении
официальных символов (герба и флага) муниципального образования „Город Гуково“» Original artist: Анастасия Басова, К. Ф.
Мочёнов, Анна Гарсия, В. В. Мишин
• File:Flag_of_Gus-Khrustalny_(Vladimirskaya_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Flag_of_
Gus-Khrustalny_%28Vladimirskaya_oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.gus-info.ru/help/simbol/ Original
artist: Администрация города. Векторизация User:Permjak
• File:Flag_of_Hamburg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: drawn by me (red colour from official version of the flag on www.hamburg.de/wappen) Original artist: User:Greentubing
• File:Flag_of_Hamrun.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Hamrun.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work based on: w:File:HamrunHTML.gif Original artist: NikNaks93
• File:Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; Transfer was stated to be made by User:nopira.
Original artist: Original uploader was Orange Tuesday at en.wikipedia

• File:Flag_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg Li-

cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work according [1][2] Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Iklin.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Flag_of_Iklin.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-
tributors: Own work, based on File:Iklin coa.svg Original artist: Coat of arms: Inkwina

• File:Flag_of_Il-Fgura.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_Il-Fgura.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Entropy
• File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors:
• This image is based on the CIA Factbook, and the website of Office of the President of Iraq, vectorized by User:Militaryace Original
artist: Unknown, published by Iraqi governemt, vectorized by User:Militaryace based on the work of User:Hoshie
• File:Flag_of_Ishimbai_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Flag_of_Ishimbai_%28Bashkortostan%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9789 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Iskitim_(Novosibirsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Flag_of_Iskitim_%28Novosibirsk_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.admiskitim.ru/gorod.html Original artist: Администрация города.
• File:Flag_of_Ivacevičy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Flag_of_Ivacevi%C4%8Dy.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Ivanovo_(Ivanovo_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Flag_of_Ivanovo_%28Ivanovo_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Ivanteevka_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Ivanteevka_
%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization
can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Izhevsk_(Udmurtia).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Flag_of_Izhevsk_%28Udmurtia%
29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Флаг города Ижевска Original artist: векторная графика - Виктор_В
• File:Flag_of_Jamtland_lan.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Flag_of_Jamtland_lan.png License: CC
BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: own revised version based on image at Vexilla Mundi Original artist: Juergen Krause
• File:Flag_of_Jelsk.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Flag_of_Jelsk.png License: Public domain Con-
tributors: www.vexillographia.ru Original artist: Unknown
• File:Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: И.Д.Бакрымов, Э.И.Григо, С.А.Колеватов.
• File:Flag_of_Kaluga.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Flag_of_Kaluga.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Popadius
• File:Flag_of_Kamensk-Shakhtinsky_(Rostov_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Flag_of_
Kamensk-Shakhtinsky_%28Rostov_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://kamensk.donland.ru/Default.aspx?pageid=
336 скорректированный под описание Original artist: Администрация города.
• File:Flag_of_Kamensk-Uralsky_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Flag_of_
Kamensk-Uralsky_%28Sverdlovsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=
9576 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Kamyshin.jpeg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Flag_of_Kamyshin.jpeg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.admkamyshin.info/symbolism.php Original artist: Камышинская городская Дума
• File:Flag_of_Kazan_(Tatarstan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Flag_of_Kazan_%28Tatarstan%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at
Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Kaściukovičy.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Flag_of_Ka%C5%9Bciukovi%C4%8Dy.
png License: Public domain Contributors: www.vexillographia.ru Original artist: Unknown
176 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:Flag_of_Kent.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Flag_of_Kent.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-

tributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Richard Thompson
• File:Flag_of_Kercem.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Flag_of_Kercem.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: TheBlueJett4
• File:Flag_of_Khabarovsk_(Khabarovsk_kray).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Flag_of_Khabarovsk_
%28Khabarovsk_kray%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/19682 Original artist: Администрация
города.
• File:Flag_of_Khanty-Mansiysk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Flag_of_Khanty-Mansiysk.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Vectorised SVG version made with Adobe Illustrator Original artist:
• Converted to SVG by: Orange-kun
• File:Flag_of_Kineshma_(Ivanovo_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Flag_of_Kineshma_%28Ivanovo_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.kineshmaduma.ru/solutions/reshenie_12-99/ Original artist: К. Ф.
Мочёнов, О. Г. Афанасьева. Рисунок по описанию User:Permjak.
• File:Flag_of_Kiribati.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Kirishi_(Leningrad_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_Kirishi_%28Leningrad_
oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist:
This drawing was created by Artem Topchiy (user Art-top). Other drawings see here
• File:Flag_of_Kirkop.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Flag_of_Kirkop.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: optigan13 Original artist: optigan13
• File:Flag_of_Kirov_(Kirov_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Kirov_%28Kirov_oblast%
29.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
• Flag_of_Kirov_(Kirov_oblast).png Original artist: Flag_of_Kirov_(Kirov_oblast).png: Администрация города Кирова.
• File:Flag_of_Kiselyovsk_(Kemerovo_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Kiselyovsk_
%28Kemerovo_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9655 Original artist:
vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Kislovodsk_(Stavropol_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Kislovodsk_
%28Stavropol_krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Решение Думы города-курорта Кисловодска от 25.01.2013 № 17-
413 Original artist: А. И. Плужников
• File:Flag_of_Klimovsk_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Flag_of_Klimovsk_%28Moscow_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Klin_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Klin_%28Moscow_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.klincity.ru/gp_sovet_resheniya/ Original artist: реконструкция герба:
Константин Мочёнов (Химки); художник: Роберт Маланичев (Москва); компьютерный дизайн: Оксана Афанасьева (Москва);
обоснование символики: Кирилл Переходенко (Конаково).
• File:Flag_of_Kogalym_(Khanty-Mansyisky_AO).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_Kogalym_
%28Khanty-Mansyisky_AO%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
• Flag_of_Kogalym_(Khanty-Mansyisky_AO).gif Original artist: Flag_of_Kogalym_(Khanty-Mansyisky_AO).gif: городская Дума
• File:Flag_of_Kopeysk_(Chelyabinsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Flag_of_Kopeysk_
%28Chelyabinsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vector-
ization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Krasnogorsk_(Moscow_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Flag_of_Krasnogorsk_
%28Moscow_oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
• Flag_of_Krasnogorsk_(Moscow_oblast).png Original artist: Flag_of_Krasnogorsk_(Moscow_oblast).png: not known - raster graphic
source vector-image.com - this vector image: McSush
• File:Flag_of_Kremenchuk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Flag_of_Kremenchuk.svg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Дмитрий−5-Аверин
• File:Flag_of_Kropotkin_(Krasnodar_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Flag_of_Kropotkin_
%28Krasnodar_krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Kryčaŭ.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Flag_of_Kry%C4%8Da%C5%AD.png Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: www.vexillographia.ru Original artist: Unknown
• File:Flag_of_Kstovo_(Nizhny_Novgorod_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Flag_of_Kstovo_
%28Nizhny_Novgorod_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Решение городской Думы города Кстово от 30.01.2014
№ 386 «Об утверждении Положений о символах муниципального образования городского поселения „город Кстово“ Кстовского
района Нижегородской области» Original artist: Администрация поселения
• File:Flag_of_Kumertau_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Kumertau_%28Bashkortostan%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9791 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Kungur_(Perm_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Kungur_%28Perm_
krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://iskra-kungur.ru/politics/823-teper-delo-za-gimnom.html Original artist: Союз
геральдистов России.
• File:Flag_of_Kursk.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Kursk.png License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 177

• File:Flag_of_Kuznetsk_(Penza_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Flag_of_Kuznetsk_%28Penza_

oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/index.htm Original artist: Unknown
• File:Flag_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Flag_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid76
• File:Flag_of_Kyzyl_(Tuva).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Flag_of_Kyzyl_%28Tuva%29.png Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mkyzyl.ru/city/gerb.php Original artist: Александр Ондарович Ойдуп, Николай Анинович
Амарда.
• File:Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Based on Image:Francophonie 1987.png. Original artist: Denelson83
• File:Flag_of_Leninsk-Kuznetsky_(Kemerovsaya_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Flag_
of_Leninsk-Kuznetsky_%28Kemerovsaya_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.leninsk-kuz.ru/gsnd/doc/
2010/r_40_270510.doc Original artist: Союз геральдистов России.
• File:Flag_of_Lepiel,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Flag_of_Lepiel%2C_Belarus.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Lesnoy_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Flag_of_Lesnoy_%28Sverdlovsk_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://gerb.rossel.ru/ter/sym63 Original artist: Уральская геральдическая ассоциация.
• File:Flag_of_Lipetsk.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Flag_of_Lipetsk.png License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Lipetsk_Oblast.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Flag_of_Lipetsk_Oblast.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work based on: Flag of Lipetsk Oblast.png Original artist: Popadius
• File:Flag_of_Liski_(Voronezh_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_Liski_%28Voronezh_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/subjects/towns/liski.htm Original artist: Ю.
Коржик (г. Воронеж)
• File:Flag_of_Livny_(Oryol_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Flag_of_Livny_%28Oryol_oblast%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=10023 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Lobnya_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Flag_of_Lobnya_%28Moscow_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Lubań,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Flag_of_Luba%C5%84%2C_Belarus.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Luqa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Flag_of_Luqa.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-
tributors: Own work based on w:File:LuqaHTML.gif Original artist: NikNaks93
• File:Flag_of_Lyon.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flag_of_Lyon.png License: Public domain Con-
tributors: This file is from the Open Clip Art Library, which released it explicitly into the public domain (see here). Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Lytkarino_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Flag_of_Lytkarino_%28Moscow_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Lyubertsy_(Moscow_oblast)_(2007).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Flag_of_Lyubertsy_
%28Moscow_oblast%29_%282007%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
• Flag_of_Lyubertsy_(Moscow_oblast)_(2007).png Original artist: Flag_of_Lyubertsy_(Moscow_oblast)_(2007).png: Oleg Agafonov, Kon-
stantin Mochenov, Vladimir Mikhaylov (concept), Galina Rusanova (digital design)
• File:Flag_of_Maastricht.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Flag_of_Maastricht.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Madeira.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Flag_of_Madeira.svg License: CC BY-SA
1.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Magnitogorsk_(Chelyabinsk_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Flag_of_Magnitogorsk_
%28Chelyabinsk_oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://zakon.scli.ru/ru/legal_texts/act_municipal_education/extended/
index.php?do4=document&id4=7bc56899-5144-4485-a4d0-b71682c5542d Original artist:
• Converted to SVG by: SergiySW
• File:Flag_of_Makhachkala_(Dagestan).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Flag_of_Makhachkala_%28Dagestan%
29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vectorization: Own work Original artist: ArnoldPlaton
• File:Flag_of_Maladzechna,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Flag_of_Maladzechna%2C_
Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Malta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Marjina_Horka.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Marjina_Horka.png License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.vexillographia.ru/belarus/index.htm Original artist: NN
• File:Flag_of_Marsa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Flag_of_Marsa.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: This file was derived from: Marsa coa.svg Original artist: Alex Great
• File:Flag_of_Marsaskala.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Marsaskala.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: w:File:MarsaskalaHTML.gif Original artist: Tsum60 (raster image)
SiBr4 (vector image)
178 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:Flag_of_Marsaxlokk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Flag_of_Marsaxlokk.svg License: CC

BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work based on former MarsaxlokkHTML.gif Original artist: NikNaks93
• File:Flag_of_Marseille.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Marseille.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nichalp
• File:Flag_of_Maryland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Maykop.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Maykop.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Дмитрий−5-Аверин
• File:Flag_of_Mdina_municipality,_Malta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_Mdina_municipality%
2C_Malta.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ricordisamoa
• File:Flag_of_Mezhdurechensk_(Kemerovo_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Flag_of_Mezhdurechensk_
%28Kemerovo_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from ru.wikipedia
Original artist: . Original uploader was Permjak at ru.wikipedia
• File:Flag_of_Mezhgorie_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Flag_of_Mezhgorie_
%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9793 Original artist: vector-
images.com
• File:Flag_of_Miass_(Chelyabinsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Miass_%28Chelyabinsk_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Midi-Pyrénées.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Flag_of_Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%
A9es.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Mikhaylovka_(Volgograd_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Flag_of_Mikhaylovka_
%28Volgograd_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Положение о гербе и флаге городского округа город Михайловка
Волгоградской области на официальном сайте администрации города Михайловка Original artist: В. Э. Коваль
• File:Flag_of_Milan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Flag_of_Milan.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Transfered from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Zscout370 at en.wikipedia
• File:Flag_of_Minsk,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: http://www.minsk.gov.by/ru/tempage/symbolics/flag_minsk.cdr Original artist: Минский городской
исполнительный комитет
• File:Flag_of_Montgomery_County,_Maryland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Flag_of_Montgomery_
County%2C_Maryland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work
http://www6.montgomerycountymd.gov/
Fleurde lys lissée from Héraldique meuble Fleur de lys lissée Original artist: The College of Arms (flag)
Palmtree3000 (SVG)
• File:Flag_of_Montreal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Flag_of_Montreal.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Based on [1] Original artist: Own work.
• File:Flag_of_Moscow.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Flag_of_Moscow.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=448 Original artist:
• Converted to SVG by: Oren neu dag
• File:Flag_of_Mosta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Flag_of_Mosta.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: TheBlueJett4
• File:Flag_of_Mqabba.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Mqabba.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work based on w:File:MqabbaHTML.gif Original artist: NikNaks93
• File:Flag_of_Msida.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Flag_of_Msida.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work based on w:File:MsidaHTML.gif Original artist: NikNaks93
• File:Flag_of_Mtarfa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Flag_of_Mtarfa.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Vector version of w:File:MtarfaHTML.gif Original artist: Original PNG: Tsum60

• File:Flag_of_Munxar.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Flag_of_Munxar.svg License: CC0 Contrib-

utors: Own work Original artist: DoktorRF
• File:Flag_of_Mytishchi_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Mytishchi_%28Moscow_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9493 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Naberezhnye_Chelny_(Tatarstan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Flag_of_Naberezhnye_
Chelny_%28Tatarstan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Nadur.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Flag_of_Nadur.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work, based on w:File:NadurHTML.gif and File:Nadur coa.svg Original artist: GIF flag: Tsum60

• File:Flag_of_Nalchik_(Kabardino-Balkaria).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Flag_of_Nalchik_

%28Kabardino-Balkaria%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Решение Совета местного самоуправления городского округа
Нальчик Кабардино-Балкарской Республики 16.09.2011 № 416 «О гербе и флаге городского округа Нальчик» Original artist:
Совет местного самоуправления.
• File:Flag_of_Namibia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 179

• File:Flag_of_Naro-Fominsk_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Flag_of_Naro-Fominsk_

%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization
can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Naxxar.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Naxxar.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work based on w:File:NaxxarHTML.gif Original artist: NikNaks93
• File:Flag_of_Nazarovo_(Krasnoyarsk_kray).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Flag_of_Nazarovo_
%28Krasnoyarsk_kray%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Решение Назаровского городского Совета депутатов от 27.12.2013
№ 18−145 «Об официальных символах города Назарово» Original artist: Евгений Мендюк, В. Б. Дюков, К. Ф. Мочёнов, Сергей
Сетов, Галина Куликова, Ольга Салова
• File:Flag_of_Nazran_(Ingushetia).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Flag_of_Nazran_%28Ingushetia%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Решение Городского совета муниципального образования «Городской округ город
Назрань» от 18.03.2014 № 33/119−2 "Об утверждении Положения «О флаге муниципального образования „Городской округ
город Назрань“»; Решение Городского совета муниципального образования «Городской округ город Назрань» от 24.04.2014 №
34/123−2 «О флаге муниципального образования „Городской округ город Назрань“» Original artist: Администрация города.
• File:Flag_of_Neftekamsk_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Flag_of_Neftekamsk_
%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9734 Original artist: vector-
images.com
• File:Flag_of_Nefteyugansk_(Khanty-Mansia).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Nefteyugansk_
%28Khanty-Mansia%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://admugansk.ru/category/9 Original artist: Администрация
города.
• File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Constitution of The Kingdom of Nepal, Article 5, Schedule 1 [1] Original artist: Drawn by User:Pumbaa80, User:Achim1999
• File:Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg License:
CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Drawn and adapted by E Pluribus Anthony from and in accordance with above noted website.
• File:Flag_of_Nizhnekamsk_rayon_(Tatarstan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Nizhnekamsk_
rayon_%28Tatarstan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=8799 Original artist:
vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Flag_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Based on File:Flag of Nizhny Novgorod.png. Originally uploaded at File:Flag of Nizhny Novgorod
Region (simplified).svg. Original artist: The original uploader was AlexTref871 at Wikimedia Commons
• File:Flag_of_Nizhny_Tagil_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Flag_of_Nizhny_
Tagil_%28Sverdlovsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9992 Original
artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Noginsk_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_Noginsk_%28Moscow_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/20464 Original artist: Own work
• File:Flag_of_Norilsk_(Krasnoyarsk_kray).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Flag_of_Norilsk_%28Krasnoyarsk_
kray%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Source Original artist: This work is not an object of copyright according to Part IV
of Civil Code No. 230-FZ of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2006.
• File:Flag_of_Northumberland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Flag_of_Northumberland.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Created by self Original artist: Greentubing
• File:Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: http://www.gov.ns.ca/cmns/flagspublic.asp Original artist: Some modifications by Zscout370.
• File:Flag_of_Novocheboksarsk_(Chuvashia).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Novocheboksarsk_
%28Chuvashia%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9671 Original artist: vector-
images.com
• File:Flag_of_Novomoskovsk_(Tula_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Flag_of_Novomoskovsk_
%28Tula_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can
be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Novorossiysk.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Flag_of_Novorossiysk.gif License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/subjects/towns/novoross.htm Original artist: Неизвестны
• File:Flag_of_Novosibirsk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Flag_of_Novosibirsk.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: novo-sibirsk.ru Original artist: Grigoriy Kuzhelev, Sergei Morzhakov, Valeriy Smirnov
• File:Flag_of_Novotroitsk_(Orenburg_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Flag_of_Novotroitsk_
%28Orenburg_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectoriza-
tion can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Novy_Urengoy_(Yamal_Nenetsia).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Novy_
Urengoy_%28Yamal_Nenetsia%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Официальные символы Ямало-Ненецкого автономного
округа / Под ред. Г. В. Калашникова. — Екатеринбург: Издательство Баско, 2012. — 296 с. — (Территориальная геральдика
современной России). — 1000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-91356-175-6 Original artist: «Союз геральдистов России»
• File:Flag_of_Noyabrsk_(Yamal_Nenetsia).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Flag_of_Noyabrsk_%28Yamal_
Nenetsia%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Официальные символы Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа / Под ред. Г.
В. Калашникова. — Екатеринбург: Издательство Баско, 2012. — 296 с. — (Территориальная геральдика современной России).
— 1000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-91356-175-6 Original artist: «Союз геральдистов России»
• File:Flag_of_Obninsk_(Kaluga_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Flag_of_Obninsk_%28Kaluga_
oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Own work
180 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:Flag_of_Odintsovo_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Flag_of_Odintsovo_%28Moscow_

oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Oktyabrsky_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Flag_of_Oktyabrsky_
%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9776, Original artist: vector-
images,
улучшение: gimaev98
• File:Flag_of_Omsk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Flag_of_Omsk.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Решение Омского городского Совета от 16.04.2014 № 222 «О флаге города Омска» Original artist: Администрация
• File:Flag_of_Orenburg.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_Orenburg.png License: Public do-
main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Orsk.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Flag_of_Orsk.jpg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Transferred from ru.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was ВАЛ орск at ru.wikipedia
• File:Flag_of_Ostrava.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_Ostrava.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: based on http://www.ostrava.cz/jahia/Jahia/site/ostrava/ostrava/o-meste/znak-mesta-ostravy Original artist: unknown, con-
vert to SVG Tlusťa
• File:Flag_of_Ozyorsk_(Chelyabinsk_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Flag_of_Ozyorsk_
%28Chelyabinsk_oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Paola,_Malta.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/54/Flag_of_Paola%2C_Malta.gif License: Fair use
Contributors: http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/mt-45.html Original artist: Flags of the World
• File:Flag_of_Pardubice.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Flag_of_Pardubice.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: http://www.mesto-pardubice.cz/spravamesta/vyhlasky/vyhl_2005_1.html Original artist: Unknown, convert to SVG
Tlusťa
• File:Flag_of_Pastavy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Flag_of_Pastavy.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Pavlovsky_Posad_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Flag_of_Pavlovsky_
Posad_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vec-
torization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Pembroke.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Flag_of_Pembroke.svg License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, based on w:File:PembrokeHTML.gif and File:Pembroke coa.svg Original artist: GIF flag: Tsum60

• File:Flag_of_Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Flag_of_Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky.

svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: http://www.kyiv-obl.gov.ua/viewradi.php3?m=63&p=171 Original artist: UP9
• File:Flag_of_Perm.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Perm.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Дмитрий−5-Аверин
• File:Flag_of_Pervouralsk_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Flag_of_Pervouralsk_
%28Sverdlovsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vector-
ization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Picardie.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_Picardie.svg License: CC0 Contrib-
utors: Own work Original artist: Patricia.fidi
• File:Flag_of_Pietrykaŭ.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Flag_of_Pietryka%C5%AD.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Polevskoy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Polevskoy.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: http://gerb.duma.midural.ru/ter/sym78 Original artist: http://gerb.duma.midural.ru/ter/sym78
• File:Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Prokhladny_(Kabardino-Balkaria).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Flag_of_Prokhladny_
%28Kabardino-Balkaria%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://admprohladnyi.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=
blogcategory&id=15&Itemid=39 Original artist: Совет местного самоуправления.
• File:Flag_of_Provence-Alpes-Cote_dAzur.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Flag_of_Provence-Alpes-Cote_
dAzur.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Diades
• File:Flag_of_Pskov_(Pskov_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Flag_of_Pskov_%28Pskov_oblast%
29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Pushkino_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Flag_of_Pushkino_%28Moscow_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/subjects/towns/pushkino.htm Original artist: Г.
Б. Китайгородский, А. А. Колотилов, О. В. Агафонов, С. Несветайло, К. Ф. Мочёнов, В. Спиридонов, К. В. Переходенко, О. Г.
Афанасьева.
• File:Flag_of_Pyatigorsk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Pyatigorsk.svg License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: San-San-San
• File:Flag_of_Qormi.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Flag_of_Qormi.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: QormiHTML.gif Original artist: Original uploader was Tsum60 at en.wikipedia
• File:Flag_of_Qrendi.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Flag_of_Qrendi.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: QrendiHTML.gif Original artist: NikNaks
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 181

• File:Flag_of_Ramenskoye_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Flag_of_Ramenskoye_

%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization
can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Reutov_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Flag_of_Reutov_%28Moscow_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Revda_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Revda_%28Sverdlovsk_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Rockville,_Maryland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Flag_of_Rockville%2C_Maryland.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Paul Connor and Nadine Russell
• File:Flag_of_Rossosh_(Voronezh_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Flag_of_Rossosh_%28Voronezh_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.rossosh.info/gerb.php Original artist: Василий Мухин, Геннадий
Колчин, Ефим Комаровский, К. Ф. Мочёнов, Дмитрий Меркулов, Ирина Соколова.
• File:Flag_of_Ryazan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Ryazan.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Keder-one
• File:Flag_of_Rybinsk.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Flag_of_Rybinsk.png License: Public do-
main Contributors: Официальный сайт Администрации городского округа город Рыбинск Original artist: Unknown
• File:Flag_of_Rzhev_(Tver_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Rzhev_%28Tver_oblast%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/subjects/towns/rzhev.htm Original artist: В. И. Лавренов
• File:Flag_of_Safi.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Flag_of_Safi.svg License: FAL Contributors: Trans-
ferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:IngerAlHaosului using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: Mifter (talk). Original uploader was Mifter at en.wikipedia
• File:Flag_of_Saint_Paul’{}s_Bay.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_Saint_Paul%27s_Bay.
svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, based on w:File:SanPawlilBaharHTML.gif and File:St Pauls Bay coa.svg Original
artist: GIF flag: Tsum60

• File:Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg_Russia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg_

Russia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Connormah
• File:Flag_of_Salavat_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Flag_of_Salavat_%28Bashkortostan%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=10184 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Salsk_(Rostov_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Flag_of_Salsk_%28Rostov_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://salsk.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=37
Original artist: Администрация города.
• File:Flag_of_San_Ġiljan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_San_%C4%A0iljan.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ricordisamoa
• File:Flag_of_Sannat.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Flag_of_Sannat.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work, based on w:File:SannatHTML.gif and File:Sannat coa.svg Original artist: GIF flag: Tsum60

• File:Flag_of_Santa_Venera.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Flag_of_Santa_Venera.svg License: CC

BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, based on w:File:SantaVeneraHTML.gif and File:St Venera coa.svg Original artist: GIF flag: Tsum60

• File:Flag_of_Saransk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Flag_of_Saransk.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: http://113rus.ru/news/21600 Original artist: Администрация округа
• File:Flag_of_Scania.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Flag_of_Scania.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Based on the works already here, File:Skåne_vapen.svg and File:Skåne län vapenflagga.svg by User:Lokal_Profil Original
artist: User:Flaggalf based upon works by User:Lokal_Profil
• File:Flag_of_Schelkovo_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Flag_of_Schelkovo_%28Moscow_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9549 Original artist: Союз геральдистов
России.
• File:Flag_of_Schyekino_(Tula_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Flag_of_Schyekino_%28Tula_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/21762 Original artist: М. К. Шелковенко.
• File:Flag_of_Sergiev_Posad_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Flag_of_Sergiev_
Posad_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vec-
torization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Serov_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Serov_%28Sverdlovsk_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Serpukhov_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Flag_of_Serpukhov_
%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization
can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Severomorsk_(Murmansk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Flag_of_Severomorsk_
%28Murmansk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectoriza-
tion can be found at Vector-images.com.
182 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:Flag_of_Seversk_(Tomsk_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Flag_of_Seversk_%28Tomsk_

oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/subjects/towns/seversk.htm Original artist: Администрация
Северска.
• File:Flag_of_Shakhty_(Rostov_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Flag_of_Shakhty_%28Rostov_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Решение городской Думы города Шахты от 29.02.2012 № 208 "Об утверждении
«Положения об официальных символах муниципального образования „Город Шахты“ Ростовской области»" Original artist: Союз
геральдистов России
• File:Flag_of_Shropshire.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Flag_of_Shropshire.svg License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hogweard
• File:Flag_of_Shuya_(Ivanovo_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Flag_of_Shuya_%28Ivanovo_
oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Решение Думы городского округа Шуя от 28.05.2008 № 50 Original artist: Own
work
• File:Flag_of_Sibai_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Flag_of_Sibai_%28Bashkortostan%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9795 Original artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Siġġiewi.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Flag_of_Si%C4%A1%C4%A1iewi.svg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: NikNaks
• File:Flag_of_Slavyansk-na-Kubani_(Krasnodar_Krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_
Slavyansk-na-Kubani_%28Krasnodar_Krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=
10940 Original artist: Unknown
• File:Flag_of_Sliema.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Flag_of_Sliema.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: w:File:SliemaHTML.gif Original artist: Tsum60 (raster image)
SiBr4 (vector image)
• File:Flag_of_Slutsk,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Flag_of_Slutsk%2C_Belarus.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: http://nasledie-sluck.by/ru/sluchina/heraldry/543/ Original artist: Republic of Belarus
• File:Flag_of_Sochi_(Krasnodar_krai).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Flag_of_Sochi_%28Krasnodar_
krai%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Autor of SVG file Ivangricenko
• File:Flag_of_Solikamsk_(Perm_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Flag_of_Solikamsk_%28Perm_
krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://adm.solkam.ru/solikamsk/GerbFlag/default.aspx Original artist: Администрация
города.
• File:Flag_of_Solnechnogorsk_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Flag_of_Solnechnogorsk_
%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Решение Совета депутатов городского поселения Солнечногорск
Солнечногорского муниципального района Московской области от 10.06.2008 № 137/28 «О флаге муниципального образования
городское поселение Солнечногорск Солнечногорского муниципального района Московской области» Original artist: Л. М.
Мирский, Г. А. Туник, К. Ф. Мочёнов, Анна Гарсия, В. В. Мишин
• File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: see below Original artist: see upload history
• File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: Per specifications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National flag Original artist: Flag design by
Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
• File:Flag_of_Stary_Oskol_(Belgorod_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Flag_of_Stary_Oskol_
%28Belgorod_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectoriza-
tion can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Sterlitamak_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Flag_of_Sterlitamak_
%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9797 Original artist: vector-
images.com
• File:Flag_of_Stoǔbcy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Flag_of_Sto%C7%94bcy.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Strasbourg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Flag_of_Strasbourg.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Stupino_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Flag_of_Stupino_%28Moscow_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Решение Совета депутатов городского поселения Ступино Ступинского муниципального
района Московской области от 19.11.2009 № 27/3 «О принятии муниципального нормативного правового акта „Положение о
флаге городского поселения Ступино Ступинского муниципального района Московской области“». Муниципальный нормативный
правовой акт «Положение о флаге городского поселения Ступино Ступинского муниципального района Московской области»
от 19.11.2009 № 6/2009 — МНПА. Original artist: Союз геральдистов России.
• File:Flag_of_Surgut_(Khanty-Mansia_(Yugra)).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Flag_of_Surgut_
%28Khanty-Mansia_%28Yugra%29%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=301 Orig-
inal artist: vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Sussex.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Flag_of_Sussex.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: The Flag Institute Original artist: Unknown
• File:Flag_of_Svietlahorsk,_Belarus.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Flag_of_Svietlahorsk%2C_
Belarus.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.vexillographia.ru/belarus/index.htm Original artist: Геральдычны савет
пры Прэзідэнце Рэспублікі Беларусь.
• File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: ? Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 183

• File:Flag_of_Syktyvkar_(Komia).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Flag_of_Syktyvkar_%28Komia%

29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/subjects/towns/syktyv.htm Original artist: А. И. Неверов
• File:Flag_of_Tambov_(Tambov_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Flag_of_Tambov_%28Tambov_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://city.tambov.gov.ru/index.php?id=71&0= Original artist: Идея флага —
администрация города Тамбова. Геральдическая доработка — К. Ф. Мочёнов. Художник — О. Г. Афанасьева.
• File:Flag_of_Tarxien.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Flag_of_Tarxien.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work based on w:File:TarxienHTML.gif Original artist: NikNaks93
• File:Flag_of_Ternopil_Oblast.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Flag_of_Ternopil_Oblast.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: File:Flag-of-Ternopil-Oblast.svg by Allocer Original artist: Ahnode
• File:Flag_of_Tikhoretsk_(Krasnodar_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Tikhoretsk_
%28Krasnodar_krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Мочёнов К. Ф., Коржик Ю. В., Рыков А. В., Нагаевский В. В.,
Шарунов М. В., Сапелкин В. Н. Официальные символы Краснодарского края и муниципальных образований. — М.: «Гербы и
флаги», 2007. — 320 с. — 3000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-7034-0212-2 Original artist: В. В. Нагаевский, К. Ф. Мочёнов, Г. А. Русанова
• File:Flag_of_Tikhvin_(Leningrad_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Tikhvin_%28Leningrad_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Toulon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_Toulon.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Amit6
• File:Flag_of_Tuapse_(Krasnodar_krai).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Flag_of_Tuapse_%28Krasnodar_
krai%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: This work is not an object of copyright according to Part IV of
Civil Code No. 230-FZ of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2006.
• File:Flag_of_Tuimazy_rayon_(Bashkortostan).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_Tuimazy_
rayon_%28Bashkortostan%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=9811 Original artist:
vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Tula.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Flag_of_Tula.png License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Tula_Oblast.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Flag_of_Tula_Oblast.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Ulan-Ude_(Buryatia).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Flag_of_Ulan-Ude_%28Buryatia%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/25988 Original artist: Администрация города Улан-Удэ
• File:Flag_of_Ullà.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Flag_of_Ull%C3%A0.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Mutari 14:10, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
• File:Flag_of_Ust-Ilimsk_(Irkutsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Flag_of_Ust-Ilimsk_
%28Irkutsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization
can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Utrecht.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Flag_of_Utrecht.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work based on Image:Flag utrecht city.gif Original artist: Siebrand
• File:Flag_of_Uzlovaya_(Tula_oblast).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Flag_of_Uzlovaya_%28Tula_
oblast%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Решение Собрания депутатов муниципального образования город Узловая от
18.12.2013 № 13−59 «О флаге муниципального образования город Узловая Узловского района» Original artist: Союз геральдистов
России
• File:Flag_of_Valletta,_Malta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Flag_of_Valletta%2C_Malta.svg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, based on File:Flag of Valletta.png and File:Valletta coa.svg Original artist: PNG flag:
Jean Körp

• File:Flag_of_Vasilevičy,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Flag_of_Vasilevi%C4%8Dy%

2C_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Velikie_Luki_(Pskov_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Velikie_Luki_
%28Pskov_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization
can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Veliky_Novgorod.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Veliky_Novgorod.png Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: http://www.adm.nov.ru/parse.jsp?uid=C859CFF6F05DC4B2C32578A000292583 Original artist:
Администрация города.
• File:Flag_of_Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_(Sverdlovsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Flag_
of_Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_%28Sverdlovsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Un-
known. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Vic.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Flag_of_Vic.svg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: Own work Original artist: Mutari 16:38, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
• File:Flag_of_Vietka,_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Vietka%2C_Belarus.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Vinnycia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Flag_of_Vinnycia.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: http://heraldry.com.ua/index.php3?lang=U&context=info&id=121 Original artist: UP9
• File:Flag_of_Vladimir.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Flag_of_Vladimir.png License: Public do-
main Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.
184 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:Flag_of_Vologda.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Flag_of_Vologda.png License: Public do-

main Contributors: own work, based on File:Coat of Arms of Vologda (Vologda oblast) (1780).png Original artist: putnik
• File:Flag_of_Voronezh.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Voronezh.png License: Public do-
main Contributors: http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/subjects/towns/voronezh.htm Source Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Voronezh_Oblast.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_of_Voronezh_Oblast.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Self-made in Inkscape, based on FOTW. Original artist: Mysid after António Martins
• File:Flag_of_Voskresensk_city_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Voskresensk_
city_%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.heraldik.ru/flags/voskresenskgp_f.htm Original artist:
Союз геральдистов России.
• File:Flag_of_Votkinsk_(Udmurtia).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Flag_of_Votkinsk_%28Udmurtia%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Vsevolozhsk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Flag_of_Vsevolozhsk.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Valeriy10f
• File:Flag_of_Vyazma_(Smolensk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Flag_of_Vyazma_%28Smolensk_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mgorv.ru/index.php?go=pages&in=view&id=899 Original artist: М. Ю.
Медведев, К. Ф. Мочёнов, О. Г. Афанасьева.
• File:Flag_of_Vyborg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Vyborg.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=8737 Original artist: Svg conversion by EJavanainen, original image from
vector-images.com
• File:Flag_of_Vyshny_Volochyok_(Tver_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Flag_of_Vyshny_
Volochyok_%28Tver_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.gerbocenter.ru/districts/vvolok.html Original
artist: Администрация города.
• File:Flag_of_Wales_2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Wales_2.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Open Clipart Library Original artist: Unknown
Vector graphics by Tobias Jakobs
• File:Flag_of_Wallonia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Flag_of_Wallonia.svg License: CC0 Con-
tributors: Coq de Paulus Original artist: Lemmens, Tom
• File:Flag_of_Xaghra.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Flag_of_Xaghra.svg License: CC0 Contribu-
tors: Own work Original artist: DoktorRF
• File:Flag_of_Xewkija,_Malta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Flag_of_Xewkija%2C_Malta.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: An Encore Performance From The Boys In The Band
• File:Flag_of_Xghajra.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_Xghajra.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work, based on File:MLT Xgħajra flag.gif and File:Xghajra.svg Original artist: GIF flag: Tsum60

• File:Flag_of_Yalta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Yalta.svg License: Public domain Con-

tributors: based on [1] Original artist: Hellerick (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Hellerick' title='User talk:Hellerick'>talk</a>)
• File:Flag_of_Yaroslavl_Oblast.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Flag_of_Yaroslavl_Oblast.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: http://www.adm.yar.ru/section.aspx?section_id=111 Original artist: Mikhail Medvedev, Dmitry
Ivanov
• File:Flag_of_Yegorievsk_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Flag_of_Yegorievsk_
%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://goregor.aismo.ru/userdata/120528.jpg Original artist: К. Ф.
Мочёнов, М. Ю. Медведев, О. Г. Афанасьева.
• File:Flag_of_York.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Flag_of_York.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contrib-
utors: crwflags.com Original artist: Ec.Domnowall
• File:Flag_of_Yoshkar-Ola_(Mariy-El).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Flag_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%28Mariy-El%
29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.rg.ru/2011/06/24/reg-volga-kama/gerb-anons.html Original artist: Администрация
города
• File:Flag_of_Yurga_(Kemerovo_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Yurga_%28Kemerovo_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.adm.yrg.kuzbass.net/city-flag.html Original artist: К. Ф. Мочёнов, С.
А. Исаев.
• File:Flag_of_Zabbar.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Zabbar.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work based on former ZabbarHTML.gif Original artist: NikNaks93
• File:Flag_of_Zarechny_(Penza_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Flag_of_Zarechny_%28Penza_
oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found
at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Zelenodolsk_(Tatarstan).gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Flag_of_Zelenodolsk_%28Tatarstan%
29.gif License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from ru.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Hardscarf using CommonsHelper.
Original artist:
Original uploader was K AHTOH at ru.wikipedia.
• File:Flag_of_Zelenogorsk_(Krasnoyarsk_krai).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Flag_of_Zelenogorsk_
%28Krasnoyarsk_krai%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectoriza-
tion can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Zheleznodorozhny_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Flag_of_Zheleznodorozhny_
%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization
can be found at Vector-images.com.
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 185

• File:Flag_of_Zheleznogorsk.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Flag_of_Zheleznogorsk.svg License:

CC0 Contributors: Own work, based on http://www.admk26.ru/o_gorode/simvolika Original artist: Taejo
• File:Flag_of_Zhigulyovsk_(Samara_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Zhigulyovsk_
%28Samara_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization
can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Zhlobin.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Flag_of_Zhlobin.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Zhodzina.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Flag_of_Zhodzina.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Zhukovsky_(Moscow_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Flag_of_Zhukovsky_
%28Moscow_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization
can be found at Vector-images.com.
• File:Flag_of_Zlatoust_(Chelyabinsk_oblast).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Flag_of_Zlatoust_
%28Chelyabinsk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Zurrieq.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Zurrieq.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work based on w:File:ZurrieqHTML.png Original artist: NikNaks93
• File:Flag_of_Zwolle.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Flag_of_Zwolle.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Andreas Trepte
• File:Flag_of_the_CPLP.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/34/Flag_of_the_CPLP.svg License: Fair use Contrib-
utors:
Vectorisation (by User:Pbroks13) of the official flag Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_the_City_of_London.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Flag_of_the_City_of_London.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Greentubing
• File:Flag_of_the_Hispanicity.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Flag_of_the_Hispanicity.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rastrojo ₍D•ES₎ \
• File:Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.
svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Li-
cense: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Flag of the United Nations from the Open Clip Art website. Modifications by Denelson83, Zscout370
and Madden. Official construction sheet here.
United Nations (1962) The United Nations flag code and regulations, as amended November 11, 1952, New York OCLC: 7548838. Original
artist: Wilfried Huss / Anonymous
• File:Flag_of_the_West_Midlands_County.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Flag_of_the_West_Midlands_
County.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jpb1301
• File:Flag_of_turku_Finland-.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Flag_of_turku_Finland-.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Connormah
• File:Flag_of_Čačersk.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dersk.png Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: www.vexillographia.ru Original artist: Unknown
• File:Flag_of_Śvisłač.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Flag_of_%C5%9Avis%C5%82a%C4%8D.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Ščučyn.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_%C5%A0%C4%8Du%C4%8Dyn.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonid 2
• File:Flag_of_Żebbuġ,_Gozo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Flag_of_%C5%BBebbu%C4%A1%
2C_Gozo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: An Encore Performance From The Boys In The Band
• File:Flag_types_gallery.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Flag_types_gallery.svg License: CC-BY-
SA-3.0 Contributors: according to w:en:Image:Flag types gallery.png created by User:Denelson83 (22:39, 21 November 2004) Original
artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi-
• File:Flags_-_swim_between_the.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Flags_-_swim_between_the.png
License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: Original uploader was Jecowa at en.wikipedia
• File:Flags_at_half-staff_outside_Central_Plaza.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flags_at_half-staff_
outside_Central_Plaza.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wrightbus
• File:Flags_crossed_-_do_not_swim.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Flags_crossed_-_do_not_swim.
png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: Original uploader was Jecowa at en.wikipedia
• File:Flags_of_Synelnykove.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flags_of_Synelnykove.png License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flagterm.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Flagterm.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
en:Image:Flagterm.png Original artist: User:Fonzy
• File:FlorenceCoA.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/FlorenceCoA.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Connormah
186 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:Fontana_coa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Fontana_coa.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-

tributors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
• File:Frýdek_Místek_CoA_CZ.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Fr%C3%BDdek_M%C3%ADstek_
CoA_CZ.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tomáš Urban
• File:Funeral_Elisabeth.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Funeral_Elisabeth.jpg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Susan Doran, editor, Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum, London, Chatto & Windus 2003.
Original artist: Unknown
• File:Gay_flag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Gay_flag.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
SVG source (version of 04:11, 28 Dec 2010 — currently other colors are used): Original artist: Guanaco and subsequent editors
• File:Gdansk_flag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Gdansk_flag.svg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Gelendzhik.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Gelendzhik.svg License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: ?
• File:Gerb_kineshma_ivanovskaya_oblast.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Gerb_kineshma_ivanovskaya_
oblast.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://admkineshma.ru/city/gerb.php Original artist: Идея флага: Константин Моченов
(Химки);
Художник и компьютерный дизайн: Оксана Афанасьева (Москва)
Обоснование символики: Кирилл Переходенко (Конаково)
• File:Gerb_u_u.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Gerb_u_u.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Originally from ru.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: Original uploader was Serguu at ru.wikipedia
• File:Ghajsielem_coa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Ghajsielem_coa.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
• File:Gharb_coa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Gharb_coa.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contribu-
tors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
• File:GharghulSVG.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/GharghulSVG.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GharghurHTML.gif Original artist: Tsum60 (original), EdwardRech (SVG)
• File:Gharghur_coa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Gharghur_coa.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
• File:Ghaxaq_coa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Ghaxaq_coa.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contrib-
utors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
• File:Glynany_h.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Glynany_h.png License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: http://heraldry.com.ua/index.php3?lang=U&context=info&id=3085#verh Українська геральдика Original artist: Hlyniany
• File:Glynany_s.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Glynany_s.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
http://heraldry.com.ua/index.php3?lang=U&context=info&id=3084#verh Original artist: Andrii Grechylo
• File:Gonfalone_Comune_Montebuono.GIF Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Gonfalone_Comune_Montebuono.
GIF License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Codice1000.en
• File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Strasbourg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Greater_coat_of_arms_
of_Strasbourg.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, some elements by Sodacan Original artist: Ssolbergj (original),
Katepanomegas (current)
• File:Gudia_coa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Gudia_coa.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contribu-
tors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
• File:Gukovo_gerb.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Gukovo_gerb.gif License: Public domain Con-
tributors: http://www.heraldicum.ru/russia/subjects/towns/gukovo.htm Original artist: Unknown
• File:Għajnsielem_Malta_flag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/G%C4%A7ajnsielem_Malta_flag.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, Derived from GhajnsielmHTML.gif Original artist: Hazmat2
• File:HMAS_Sydney.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/HMAS_Sydney.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: John Vaughan personal library Original artist: Unknown
• File:Haarlem_wapen.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Haarlem_wapen.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/
wiki/File:Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg' class='image'><img alt='Small coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/16px-Small_coat_of_
arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png' width='16' height='20' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_
coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/24px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.
svg.png 2x' data-file-width='1009' data-file-height='1234' /></a> Small coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg (by ). Original artist: Mcke
• File:Hamrun_coa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Hamrun_coa.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
• File:Havirov_CoA.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Havirov_CoA.png License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Originally from cs.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: Original uploader was Zirland at cs.wikipedia
• File:Havirov_prapor.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Havirov_prapor.gif License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Transferred from cs.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Zirland at Czech Wikipedia
• File:Heat_banners_in_the_rafters.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Heat_banners_in_the_rafters.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr: banners in the rafters Original artist: JASON ANFINSEN
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 187

• File:Hellenic_Army_War_Flag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Hellenic_Army_War_Flag.svg Li-

cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: St George taken from en:File:Athanasios Diakos 1821.svg (PD), trim from File:Regimental colours
of NVA (East Germany).svg (PD), otherwise own work by uploader Original artist: Cplakidas
• File:Heraldic_tinctures.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Heraldic_tinctures.svg License: CC0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Dmitry Fomin
• File:Herb_Szablon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Herb_Szablon.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Zirguezi
• File:Hmilnk_city_prapor.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Hmilnk_city_prapor.png License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: http://www.heraldry.com.ua/ Original artist: Современный флаг Хмельника создан (возрождён) д.и.н. М.Ф.Дмитриенко
и к.и.н. Ю.К.Савчуком.
• File:Hmilnyk_city_gerb.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Hmilnyk_city_gerb.png License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.heraldry.com.ua/ Original artist: Современный герб Хмельника создан (возрождён) д.и.н. М.Ф.Дмитриенко
и к.и.н. Ю.К.Савчуком.
• File:ICS_Delta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/ICS_Delta.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
• File:IFIS_Alternate.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/IFIS_Alternate.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Recreation in SVG of IFIS_Alternate.png by Denelson83 Original artist: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:
DoktorMandrake' title='User:DoktorMandrake' class='mw-redirect'>Doktor</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DoktorMandrake'
title='User talk:DoktorMandrake' class='mw-redirect'>Mandrake</a>
• File:IFIS_Authorised.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/IFIS_Authorised.svg License: CC-BY-SA-
3.0 Contributors: Recreation in SVG of IFIS Authorized.png by Denelson83 Original artist: DoktorMandrake (talk)
• File:IFIS_De_facto.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/IFIS_De_facto.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-
tributors: Recreation in SVG of De facto.png IFIS De facto.png by Denelson83 Original artist: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
User:DoktorMandrake' title='User:DoktorMandrake' class='mw-redirect'>Doktor</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_
talk:DoktorMandrake' title='User talk:DoktorMandrake' class='mw-redirect'>Mandrake</a>
• File:IFIS_Equal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/IFIS_Equal.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-
tors: Recreation in SVG format of IFIS_Equal.png by Denelson83 Original artist: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:DoktorMandrake'
title='User:DoktorMandrake' class='mw-redirect'>Doktor</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DoktorMandrake' ti-
tle='User talk:DoktorMandrake' class='mw-redirect'>Mandrake</a>
• File:IFIS_Historical.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/IFIS_Historical.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Recreation in SVG of IFIS_Historical.png by Denelson83 Original artist: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:
DoktorMandrake' title='User:DoktorMandrake' class='mw-redirect'>Doktor</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DoktorMandrake'
title='User talk:DoktorMandrake' class='mw-redirect'>Mandrake</a>
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188 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

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21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 189

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190 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

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• File:NewBrunswick_CoatOfArms.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/55/NewBrunswick_CoatOfArms.png Li-

cense: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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main Contributors: http://adm.nikopol.net Официальный сайт Никопольской городской администрации Original artist: ?
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tributors: http://www.heraldik.ru/reg50/50noginsk_g.gif Original artist: Union héraldiste de Russie
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http://heraldry.com.ua/index.php3?lang=U&context=info&id=641#verh Українська геральдика Original artist: Andrii Grechylo
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domain Contributors: Decree for implementation of Olomouc, No. 25/1996 Original artist: Anonymous
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tributors: Decree for implementation of Olomouc, No. 25/1996 Original artist: Anonymous
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cense: Public domain Contributors: BK55.ru Original artist: Yevgeniy Gruzdov, Yevgeniy Zhuravlyov, Igor Vakhotov, Sergey Lyovin
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tors: Own work Original artist: Tomasz Steifer, Gdansk
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main Contributors: based on Znak města Ostravy Original artist: unknown, convert to SVG Tlusťa
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Public domain Contributors: Uchwała Nr LI/1431/10 Rady Miasta Gdańska z dnia 26 sierpnia 2010 roku w sprawie uchwalenia Statutu
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SA 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
• pl.wiki: WarX
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9Al%C4%85ska_alt_COA.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape by Bastianowa (Bastiana).
Original artist: Bastianow (Bastian)
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cense: Public domain Contributors: Uchwała 34/09 Original artist: This vector image was created with Inkscape by Bastianowa (Bastiana).
• File:POL_Przemyśl_flag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/POL_Przemy%C5%9Bl_flag.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.przemysl.pl/kultura/721/722/3918.html Original artist: This vector image was created with
Inkscape by Bastianow (Bastiana).
• File:POL_Rzeszów_COA.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/POL_Rzesz%C3%B3w_COA.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Urząd Miasta Rzeszowa http://www.rzeszow.pl/promocja/logo-rzeszowa Original artist: Urząd Miasta Rzes-
zowa
• File:POL_Tczew_COA_1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/POL_Tczew_COA_1.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:POL_Tczew_flag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/POL_Tczew_flag.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: self-made, CoA from image:POL Tczew COA 1.svg Original artist: JDavid
• File:POL_Warta_COA.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/POL_Warta_COA.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:POL_Warta_flag.PNG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/POL_Warta_flag.PNG License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mach240390
• File:POL_Wieliczka_COA_1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/POL_Wieliczka_COA_1.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Poznaniak
• File:POL_Wieliczka_flag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/POL_Wieliczka_flag.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: własna praca Original artist: Poznaniak
• File:POL_Wodzisław_Śląski_COA.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/POL_Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%
9Al%C4%85ski_COA.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
• Insygnia miejskie :: Herb Original artist: This vector image was created with Inkscape by Bastianowa (Bastiana).
192 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

• File:POL_Wodzisław_Śląski_flag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/POL_Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%

9Al%C4%85ski_flag.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
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svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mirosław Toton (mir @)
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svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mirosław Toton (mir @)
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cense: Public domain Contributors: Anachronistic design used by Greek Orthodox Church? Original artist: Graphic created by en:User:
Dragases
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domain Contributors: Statutární město Pardubice, Obecně závazná vyhláška č. 6/2006 o symbolech města (dostupná on-line) Original
artist: Unknown, convert to SVG Tlusťa
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tributors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
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shipping_control_%28East_Germany%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Jugendlexikon. a-z. 10. Auflage. VEB Bibli-
ographisches Institut Leipzig, Leipzig 1981 Original artist: User Jwnabd from German-Wikipedia
• File:Pennon_of_James_Douglas,_Earl_of_Moray_from_Otterburn_001.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
c/ca/Pennon_of_James_Douglas%2C_Earl_of_Moray_from_Otterburn_001.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Border Antiqui-
ties, Sir Walter Scott, 1814 Original artist: L. Pennell
• File:Pennon_of_Sir_Henry_(Hotspur)_Percy,_Battle_of_Otterburn.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
6/69/Pennon_of_Sir_Henry_%28Hotspur%29_Percy%2C_Battle_of_Otterburn.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Sir Walter
Scott, Border Antiquities, 1814 Original artist: L. Pennell
• File:Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky_coat_of_arms.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky_
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• File:Porilaisten_marssi_Edelfelt.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Porilaisten_marssi_Edelfelt.png
License: Public domain Contributors: Runeberg, Johan Ludvig. Vänrikki Stoolin tarinat. Werner Söderström 1898-1900. Helsinki Original
artist: Albert Edelfelt
• File:PortugueseFlag1485.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/PortugueseFlag1485.svg License: CC BY-
SA 1.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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work Original artist: Stiopa
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tors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
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utors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
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• File:RCorkYC.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/RCorkYC.png License: Public domain Contributors:
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Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Regulation_%26_Honorary_Colours_of_the_3rd_Bn_Yorkshire_Regiment_
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Harvey
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21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 193

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http://www.heraldry.com.ua/index.php3?lang=U&context=info&id=2523#verh Original artist: О.Житниченко, А.В.Закорецький, К.Кравченко,
С.Картишкіна
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http://www.heraldry.com.ua/index.php3?lang=U&context=info&id=2522#verh Original artist: О.Житниченко, А.В.Закорецький, К.Кравченко,
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I created this work entirely by myself.
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http://www.hrono.ru/heraldicum/flagi/_mod_arm.htm Original artist:
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194 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

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• File:Standard_of_Macdonald_of_Sleat.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Standard_of_Macdonald_
of_Sleat.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this: <a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_Macdonald_of_Sleat.svg' class='image'><img alt='Arms of Macdonald of Sleat.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Arms_of_Macdonald_of_Sleat.svg/18px-Arms_of_Macdonald_of_Sleat.
svg.png' width='18' height='20' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Arms_of_Macdonald_of_Sleat.svg/27px-Arms_
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artist: Celtus
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• File:Starachowice_herb.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Starachowice_herb.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Starokostiantyniv_flag.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Starokostiantyniv_flag.png License: Pub-
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• File:Stemma_di_Genova.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Stemma_di_Genova.svg License: Public
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• File:Strkon2_s.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Strkon2_s.png License: Public domain Contributors:
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main Contributors: U.S. Marine Corps Historical Division photographic archives (https://www.mcu.usmc.mil/historydivision/Korea%
201871/Forms/AllItems.aspx). Original artist: U. S. Naval Academy
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tributors: File:Flag of Sussex.svg Original artist: User:Hogweard
• File:SwieqiHTML.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/68/SwieqiHTML.gif License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Swieqi_local_council_logo.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/ff/Swieqi_local_council_logo.png License: CC-
BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
i took a photo
Previously published: now
Original artist:
Oggy007
21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 195

• File:TIFO_FCN.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/TIFO_FCN.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contribu-

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• File:TU_banners.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a0/TU_banners.JPG License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: ?
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• File:Tarxien_COA.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Tarxien_COA.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
• File:Thanjavur_periya_kovil-tamil_nadu.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Thanjavur_periya_kovil-tamil_
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• File:Tobflag.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Tobflag.gif License: Public domain Contributors: Trans-
ferred from ru.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Hardscarf using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: . Original uploader was Беломоев Алексей at ru.wikipedia
• File:Tonnant_LeBreton_PX8975.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Tonnant_LeBreton_PX8975.jpg
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• File:Turku.vaakuna.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Turku.vaakuna.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Two_official_flags_of_New_Caledonia_on_same_flagpole.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a3/Two_
official_flags_of_New_Caledonia_on_same_flagpole.png License: CC-BY-3.0 Contributors:
I took this photo while on vacation in New Caledonia.
Previously published: Never published.
Original artist:
GeorgeLouis
• File:U.S.A_Flag_Flapping.webmhd.webm Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/U.S.A_Flag_Flapping.webmhd.
webm License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: JBlakley26
• File:UKR_Дрого́бич_flag.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/UKR_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%
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transferred to Commons by User:Magul using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was Johnny at uk.wikipedia
• File:UKR_Криви́й_Ріг_flag.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/UKR_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%
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uk.wikipedia to Commons by Magul using CommonsHelper. Original artist: The original uploader was Kamelot at Ukrainian Wikipedia
• File:USMC_Color_Guard.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/USMC_Color_Guard.jpg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: http://www.news.navy.mil/index.asp Original artist: U.S. Navy photo by Donald Fletcher
• File:US_Coast_Guard_Commissioning_Pennant.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/US_Coast_Guard_
Commissioning_Pennant.gif License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia by SreeBot Original artist: uploaded
by Medicjm at en.wikipedia
• File:Ua_Kr_Rig_g.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Ua_Kr_Rig_g.gif License: CC0 Contributors: Эти
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эмблемы городов и организация созданны правительством Украины. Авторское право не распостраняется.
• File:UfaFlag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Ufa.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: RedAndr
• File:Unit_colours_of_the_1st_Engineer_Bataillion,_King’{}s_Guard.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
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inal artist: Xiengyod
• File:Utrecht_gemeente_wapen.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Utrecht_gemeente_wapen.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: hetutrechtsarchief.nl Original artist: SVG by User:Arch
• File:Valletta_coa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Valletta_coa.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contrib-
utors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
• File:Vergina_sun.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Vergina_sun.svg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: Own work Original artist: original version by QWerk, new version by Fut.Perf.
• File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_
Empire.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: The vexilloid of the Roman Empire was a red banner with the letters SPQR in Gold sur-
rounded by a gold wreath hung on a military standard topped by a Roman eagle or an image of the goddess Victoria made of silver or
bronze.[#cite_note-1 [1]][#cite_note-2 [2]][#cite_note-3 [3]][#cite_note-4 [4]] Original artist: Ssolbergj
• File:Vexillum-Pushkin_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Vexillum-Pushkin_
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• File:Vinnytsya_gerb.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Vinnytsya_gerb.png License: Public domain
Contributors: власний архів Original artist: Unknown
• File:Vlag_van_Gent.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Vlag_van_Gent.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Based on this file.
Original artist: Lemmens, Tom
• File:Vlissingen_vlag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Vlissingen_vlag.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Originally from File:Flag of Vlissingen.gif Original artist: SVG by Arch
• File:Vlissingen_wapen.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Vlissingen_wapen.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Hoge Raad van Adel Original artist: Unkown, SVG by User:Arch
196 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

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main Contributors: http://geraldika.ru/symbols/14059 Original artist: авторы флага: Е. Малаха, Н. Стародубцев
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• File:Wapen_van_Gent.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Wapen_van_Gent.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
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class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%
2FWapen_van_Gent.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Lemmens, Tom
• File:Wapen_van_Maastricht.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Wapen_van_Maastricht.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Based on coat of arms 'diploma' of Maastricht Image COA of Maastricht Original artist: Own work
• File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
• Wiki_letter_w.svg Original artist: Wiki_letter_w.svg: Jarkko Piiroinen
• File:Wikidata-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: User:Planemad
• File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
• File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk · contribs),
based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber
• File:Woodville_Richard_Caton_Napoleon_Croix_dHonneur_1912_Oil_On_Canvas.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/7/77/Woodville_Richard_Caton_Napoleon_Croix_dHonneur_1912_Oil_On_Canvas.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
http://www.artrenewal.org/asp/database/art.asp?aid=238 Original artist: Richard Caton Woodville, Jr.
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work Original artist: Anskar
• File:Yacht_foresail.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Yacht_foresail.svg License: CC BY 2.5 Con-
tributors: Own work. Original artist: Masur
• File:Yalta_gerb.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Yalta_gerb.png License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: http://www.grafskaya.com/article.php?id=890 Original artist: Сергей Александрович Милокумов (Заслуженный художник
Украины)
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domain Contributors:
• Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by User:Hanhil using CommonsHelper. Original artist: R.carroll at en.wikipedia / Later
version(s) were uploaded by Yorkshirian, Tivedshambo at en.wikipedia.
• File:Young_Folks’{}_History_of_Rome_illus064.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Young_Folks%
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lotte Mary Yonge [1] Original artist: Yonge, Charlotte Mary, (1823-1901)
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• File:Zdolbuniv_COA.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Zdolbuniv_COA.png License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Zdolbunov_city_fl.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Zdolbunov_city_fl.png License: Public do-
main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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Original artist: Inkwina (talk · contribs)
• File:Zebbug_Gozo_coa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Zebbug_Gozo_coa.svg License: GFDL Con-
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• File:Zejtun_coa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Zejtun_coa.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contribu-
tors: Own work Original artist: Inkwina
• File:Zejtun_flag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Zejtun_flag.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contrib-
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• File:Znamyanka_h.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Znamyanka_h.png License: Public domain Con-
tributors: http://heraldry.com.ua/index.php3?lang=U&context=info&id=2267 Original artist: ?
• File:Znamyanka_s.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Znamyanka_s.png License: Public domain Con-
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21.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 197

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Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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tributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Zurrieq_coa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Zurrieq_coa.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contrib-
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• File:Большой_герб_Донецка.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%
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• File:Герб_Города_Видное_2014-03-24_15-51.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/%D0%93%D0%
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• File:Герб_Лутугино.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%
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Oblast.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Закон Ульяновской области от 26.12.2013 № 248–ЗО «О флаге Ульяновской
области» Original artist: Анатолий Сергеев, Николай Сергеев, Константин Мочёнов, Ольга Салова
198 CHAPTER 21. GLOSSARY OF VEXILLOLOGY

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main Contributors: http://daily.lviv.ua/index.php?gerbu Original artist: Автори - А.Бача, М.Левкун, А.Салютенко та К.Сідельник.
Сучасний дизайн А.Ґречила.

21.7.3 Content license

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