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Sewage Treat

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36 views5 pages

Sewage Treat

Uploaded by

midhu9a
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is sewage ?

Sewage refers to a mixture of domestic, industrial, and


commercial wastewater and other forms of liquid waste that are
generated from homes, businesses, and industries. It typically
includes water from sources such as sinks, toilets, showers,
washing machines, and other drainage systems. Sewage may
also contain solid waste materials, such as food particles, paper,
and other debris, as well as organic and inorganic compounds,
bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances.

Sewage cannot be discharged into natural water bodies like


rivers and streams directly as it contains many pathogenic
substances. Hence, before disposal, sewage is treated in
sewage treatment plants(STPs) to make it less polluting.

What is the need for sewage treatment


Sewage or Wastewater treatment is crucial in order to
protect our environment and the health of both humans
and animals.
Un treated sewage can contain harmful bacteria, viruses, and
other pathogens that can cause waterborne diseases. Proper
treatment of sewage can remove these harmful contaminants
and protect public health.
Untreated sewage can harm aquatic life and degrade water
quality. Treatment can remove these pollutants and protect the
environment.
Sewage treatment
Sewage treatment (or domestic wastewater
treatment, municipal wastewater treatment) is a type
of wastewater treatment which aims to
remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that
is suitable to discharge to the surrounding environment or an
intended reuse application, thereby preventing water
pollution from raw sewage discharges. Treatment of waste
water is done by the heterotrophic microbes naturally present in
the sewage.

Sewage treatment often involves two main stages, called


primary and secondary treatment, while advanced treatment
also incorporates a tertiary treatment stage with polishing
processes. Different types of sewage treatment may utilize
some or all of the process steps listed below.

Primary treatment
It involves physical removal of particles-large and small-from the
sewage through filtration and sedimentation. During primary
treatment, the sewage is screened to remove large debris and
solids such as sticks, rags, and plastics . These are removed in
stages:
Initially, floating debris is removed sequential filtration. The
sewage then goes through a sedimentation process in which
the grit(solid and small pebbles) are removed. All solids that
settle form the primary sludge, and the supernatant for the
effluent. The effluent from the primary settling tank is taken for
secondary treatment.

Secondary treatment or biological


treatment
The primary goal of secondary treatment is to reduce the
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).BOD is the measure of
organic matter present in the water. The greater the BOD of
waste water, more is its polluting potential.
The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is
constantly agitated mechanically and air is pumped into it. This
allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into flocs. Flocs
are masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh
like structures. While growing, these microbes consume the
organic matter in the effluent which significantly reduces the
BOD of the effluent. The mixture of bacteria and wastewater is
then transferred to a secondary clarifier where the bacteria and
other suspended solids settle out of the water and form the
activated sludge .A small part of the activated sludge is
pumped back into aeration tank to serve as inoculum. The
remaining major part of the sludge is pumped into large tanks
called anaerobic sludge digesters.
Here, other kinds of bacteria, which grow anaerobically digest
the bacteria and fungi in the sludge. During this digestion, the
bacteria produces a mixture of gases such as methane,
hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. These gases form
biogas and can be used as source of energy as it is inflammable
.The effluent from the secondary treatment is generally released
into natural water bodies like rivers and streams.

STPs in India
These sewage treatment plants in India use various methods to
treat sewage, including activated sludge treatment, trickling
filter treatment, and membrane bioreactor treatment. The
treated water is then discharged into nearby rivers, lakes, or the
sea, depending on the plant's location and the quality of the
treated water. Coronation pillar STP in New Delhi is now India’s
biggest sewage treatment plant. It has a capacity to treat 318
million litres per day. The project was executed by L&T. The
plant uses anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic method for treating
sewage. The plant is highly efficient and will generate electricity
through bio gas. Excreta and wastewater sludge are resources
for making biogas.

The ministry of environment and forests initiated ganga action


plan(GAP) and Yamuna action plan(YAP) to save these major rivers of
the country from pollution.
The ganga action plan was the first river action plan launched by
India. The main objective was to improve the quality of water by
interception, diversion and treatment of domestic sewage.

The govt of India launch YAP,1993 to tackle the river’s pollution. It


included:
building of STPs to treat domestic sewage treatment.
Building of common effluent plants to treat industrial effluents
Repair sewage systems- drains, pumps, pipes.

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