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BY

ANSHIKA MAAM

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DRAMA:
The word drama is taken from the word "dran" which means
to move or to act. It is a kind of story composed in dialogue
not to be read but to be watched because it is acted on stage.

THE ELEMENTS OF DRAMA

Aristotle-

Aristotle (384-322 BC) was a Greek philosopher whose

writings still influence us today. He was the first to write
about the essential elements of drama more than 2,000 years
ago. While ideas have changed slightly over the years, we
still discuss Aristotle's list when talking about what makes
the best drama.
Aristotle's Six Elements of Drama
Aristotle considered these six things to be essential to good
drama
Plot: This is what happens in the play. Plot refers to the
action; the basic storyline of the play.
Theme: While plot refers to the action of the play, theme
refers to the meaning of the play. Theme is the main idea or
lesson to be learned from the play. In some cases, the theme
of a play is obvious; other times it is quite subtle.

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Characters: Characters are the people (sometimes animals or
ideas portrayed by the actors in the play. It is the characters
who move the action, or plot, of the play forward.
Dialogue: This refers to the words written by the playwright
and spoken by the characters in the play. The dialogue helps
move the action of the play along.
Music/Rhythm: While music is often featured in drama, in
this case Aristotle was referring to the rhythm of the actor’s
voices as they speak.
Spectacle: This refers to the visual elements of a play: sets,
costumes, special effects, etc. Spectacle is everything that the
audience sees as they watch theDrama.

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Other Literary Elements
Exposition: The "who, when, where and what" part of the
play. Story organization: beginning, middle, end.Conflict:
The internal or external struggle between opposing forces,
ideas, or interests that creates dramatic tension.
Suspense: A feeling of uncertainty as to the outcome, used to
build interest and excitement on the part of the audience.
Language: In drama, the particular manner of verbal
expression, the diction or style of writing, or the speech or
phrasing that suggests a class or profession or type of
character.
Style: the shaping of dramatic material, settings, or costumes
in a deliberately non-realistic manner.
Soliloquy: A speech by a single actor who is ALONE on
stage.
Monologue: A long speech made by one actor (a monologue
may be delivered alone or in the presence of others.)
Origins and a Brief History of Drama
Drama is generally thought to have started in Greece between
600 and 200 BC, although some critics trace it to Egyptian
religious rites of coronation. Greek Drama: In Greece,
dramatic performances were associated with religious
festivals. The Greeks produced different types of drama,
mainly tragedy and comedy. Famous Greek tragedians
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include of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The best
writer comedy was Aristophanes.
Roman Drama:
The Romans inherited the drama traditions from the Greeks.
The expansion of the Roman Empire helped spread drama to
many places in Europe and the Mediterranean world. Seneca
is the most important Roman tragedian.
Medieval Drama:
The Middle Ages start with the fall of the Roman Empire.
The three main types of medieval drama are mystery plays,
about Bible stories, miracle plays about the livesofsaints
and the miraclestheyperformed, and moralityplays, in
which the characters personifymoralqualities (such as
charity or vice) or abstractions (as death or youth) and in
which moral lessons are taught.
TheInterlude:
Interlude , as the name suggest came in betweenevents to
provide wittyentertainment to the audience. Usually they
are very short and used the topics of political and
religiousissues.
Renaissance Drama:
During the Renaissance, the works of Greek and Roman
dramatists were rediscovered and imitated.

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Plays were no longer restricted to religious themes. This
happened first in Italy and spread then to other parts of
Europe.
In England, drama flourished during the reign of
QueenElizabeth I (1558-1603), who was a patron of
literature and the arts. Theatres were built in London and
people attended plays in large numbers. The most important
dramatists were WilliamShakespeare and
ChristopherMarlowe.

TYPESOFDRAMA

Tragedy
In Aristotle’s ‘poetics',

“Tragedy is an imitation of an action that is serious complete

and it of a certain magnitude” Thus the tragedy is a branch of
drama that treats in a serious and dignified style the
sorrowful or terrible events caused by a heroic individual.
The main elements of tragedy are:
1. Protagonist with a tragic flaw
2. Circumstances that quickly get out of control .
3. Darker themes than a melodrama, such as human
suffering, hatred, or poverty ,death
4. Features the downfall of a previously heroic or well-
liked character

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5. An irredeemable ending that results in one or more
characters' deaths
6. Reaches a tragic catharsis.
Examples–Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Othello, Hamlet...,

Tragicomedy
A literary genre that blends aspects of both tragic and comic
forms. Most often seen in dramatic literature
In a tragicomedy, the action and subject matter seem to
require a tragic ending, but it is avoided by a reversal which
leads to a happy ending; sometimes the tragicomedy
alternates serious and comic actions throughout the play.
Examples- Merchant of Venice, The Tempest, Winter’s
Tale by WilliamShakespeare.

Melodrama
A Melodrama is exaggeration of emotions. It's marked by
surge of emotions, which is a technique to make the character
and the plot more appealing to the audience.
Examples:
 JacquesRousseau's Pygmalion
 Jacques Offenbach's Or pheusinthe Under world
 A TaleofMystery (1802) by ThomasHolcroft

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 SOME TERMS RELATED TO TRAGEDY

1. Anagnorisis/recognition: point in the play during which

the tragic hero experiences a kind of self-understanding; the
discovery or recognition that leads to the peripeteia or
reversa.
2. Antagonist: the character who opposes the protagonist.

3. Catharsis: a purgation of emotions. According to Aristotle,

the end of tragedy is the purgation of emotions through pity
and terror.
4. Dramatic irony: the words or acts of a character may carry
a meaning unperceived by the character but understood by
the audience. The irony resides in the contrast between the
meaning intended by the speaker and the different
significance seen by others.
5. Foil: any character in a play who through contrast
underscores the distinctive characteristics of another,
particularly the protagonist.
6. Hamartia: tragic flaw
7. Hubris: overweening pride or insolence that results in the
misfortune of the protagonist of a tragedy. Hubris leads the
protagonist to break a moral law, attempt vainly to transcend
normal limitations, or ignore a divine warning with
calamitous results.
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8. Peripeteia/reversal: reversal of fortune for the protagonist-
from failure to success or success to failure.
9. Proscenium or proscenium stage: an arch that frames a
box set and holds the curtain, thus creating the invisible
fourth wall through which the audience sees the action of the
play.

10. Protagonist: the chief character in a work (drama, fiction)

11. Stock character: conventional charactertypes whom the

audience recognizes immediately. Examples: the country
bumpkin, the shrewish wife, the braggart soldier

12. Thrust or apron stage: A stage that projects into the

auditorium area, thus increasing the space for action; a
characteristic feature of Elizabethan theaters and many recent
ones.
13. Tragic hero: According to Aristotle, the protagonist or
hero of a tragedy must be brought from happiness to misery
and should be a person who is better than ordinary people-a
king, for example. In "Tragedy and the Common Man,"
Arthur Miller argues that the ordinary man can also be a
tragic hero.

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14. Unity of time, place, and action ("the unities"): limiting
the time, place, and action of a play to a single spot and a
single action over the period of 24 hours.
COMEDY
Comedy is a play that is intended to be funny usually with
the happy ending. It is amusing and sometime satirical in
tone. There are funny expressions, clever wordplay, silly
offbeat characters, comical misunderstanding and fun
provoking situations.
Examples:
A MidSummerNight'sDream and MuchAdoAboutNothing
by WilliamShakespeare.
Types of comedy:-
 Romantic comedy: it was developed by Shakespeare. it
is concerned with a love affair that involves a beautiful
and idealized heroine; the course of this love does not
run smooth but overcomes all difficulties to end in a
happy Union.
 Comedy of humour: Ben Johnson is the first dramatist
who popularized this dramatic genre during the late 16
century.
(Humor (Latin) -Liquid)
It comes from a theory that human body has four liquid -
Phlegm, blood, yellow bile, black bile. The axis of any
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 one of these fluids make the person abnormal and
developed some kind of auditing in the temperament and
behaviour and such a person becomes an object of fun
and ridicule.
Example- Every Manin His Hum or and The
Alchemist by Ben Johnson.
 Comedy of Manners: It deals with the intrigues and
relations of ladies and gentlemen living in a
sophisticated society. This form relies upon hi comedy
derived from sparkles with of dialogues, violation of
social traditions and good manners (mostly sarcastic in
tone)
Example: the Country Wife by Wycherley
The Way of the World by Congreve
The School for Scandal by Sheridan
 Sentimental comedy: Sentimental drama appears due to
reaction of the middle-class against obscenity and
indecency of restoration comedy of manners. It shows
the virtues of family life with the stress on how goodness
is rewarded.
Example: The Conscious Lover by Richard Steele.
 Farce: it is a literary genre and type of comedy that
makes use of highly exaggerated and funny situations
just to make people laugh.
Examples : Comedy of Error ( William Shakespeare)
and TheImportanceofBeingEarnest(OscarWild)
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 Poetic drama: it is a type of drama in which the
dialogue is written in verse usually blank verse and in
French 12 syllable lines.
Example: Murder in the Cathedral (T.S. Eliot)
 Problem plays: it was coined by Sydney Gurundy,
popularized by Norwegian playwrightHenrik Ibsen.This
type of plays deal with the controversial social issues in
a realistic manner to expose social ills.
Examples: Doll's House (Henrik Ibsen )
Justice ( John Galsworthy)

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