Cognitive Science and Technology

Amit Kumar
Gheorghita Ghinea
Suresh Merugu Editors

Proceedings of the
2nd International
Conference
on Cognitive
and Intelligent
Computing
ICCIC 2022, 27–28 December,
Hyderabad, India; Volume 2
Amit Kumar · Gheorghita Ghinea · Suresh Merugu
Editors

Proceedings of the 2nd

International Conference
on Cognitive and Intelligent
Computing
ICCIC 2022, 27–28 December, Hyderabad,
India; Volume 2
Contents vii

Novel Approach to Abstract Object Features from Java Program . . . . . . 205

R. N. Kulkarni and P. Pani Rama Prasad
Detecting Logging of Forest Trees Using Sound Event Detection . . . . . . . 213
Sallauddin Mohmmad and Suresh Kumar Sanampudi
Education Technologies Based on Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
R. Sudha, G. N. R. Prasad, and K. Ramakrishna
A Comprehensive Review on the Subject of Securing Web
Application Data in Cloud Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
R. S. Kanakasabapathi and J. E. Judith
Domain Adaptation of Pretrained Models for Telugu Wh-Questions . . . . 251
Venkataramana Battula and K. Hima Bindu
A Preprocessing and Segmentation Approach for Accurate
Identification of Diseases in Potato Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Megha Rani Raigonda and Sujatha P. Terdal
Implementation of Intelligent Advanced Extensible Interface
for Dual-Port RAM-A Hardware Software Co-design Approach . . . . . . . 269
Deepti Kakarla, Neetu Chikyal, and Ragodaya Deepthi Kadiyala
A Systematic Review on Compatibility Requirements
for Communication in Hetero-Multi Blockchain Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Khalida Tabassum and Syed Imtiyaz Hassan
Deep Learning-Based Emotion-Aware Music Recommendation
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
M. Sunitha, T. Adilakshmi, Sai Suman Chitturi, and Praneeth Kapila
CNN-Based Predicting Agricultural Produce Prices and Deep
Learning-Based Improving Lives of Indebted Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
M. Sunitha, T. Adilakshmi, T. Nishitha, and V. Victor Emmanuel
Scope of Research Areas Enlightened in Augmented and Virtual
Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Vijaya Krishna Sonthi, M. V. B. Murali Krishna, and Koppisetti Giridhar
Cluster Head Selection in WSN Using EE-LEACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Sujatha Karimisetty, Manasa Velamuri, and B. G. Poornima Himaketan
Fine-Tuned XLNet: A Transfer Learning Model for MOOCs
Evaluation Using Forum Posts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Munigadapa Purnachary and T. Adilakshmi
Extractive Text Summarization Using Topic Modelling and Entropy . . . 331
Sujit Vakkalagaddda and T. Satyanarayana Murthy
Computer Vision and Speech Understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Ruby Chanda and Vanishree Pabalkar
Cluster Head Selection in WSN Using
EE-LEACH

Sujatha Karimisetty , Manasa Velamuri, and B. G. Poornima Himaketan

Abstract Wireless sensor network is in huge demand from the past few years, as
at the present time there is rapid development of wireless devices together with
cell phones, mobiles, PDA’s, laptops and many more in wireless sensor network
comprises of several small sensor nodes. Usually, in a wireless sensor network, the
node is not at all required when the battery dies and in order to evade this issue
numerous protocols were familiarized. However, mostly used protocols are routing
protocols that are hierarchical. To eliminate the problem in the existing System, the
EE-LEACH (Energy Efficient-LEACH) algorithm is utilized to select cluster head
nodes grounded on the residual energy of the nodes. To evaluate both the schemes, an
extensive simulation study is performed using the MATLAB. The proposed system is
improved version of existing system with respect to network lifetime. In the proposed
model, LEACH protocol is modified in MATLAB that supports to extend network
live period.

Keywords Wireless sensor networks · Hierarchical routing protocol · EE-LEACH

(Energy Efficient-LEACH) · LEACH protocol · MATLAB

1 Introduction

In the prevailing system, the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)

protocol stands used which performs hierarchical clustering, in this protocol Cluster
Head will take care of aggregating information after collecting it from its nodes
besides passes to Base Station. The node that fulfils the threshold range that node
is nominated as cluster head. If petite energy node is observed on cluster node head
then that node does not work long time that results in the failure of network.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Amirthalingam and Anuratha [1] says WSN is
wireless intelligent network. WSN have sensor nodes from ten to thousands count.

S. Karimisetty (B) · M. Velamuri · B. G. Poornima Himaketan

Dadi Institute of Engineering and Technology, CSE, Visakhapatnam, India
e-mail: sujathakota29@gmail.com

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 317
A. Kumar et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Cognitive
and Intelligent Computing, Cognitive Science and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2746-3_33
318 S. Karimisetty et al.

Fig. 1 Basic WSN structure

The sensor nodes remain communicating through sensing capabilities like radio
frequency, infrared medium and other wireless media. Sensor node is single type of
transducer that detects and responds some type of physical phenomena like temper-
ature, pressure, air, humidity, light; stress and strain like environmental conditions is
converting into relevant results. Sensor nodes stands also called Mote in which each
sensor node has inadequate battery energy capabilities and limited storage power.
The main elementary structure of WSN is assortment of sensor nodes these nodes
communicating range. The architecture of WSN is depicted in Fig. 1.
Present days we use many small and tiny devices which are called sensors Kumar
and Rai [2] said that these devices have the capability of sensing the data from the
surrounding situation and transmitting sensed information over a wireless medium
and give relevant result. The creation of such capable devices has led to a number
of future applications to be implemented. These sensing device is called as sensor
node. These sensor node contains Processor, Memory unit, Power unit, Transceiver,
Sensing unit. The processor used for processing data, memory unit used for stores
data, power unit is used for generating power to processing data and transceiver
used for transmitting and receiving data among the sensor nodes [3]. LEACH is a
self-organized protocol for distributing energy load in network.

Th(n) = {DP/(1 − DP[CR ∗ mod(1/DP)]) if, n  GN (1)

where
DP is desired probability for choosing a cluster head.
Th(n) threshold value.
CR is current round.
GN is group of nodes that has is not chosen as cluster head in past 1/DP rounds.
The LEACH have two phases: set-up phase and steady-state phase (Fig. 2).

In the set-up phase consists of two phases, first phase is cluster-head electing
and next phase is cluster formation. Once cluster-heads are selected cluster-heads
Cluster Head Selection in WSN Using EE-LEACH 319

Fig. 2 Leach protocol clustering structure

broadcast to the non-cluster header nodes which are obtainable in the network. The
Drawback is LEACH protocol fixes not take residual energy related to every node in
to consideration for the choice of cluster head.

2 Cluster Head Selection in WSN Using EE-LEACH

In the EE-LEACH (Energy Efficient-LEACH) algorithm which node having

maximum residual energy that node particular as cluster head so, the EE-LEACH
takes node with highest energy as a cluster head where node works elongated time
in this network. Notation in the anticipated algorithm are
• id: identification number
• SN: Sensor Nodes
• AN: normal node
• rv: random variable(0 < rv < 1)
• Th(n): threshold value
• GN: whole nodes in the network
• JA: advt. for joining the cluster
• JR: request sent to link in cluster
• ===>: broadcast
• ---->: unicast
• CH: cluster head
• BS: Base Station.
Algorithm
1. SN ===> r
2. If rv > Th(n) then,
320 S. Karimisetty et al.

3. CH = SN otherwise, go to step 2
4. CH ===> GN; id(CH), link adv
5. AN(i) ----> CH( j); id(AN(i)): id(CH( j)), link req
6. CH( j) ----> AN(i); id(CH( j)): Response
First round:
Steady phase:
7. AN(i) ----> CH( j); id(AN(i)): id(CH( j)): info
8. CH ----> BS; id(CH): id(BS): aggr info
Since second round to the end round:
9. If SN(e) ---->high
10. At the time, CH = SN then go to step 4
11. Else SN
12. If rounds <= rmax // rmax = maximum rounds
13. Then go to step 9
14. Else stop
Energy consumption model:

E T x (l, d) = E Tx - elec (l) + E Tx - amp (l, d)


1 ∗ E elec + 1∗ ∈efs ∗d 2 , d < d0
=
1 ∗ E elec + 1∗ ∈amp ∗d 4 , d ≥ d0

Length of data package is l and Distance of data transmission is d and Energy

taken by radiating circuit is Eelec. Here, the selection os cluster heads is not done in
random manner but by choosing on existing energy prevailing in nodes. High-energy
node works longer time in network so network lifetime increased [4].

3 Results and Discussion

Table 1 indicates simulation parameters of cluster heads applied in network. There

are 100 sensor nodes in those approximately few of cluster heads elected randomly,
based on threshold limit. Only those nodes are denoted with blue color plus symbol
that obey the condition specified by threshold. The horizontal and vertical axis shows
the network size dimension in meters.
Figure 3 depicts the nodes those are alive for LEACH versus EE-LEACH. Points
plotted in red indicate the LEACH and those in Blue indicate points plotted using
EE-LEACH protocol.
Table 2 shows the test samples results which indicate the count of nodes alive
comparing both protocols.
Cluster Head Selection in WSN Using EE-LEACH 321

Table 1 Simulation parameters of EE-LEACH

Simulation parameters Values considered
x-axis and y-axis coordinates (100, 100) m2
Location of sink node (50, 50) m2
Nodes count 100
Node initial energy 0.5 J
Aggregation energy 5.0 × 10−9 J
Rounds count 4000
Transmitting energy (Tx) and receiving energy (Rx) for every node 50 × 10−9 J

Fig. 3 Alive nodes for LEACH versus EE-LEACH

Table 2 LEACH versus

Metric Rounds LEACH EE-LEACH
EE-LEACH
No. of alive nodes 0 100 100
2200 7 99
2688 3 92
2812 2 87
3316 1 52
4000 1 34

4 Conclusion

EE-LEACH is proposed that is a novel variant of LEACH which is applied in further

clustering routing-based procedures for energy competence. EE-LEACH extends the
grid life time by effectual cluster header selection. In the existing system LEACH
protocol, assortment is created on threshold condition. Hence no longer life time is
required for this node. Hence network die soon. The proposed system overcomes the
issues arising in existing system by using EE-LEACH algorithm to choose cluster
322 S. Karimisetty et al.

head nodes constructed on the residual energy of specified nodes. Node with highest
residual energy is selected as cluster header. So, the EE-LEACH takes node with
maximum energy as a cluster head so that the node works long time in the network.
By following this procedure the proposed system saves the 45% energy in given
simulation time (in terms of rounds) in this manner network life time extended.

References

1. Amirthalingam K, Anuratha (2016) Improved LEACH: a modified LEACH for wireless sensor
network. In: 2016 IEEE international conference on advances in computer applications (ICACA),
Coimbatore, pp 255–258
2. Kumar R, Rai MK (2014) A survey on MAC protocols in WSN. Int J Eng Trends Tech-
nology(IJETT) 10 (2014)
3. Sharma V, Jain P (2013) various hierarchical routing protocols in wireless sensor network: a
survey. Int J Comput Sci Mob Comput IJCSMC 2(5):67–72
4. Dwivedi AK, Sharma AK (2021) EE-LEACH: energy enhancement in LEACH using fuzzy
logic for homogeneous WSN. Wireless Pers Commun 120:3035–3055