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Lecture 2 Biology Kips

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110 views17 pages

Lecture 2 Biology Kips

Uploaded by

Nimra Firdous
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BLOOD

• Blood is the circulating fluid composed of different constituents. It transports


nutrients to and from the cells.
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

Blood

Blood Formed
plasma Elements
(55%) (45%)

other platelets Red Blood


Cells White Blood
Protiens(7%) solutes Water(91.5%) 150,000- 4.8-5.4 5000-10000
(1.5%) 400,000 millions
PLASMA
• PLASMA is a clear yellowish fluid portion of blood, which contains fibrin
and other soluble clotting elements.
BLOOD CELLS
• Red have the function of transporting oxygen.
• White blood cells are also known as leucocytes, which have the function as
a defense mechanism.

PLATELETS
• platelets are often classed as blood cells, they are actually fragments of large
bone marrow cells
. called megakaryocytes
Blood cells Number/ Size Life Function Deficiency Excess Site of
mm3 span production
Red blood 4.8-5.4 7-8 120 Transport Anemia Polycythemia Bone
cells millions micrometers days oxygen to marrow
in diameter the tissues
White blood 5000- 5-24 13-20 Defense & Leucopenia Leukemia Bone
cells 10,000 micrometers day Immunity marrow and
in diameter lymph nodes
Platelets 150,000- 2-4 10 days Blood Thrombocy Thrombocytosis Bone
400,000 micrometers Clotting topenia marrow
in diameter
BLOOD PRESSURE (BP)

• “Pressure (force per unit area) exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels is
called as blood pressure”.
• The blood pressure is the pressure of the blood is arteries.
• The systolic blood pressure (110-140 mmHg) is higher than the diastolic blood
pressure (60-90mmHg).
• The standard value for blood pressure in human is 120/80 mmHg.
• Increased blood pressure value in humans is called as hypertension whereas
decreased value of BP is called as hypotension.
BLOOD GROUPS
Blood groups are classified based on ABO.

i. A+, A- i. AB+, AB-


i. B+, B- i. O+, O-
➢ Blood group O- universal donor.
➢ Blood group AB+ is universal recipient.
➢ Blood group is identified by Antigens.
➢ pH of blood 7.35-7.45.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Digestive system consists of mouth (buccal cavity), salivary gland, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum,
and anus.

Absorption
Ingestion Digestion – – extraction Defecation –
of nutrients removal of
–eating break down from the waste
food. of food. food into the products
blood.
BUCCAL CAVITY

• It comprises mouth, tongue, and teeth.


• Food enters mouth and is chewed by teeth.
• Mastication is also known as chewing of food.
• The sense of smell and taste stimulate salivary glands (secrete saliva).

STOMACH

• Stomach lies below the diaphragm and is widest part of alimentary (food) canal
and reservoir where food can be stored for 2 to 6 hours. Here food mixes with
gastric juice. Acid (HCI) in the stomach Kills Bacteria.
SMALL INTESTINE

• It is 7m long tube and consists of three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Maximum digestion takes place in small intestine.
• Depends upon pancreas, liver and gall bladder.
❖ Pancreas: It is connected to duodenum and produces pancreatic juice.
❖ Liver: It acts as a filter for blood and metabolizes carbohydrates, proteins, and
lipids. It produces bile.
❖ Gall Bladder: It stores and concentrates the bile that emulsifies (breaks down) the
fats.

LARGE INTESTINE
• From small intestine, food enters large intestine. It is 1.5m long and consists colon,
caecum, appendix, and rectum.
The figure below shows the passage of food:
Mouth
• Ingestion Some mechanical And chemical digestion

Esophagus

Stomach
• Mechanical digestion-chemical digestion
Small Intestine
• Chemical digestion- absorption
Large Intestine
• Absorption (Of water)
IMPORTANT ENZYMES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

SITE SECRETION ENZYME FUNCTION


Mouth Saliva Salivary amylase Saliva softness food and amylase digest
starch in food
Stomach Gastric acid Pepsin and HCL HCI lowers pH, pepsin digests protein
Liver Bile Multiple enzymes Bile emulsifies fat
Pancreas Pancreatic Pancreatic Amylase digest starch and lipase digest
juice amylase and fast
lipase
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS
Appendicitis Inflammation of appendix
Hepatitis Inflammation of liver cells
Ulcer Erosion of epithelium of stomach
Diarrhea Inability to absorb liquids, leading to watery stools
Constipation Excessive is absorption of fluid leading to dry, hard stools
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Respiration includes:
• Inhalation__ intake of oxygen
• Exhalation ___ expulsion of carbon dioxide.
Air is taken inside through upper airways (Nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx) to lower airways
(trachea, bronchi, Bronchioles, and alveoli). The pathway of respiration is:

Oxygen-rich Nasal Bronc Alveoli


air from
cavity
Trachea
hi Bronchioles of
environment Lungs
PAST PAPER QUESTIONS
1. The part of the body directly affected by Pneumonia is Respiratory system
2. Lungs are situated in the thoracic cavity
3. Diaphragm in human body assists in respiratory system.
4. 22, 000 times human breathes in a day.
5. Human breathe 11,000 liters of air (388 cubic feet) in a day.
6. Lungs are concerned with respiratory and excretory system.
7. The left lung has two lobes while the right lung has three lobes.
DISORDERS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

DISORDERS CAUSES
Asthma Allergic disorder
Pneumonia Bactria (Streptococcus), virus
TB Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lung Cancer Smoking
Pulmonary Edema Exposure to certain toxins, heart problems, lung injury

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