Introduction to mechanics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CsKyZ6geaAM
DEFINATION OF MECHANICS

Mechanics is the branch of physics. It is the study of effect of forces on body.

TYPES OF MECHANICS
 MOTION AND ITS TYPES
DEFINATION OF MOTION
Motion, in physics, change with time of the position or orientation of a body

TYPES OF MOTION
As per physics and mechanics, there are mainly 4 types of motion, i.e.

 Rotary Motion: A special type of motion in which the object is on rotation around a
fixed axis like, a figure skater rotating on an ice rink.
 Oscillatory Motion: A repeating motion in which an object continuously repeats in
the same motion again and again like a swing.
 Linear Motion: A one-dimensional motion on a straight line, like an athlete running
on a straight track.
 Reciprocating Motions: A repetitive and continuous up and down or back and forth
motion like a needle in a sewing machine.

There are also different other types of motion as per directions or as per state of
motion.

Types of motion as per state

 Uniform Motion
 Non-Uniform Motion

Types of motion as per direction

 One Dimensional Motion

 Two Dimensional Motion
 Three Dimensional Motion

Other types of motion

 Translational Motion
 Periodic Motion
 Circular Motion

Oscillatory Motion
Oscillatory motion is simply the motion that an object does by repeating the same
movement again and again. Oscillatory motion would keep on moving forever when
there is an absence of friction but in our real world, the motion eventually stops and
comes to an equilibrium. Some of the best examples of Oscillatory Motion are:

 A swinging swing
 The motion of a pendulum
 A boat tossing up and down a river
 The tuning fork
Rotational Motion
Rotational motion can be defined as when an object moves along its axis and all the
parts of it move for a different distance in a given period of time. Thus, if an object is
under rotational motion all of its parts will move different distances in the same
interval of time. As an example, merry-go-round, blades of a fan, blades of a windmill
etc.

Translational Motion
When all the parts of an object move the same distance in a given time is known as
transitional motion. For example, a cycle moving on a track, a man walking on the
road, birds flying in the sky.

Mainly, there are two types of translation motion which are explained below:

Curvilinear Motion Rectilinear Motion

When an object moving in translational motion follows An object moving in translation motion opts a
a curved path it is known as Curvilinear motion. straight-line path, then it is known as Rectilinear
motion.

Example: A stone thrown up in the air Example: A train moving on a straight track or a car
moving on a straight road

Periodic Motion
A motion that repeats itself after equal intervals of time is known as periodic motion.
Commonly, the objects under this motion are mostly in the to and fro motion. Here
are a few examples of periodic motion.

 A moving pendulum
 Hands of a working clock
 the earth rotating on its axis, etc.

Circular Motion
When an object is constantly moving in circular a path it is called circular motion. It
circular motion, the speed of the object should be constant. A few examples of
circular motion are:

 Movement of the earth on its axis

 a bicycle or a car moving on a circular track of park
 the motion of the moon around the earth etc.
Linear Motion
Linear motion can be defined as the movement of a body on a straight line without
any deviation. Important examples of linear motion are:

 An athlete running on a straight track of a park

 a bullet shot from a pistol

Uniform Motion
A body is said to be in a state of uniform motion when it covers an equal amount of
distance in equal intervals of time. In such cases, if we represent the motion on the
graph, it would be a straight line. Examples of uniform motion are:

 A car moving on a straight road at a steady speed

 a flying aeroplane at a set height at a constant speed, etc

Non-Uniform Motion
Non-uniform motion can be defined as when a given body is covering unequal
distances in a set and given intervals of time. If you will represent the path of a body
moving in non-uniform motion on a graph, it will be a curved line. Examples of non-
uniform motion are:

 a man walking on the road

 a freely falling body
 a train moving at various speed limits, etc.
 RELATIVE MOTION
DEFINATION
Motion as observed from or referred to some material system constituting a
frame of reference.
For example, a ball thrown upward while in a moving object such as a bus, would be
traveling the same speed with respect to the bus and would fall again in relation to that
speed.

Newton’s Law of motion

(Law of inertia) Newton’s 1st law states that a body at rest or uniform motion
will continue to be at rest or uniform motion until and unless a net external
force acts on it.
Newton’s 2nd law states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a
net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same
direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the object’s mass.

(Conservation of momentum) Newton’s 3rd law states that there is an equal

and opposite reaction for every action.
 Concept of force and moments
The moment of force is the product of force in action and the moment arm. The
moment arm is the perpendicular distance between the force and the centre. There
are three prominent types of the moment of force. These are the mass moment of
inertia, the area moment of inertia, and the polar moment of inertia.

The Types of the Moment of Force

The moment of force can be classified into three types. Depending upon inertia
which is based on their deflection and resistance to an object and these types of
inertia explain below.
 Mass Moment of Inertia: The mass moment of inertia is described as the resistance
generated by an object to rotate based on its own mass. Some examples of the mass
moment of inertia are ceiling fans, parts of pumping machines, and mechanical devices
called flywheels. The mass moment of inertia for such objects is low, thereby reducing
the use of electricity. Inertia for such objects is approximately at the axis of rotation.
 Area Moment of Inertia: The area moment of inertia is described as the resistance
generated by a body in motion to suppress or deviate. In such cases, inertia is free of
mass and depends on the region of the body in motion. The beam is an instance of an
area moment of inertia.

 Polar Moment of Inertia: The resistance generated by an object while in force to the
torsion is called the polar moment of inertia. The polar moment of inertia varies from the
mass moment of inertia. The twisting factor makes it different from the rotating factor.
The shaft is a prominent instance of a polar moment of inertia.

Types of moments of force are classified based on their ability to exert force on
rotating objects.

Line of Action:
The application of force can be represented by a line of action. It is the
geometric representation of the force.

The line of action is referred to as the characteristic line that is associated with
each force. The orientation of this line can be described using a reference
axis. Force attempts to rotate the body if the line of action of a force does not
pass through the body. This introduced the concept of the moment.
 TYPES OF FORCES
The push or pull on an object with mass causes it to change its velocity.
The Force can be measured using a spring balance. The SI unit of force is Newton(N).

Common symbols: F→, F

SI unit: Newton

In SI base units: kg·m/s2

Other units: dyne, poundal, pound-force, kip, kilo pond

Derivations from other quantities: F=ma

Dimension: LMT-2
Motion is defined as the change in position with respect to time. In simpler words, motion refers
to the movement of a body. Typically, motion can either be described as:

1. Change in speed
2. Change in direction

The Force has different effects, and here are some of them.

 Force can make a body that is at rest to move.

 It can stop a moving body or slow it down.
 It can accelerate the speed of a moving body.
 It can also change the direction of a moving body along with its shape and size.
Types of Forces:
There are two types of forces:
1. Contact forces
2. Non- contact forces

Contact Force:
Contact force is a force which is applied by actually touching the body.
Examples:
 Tension Force
 Spring Force
 Normal Force
 Air resistance Force
 Frictional Force
 Force of Gravity
 Applied Force

Tension Force: Tension force is that force that is applied on the cable, rope,
or string at the ends. It is directed towards the length of the wire and pulls the
energy equally from both ends. Mathematically it is shown as:
T = mg + ma
Where T = tension in Newton (N), m = mass in (kg),
g = gravitational force (9.8m/s²)

Spring Force: Spring force is also known as restoring force. If any force acts
on the body, which will either compress or stretch the body, then this force
acts to restore the equilibrium position. For example, in the case of rubber.
Mathematically it is written as:
F = kx
Where, F = spring force, k = spring constant,
x = distance stretched or compressed

Normal Force: The normal force is again a contact force. This force only exists
if two surfaces are in contact; otherwise, it will not act; from the figure, it can
be clearly understood. An example is a book lying on the desk, etc.

Air Resistance Force: If an object is moving through the air, then this force
will occur, and it will resist the body from moving.
In other words, air behaves as friction, and it will act in the opposite direction
of the body.

Frictional Force: Frictional force is the opposing force. This force is generated
when the two surfaces are in contact or slide opposite to each other. The
surface of the body plays a major role in this type of friction. The more rough
the surface, the more will be the friction.
There are Two Types of Friction:-
 Sliding Friction stops the body from sliding.
 Static Friction acts to keep the object at rest

Force of Gravity: It is the force that pulls the body toward the centre of the
earth due to gravity.
Mathematically: W = mg
Where W = weight, m = mass of the body and
g = acceleration due to gravity

Applied Force: It is clear from its name that a body or person is applying
force on the other body that changes the velocity of the body or the direction
of the body, etc.
There are Three Types of Applied Force:-
 Push: It is the most common form of force. The body in this is being
pushed. Example: Throw a ball etc.
 Pull: Pulling an object. For example, pulling the door to open it. ·
 Drag: It requires two bodies. When one body is dragged over another
Non-Contact Force
It is the force that acts without any physical contact between the bodies.
For example, a ball is thrown in the air; it will come back due to gravitational
force, which is Non-contact force. There are three types of Non-Contact
Force. These are:
 Gravitational Force
 Electrostatic Force
 Magnetic Force

Gravitational Force: Gravitational force is that force that acts between the two
bodies having some mass. It is an attractive force. Two bodies having some
mass try to pull each other and never push apart. Example - A stone thrown
from Burj Khalifa experiences a force of Gravity which is a Non-contact force.

Electrostatic Force: The electrostatic force acts between two charged bodies.
It is very similar to gravitational force, but the only difference is that the
gravitational force acts between masses, whereas this force acts between
charged bodies. Example - On a rubbing scale on woollen cloth and take it
near to the pieces of paper, it will attract those paper.

Magnetic Force: It is also a type of non-contact force. The force between the
iron and magnet is the magnetic force—for example, the magnetic poles in the
DC motor.

Conservative Force
The conservative force operating in a closed system has a coherent
mechanical function that allows energy to switch only between kinetic or
probable forms. This means that in a closed system, the total energy used is
saved whenever the energy saving is applied to the system. Force, therefore,
is directly related to the potential difference between two different spheres in
space and can be considered an artefact of a potential field in the same way
as the direction and amount of water flow that can be considered to be the
artefact of the contour map of the height of the area.

Conservative forces include gravity, magnetic field, and spring energy. Each
of these forces has models based on the area commonly given as a radial
vector.

The relationship of force and the potential energy due to its interaction with it
is given by this equation. In other words, the negative of the derivative of the
corresponding potential energy with respect to a displacement in that direction
equals the component of a conservative force in that direction.
Non-Conservative Forces
In some apparent cases, it is not possible to make a force model because of
the potential gradient. This is usually due to microphysical considerations that
produce energy from the average of large numbers of microstates. For
example, friction is caused by gradients of large electrostatic forces between
atoms, but they appear as independent models of any local macroscale
vector. The forces that are not limited to conflict include other forces of
communication, tension, pressure, and gravity. However, in any detailed
description, all of these forces are the result of solid ones as each of these
major forces is the remaining effect of the gradients of microscopic potentials.

SYSTEMS OF FORCES
A system of forces is a collection of forces acting on an object
simultaneously. Any external agent that changes or tries to change an
object's state is called a force. A force requires four characteristics for
representation: magnitude, direction, point of application, and line of action.

When a mechanics problem or system has more than one

force acting, it is known as a ‘force system’ or ‘system of
force’.

Fig.2.2 Force System

2.3.1 Collinear Force System
When the lines of action of all the forces of a system act along
the same line, this force system is called collinear force
system.

Fig.2.3 Force System

2.3.2 Parallel Forces

Fig.2.4 Force System

2.3.3 Coplanar Force System

When the lines of action of a set of forces lie in a single plane
is called coplanar force system.
2.3.4 Non-Coplanar Force System
When the line of action of all the forces do not lie in one
plane, is called Non-coplanar force system
 Fig.2.5 Force System
2.3.5 Concurrent Force System
The forces when extended pass through a single point and the
point is called point of concurrency. The lines of actions of all
forces meet at the point of concurrency. Concurrent forces
may or may not be coplanar.
2.3.6 Non-concurrent Force System
When the forces of a system do not meet at a common point
of concurrency, this type of force system is called non-
concurrent force system. Parallel forces are the example of
this type of force system. Non-concurrent forces may be
coplanar or non-coplanar.
2.3.7 Coplanar and concurrent force system
A force system in which all the forces lie in a single plane and
meet at one point, For example, forces acting at a joint of a
roof truss (see fig.2.6)
P = External force
F1 to F5 = Member forces (internal) RA and RB = Reactions
C = Point of concurrency

Fig.2.6 Coplanar concurrent force system

2.3.8 Coplanar and non-concurrent force system
These forces do not meet at a common point; however, they
lie in a single plane, for example, forces acting on a beam as
shown in Fig.2.7:

Fig.2.7 Coplanar non-concurrent force system

2.3.9 Non-coplanar and concurrent force system
In this system, the forces lie in a different planes but pass
through a single point. Example is forces acting at the top end
of an electrical pole (see Fig.2.8)
 Fig.2.8 Force System

2.3.10 Non-coplanar and non-concurrent force system

The forces which do not lie in a single plane and do not pass
through a single point are known as non-coplanar and non-
concurrent forces. Example is the loads transferred through
columns to the rectangular mat foundation as shown in
Fig.2.10.
Fig. 2.10 Non-coplanar non-concurrent force system