Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

Introduction to Nursing Informatics:

Informatics- management of information using cognitive skills and the computer

Nursing Informatics- defined as a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science
and information science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge and wisdom
in nursing practice
Database- list of similar items with query
Clinical Information System- set of components that form the mechanism by which patient
records are created, used, stored and retrieved and usually located within a healthcare provider
setting

HISTORY

Prior 1960: Simple Beginnings

- Computers were first developed in the late 1930s to 1940s
- Use of computer in the healthcare industry occurred in the 1950s
- During this period the image of nursing profession is undergoing major changes
- Initially, computers were used for business office transactions.
- Early computers used punch cards to store data and card readers to read computer
programs, sort, and prepare data for processing.
- Linked together and operated by paper tape and used teletypewriters
to print their output.

1960s: Issues and Nursing Informatics Researches

- The use of computer technology in healthcare settings began to be questioned.
- Nursing standards were reviewed and resources were analyzed.
- Introduction of new computer technology such as Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT).
- Hospital Information Systems (HIS) were primarily developed to process financial
transactions.
- Computer vendors were beginning to penetrate the healthcare field but progress is slow.
- In 1961 Health Information & Management System Society (HIMSS) was founded.
- In 1965 1st Hospital Information System (HIS) at El Camino Hospital.

1970s: Giant Leap for NI

- Nurses begin to recognize the value of the computer for their profession.
- Nurses assisted in the design of HIS
- Computer applications for financial and management functions of patient care systems
were perceived as cost saving technologies
- Several States & large Community Health Agencies in the US developed and/or
contracted their own computer-based Management Information Systems (MISs).
- In 1973 First Invitation conference on Management Information Systems (MIS) for public/
community health agencies @ Fairfox Virginia.
- In 1977 First Research: State of the Art Conference on Nursing Information System
(NIS), Chicago

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

- In 1979 First Military Conference for Computer, Washington

1980s: Emergence of Informatics Field

- NI became an accepted specialty and many nursing experts entered the field.
- The need for nursing software evolved and nursing education identified the need to
update practice standards, determine data standards, vocabularies and classification
schemes that could be coded for Computer based Patient Record Systems (CPRs)
- Nursing Education identified the need to update practice standards, determine data
standards, vocabularies and classification schemes that could be coded for
Computer-based Patient Record Systems (CPRSs).
- Microcomputers/PCs emerged that made computers more accessible, affordable and
usable by nurses.
- In 1981 First National Conference, Bethesda, NIS Journal
- In 1984 first book in NI: Computers in Nursing: First Nursing Computer Journal
- In 1985 Council on Nursing Informatics was formed in New York
- In 1989 Graduate Program for NI was introduced (Maryland Univ and Univ of Utah)

1990s: Affirmation of Nursing Informatics as a Specialty Field

- Computer technology became an integral part of the healthcare settings, nursing
practice and nursing profession.
- Policies and Legislation were adopted promoting computer technology in healthcare
including Nursing.
- NI was approved by ANA as a new Nursing specialty.Need for computer-based nursing
practice standards, data standards, nursing minimum data sets, and National databases
emerged concurrently with a need for a unified nursing language
- Nursing Administrators demanded inclusion of Nursing protocols in the HIS
- Nursing Educators require use of innovative technologies for all levels and types of
nursing and patient education.
- Nurse Researchers required knowledge presentation, decision support, and expert
systems based on aggregated data
- Development of smaller, faster computers and internet connection made it possible for
the information and knowledge databases to be integrated in bedside systems.
- In 1991 International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP) was initiated
- In 1993 Electronic Library goes Online
- In 1995 First International Nursing Informatics, Teleconference (Melbourne Australia)
- In 1997 Nursing Information and Data Set Evaluation Center (NIDSEC) standards and
scoring guidelines published to address documentation of nursing care

Post 2000: Rapid Growth and Development of Nursing Informatics

- Development of wireless point of care, open source solutions, regional database projects
and increased IT solutions in the healthcare environment.
- Clinical information systems became individualized in the EPR
- Mobile computing devices were also started to utilize in healthcare.
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) was enacted

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

- Standardized transaction and code sets were implemented to protect security and
ensure privacy and confidentiality of healthcare data.
- In 2001 Canadian Informatics Nurses Association received emerging group status from
the Canadian Nurses Association.
- In 2002 JCAHO identified clinical information systems as a way to improve safety and
recommended that hospitals adopt technologies
- In 2003 HIPAA deadline for electronic transaction standards was enacted in October.
- In 2004 The office of the National Health Information Coordinator was established

STANDARD INITIATIVES:

American Nursing Association:

- Contributes in the development and recommendation of standards of nursing practice
worldwide.
- Published: Nursing Informatics Scope and Standards of Practice (2008)
- Builds on clinical practice standards, outlining further the importance for implementing
standardized content to support nursing practice by NI specialists.

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations:

- Focuses on the need for adequate records on patients in hospitals and practice of
standards for the documentation of care by nurses.
- Recommended acuity systems to determine resources use as well as required care
plans for documenting nursing care.

Philippine Nurses Association:

- Founded on September 2, 1922.
- Member of the International Council for Nurses.
- Instigated the standardization of the nursing profession in the Philippines

NURSING DATA STANDARDS:

- One of the American National Standards Institutes (ANSI) that accredits Standards
Developing Organizations (SDOs) operating in the healthcare arena

CONFIDENTIALITY AND SECURITY:

- Increasing access through electronic capture and exchange of information raised
concerns about the privacy and security of personal health information (PHI)
- Republic Act 10173: Data Privacy Act of 2012

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

COMPUTER COMPONENTS:

Computer- a machine that is capable of performing a sequence of arithmetic or logical

operations

Component of Computer System:

- Hardware- tangible part of computers
- Software- programs that governs the operations of a computer that makes hardware
productive
- Peopleware/Personnel- person at operates a computer

HARDWARES:

Central Processing Unit (CPU)- AKA Microprocessor or Processor; conceptualized as the

“brain” of the computer. It executes, calculates, and processes the binary computer code.
- Components of CPU
● Arithmetic and Logic Unit- controls the mathematical computations and
functions that test logic (boolean) conditions
● Control Unit- carries out the machine language functions called fetch, execute,
decode and store
● Memory- includes the locations of the computer internal and main working
storage
- Read Only Memory- essential permanent or semipermanent nonvolatile
memory that stores saved data and is critical in the working of the
computer’s OS and other activities
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)- a specific type of ROM used by
computers to boot up to establish communication between the processor ,
motherboard and other components. Firmware initializes the hardware
and boots the primary Operating System
- Random access memory- volatile memory because it is a temporary
storage system that allows the processor to access program codes and
data while working on a task

Inputs Peripherals- enters and edits the data into the computer
- Keyboard- enables the user to type words, numbers and commands into the computer
- Mouse- allows the user to move objects around the computers screen
- Microphone- allows the user to input sound files in the computer
- Flash Drive- a portable memory device uses electronically erasable, programmable
ROM to provide fast, permanent memory

Output Peripherals- displays the data and information

- Monitor- serves as landscape for all interactions between the user and the machine
- Printers- enables users to print a hard copy of documents that are house on the
computer

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

- Speakers- provides enhanced sound in the computer system

Power Supply- provides essential electrical energy needed to allow computer to operate

Motherboard- called the “central nervous system” of computers, facilitates communication

among all of the computer components.

Storage Media- a computer hardware where all the memory is stored

- Hard Disk- permanent data storage that holds larger volume of data usually in
Gigabytes and sometimes in terabytes
- DVD/CD-ROM- reads and records data to a portable compact disk

SOFTWARES:
- Compromises the application programs developed to facilitate various user functions
such as writing, artwork, organizing meetings, surfing the internet and communicating
with others

Open Source Software- commercially available software that is freely available in the public
use without having to pay for the license of the products
OS Software- very first program to load upon computer start up and is fundamental for the
operations of all other software and the computer hardware
Productivity Software- type of software that commonly used in the workplace and on personal
computers
- Word processing- composition, editing, formatting and producing text documents
- Spreadsheet- grid-based documents in ledger format; organize numbers and text and
calculate statistical formula
- Presentations- slideshow presentation usually used for business or classroom
presentations, using text, images, graphs and media
- Publishing- page layouts and publication-ready documents
Creativity Software- allows users to create, paint, draw, render, record sound and music and
incorporate digital video and other multimedia in professional and aesthetic ways to share and
convey information
- Raster graphics program- edits images, fonts and photos to create pixel-based digital
arts
- Vector graphic program- mathematically rendered geometric modeling is applied
through shapes, curves, lines and points
- Web design program- create and edit web pages using specific codes such as XML,
CSS, HTML, and Java
- Multimedia programs- combine audio, images, animation and video into interactive
content for electronic presentation
Communication software- enables users to dialogue, share and network with other users.
- Email client- allows users to read, edit, forward and send email message to other users
via internet connection

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

- Internet browsers- enables access, browse, download, upload and interact with text,
audio videos and other web-based documents
- Instant messaging- real time text messaging between users
- Conferencing- enables users to communicate in a virtual meeting room setting to share
work, discussion or planning using an intranet or internet environment.
Utility programs- performs a specific task related to the management of computer functions,
resources or files
Application software- programs that specify the information processing activities required for
the completion of specific tasks of computer users

Bit- Binary Digit; smallest possible chunk of data memory used in computer processing and
depicted as either a 1 and 0
Byte- chunk of memory that consists of 8 bits
Computer Speed- measured in cycle per second (Hertz) or clock speed
Complex Instruction Set Computer- single instruction can execute several low level
operations or are capable of multiple instructions/operations
Reduced Instruction Set Computer- computer specializes in 1 or 2 tasks

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

COMPUTER SYSTEMS:

Systems Theory- conceptual basis of understanding complex entities that consists of multiple
interrelated parts of working together to achieve desired results
- Interdependent Parts- individual components/unit that make up the system
- Input- any feed from the system’s external environment.
- Process- activity in the system perform process on its inputs to produce outputs
or some sort of results.
- Output- any end product or waste produced as a result of the system process.
- Control- any component or activity that serves to prevent or correct problems or errors
in a system’s input, process, or output.
- Feedback- is the output from one part of the system process that serves as input to
another part of the system process.

Computer System- is used to describe the set of peripherals, computer box, and the software
that together perform computing functions to achieve common goal
Information System- a purposefully designed system that brings data, computers, procedures,
and people together to manage information important to an organization's mission

SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION:

Closed System- Its boundaries are clearly defined and rigid. It has sealed boundaries that
separate it from the rest of the environment. Access to the closed system is highly restricted,
because the only inputs acceptable to the system are from another part of itself

Open System- exhibits integration, fluid or fuzzy boundaries and interaction with environments.
An open system overlaps other systems and may be a subsystem within a larger system. It is
sometimes difficult to identify the boundaries of an open system because boundaries are
permeable to external influences rather than sealed against them.

Types of Information System:

1. Transaction Processing System- provide the basic input to the company's database.
2. Management Information System- generates information for monitoring performance
(e.g. productivity information) and maintaining coordination (e.g. between purchasing
and accounts payable).
3. Executive Support System- provide a generalized computing and communication
environment to senior managers to support strategic decisions.
4. Office Automation System- support general hospital work for handling and managing
documents and facilitating communication.
5. Decision Support System- supports analytical work in semi-structured or unstructured
situations.
6. Physiologic Monitoring System- monitor vital physiologic parameters so that clinicians
can be informed of changes in a patient's condition.

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM:

- a computer system that is designed to manage all the hospital’s medical and
administrative information in order to enable health professional perform their jobs
effectively and efficiently

Modules in HIS:
- Order-Entry System- Its main function is to monitor and sometimes control the flow of
patients in a hospital from admission to discharge.
- Order-Entry-Results Reporting Module- This enables the staff to enter laboratory,
pharmacy and radiology orders, results and reports online.
- Charting Systems- Usually included are the medication reports, admission assessment,
shift assessment, special assessments and some elements of the nursing care plan
- Point of Service Systems (POS)- POS are a special type of clinical system that uses a
hand-held or bedside PC to ensure that the data are entered at the point at which they
are collected.
- Laboratory, Pharmacy and Radiology Modules- Shows laboratory, pharmacy and
radiology data.

NETWORK SYSTEMS:
- Set of interconnected computers that through the hardware and software technology,
work cooperatively for the purpose of information and application program interchange.

Types of Network:
- Local Area Network (LAN)- The computers are geographically close together (that is, in
the same building).
- Wide Area Network (WAN)- The computers are farther apart and are connected by
telephone lines or radio waves.
- Campus Area Network (CAN)- The computers are within a limited geographic area,
such as a campus or military base.
- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)- A data network designed for a town or city.
- Home Area Networks (HAN)- A network contained within a user's home that connects a
person's digital devices

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

DATA PROCESSING:

Database- facts specific to a domain focus

Data to Wisdom Continuum of Abbott and Goodwin:

- Data- Gathering of parts; naming, collecting and organizing of raw data
- Information- Connecting of parts; organizing and interpreting data
- Knowledge- Formation of whole; interpreting, integrating and understanding
- Wisdom- Joining of wholes; understand and applying with compassion

Database Operations
• Input – entrance, update, modification of data
• Process – conversion of data in meaningful operations
• Output – includes online and written reports

Classification of Data
• Conceptual Data Types – classification based on how data will be used. These can also be
based on the source of the data. Examples: Laboratories produce “lab data”; X-ray departments
produce “image data”.
• Computer-Based Data Types – classification based on computerized data type and can be
grouped into three:
- Alphanumeric – include letters and numbers in any combination but cannot perform
numeric function. Examples: hospital number, memo
- Numeric – data used to perform numeric functions as adding, subtracting, multiplying
and dividing. It can be long integer, currency or scientific. Examples: date and time
- Logic – data that are limited to two options. Examples: yes or no; true or false; 1 and 2;
and on and off

Types of Files
1. Data Files – contain data that have been captured and stored on a computer using a
software program. The extension of the file identifies the software used to create file.
Example: Microsoft Word - .doc/.docx extension; Microsoft PowerPoint ppt/.pptx
2. Processing Files – executable program or set of instructions that, when executed,
causes a computer to open or start a specific computer program. Example: running a
setup.exe file will tell the computer to begin installing a program

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

THE INTERNET:
- a worldwide network of interconnected computer networks that operates using a
standard set of communications.

Brief History of the Internet

• Vannevar Bush - wrote the first visionary description of the potential uses for information
technology with his description of the "memex" automated library system.
• Norbert Wiener - invented the field of Cybernetics, inspiring future researchers to focus on
the use of technology to extend human capabilities.
• The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference - crystallized the concept that
technology was improving at an exponential rate, and provided the first serious consideration of
the consequences.
• Marshall McLuhan - made the idea of a global village interconnected by an electronic nervous
system part of our popular culture

Standardized Protocols:
- Data transmission between two devices
- The type of error checking that will be performed
- Data compression
- Signals and notifications
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – allows computers to connect to a network and
exchange data; carries the task of breaking messages into small packets (datagrams)
Internet Protocol (IP) – considered a lower level protocol, which is responsible for making
decisions on the packets and routing them.
Hypertext Transmission Protocol (HTTP) – which supports the World Wide Web (WWW)
File Transmission Protocol (FTP) – permit users to send all types of electronic files over
the Internet.

Web Address- also referred to as URLs (Universal Resource Locators). It can identify a specific
machine, directory and file of that machine

Anatomy of Web Address:

- HTTP – short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol described as the transmission protocol,
introduces a web document or directory
- WWW – short for World Wide Web
- Directory – the directory or folder(s) in the web server that contains a group of related
web pages within a website
- Domain Name – identifies the computer name, web server name, web name or host
name.
- Domain Name System (DNS) permits users to give globally unique names to networks.
● .edu Educational site (usually a University or a college)
● .com Commercial business site/computer
● .gov Government/non-military site

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

● .mil Military sites or agencies

● .net Networks, internet service providers, organizations
● .org Non-profit organizations and others

E-Mail- electronic mail for short

Anatomy of E-mail
- Name – the name of the owner of the address. Users can devise their own name based
on the availability. Nurses must refer to their organizational policies on how to make an
email address in an organization.
- Email Provider / Organizational Code – denotes the email providers (Yahoo Mail®,
Gmail®, Hotmail® etc.) or Organizational Code in conjunction with the organizational
website (@mugglenet, @microsoft, etc).
- Domain – corresponds to the high-level domain names

Evaluating Quality Health Information on the Internet

- Credibility – source of information and timeliness of the content
- Content – to help judge accuracy, examine the hierarchy of events and presence of
original sources
- Disclosure – the purpose and moderator of the site
- Links – the quality of links provided by the site
- Design – site accessibility and convenience of use
- Interactivities – presence of feedback and communication
- Caveats – achievement of site goals

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

NURSING MINIMUM DATA SETS AND HEALTHCARE DATA STANDARDS

- Syntax - refers to structure of communication; the equivalent of rules in spelling and

grammar
- Semantics – convey the meaning of communication; the equivalent of dictionary and
thesaurus

Healthcare Standards:
- Data Exchange / Messaging Standards- these allow transactions to flow consistently
between systems or organizations because they contain instructions for format, data,
elements, and structure
- Terminology Standards- these vocabularies provide specific codes for clinical concepts
such as diseases, problem list, allergies, medications, and diagnoses that might have
varying textual descriptions in a paper chart or a transcription.
- Document Standards- these indicate what type of information is included in a document
and where it can be found.
- Conceptual Standards- these allow data to be transported across systems without
losing meaning and context.
- Application Standards- these determine the way business rules are implemented and
software systems interact.
- Architecture Standards- these define the process involving in data storage and
distribution.

Components of Advanced Terminology Systems

- Terminology Model – concept-based representation of domain-specific terms that is
optimized for the management of terminology definitions
● Schemata – incorporate domain-specific knowledge about the typical
constellation of entities, attributes and events in the real world and reflect
plausible combinations of concepts. Example: “pain” can be combined with
“acute” to make “acute pain”.
● Type Definitions – are obligatory conditions that state only the essential
properties of the concept. Example: a nursing activity must have a recipient, an
action and a target
- Representation Language – terminology models may be formulated and elucidated in
an ontology language. Ontology language represents classes and their properties.
- Computer-Based Tools – a representation language may be implemented using
description logic within a software system or by a suite of software tools.

Concept – thought or reference; unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of

characteristics (an abstraction of a property of an object or of a set of objects.)
Objects – the referent; anything perceivable or conceivable.
Term – the symbol; verbal designation of a general concept corresponds to two or more
objects which form a group by reason of common properties.

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS)

- a classification system which allows for the standardized collection of essential nursing
data. The collected data are meant to provide an accurate description of the nursing
process used when providing nursing care

Nursing Care Elements

o Nursing Diagnosis
o Nursing Intervention
o Nursing Outcome
o Intensity of Nursing Care

Patient Demographic Elements

o Personal identification
o Date of Birth
o Sex
o Race and ethnicity
o Residence

Service Elements
o Unique facility or agency number elements
o Unique patient health record number
o Unique number of principle RN
o Episode encounter date
o Discharge or termination date
o Disposition of patient
o Expected payer for this bill

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE:

Critical Care Nursing- specialty within nursing that deals specifically with human responses to
life-threatening problems.

Component of Clinical Care Information Systems CCIS

• Patient management
• Vital signs monitoring
• Diagnostic testing results
• Clinical documentation
• Clinical decision support
• Medication Management
• Healthcare provider order entry
- Process, store and integrate physiologic and diagnostic information from various sources
- Present deviations from present ranges by an alarm or an alert
- Accept and store patient care documentation in a lifetime clinical repository
- Trend data in a graphical presentation
- Provide clinical decision support through alerts, alarms, and protocols
- Provide access to vital patient information from any location, both inside and outside of
the critical care setting
- Comparatively evaluate patient for outcomes analysis
- Present clinical data based on concept-oriented view

Information Technology Applications in Critical Care

- Physiologic monitoring systems - a system that monitors vital physiologic parameters
so that clinicians can be informed of changes in a patient's condition. They typically
consist of several distinct components, including a central station, bedside monitors, and
ambulatory telemetry transmitters and receivers.
- Pulse Oximeter – measure the arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation of the patient's
blood with a sensor clipped over the finger or toe
- Intracranial Pressure Monitors - are connected to sensors inserted into the brain
through a cannula or bur hole. These devices warn of elevated pressure and record or
display pressure trends
- Apnea Monitors - use electrodes or sensors placed on the patient to detect cessation of
breathing, display respiration parameters, and trigger an alarm if a certain amount of
time passes without a patient's breath being detected
- Ventilators - consist of a flexible breathing circuit, gas supply, heating/humidification
mechanism, monitors, and alarms. They are microprocessor-controlled and
programmable, and regulate the volume, pressure, and flow of patient respiration.
- Infusion Pumps - employ automatic, programmable pumping mechanisms to supply the
patient with fluids intravenously or epidurally through a catheter.
- Crash Carts - also called resuscitation carts or code carts, are strategically located in
the ICU for immediate availability when a patient experiences cardio-respiratory failure.

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

- Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump - use a balloon placed in the patient's aorta to help the heart
pump. The balloon is on the end of a catheter that is connected to the pump's console,
which displays heart rate, pressure, and ECG readings

Home High-Tech Monitoring Systems

- Monitoring devices that transmit vital signs and other critical data are used in the home
to conduct health checkups

Components of HHTMS
- Care Watch – home tele-monitoring program for patients with congestive heart failure
- Remote Defibrillator – allows hospitals to diagnose and resuscitate a homebound
patient who has suffered a cardiac arrest.
- Sophisticated Telemetry Devices – examples are digitized x-rays and ECG, electronic
stethoscopes, and interactive video equipment that uses telecommunication technology
- Alert Systems – communication devices that allow the homebound to signal for help in
case of emergency
- Two-Way Communication Devices – such as mobile phones that can facilitate
communication between client and the clinician

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

INTERNET TOOLS FOR NURSING PRACTICE:

US Government Medical and Health Information Resources

- NLM Gateway – This site is a handy entry point for searching the many valuable
resources at the National Library of Medicine. It provides a global search function for
Pubmed, Pubmed Central, and Medline Plus

Resource for Medical Professional and Researchers

- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) – this federal agency both
conducts and sponsors research on healthcare quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness.
- National Institute of Nursing Research – It provides information on its own funding
initiatives, including diversity programs and resources, links to nursing organizations for
various specialties, and publications from national conferences and meetings.
- Pubmed Central – a free “digital archive of life sciences journal literature,” the site offers
access to the full text of more than 160 high-quality, open access life sciences journals
from various publishers.
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention – monitor public health, put forth
prevention initiatives, investigate health problems, and promote healthy behaviors.
- Healthfinder – It is a hand-selected directory of the health-related Web sites of more
than 1,500 organizations—government, nonprofit, and educational.
- MedlinePlus – provides simple but accurate health-related information for the general
public.
- National Institutes of Health—Health Information – directory of consumer health
information, this site has a simple design, and is organized by conditions, body systems,
type of patient, etc.

Non-Governmental Portals
- BioMed Central – publishes more than 140 open access journals covering all areas of
biology and medicine.
- HealthWeb – well-organized collection of evaluated, noncommercial resources is a
collaborative project of health sciences libraries at more than 20 leading academic
medical centers in the Midwest.
- Mayo Clinic: Tools for Healthier Lives – provides a plethora of medical information
aimed for healthcare professionals and clients alike. It also provides different modules
and simulations
- Online Journal of Issues in Nursing (OJIN) – a free, peer-reviewed, international
journal addressing topics affecting nursing practice, research, education, and the wider
health care sector.
- Public Library of Science (PLoS) – an initiative by scientists and doctors to publish
quality, peer-reviewed literature and make it freely available to the public and other
researchers. It publishes journals in biology, medicine, clinical trials, and genetics.
- World Health Organization (WHO) – source of global health information, including
statistics and country-by-country health overviews.

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Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

Nursing Specialties and Diseases-Specific Sites

- Alzheimer's Association – provides information and support to family members,
caregivers, and health professionals on Alzheimer's disease. It is updated daily and
includes news, resources and information (such as causes, warning signs,
diagnosis,treatments, stages, brain tour, myths, statistics, and related disorders).
- HIV InSite: Gateway to AIDS Knowledge – gives comprehensive, up-to-date
information on HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention, and policy at this site.
- Oncolink – excellent source of medical information regarding cancers
- Public Health Nursing Section of the American Public Health Association –
provides current health-related news, links to information about public health advocacy,
articles of concern to public health nurses, general links on health and nursing, links to
images, ask-an-expert sites, and a discussion forum on public health nursing.

Nursing Associations, Forums and Discussion Links

- American Nurses Association (ANA) – site provides information on current issues in
nursing (workplace rights, patient safety, and ethics) and a sophisticated career center
with a searchable jobs database, space for posting résumés, and advice for job-seekers.
- International Council of Nurses – focuses on quality in nursing internationally and
global health policy.
- National Institute of Nursing Research – offers an excellent list of links to scores of
organizations representing nursing specialties and issues in nursing.
- National Council of State Boards of Nursing – nonprofit membership organization is
composed of State Boards of Nursing from the United States and its territories. It is also
the body that develops and administers the National Council Licensure Examination.
- National League for Nursing (NLN) – provides continuing education for its members,
information on careers in nursing, and an "eCareer Center," where jobseekers post a
résumé or search listings. It provides recent political and health news that affects nurses.
It also provides grants and funding for research in nursing education.
- National Coalition of Ethnic and Minority Nurse Associations (NCEMNA) – offers
information and links to American nurses’ associations representing major U.S. ethnic
groups, including Asian American/Pacific Islander (AAPINA), Alaska Native American
(NANAINA), Hispanic (NAHN), Black (NBNA), and Philippines (PNAA)
- National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses (NFLPN) – organization for LPNs,
vocational nurses and nursing students, fosters competence through continuing
education and professionalism.

And the voices say, "You are not the exception, you will never learn your lesson" ~St. Taylor Swift
Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

NURSING INFORMATICS IN RESEARCH AND EDUCATION:

Nursing Education Informatics Model

- Travis and Brennan (1998) propose a model that emphasizes the inclusion of
information science as essential in the undergraduate curriculum.
- Riley and Saba (1996) proposed the Nursing Informatics Education Model (NIEM). In
NIEM,the domains of computer science, information science and nursing science are
integrated throughout the curriculum in a progressive leveling to ensure the development
of nursing informatics competencies.
- Carty (2000) proposed an informatics model in graduate informatics that has an
interpretation of data, information, data and knowledge that is complex and non-linear.
- Turley (1996) suggested that nursing informatics has a specific nursing focus, but there
are acknowledged areas of interdisciplinary and collaborative foci that need to be
explored and Studied

Study-Aids for Nursing Students

- AMA Medical Ethics Web Pages - the American Medical Association (AMA) offers
resources and information about medical ethics.
- Geriatric Assessment-Case Studies - offers four "interdisciplinary geriatric
assessment" case studies. The approach, as explained by the authors, is an integrated
team approach in which "team members actively coordinate care and services across
disciplines in a process resembling problem-based learning.
- Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body - Bartleby.com edition of Gray’s Anatomy
features 1,247 pictures from the classic 1918 publication, as well as a subject index with
13,000 entries
- Human Anatomy Online - Graphics are interactive and users can view animations of
the system, tutorials, and descriptions.
- McGill University Virtual Stethoscope - a multimedia tutorial featuring a virtual
stethoscope (Real Player needed) to assess both respiratory and cardiovascular
conditions.
- Physical Exam Study Guides - created by the University of Florida Medical program,
these guides are thorough and clear.
- RN Central - created by nurses for nurses and students, this site offers good resource
links, but the highlight is its “Careplan Corner,” with predefined nursing care plans under
three categories: “Altered/Alterations,” “Impaired/Impairment,” and “General.”
- RxList - information provided for each drug includes the description, clinical
pharmacology, indications and dosage, side effects and drug interactions, warnings and
precautions drug overdose, contraindications, and patient information.

Curriculum - refers to the lessons and academic content taught in a school or in a specific
course or program

And the voices say, "You are not the exception, you will never learn your lesson" ~St. Taylor Swift
Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES OF NURSING INFORMATICS:

United States of America

- Homer R. Warner, one of the Fathers of Medical Informatics, founded the Department of
Medical Informatics at the University of Utah in 1968, and the American Medical
Informatics Association (AMIA) has an award named after him on application of
informatics to medicine.
- In 2004 the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) formed the Office of
the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONCHIT), headed by David
J. Brailer, M.D., Ph.D. The mission of this office is widespread adoption of interoperable
electronic health records (EHRs) in the US within 10 years.
- The Certification Commission for Healthcare Information Technology (CCHIT), a private
nonprofit group, was funded in 2005 by the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services to develop a set of standards for electronic health records (EHR) and
supporting networks, and certify vendors who meet them. In July, 2006 CCHIT released
its first list of 22 certified ambulatory EHR products, in two different announcements

Europe
- The European Union's Member States are committed to sharing their best practices and
experiences to create a European eHealth Area, thereby improving access to and quality
healthcare at the same time as stimulating growth in a promising new industrial sector.
- In the United Kingdom, moves towards registration and regulation of those involved in
Health Informatics have begun with the formation of the UK Council for Health
Informatics Professions (UKCHIP).
- Scotland has the GPASS system whose source code is owned by the State, and
controlled and developed by NHS Scotland. It has been provided free to all GPs in
Scotland but has developed poorly. Discussion of open sourcing it as a remedy is
occurring.

Asia
- In Asia and Australia-New Zealand, the regional group called the Asia Pacific
Association for Medical Informatics (APAMI) was established in 1994 and now consists
of more than 15 member regions in the Asia Pacific Region
- In Hong Kong a computerized patient record system called the Clinical Management
System (CMS) has been developed by the Hospital Authority since 1994. Since 2004
radiology image viewing has been added to the ePR, with radiography images from any
HA site being available as part of the ePR
- Health information technology is now entering its second software generation in China,
and IT usage in hospitals resembles that of the late 1970s in the United States. Most
hospitals in China incorporate IT software into their payment and billing systems, and
many have also begun integrating IT into clinical systems in the past five years

And the voices say, "You are not the exception, you will never learn your lesson" ~St. Taylor Swift
Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

Australia
- In 2002 the Australian College of Health Informatics (ACHI) was formed as a
professional association and peak health informatics professional body. It represents the
interests of a broad range of clinical and non-clinical professionals working within the
Health Informatics sphere through a commitment to quality, standards and ethical
practice.
- The Health Informatics Society of Australia Ltd (HISA) is regarded as the major umbrella
group and is a member of the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA).
Nursing informaticians were the driving force behind the formation of HISA, which is now
a company limited by guarantee of the members. The membership comes from across
the informatics spectrum that is from students to corporate affiliates.

New Zealand
- Health Informatics New Zealand (HINZ) is a national, not-for-profit organization whose
focus is to facilitate improvements in business processes and patient care in the health
sector through the application of appropriate information technologies. It emerged in
September 2000 from two health informatics organizations
- The New Zealand Health IT Cluster is a alliance of organizations interested in health IT,
comprising software and solution developers, consultants, health policy makers, health
funders, infrastructure companies, healthcare providers, and academic institutions - who
have agreed to work collaboratively

And the voices say, "You are not the exception, you will never learn your lesson" ~St. Taylor Swift
Property of: Alfie Velasco BSN 2-Y0-11

REFERENCES:

Saba, V., and McCormick, K. (2006) Essentials of Nursing Informatics 4th Edition, Overview of
Computers and Nursing, Historical Perspectives of Nursing and Computer. New York:
McGraw-Hill Companies

McGonigle, D., and Mastrian, K. (2022) Nursing Informatics and the Foundation of Knowledge
5th Edition. Jones and Bartlett Learning.

eNotes (2008), Intensive Care Unit Equipment, Retrieved October 17, 2019 from eNotes
Webpage, Website: http://www.enotes.com/nursing-encyclopedia/intensive-care-unit-equipment

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And the voices say, "You are not the exception, you will never learn your lesson" ~St. Taylor Swift