TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 65

Solution We have
13 π  π π π π
tan = tan  π +  = tan = tan  − 
12  12  12 4 6

π π 1−
1
tan − tan
4 6 3 = 3 −1 = 2 − 3
= =
π π 1 3 +1
1 + tan tan 1+
4 6 3

Example 13 Prove that

sin ( x + y ) tan x + tan y
=
sin ( x − y ) tan x − tan y .

Solution We have
sin (x + y) sin x cos y + cos x sin y
L.H.S. = =
sin (x − y ) sin x cos y − cos x sin y
Dividing the numerator and denominator by cos x cos y, we get
sin ( x + y ) tan x + tan y
=
sin ( x − y ) tan x − tan y .

Example 14 Show that

tan 3 x tan 2 x tan x = tan 3x – tan 2 x – tan x
Solution We know that 3x = 2x + x
Therefore, tan 3x = tan (2x + x)
tan 2 x + tan x
or tan 3x =
1– tan 2 x tan x
or tan 3x – tan 3x tan 2x tan x = tan 2x + tan x
or tan 3x – tan 2x – tan x = tan 3x tan 2x tan x
or tan 3x tan 2x tan x = tan 3x – tan 2x – tan x.
Example 15 Prove that
π  π 
cos  + x  + cos  − x  = 2 cos x
4  4 
Solution Using the Identity 20(i), we have

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π  π 
L.H.S. = cos  + x  + cos  − x 
4  4 

π π  π π 
 4 +x+ 4 −x  4 + x – ( 4 − x) 
= 2cos   cos  
 2   2 
   

π 1
= 2 cos cos x = 2 × cos x = 2 cos x = R.H.S.
4 2

cos 7 x + cos 5 x
Example 16 Prove that = cot x
sin 7 x – sin 5 x

Solution Using the Identities 20 (i) and 20 (iv), we get

7 x + 5x 7 x − 5x
2cos cos cos x
2 2 = cot x = R.H.S.
L.H.S. = =
7 x + 5x 7 x − 5x sin x
2cos sin
2 2

sin 5 x − 2sin 3x + sin x

Example 17 Prove that = = tan x
cos5 x − cos x

Solution We have

sin 5 x − 2sin 3 x + sin x sin 5 x + sin x − 2sin 3x

L.H.S. = =
cos5 x − cos x cos5 x − cos x

2sin 3 x cos 2 x − 2sin 3 x sin 3 x (cos 2 x − 1)

= =–
– 2sin 3x sin 2x sin 3x sin 2x

1− cos 2 x 2sin 2 x
= = = tan x = R.H.S.
sin 2 x 2sin x cos x

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EXERCISE 3.3
Prove that:
π π π 1 π 7π π 3
1. sin2 + cos2 – tan2 = – 2. 2sin2 + cosec2 cos 2 =
6 3 4 2 6 6 3 2
π 5π π 2 3π π π
3. cot
2
+ cosec + 3tan 2 = 6 4. 2sin + 2cos 2 + 2sec 2 = 10
6 6 6 4 4 3
5. Find the value of:
(i) sin 75° (ii) tan 15°

Prove the following:

π  π  π  π 
6. cos  − x  cos  − y  − sin  − x  sin  − y  = sin ( x + y )
 4   4   4   4 

π 
tan  + x  2
 4  =  1 + tan x cos (π + x) cos ( − x )
7.   8. = cot 2 x
π   1 − tan x π 
tan  − x  sin (π − x) cos  + x 
4  2 

 3π    3π  
9. cos  + x  cos (2 π + x)  cot  − x  + cot (2π + x)  = 1
 2    2  
10. sin (n + 1)x sin (n + 2)x + cos (n + 1)x cos (n + 2)x = cos x
 3π   3π 
11. cos  + x  − cos  − x  = − 2 sin x
 4   4 
12. sin2 6x – sin2 4x = sin 2x sin 10x 13. cos2 2x – cos2 6x = sin 4x sin 8x
14. sin2 x + 2 sin 4x + sin 6x = 4 cos2 x sin 4x
15. cot 4x (sin 5x + sin 3x) = cot x (sin 5x – sin 3x)
cos 9 x − cos 5 x sin 2 x sin 5x + sin 3 x
16. =− 17. = tan 4 x
sin 17 x − sin 3 x cos 10 x cos 5x + cos 3 x
sin x − sin y x−y sin x + sin 3 x
18. = tan 19. = tan 2 x
cos x + cos y 2 cos x + cos 3 x
sin x − sin 3x cos 4 x + cos 3x + cos 2 x
20. = 2 sin x 21. = cot 3x
2
sin x − cos x
2
sin 4 x + sin 3x + sin 2 x

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22. cot x cot 2x – cot 2x cot 3x – cot 3x cot x = 1

4tan x (1 − tan 2 x)
23. tan 4 x = 24. cos 4x = 1 – 8sin2 x cos2 x
1 − 6 tan 2 x + tan 4 x

25. cos 6x = 32 cos6 x – 48cos4 x + 18 cos2 x – 1

Miscellaneous Examples
3 12
Example 18 If sin x = , cos y = − , where x and y both lie in second quadrant,
5 13
find the value of sin (x + y).
Solution We know that
sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y ... (1)
9 16
Now cos2 x = 1 – sin2 x = 1 – =
25 25
4
Therefore cos x = ± .
5
Since x lies in second quadrant, cos x is negative.
4
Hence cos x = −
5
144 25
Now sin2y = 1 – cos2y = 1 – =
169 169
5
i.e. sin y = ± .
13
5
Since y lies in second quadrant, hence sin y is positive. Therefore, sin y = . Substituting
13
the values of sin x, sin y, cos x and cos y in (1), we get
3  12   4  5 36 20 56
sin( x + y ) = ×  −  +  − × = − − =− .
5  13   5  13 65 65 65
Example 19 Prove that
x 9x 5x
cos 2 x cos − cos 3 x cos = sin 5 x sin .
2 2 2
Solution We have

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1  x 9x 
L.H.S. =  2cos 2 x cos − 2cos cos 3x 
2  2 2 

1  x  x  9x   9x 
=  cos  2 x +  + cos  2 x −  − cos  + 3x  − cos  − 3x  
2  2  2  2   2 
1 5x 3x 15x 3x  1  5x 15x 
 cos + cos − cos − cos  =  cos − cos
2 
=
2 2 2 2 2  2 2

  5 x 15 x   5 x 15 x 
1  2 + 2   2 − 2 
 −2sin   sin  
= 2  2   2 
    

 5x  5x
= − sin 5x sin  −  = sin 5x sin = R.H.S.
 2 2
π
Example 20 Find the value of tan .
8
π π
Solution Let x = . Then 2 x = .
8 4
2 tan x
Now tan 2 x = 2
1 − tan x
π
2tan
π 8
tan =
or 4 1 − tan 2 π
8

π 2y
Let y = tan . Then 1 =
8 1− y2
or y2 + 2y – 1 = 0

−2 ± 2 2
Therefore y= = − 1± 2
2

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π π
Since lies in the first quadrant, y = tan is positve. Hence
8 8
π
tan = 2 −1 .
8

3 3π x x x
Example 21 If tan x = , π < x < , find the value of sin , cos and tan .
4 2 2 2 2
3π
Solution Since π < x < , cos x is negative.
2
π x 3π
Also < < .
2 2 4
x x
Therefore, sin is positive and cos is negative.
2 2
9 25
Now sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x = 1 + =
16 16
16 4
Therefore cos2 x = or cos x = – (Why?)
25 5
x 4 9
Now 2 sin 2 = 1 – cos x = 1 + = .
2 5 5
x 9
Therefore sin2 =
2 10
x 3
or sin = (Why?)
2 10
x 4 1
Again 2cos2 = 1+ cos x = 1 − =
2 5 5
x 1
Therefore cos2 =
2 10
x 1
or cos =− (Why?)
2 10

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 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 71
x
sin  − 10 
x 2 3
Hence tan = = ×  = – 3.
2 x 10  1 
cos
2
Example 22
 π  π 3
Prove that cos2 x + cos2  x +  + cos 2  x −  = .
 3  3 2

Solution We have

 2π   2π 
1 + cos  2 x +  1 + cos  2 x − 
L.H.S. = 1 + cos 2 x +  3 
+  3  .
2 2 2

1  2π   2π  
 3 + cos 2 x + cos  2 x +  + cos  2 x − 
3  
=
2  3  

1 2π 
=  3 + cos 2 x + 2cos 2 x cos 
2 3

1  π 
=  3 + cos 2 x + 2cos 2 x cos  π −  
2  3 

1 π
=  3 + cos 2 x − 2cos 2 x cos 
2 3
1 3
= [3 + cos 2x − cos 2 x ] = = R.H.S.
2 2

Miscellaneous Exercise on Chapter 3

Prove that:
π 9π 3π 5π
1. 2 cos cos + cos + cos =0
13 13 13 13
2. (sin 3x + sin x) sin x + (cos 3x – cos x) cos x = 0
x+ y
3. (cos x + cos y)2 + (sin x – sin y)2 = 4 cos2
2

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x −y
4. (cos x – cos y)2 + (sin x – sin y)2 = 4 sin2
2
5. sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x + sin 7x = 4 cos x cos 2x sin 4x
(sin 7x + sin 5x ) + (sin 9x + sin 3x )
6. = tan 6x
(cos 7x + cos 5x ) + (cos 9x + cos 3x )
x 3x
7. sin 3x + sin 2x – sin x = 4sin x cos cos
2 2
x x x
Find sin , cos and tan in each of the following :
2 2 2
4 1
8. tan x = − , x in quadrant II 9. cos x = − , x in quadrant III
3 3
1
10. sin x = , x in quadrant II
4

Summary
® If in a circle of radius r, an arc of length l subtends an angle of θ radians, then
l=rθ
π
® Radian measure = × Degree measure
180
180
® Degree measure = π × Radian measure
® cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
® 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
® 1 + cot2 x = cosec2 x
® cos (2nπ + x) = cos x
® sin (2nπ + x) = sin x
® sin (– x) = – sin x
® cos (– x) = cos x
® cos (x + y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y
® cos (x – y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
π
® cos ( 2 − x ) = sin x

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π
® sin ( 2 − x ) = cos x
® sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
® sin (x – y) = sin x cos y – cos x sin y
π  π 
® cos  2 + x  = – sin x sin  + x  = cos x
2 
cos (π – x) = – cos x sin (π – x) = sin x
cos (π + x) = – cos x sin (π + x) = – sin x
cos (2π – x) = cos x sin (2π – x) = – sin x

π
® If none of the angles x, y and (x ± y) is an odd multiple of 2
, then

tan x + tan y
tan (x + y) =
1 − tan x tan y
tan x − tan y
® tan (x – y) = 1 + tan x tan y
® If none of the angles x, y and (x ± y) is a multiple of π, then
cot x cot y − 1
cot (x + y) = cot y + cot x

cot x cot y + 1
® cot (x – y) = cot y − cot x

1 – tan 2 x
® cos 2x = cos2 x – sin2 x = 2cos2 x – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 x = 1 + tan 2 x

2 tan x
® sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x =
1 + tan 2 x

2tanx
® tan 2x = 1 − tan 2 x
® sin 3x = 3sin x – 4sin3 x
® cos 3x = 4cos3 x – 3cos x

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3tan x − tan 3 x
® tan 3x = 1− 3tan 2 x

x+ y x− y
® (i) cos x + cos y = 2cos cos
2 2
x+ y x− y
(ii) cos x – cos y = – 2sin sin
2 2
x+ y x− y
(iii) sin x + sin y = 2 sin cos
2 2
x+ y x− y
(iv) sin x – sin y = 2cos sin
2 2
® (i) 2cos x cos y = cos ( x + y) + cos ( x – y)
(ii) – 2sin x sin y = cos (x + y) – cos (x – y)
(iii) 2sin x cos y = sin (x + y) + sin (x – y)
(iv) 2 cos x sin y = sin (x + y) – sin (x – y).

Historical Note
The study of trigonometry was first started in India. The ancient Indian
Mathematicians, Aryabhatta (476), Brahmagupta (598), Bhaskara I (600) and
Bhaskara II (1114) got important results. All this knowledge first went from
India to middle-east and from there to Europe. The Greeks had also started the
study of trigonometry but their approach was so clumsy that when the Indian
approach became known, it was immediately adopted throughout the world.
In India, the predecessor of the modern trigonometric functions, known as
the sine of an angle, and the introduction of the sine function represents the main
contribution of the siddhantas (Sanskrit astronomical works) to the history of
mathematics.
Bhaskara I (about 600) gave formulae to find the values of sine functions
for angles more than 90°. A sixteenth century Malayalam work Yuktibhasa
(period) contains a proof for the expansion of sin (A + B). Exact expression for
sines or cosines of 18°, 36°, 54°, 72°, etc., are given by
Bhaskara II.

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The symbols sin–1 x, cos–1 x, etc., for arc sin x, arc cos x, etc., were
suggested by the astronomer Sir John F.W. Hersehel (1813) The names of Thales
(about 600 B.C.) is invariably associated with height and distance problems. He
is credited with the determination of the height of a great pyramid in Egypt by
measuring shadows of the pyramid and an auxiliary staff (or gnomon) of known
height, and comparing the ratios:
H h
= = tan (sun’s altitude)
S s
Thales is also said to have calculated the distance of a ship at sea through
the proportionality of sides of similar triangles. Problems on height and distance
using the similarity property are also found in ancient Indian works.

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