ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The ATI-RTC 8 wishes to recognize the following individual who were consulted and contributed to the making of
the module on organic agriculture production technologies.

Module Developers and Content Contributors

1. Ma. Patria D. Owner/Technic Ormoc City Quilantang Farms
Quilantang al Staff
2. Renato A. Owner/Technic Ormoc City Quilantang Farms
Quilantang al Staff
3. Pablo A. Quimen, Owner/Technic Alangalang, Saint Isidore Nature Farm
Jr. al Staff Leyte

Partner-LS for the Participatory Module Evaluation

Marmar’s Integrated Farm, Lao-ang, Northern Samar

Subject Matter Specialists

Franklyn L. Diongzon
Dr. Vilma M. Patindol
Dalmacio L. Pajanustan
Allen P. Goroy
Ma. Lourdes F. Palconit

Language Editor
Melinda P. Petalcorin

Lay-out Artist
Benjamin B. Lagaday

Overall In-charge on OA Module Development

Graciel V. Gacutan

Overall Supervision
Dr. Carlos De La Cruz
Jayson Fabillar
Center Director Hazel Grace T. Taganas
Regional Executive Director Angel I. Enriquez

Page 2 of 95
MODULE OVERVIEW:

Poultry production is a progressive enterprise today for it is the world’s fastest meat producing animal.
It could be raised in confinement or in range. Mostly of it is raised in confinement where they are fed
with commercial feeds with antibiotics and hormone enhancers. These could help the poultry grow
faster and fight different avian diseases.

But as we all know, the industrial or conventional way of raising chicken are much costly than the
natural way. The natural way allows the making of - own feeds to substitute for the commercial one.
Natural feeds contain the same nutritional value and are much cheaper. Plus, using a lot of chemicals
for animals may leave a residual substance in the meat when consumed by humans and it’s unhealthy.
The natural or organic way of raising chicken was introduced by the government to promote a safe and
healthy food for the country.

This module has been made to help the participants enhance their proficiency, skills and knowledge
not just in the basics of raising chicken but also, in making organic feeds and food supplements/
immune-boosters so the birds will be disease- resistant.

This module will also help farm financial planning and budgeting including record keeping.

MODULE OBJECTIVE:

After this module, participants shall be able to discuss and perform the basics of raising Organic Chicken
and farm record keeping.

COURSE DURATION

This is a Sixteen and a Half (16.5) - hour course

MODULE COVERAGE:

Lesson 1: Organic Chicken

A. Organic Chicken: Industry Status in The Philippines and its business opportunities
B. Difference of commercially grown and organically grown chicken
C. Benefits acquired from organically grown chicken

Lesson 2: Stock Selection

A. Breed Identification
B. How to properly select a good stock
C. Characteristics of a good stock

Lesson 3: Stock Management

A. House Management
B. Organic Feed management
C. Day Old Chick care and Management
D. Breeding Management
E. Laying Management
F. Incubation Management
G. Common pest and diseases
H. Wearing of Personal Protective Equipment

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Lesson 4: Organic Nutrient Management
A. Nutrients needed by chicken
B. Feed management from different stages of chicken’s growth

Lesson 5: Forage Development

A. Forage Grass and Legumes
B. Forage Management
C. Lay outing and planting

Lesson 6: Feed Mixing

A. Selection of feed stuff
B. Basic feed mixing

Lesson 7: Financial Literacy

A. Importance of Financial Literacy
B. Importance of Record Keeping
C. Farm Plan And Budget

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 MODULE DELIVERY PLAN

Module Objective: After this module, the participants shall be able to explain best practices in Raising Organic Chicken.

Lesson Objective Topic / Sub-Topics Time Allocation Strategy/Method Instructional Expected Output
Technique Material (tangible)

Participants will Lesson 1: Organic Chicken 1 hr Presentation Video/ Power point

learn the business A. Organic Chicken: Industry Status in /discussion Presentation
opportunities in the Philippines and its business -laptop
raising chicken and opportunities LCD
will be able to B. Difference of commercially grown
discuss the benefits and organically grown chicken
of organically C. Benefits acquired from organically
grown chicken; grown chicken

Participants will be Lesson 2: Stock Selection 1 hr Lecture Video/ Power point Healthy stock
able to discuss and A. Breed Identification Demonstration Presentation selected
demonstrate B. How to properly select a good -laptop
selection of stock LCD
characteristics of a C. Characteristics of a good stock PPE
good stock Chicken
Participants will be Lesson 3: Stock Management 3.5hrs Presentation Video/ Power point
able to discuss the A. House Management /discussion Presentation
proper care and B. Organic Feed management -laptop
management of C. DOC care and Management LCD
chicken D. Breeding Management
E. Laying Management
F. Incubation Management
G. Common pest and diseases
H. Wearing of Personal Protective
Equipment

Page 5 of 95
Participants should Lesson 4: Nutrient Management 2hrs Lecture/discussion Video/ Power point
be able to discuss A. Nutrients needed by chicken Presentation
the nutrient B. Feed management from different -laptop
management of stages of chicken’s growth LCD
chicken
Participants will be Lesson 5: Forage Development 3hrs Lecture/demonstration Video/ Power point Farm lay out
able identify the A. Forage Grass and Legumes Presentation
different forage to B. Forage Management -laptop
be used in feed C. Lay outing and planting LCD
mixing for chicken Meter tape
production Stick
twine
Participant should Lesson 6: Feed Mixing 4hrs Discussion/practicum Video/ Power point Feed mixed
be able to perform A. Selection of feed stuff and demonstration Presentation
feed mixing B. Basic feed mixing -laptop
LCD
Feed mixing
materials
Container

Participants should Lesson 7: Financial Literacy 2hrs Discussion and Video/ Power point Duly accomplished
able to learn how A. Importance of Financial Literacy practicum Presentation farm plan and
to do record B. Importance of Record Keeping -laptop budget
keeping C. Farm Plan And Budget LCD

Page 6 of 95
 Lesson 1:
Organic Chicken
When we speak about chicken and chicken products, one thing comes into our mind. That all these
products came from the commercially grown strains of chicken called layer and broiler. But as we go
over this module, you will be introduced to the organic chicken: and how it is grown, the status of its
industry, and the health benefits of it to human consumption.

Lesson Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the participants should be able to describe and explain what really an
organic chicken. Specifically:
1. define the industrial status of Organic chicken in the Philippines;
2. compare the difference of organically grown chicken from conventional chicken;
3. discuss the health benefits derived from organic chicken to human; and
4. discuss the PNS for Organic Agriculture on Animal Production.

Time Allotment : 1 hour

Methodologies : Lecture, Demonstration
Tools to use : LCD, Projector, Laptop, (egg [range chicken & commercial]-optional)

Lesson Opener
Title : Riddle
Time Allotment : 10 minutes
Material Needed : Powerpoint
Procedure :

1. Present the powerpoint to the participants showing this:

Which one has two zero two four
a. 0024
b. 2024
c. 0044

2. Group themselves according to their answer in 20 seconds (Group A, or B, or C)

3. It is not A because it is not said two zeros, further, its not also letter C because it is not said two
zeros, two fours. Therefore the correct answer is B.

Processing:
Ask the participants of the following:
1. How do you feel about the game?
2. How did you get the right answer?
3. What makes to others difficult to get the right answer?
4. What can you learn about the activity?

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Key Concept:
When you pronounce a number say, 3006, it is pronounced as three thousand six. But it is not
pronounced as three two zero and six. Because it will result in 3206. It might be grammatically correct
but mathematically wrong or vice versa. The pronunciation does not say how many but what the
number is at a particular position. Hence, 2024 has two zero and two four.

Connecting/Transition Statement:
If you are going to ask about organic chicken and organic chicken products, what first thing comes into
your mind. That all these products came from the free-range grown chicken. See, the same with our
activity, we tend to be misguided with the information about what is organic chicken. But, as we go
deeper in our module, you will understand that there is more to understand about organic chicken.

Lesson Proper
A. Organic Chicken and Its Industry Status in the Philippines

Every farmer has his objective, plans and vision. Before one engages in the organic poultry production,
you must first know what it is your raising, the status of its industry here in Philippines, and the
advantages from that of other competitors. These would help you align your objectives and plans.

Chicken is one of the most popular meats in the world, making up about half of the meat eaten in the
UK alone ? People are increasingly becoming concerned about what’s going into their food and where
it’s coming from. With food labels displaying everything from ‘organic’ to ‘pasture-fed’, it’s easy to get
confused about what these different terms mean.

So what makes organic chicken organic? How does it differ from commercially-produced chicken?
Organic farming is defined by strict standards, covering the animals’ diets and living conditions. Here’s
an overview of what makes organic and factory farmed chickens different. One of the most obvious
distinctions between organic and non-organic chickens is the living conditions in which they’re kept.
You’ve probably heard that sheds can house up to 30,000 chickens, giving them no space to stretch
their legs, spread their wings or even turn around.

Organic chickens live in much smaller flocks with roomier houses, creating a less stressful environment
for them. They must have access to the outdoors and be able to forage for food and insects, socialize
with each other and express their innate behaviors. Free range chickens live a healthier, happier lifestyle
that’s more natural to them.

Industry Status in the Philippines

According to the Philippine Statistic Authority (PSA 2019), the total inventory of chicken in the country
was estimated at 191.70 million birds. This includes broilers, layers and native/ improved chicken.
However, it was observed that there was a decline in production of native/ improved chicken. From the
record 82.49 million birds (2019), it declined 1.5 percent from its previous year’s level of 83.71 million
birds (2018). Native/ improve chicken backyard raisers are facing a big problem today, because of high
demand of it but limited supply or production.
As of 01 January 2020, the total inventory of chicken was estimated at 178.26 million birds. The
inventory of native/improved chicken dropped by 3.2 percent, from 83.34 million birds in 2019 to 80.68
million birds in 2020.

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B. Difference Between Commercially and Organically Grown Chicken
1. Organic Chicken
Organic chicken is sometimes mistaken to be a free- range chicken. Yet
organic and free-range chickens are both in free-range and not confined.
To officially be called as “organic,” the animal must be fed with organic
feed (grown with no growth hormones), received no antibiotics and be
given access to the outdoors. Feeds are fermented, mixed with FFJ, FPJ,
IMO and others. The Philippine National Standard on Organic Agriculture
for Animal Production must be followed and the farm must be certified
by third party certifying body as Organic farm.

On the other hand, a free- range chicken is not basically the same as the organic chicken.
Although, they are given some fermented juices, they also fed with some commercial feeds
and vitamins. Some called it as a natural way of free-range chicken rather to be an organic.

2. Conventional Type of Chicken

Unlike the free range and organic chickens, the

conventional type of chicken is confined in a
cage. Their feeds and water are treated with
antibiotics and hormone enhancers to hasten
their maturity and marketability.

• Ninety-nine percent of the total poultry production in the market is raised in conventional
housing systems. This refers to commercial broiler birds which are raised for six to eight weeks
to achieve an average market weight of 2.5 to 3.9 kg. These birds are typically Cornish white or
white rock breeds that have a high feed conversion rate. The birds are raised in environmentally
controlled houses and are fed commercial feed that contains antimicrobials and dietary
supplements.

C. Benefits Derived From Organically Grown Chicken

Chicken and egg are known as good sources of protein for humans. The commonly used technology in
raising both is conventional. As the years pass by, people tend to become curious about their health
and the food they eat. There wherein organic production of food sources started. So, what’s the
difference between organic chicken and conventional raised chicken that makes organic chicken more
safe and healthy to eat?

Page 9 of 95
Organic chicken does not contain the toxic hormones, antibiotics, and pesticides that commercially
raised birds do.

Health Benefits Derived From Organic Chicken (meat & egg):

• 1/3 less cholesterol
• 1/4 less saturated fat
• 2/3 more vitamin A
• 2 times more omega-3 fatty acids
• 3 times more vitamin E
• 7 times more beta-carotene
• Rich in choline that support memory & nerve function
• 6xmore vitamin D that support for strong bone& teeth and support immune function,
regulates insulin level
• Good dietary food 1 egg contains 72 calories

D. Philippine National Standards for Organic Agriculture (Animal Production)

4.1.2.4 Poultry/Laying Hens (Broilers and Layers)

Product Conversion Period

Meat products Poultry intended for meat products should be organically reared after 21 days
from hatching
Eggs Layers should be organically reared 42 days before laying and throughout the
laying period

6.1 Animal Husbandry Management

6.1.1 Management of the environment of the animals shall take into account the behavioral
needs of the animals and provide for:
– Sufficient free movement, as applicable;
– Sufficient fresh air and natural daylight according to the needs of the animals;
– Protection against excessive sunlight, temperatures, rain, and wind according to the
needs of the animals;
– Enough lying and/or resting area according to the needs of the animals. For all
animals requiring bedding, natural materials shall be provided;
– Free access to fresh water and feeds according to the needs of the animals; and
– Access to pasture.

The competent authority may allow exceptions when the animals’ physiological state,
inclement weather conditions, and topography so permit, or the structure of certain
traditional farming systems restrict access to pasture, providing the welfare of the
animals can be guaranteed.

6.1.2 Landless animal husbandry systems and/or complete confinement of animal systems (e.g.
‘battery-type’ cage, single pen) are prohibited.

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 6.1.3 Herd animals shall not be kept individually, except in cases of the following:
– animals about to give birth or have just given birth should be separated from
other animals and should be given the necessary veterinary attention; and
– As part of biosecurity measures, sick, injured, or disabled animals should be
separated from healthy animals and should be given the necessary veterinary
attention.

6.2 Breeds and breeding

6.2.1. Breeding goals are such that animal diversity should be maintained. Indigenous/native
breeds should be preserved and promoted. Breeding activities should take into
consideration the following traits:
– a reasonable productivity level even with low external input;
– adaptability to local conditions;
– longevity, temperament, and good health;
– breeds that are able to provide good quality traits and products; and
– Ability of animals to give birth with minimal veterinary attention.

6.2.2. The use of artificial insemination techniques is allowed. However, artificial

insemination using segregated, separated, or otherwise modified sperm is not
allowed.

6.2.3. Breeding techniques that employ any of the activities listed below are not allowed:
– embryo transfer;
– genetic engineering;
– treatments with reproductive hormones; and
– semen sexing.

6.2.4. use of genetically engineered species or breeds is not allowed.

6.3. Mutilations and animal identification

6.3.1. Mutilations are prohibited. However, the following methods are exceptions in specific
cases that these can improve the welfare, health, or hygiene of the animals or for safety
reasons:
– castration
– tail cutting of lambs
– tail-docking of pigs
– trimming of beaks
– de-horning
– nose and limb ringing, for restraining, and
– Cutting of teeth.

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 These practices should not cause suffering and comply with existing regulatory
requirements of the competent authority. Qualified personnel should carry these
practices at the most appropriate age and any suffering to the animals is reduced to a
minimum.

6.3.2. The following methods of identification of animals are allowed:

– tattooing;
– ear notching;
– ear tagging; and
– wing tagging

These practices shall not cause suffering and comply with existing regulatory
requirements of the competent authority. Qualified personnel should carry these
practices at the most appropriate age and any suffering to the animals is reduced to a
minimum.

6.3.3. Keeping the animals tethered is prohibited. However, the tethering of animals is allowed
if this is necessary for safety or welfare reasons, and that such tethering is for a limited
time only.

6.5. Animal nutrition

6.4.1. Giving due consideration to the low availability of organic feed and roughage, the
following proportion of feed ration based on the dry matter requirement particular to
each animal are allowed:

YEAR RATION (%w/w)

Year1 50% non-organic feed, 50% organic feed
Year 2 30% non-organic feed, 70% organic feed
Year 3 10% non-organic feed, 90% organic feed
Year 4, onwards 100% organic feed

6.4.2. Changes in proportion of the feed ration are allowed in cases of unforeseen severe
natural or man-made events and extreme climatic conditions. For the calculation of
feeding rations, feed ingredients produced on the farm unit starting from the first year
of integrated organic management may be classified as organic.

6.4.3. For the calculation of feeding rations, feed ingredients produced on the farm unit starting
the first year of integrated organic management may be classified as organic

This refers only to feed for animals that are being produced within the farm unit. Such
feed shall not be sold or otherwise marketed as organic.

6.4.4. In the formulation of organic feed, the following ingredients/raw materials are not
allowed:
– synthetic growth promoters or stimulants
– synthetic appetizers
– preservatives, except when used as a processing aid
– artificial coloring agent
– urea and other synthetic nitrogen compounds
– slaughter waste and other deceased animal parts

Page 12 of 95
 – droppings, dung, or other manure
– feed ingredients subjected to solvent extraction (e.g. with petroleum products)
– synthetic and/or chemically isolated amino acids
– genetically engineered microorganisms or products thereof
– synthetic antibiotics, and
– synthetic and/or chemically isolated vitamins and minerals.

6.4.5. All animals must have daily access to forage.

6.4.6. The diet shall be offered to the animals in a form allowing them to execute their natural
feeding behavior. Forced feeding is prohibited.

6.4.7. Supplementation of vitamins and minerals is allowed for as long as these are obtained
from natural sources and there is an established need for supplementation, as determined
by a competent authority. However, if naturally sourced vitamins and minerals are not
available in sufficient quantity or quality, synthetic sources may be used.

6.4.8. Synthetic chemical preservatives for feeds are not allowed. The following products listed
in Annex 3 Part 1 may be used alternatively. Any succession/addition/revision from
relevant standard setting bodies (BAFS & FDA) shall be adopted and shall be in accordance
with the criteria established in Section 12 of this Standard.

6.6 Breeding animals

6.6.1. Breeding stock may be brought in from non-organic farms with a yearly maximum of 10%
of the breeder animals on the farm.

6.6.2. Exceptions can be granted with specific time limits in the following cases:
– unforeseen severe natural or man-made events;
– considerable expansion of the farm; and
– establishment of a new type of animal production on the farm or a new breed is
developed.

6.6.3. When animals are obtained from farms not complying with this Standard, special attention
must be paid to the animal health and biosecurity and quarantine measures, as part of
the Good Animal Husbandry Practices (PNS/BAFPS 60:2008).

6.7 Biosecurity
6.7.1. Mandatory biosecurity and quarantine procedures should be well implemented to
prevent introduction of disease into the farm and/or to control its spread within the
farm.

6.7.2. The farm should have a written protocol of biosecurity measures. Proper warning signage
should be provided.

6.7.3. The implementation of biosecurity measures should be continuously monitored to assess

the effectiveness of the program.

6.7.4. The farm should have the appropriate and functional lay-out and infrastructure to ensure
effective implementation of the biosecurity measures.
6.7.5. Care should be observed that all “brought-in” animals shall have undergone appropriate
quarantine measures/treatment.

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6.8. Animal health

6.8.1. The farm owner shall take all biosecurity measures to ensure the health and well-being
of the animals through preventative animal husbandry practices such as:
– selection of appropriate breeds or strains of animals;
– adoption of Good Animal Husbandry Practices appropriate to the requirements of
each species, such as regular exercise and access to pasture and/or open-air runs,
to encourage the natural immunological defense of an animal to stimulate natural
immunity and tolerance to diseases;
– provision of good quality feed;
– appropriate stocking densities; and
– grazing rotation and pasture management.

6.8.2. Animal health care should be supervised by a duly licensed veterinarian.

6.8.3. The well-being of the animals is superior in the choice of treatment. However, treatment
must not be withheld for economic reasons (for example, if the treatment jeopardizes
the organic certification of the animal).

6.8.4. Natural remedies and complementary medical methods have first priority. However,
the use of allopathic or chemotherapeutic drugs is allowed when no other justifiable
alternatives are available and when preventive measures are not successful as
determined by the attending duly licensed veterinarian.

6.8.5. If an animal becomes sick or injured despite preventive measures, the animal shall be
treated promptly and adequately. If necessary, in isolation and in suitable housing/s,
producers shall not withhold such medication where it will result in the unnecessary
suffering of the animal.

6.8.6. The withdrawal period between the last administration of a restricted veterinary drug
to an animal under organic management is to be twice the legal withdrawal period
provided in the medical insert or, in a case in which this period is not specified, 144
hours (6 days), whichever is longer. Meat, eggs of laying hens, or milk from dairy cattle
must not be sold as organic during the drug administration and withdrawal period.

6.8.7. The use of antibiotics for prophylactic/preventive purposes is not allowed; however,
vaccinations are allowed for the following cases under the direct supervision of a duly
licensed veterinarian:
– when an endemic disease is known or expected to be a problem in the region where
the farm is located and where the disease cannot be controlled by other
management techniques; or
– when a vaccination is legally required.

6.8.8. The use of the following substances is prohibited:

– all steroids and other synthetic growth promoters or enhancers;
– substances of synthetic origin for production stimulation or suppression of natural
growth; and
– hormones for heat and parturition induction, and heat synchronization.

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 However, such substances may be used in individual animals with reproductive
disorders/conditions as prescribed by the attending duly licensed veterinarian.

6.8.9. Treatment records of sick animals shall be kept, clearly identifying the animals
concerned, including details of the treatment and its duration, as well as the generic
name of the active ingredient(s), indications and contraindications, brand name,
withdrawal period, batch number, and manufacturing and expiration date of drugs used.

6.8.10. The farm operator shall keep updated and complete records of animal health programs
including disease monitoring, vaccination and de-worming program, and other biosafety
measures. Records should be easily accessible.

6.8.11. The farm shall maintain updated records of medicine purchased and administration that
should be readily available for verification.

6.8.12. Administration records shall consist of the following Veterinary Drug Order (VDO)
accompanied by a Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR):
– type of drugs or medication used;
– quantity of medicine used;
– date administered;
– identification and number of animals treated;
– withdrawal period; and
– name and license of the administering veterinarian.

6.8.13. On the basis of these records, proper corrections to production practice should be made
in order to minimize the need for the application of allopathic medicines.

6.8.14. A maximum of three (3) treatments using allopathic medicines is allowed per animal
per year.

6.9. Transport and slaughter

6.9.1. The organic integrity of animals must be maintained throughout the entire process of
transport and slaughter. Each animal or group of animals shall be identifiable at each
step in the transport and slaughter process.

6.9.2. Animals shall be transported using a licensed transport carrier (DA-AO 8 Series of 2004)
and accompanied by a duly licensed animal handler (DA-AO 8 Series of 2004) responsible
for the well-being of the animals in accordance with the provisions of the Animal Welfare
Act (RA 8485) with appropriate shipping permit.

6.9.3. Animals shall always be handled or restrained in such a way to protect them from fear,
stress, pain, and injury. The handling shall be calm and gentle. The use of electric prods
and such instruments shall be restricted.

6.9.4. Tools shall be used in a manner that minimizes stress and does not harm the animals.
Sticks, canes, or electric prods should not be used to restrain farm animals; however,
these may be used for the worker's safety when handling aggressive animals.

Page 15 of 95
 6.9.5. Tools, facilities, and equipment shall be functional for efficient and effective animal
management. The operators shall acquire the skills and techniques to use the tools
properly and appropriately.

6.9.6. The transport of organic animal shall be separated from conventional and shall be well
organized and appropriate to the needs of the animals, taking into consideration the
following factors:
– stress caused to the animal;
– fitness of the animal;
– process of loading and unloading;
– mixing different groups of animals or animals of different sex;
– the grip of the feet on floors and ramps;
– equipment used;
– extreme temperatures and relative humidity; and
– hunger and thirst.

6.9.7. Appropriate measures such as separate schedule of stocking during pre-slaughter and
separate schedule or facility shall be implemented during slaughter to prevent
commingling and contamination of organic with conventional animals. Separate
slaughterhouse for organic is recommended.

6.10. Manure management

6.10.1. Manure management practices used to maintain any area in which animals are housed,
penned, or - pastured should be implemented in a manner that:
• minimizes soil and water degradation;
– does not significantly contribute to contamination of water by nitrates;
– optimizes recycling of nutrients; and
– does not include burning or any practice inconsistent with organic practices.

6.10.2. All manure storage and handling facilities, including composting facilities, should be
designed, constructed, and operated to prevent contamination of ground and/or
surface water.

6.10.3. Manure production rates should be at levels that do not contribute to ground and/or
surface water contamination. The competent authority may establish maximum
application rates for manure or stocking densities. The timing of application and
application methods should not increase the potential for run-off into ponds, rivers, and
streams.

6.11. Free range areas and housing

6.11.1. Housing for animals will not be mandatory in areas with appropriate climatic conditions
to enable animals to live outdoors.

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6.11.2. Animals may be temporarily confined during periods of unfavorable weather, when the
health, safety, and well-being of the animal could be jeopardized, or to protect plant,
soil, and water quality.

6.11.3. The stocking density in buildings should:

– provide for the comfort and well-being of the animals having regard for the
species, breed, and age of the animals;
– take into account the behavioral needs of the animals with respect to the size of
the group and the sex of the animals; and
– provide the animals with sufficient space to stand naturally, lie down easily, turn
round, groom themselves, and assume all natural postures and movements such
as stretching and wing flapping.

6.11.4. Housing, pens, equipment, and utensils should be properly cleaned and disinfected to
prevent infection and contamination using the allowed cleaning materials, as listed in
Annex C Part 2. Any succession/addition/revision from relevant standard setting bodies
(BAFS & FDA) shall be adopted and shall be in accordance with the criteria established
in Section 12 of this Standard.

6.11.5. The outdoor stocking density of animals kept on pasture, grassland, or other natural
or semi-natural habitats must be kept at an optimum level as to prevent degradation
of the soil and over-grazing of vegetation.
Should be allowed to play around

Page 17 of 95
 Lesson Ender
Title : Which egg is more nutritious?
Time Allotment : 5 minutes
Materials Needed : picture, powerpoint
Procedure:
• Ask the participants which of the two egg is more nutritious?
• Some argue which among the two eggs is healthier and
delicious.
• Some say that the healthier and delicious egg among the two
is the brown one or the organic/free range chicken egg.
Others say that it’s the same as the regular egg.
• So in your own opinion, which egg is healthier and delicious

Key Concepts:
• Conventional Eggs: These are the standard supermarket eggs. The chickens are usually raised
in an overfilled hen house or a cage and never see the light of day. They are usually fed grain-
based crap, supplemented with vitamins and minerals. May also be treated with antibiotics and
hormones.
• Organic Eggs: Chickens were raised following the minimum requirements on PNS for OA on
animal production and must be a third party organic certified.
• Pastured Eggs: Chickens are allowed to roam free, eating plants and insects (their natural food)
along with some commercial feed.

Connecting/Transition Statement:
Both are good sources of protein and considered healthy food. You can get a lot of vitamins and
minerals from eating egg. Remember, eggs can be organic if the chicken were raised following the
minimum requirements on PNS whether it is colored or white.

Page 18 of 95
 Summary of the Lesson
Organic chicken was sometimes mistaken to be a free range. Yet organic and free-range chicken are
both in free range and not confined; the difference between the two was, to officially be called
“organic,” the animal must be fed organic food (grown with no pesticides), receive no antibiotics, and
be given access to the outdoors. Feeds are fermented, mixed with FFJ, FPJ, IMO and etc.

While the free range, it’s not basically the same as the organic. They use some fermented juices too but
they also use some commercial feeds and vitamins., Some called it as a natural way of free-range
chicken rather than organic. To be called organic, you must first pass the Philippine National Standard
on Organic Agriculture for Animal Production

Philippine National Standards for Organic Agriculture (Animal Production) tackles the following

4.1.2.4 Poultry/Laying Hens (Broilers and Layers)

6.1 Animal Husbandry Management
6.2 Breeds and breeding
6.4. Mutilations and animal identification
6.5 Animal nutrition
6.6 Breeding animals
6.7 Biosecurity
6.8. Animal health
6.9. Transport and slaughter
6.10. Manure management
6.11. Free range areas and housing

Self-Assessment Question

Directions: Read each statement carefully and assess whether it is TRUE or FALSE. Write T on the
space provided for if the statement is true and F if it is false.

_______1. Free –range chicken and organic chicken have the same yolk color.
_______2. Organic chicken uses an immune booster made up of fermented juices.
_______3. Conventional chicken and organic have the same nutrient content; except that organic is
rich in omega 3.
_______4. Management of the environment of the animals shall take into account the behavioral needs
of the animals.
_______5. Breeding goals are such that animal diversity should be maintained.

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 Self-Assessment Question
Answer Key

Directions: Read each statement carefully and assess whether it is TRUE or FALSE. Write T on the
space provided for if the statement is true and F if it is false.

___F____1. Free –range chicken and organic chicken has the same yolk color.
__ T____2. Organic chicken uses an immune booster made up of fermented juices.
___F____3.Conventional chicken and organic has the same nutrient content; except that organic is rich
in omega.
___T____4. Management of the environment of the animals shall take into account the behavioral
needs of the animals
___T____ 5. Breeding goals are such that animal diversity should be maintained.

References
• https://www.graigfarm.co.uk/blog/what-is-organic-chicken
• https://alderfereggs.com/2018/07/30/the-value-of-adding-organic-eggs-to-your-diet/
• https://www.ourfathersfarm.com/benefits-of-organic-chicken.html
• https://ep.franphil.com/healthy-benefits-of-free-range-chickens/
• https://www.delish.com/food-news/a21101411/6-reasons-you-should-be-buying-free-range-
eggs/
• Philippine National Standard – Organic Agriculture

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 Lesson 2:
Characteristics & Breed of Chicken
All chicken breeds have some special characteristics and nature which can help one in identifying them.
However, for positive identification, you will need some knowledge about chicken breeds, images,
charts or other ways of distinguishing chickens from various breeds of similar colors, size and types is
very important.

Lesson Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the participants shall be able to describe some common ways of free-ranged
chicken breeds. Specifically, the participants should be able to:

1. characterize the different breeds of FRC;

2. discuss the different features of each breed of FRC; and
3. identify a good chick, pullet, laying hen and a good cock from a flock.

Time Allotment : 1 hour & 30 minutes

Methodologies : Lecture, Demonstration, Participatory approach
Tools to use : LCD, Projector, TV, (brooder cage with chicks – optional)

Lesson Opener
Title : Which Came First
Time Allotment : 15 minutes
Materials Needed : picture

Procedure:
1. Give the participants a piece of paper.
2. Post the pictures in the blackboard
3. Ask the participants which came first? Tell them to
write their answer in the given paper and post it
under the picture with the same answer.

Process:
Ask the learners the following questions:
1. How did you feel undergoing the activity?
(Possible answers: confused, etc)
Note: Comment on their answers.
2. What are your insights from the activity?

Connecting/Transition Statement:

Tell the participants, “You will know if your answer is wrong or right during our lesson discussions.”

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 Lesson Proper
In the previous lesson, as we discussed the Philippine National Standard for Organic Agriculture on
animal production, the minimum requirement of chicken breeds were partly tackle to guide you on
how to produce organic chicken. This time, we will going to tackle thoroughly the different breeds of
chicken to be able to choose what’s best for you.

A. Breeds and their Characteristics

Every farmer has an objective. Before one rushes into poultry, he/she must clearly figure out her/his
farming objectives and then choose a poultry breed that aligns well with those objectives.

A breed is a group of individual having a common origin and possessing certain distinguishing
characteristics not common to other members of the same species.

Here is an overview of some of the best free range chicken breeds in the Philippines right now that
every farmer should think of keeping.
1. American
The first four classes are the
2. Asiatic
most popular and the most
3. Mediterranean numerous.
4. English
5. Polish
6. Hamburgs
7. French
8. Continental
9. Games
10. Orientals
11. Ornamental bantams
12. Miscellaneous

Characteristics of Each Class

American class characteristics except Lamona and Holland:

1. Clean legged
2. Yellow Skinned
3. Red earlobes
4. Brown egg-layers
Asiatic Chicken characteristics except Black Langshans:
1. Feathered shanks
2. Heavy bones
3. Yellow skin
4. Red earlobes
5. Brown egg-layers
English Class Chicken except Cornish, Dorking and Redcap:
1. Excellent fleshing quality
2. White skin
3. Red earlobes
4. Brown egg-layers

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Mediterranean birds characteristics:
1. Smaller than the American, English, and Asiatic classes
2. They are for egg production
3. Clean legged
4. Non-broody
5. White earlobes
6. White egg-layers

Though the majority of Philippine chickens are still produced in factory farms, a growing group of
Filipino farmers raising organic and free-range chickens is making serious headway using native chicken.
Native chicken production has long been a way for Filipinos to supplement their income from other
sources in the Philippines.

Native chickens are typically raised in the backyards of rural households. They are commonly grown in
small numbers of up to about 24 hens for egg production. Some farmers raise native chickens for meat,
barter, or sale as an additional source of income for the household. They are not as efficient or
productive as the exotic commercial poultry breeds but they are still popular with many Filipinos for
their unique taste, texture and distinct flavor. Because they are generally raised in a free range or
organic farming environment, they are largely free from antibiotics or other chemicals.

B. Different Features of Each Breed

Best Egg Laying Free Range Chicken Breeds

1. Hybrid
There are many different hybrid breeds and one
of the most common is known as the Golden
Comet. Hybrids have been bred to lay huge
amounts of eggs while only consuming small
amounts of food. This makes them cheaper to
feed than other breeds

.
Eggs: A typical hybrid hen lays around 280 eggs per year. These eggs will be medium sized and brown
colored.
Color: Hybrids are normally a golden, brown color with soft white tail feathers.
Character: They tend to be very tough and resilient chicken and rarely ever turn broody. Hybrid chicken
is recommended to grow for an all year-round egg production and is easy to raise.

2. Rhode Island Red

Rhode Island Red’s originated from America

and are known as a ‘dual purpose’ chickens.
This means they can be raised for either eggs
or meat. They are one of the most
popular backyard chicken breeds because
they are tough and lay lots of eggs.

Eggs: A young Rhode Island Red lays about 250 eggs a year. These eggs are brown and medium sized.
Color: Contrary to their name, Rhode Island Reds actually have brown and black feathers giving them a
dark appearance.

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Character: They are more than capable of looking after themselves, and are well known for being tough.
Rhode Islands are very friendly and are commonly picked by first time chicken keepers.

3. Leghorn

Leghorns were brought to the States from Italy back in the 1800s
and have made the perfect backyard chicken ever since.

Eggs: They lay about 250 eggs per year. These eggs are white and medium sized.
Color: They are one of the most unique breeds going, with a full white body and a large thick red comb.
Character: Shy and hard to tame, hence, not recommended for beginners.

4. Sussex

Like the Rhode Island Red, the Sussex is a ‘dual purpose’ hen
which means they can be raised for either eggs or meat.

Eggs: A Sussex is easily capable of laying 250 eggs a year. The color of the eggs will vary from brown to
creamy white.
Color: The Sussex breed has eight different colors, the most common one being a pure white body with
black neck and tail feathers.
Character: They are a very calm breed who would happily free range in a garden without destroying it!
If you want a tame breed which would eat from your hand the Sussex is for you.

5. Plymouth Rock

The Plymouth Rock (Barred Rock) is an ideal pick for

a first time chicken keeper who is looking for a hen
that lays eggs roughly once every two days.

Eggs: A healthy Plymouth Rock should lay around 200 eggs a year. These eggs are small to medium sized
and are a light brown color.
Color: They are predominately grey with white stripes wrapping around their body.
Character: Plymouths are a large bird that is much better suited to the free-range lifestyle. Like the
Sussex, they are very friendly birds who can easily be tamed.

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Top five most popular native chicken breeds in the Philippines
1.Banaba

The breed is thought to originate from Batangas

The average mature weight is about 1.49 kilograms for

roosters and 1.06 to 1.20 kilograms for hens

Eggs: Laying age: 5-6 months

• No. of eggs produced per year: 60-100 eggs
• Egg weight: 40-45 grams
Color: Individuals sport red to yellow plumage (though all-black birds also exist), a large head with a
single comb and matching red earlobes, red or orange hackles, an upright black tail, plus black
wings typically held close to the body.
Character: Resistant to fowl pox and other respiratory diseases. As a good fighter, layer and broiler,
this breed definitely has a lot going for it.

2. Paraoakan
Paraoakan is becoming the choice of native chicken raisers for a number
of good reasons.

Paraoakan, of course, is the native chicken from Palawan. Of the several

strains of native chickens, Paraoakan is the biggest of them all. It has long
legs, bigger body than the rest, long neck and bigger head.
Egg: Laying age: 5-6 months
• No. of eggs produced per year: 60-100 eggs
• Egg weight: 40-45 grams
Color- Dark or reddish feathers.
Character: The Paraoakan native chickens are generally characterized by their bigger bodies, long
legs, a long neck as well as a bigger head.

3.Basilan/ Joloano

the Joloano is a heavyset bird thought to have

originated in Mindanao, the southernmost island
group in the Philippines. Also called the Basilan, it
has an impressive and sturdy bearing, with a
unique ramrod posture which gives it an
immediate height advantage over most of its
game-fowl opponents

Egg: Laying age: 5-6 months

• No. of eggs produced per year: 60-100 eggs
• Weight: 40-45 gram
Character: The mature ones weigh at about 2.20 kilograms for male and 1.50 kilograms for the
female.

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4. Bolinao

Hailing from Pangasinan, a coastal region north of Manila, this breed

shows fine potential either as broiler or layer stock.

Egg: Laying age: 5-6 months

• weight: 41 gram
Color: Adult male has a predominantly red plumage with black breast and tail feathers. The hackle
feathers are bright orange. The feet range in color from slate to gray and have usually straight
spurs. The earlobes are bright red. The female has a light brown plumage with black tail feathers
and yellowish-brown back. The earlobes are usually white and the feet are slightly slate.
Character: Body weights at 40 weeks of age for the males and females are 1.95kg and 1.57 kg.,
respectively. Roosters are popularly raised for cockfighting.

5. Darag
This chicken breed originates from Panay Island in the Western Visayas, near
the world-famous beaches of Boracay. Traditionally used for the region’s
famed Inasal or barbecued chicken or the more ubiquitous Filipino Tinola or
chicken soup, the breed offers distinctively-lean, smoky and flavorful meat.

Eggs: It commonly lays only 40 – 60 eggs a year, but some studies have proved she can lay as many as
130 – 200 eggs per year if given a high quality layer diet.
Color: The typical plumage for roosters, locally called Labuyo or Alimbuyog, is a deep red hackle and
wings, plus ebony feathers and a matching black tail, though other color morphs are seen. Hens
have sandy or yellowish-brown plumage.
Character: Cocks weigh an average of 1.3 kilogram while hens reach about 1.1 kilogram.

The country has many other breeds, including the Bisaya, Boholano, Camarines and Zampen. These and
other native strains come with several distinctive advantages for poultry operators. The first is that
native chickens are excellent foragers and require minimal feed inputs when set loose over good
ground.

C. Selection of Healthy Stocks

a) Chicks
A soft belly and a clean, dry navel are important features of a healthy, newly hatched chick. The
following are key features of a healthy chick:
• Well-developed body length and depth
• Shiny, dry, thick and colored down feathers
• Soft belly
• Clean, dry navel and clear, feathers around the vent
• Thick shanks with spaced and straight toes
• Big clear eyes
• Lively behavior

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b) Growers/Pullets:
Features of a healthy grower:
• Should appear healthy and lively
• Feathering shiny and normal (depends on the breed)
• Large size for the age
• Eyes clear and shiny
• Clean, dry beaks and nostrils
• Clean feathers around the vent
• Straight legs and toes

c) Growers/Pullets:
Features of a healthy good egg-layer;
• Should appear healthy and lively
• Feathering normal for the breed
• A red comb (more colored when in lay)
• Eyes clear and shiny
• Clean, dry beaks and nostrils
• Clean feathers around the vent
• Straight legs and toes, with no signs of scaly legs
• Legs less colored in lay
• The breast bone should not be too sharp
• A big broad bottom flaying status con be checked

In small flocks, it is relatively easy to check whether the hens are laying or not. Check with your hand the
distance between the pubic bones, it should be equivalent to three fingers, when the hen is in lay. Only
one finger may pass between the pubic bones, when the hen is not in lay.

Using the comb, a laying hen will have a long shiny comb, whereas a hen not laying will have a small
shriveled comb (holding this hen you will find that the one with a long comb is heavier than the other
one). Such hens, which are not laying, should be selected and fed differently from the rest of the flock so
as to attain the laying weight.

Productive Non Productive

Dry, small vent Large moist vent

Shiny good feathers Molting chicken

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 d) Cocks:
Features of a healthy and good cock:
• Alert and protective nature
• Shiny and normal feathering for the breed
• Clear and shiny eyes
• Clean, dry beaks and nostrils
• Clean feathers around the vent
• Straight legs and toes with no signs of scaly legs
• Large size relative to the hen

e) Signs of Unhealthy Chicks:

• Bleeding or wounds
• Weeping or oozing from the eyes, nose, mouth, or vent
• Crooked toes/legs
• Wheezing, sneezing, or heavy breathing
• Slow moving
• Head or wings drooping
• Limping
• Head or body shaking uncontrollably
• Filthy, wet or smelly brooder

Activity 1: SELECTION OF HEALTHY STOCKS (15-20 minutes)

1. Divide the participants into 2 to 4 groups and visit the chicken house
2. Ask one volunteer participant per group to catch chicken and let the groupmates describe the
signs of a healthy chick

Note: Use the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) when entering the chicken house and/or handling
chicken. This is to protect the farmer and prevent contamination and spread of disease to the
chicken.

1. Facemask
2. Goggles
3. Hat/Cap
4. Gloves (cloth)
5. Longsleeves
6. Pants
7. Boots

Generalization:

How will you select a healthy Chicken to be raised organically?

Answer: To choose a healthy chicken we have to choose the good characteristic in order to
produce a good quality product

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 Lesson Ender

Title : What Came First

Time Allotment : 5 minutes
Materials Needed : Picture

Procedure:
1. Explain to the participants - It’s that old riddle that’s sparked many arguments through the
ages: was it the chicken or the egg that came first? It’s such a tricky question because you
need a chicken to lay an egg, but chickens come from eggs, leaving us with an intractable circle
of clucky, feathery life that apparently has no clear starting point. So let’s get cracking!

2. Get the answers from the participants and ask them to defend their answer
Processing:
Ask the participants with the following questions:
1. How did you find the activity?
2. What are your insights from the activity

Key Concept:

It depends on how you look on it.

Scientifically: the protein found in the shell of the egg can be only produced by the hen
Biblically: The chicken was created first by God.

Connecting/Transition Statement:

Whether chicken or egg, it is important that we have enough knowledge in choosing good
characteristics in order to produce a good quality product.

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 Summary of the Lesson
These classes are the most popular and the most numerous free-range chicken breeds in the
Philippines.
1. American
2. Asiatic
3. Mediterranean
4. English

Best Egg Laying Free Range Chicken Breeds

1. Hybrid
2. Rhode Island Red
3. Leghorn
4. Sussex
5. Plymouth Rock

Top five most popular native chicken breeds in the Philippines

1. Banaba
2. Paraoakan
3. Basilan/ Joloano
4. Bolinao
5. Darag

Generally, a healthy chick is of large size for the age, eyes clear and shiny, clean, dry beaks and nostrils,
clean feathers around the vent and straight legs and toe.

Self- Assessment Question

Directions: Read each statement carefully and assess whether it is TRUE or FALSE. Write T on the
space provided for if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.

______ 1. Asiatic Chicken are for egg production.

______ 2. Rhode Island Red’s originated from America and are known as a ‘dual purpose’ chickens.
______ 3. Darag originated from Pangasinan.
______ 4. A soft belly and a clean, dry navel are important features of a healthy pullet.
______ 5. Slow moving is a sign of unhealthy chick

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 Self-Assessment Question
Answer Key

Directions: Read each statement carefully and assess whether it is TRUE or FALSE. Write T on the
space provided for if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.

___F__ 1. Asiatic Chicken are for egg production.

Answer: Mediterranean birds
___T__ 2. Rhode Island Red’s originated from America and are known as a ‘dual purpose’ chickens.
___F__ 3. Darag originated from Pangasinan.
___F__ 4. A soft belly and a clean, dry navel are important features of a healthy pullet.
Answer: newly hatch chick
___T__ 5. Slow moving is a sign of unhealthy chick

References

• Module FPS-FRC
• https://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/farming-heritage-chicken-breeds-of-the-philippines

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 Lesson 3:
Stock Management
In this module, the participants will learn not just the proper care and management of chicken but also
how to select a good site to establish housing.

Lesson Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the participants shall be able to:

1. discuss the housing management of chicken;

2. explain the feeding management;
3. describe day old chick care and management;
4. discuss the breeding and incubation management;
5. identify the different common diseases; and
6. explain the importance of PPE in chicken management

Time Allotment : 3.5 hours

Methodologies : Lecture, Demonstration, Participatory approach
Tools to use : Laptop, LCD, Projector

Lesson Opener
Title : Take Good Care of my Egg
Time Allotment : 3 min.
Material Needed : 2 unclean eggs, rag with disinfectant and egg tray
Procedure :

1. Participants will be grouped into 2

2. Each group will select a representative to perform the activity
3. Both team representatives will pick 1 unclean egg, while the others are observing how they
handle the eggs. They will clean and put them in the tray.
4. Everyone must observe if the two participants know how to properly position an egg in a tray.
Processing:
• How do you feel while doing the activity?
• Which group find it difficult to perform the task? Why?
• What did you observe while doing the activity?
• What did you learn while doing the activity:
• Relate learnings from the activity to your topic or the real world situation.
• Summarize the learning and synthesize the whole thing.
Key Concepts : Proper handling of farm products is important since it can affect the quality of your
product. Remember that in business, an entrepreneur is not just concern of the quantity
of production but more importantly is the quality.

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Connecting/Transition Statement:
Now we learned the proper egg handling but this is not enough. We still need to learn the proper care
and management of chicken. For this lesson we will discuss the stock management.

Lesson Proper
A. Housing Management

House management is one of the basics in poultry production. All livestock animals have different way
of stock management according to its species and age.

1. Site Selection

Site selection is the process of selecting the site where you could build your poultry house.

In selecting a good site for chicken production, one must consider the following:
• It must be far from the residential area (to avoid stress to animals).
• Have enough space for ranging area.
• Good drainage/ not water log area (slightly sloping area).
• Have an easy access to water source; and
• Easy access to farm to market road

Far from residential area (to avoid stress to animals).

Excessive noise can cause excitement and stress to animal.
- it is advisable to establish housing for animal
production far from residential area, not just to avoid
stress but also to avoid spread of bad odor coming
from animal waste.

Good drainage/ not water log area. The area must be well
drained, preferred to have a slightly sloping area.
- Water log areas are not advisable to build animal
house, for stagnant water can be a breeding area for
insect that can be a carrier of disease and virus.

Easy access to water. Water is one of the essential nutrients

needed by chicken.
- Clean, fresh water was needed by animals’ body for
body temperature regulation and digesting food for
easy nutrient absorption.
- It is also use in cleaning and sanitation of poultry
house and other farm tools/equipment.

Easy access to farm market road- It is needed for easy farm inputs and product transportation.

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2. Housing Orientation
East-west housing orientation was advisable for establishing
a poultry house. This is to prevent direct sunshine over the
bird.

3. Roofing Design
Monitor and semi-monitor/ half monitor are
preferable for establishing a poultry house. These
designs allow good air circulation and ventilation.

4. Type of Flooring
- Deep Litter. Commonly used in free range and
organic chicken production.
 Rice hull or saw dust can be used.
 Powdered/crashed charcoal and salt is added
to the litter, for bad odor absorption and
anti-bacterial.
 Deep litter can be utilized as fertilizer after
harvesting.

- Elevated. Bamboo slats or plastic/ steel matting

can be used.
 Easy cleaning of chicken manure.
 1-2 meters elevation from the ground for
easy cleaning underneath.

5. The indoor stocking density should not exceed the following recommendations:

Fixed Building Mobile housing

Broiler 10 birds/m2 For mobile housing of not less than 10 m2
17 kg/ m2 floor space: 8 birds/ m2 or 13 kg/ m2

Layer • 6 birds/ m2
• Not more than 5 birds per nest hole, and
• 31 cm aerial perch space per hen
Native Chicken • 6 birds/ m2
• Not more than 5 birds per nest hole, and
• 31 cm aerial perch space per hen

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 6. Facilities/Equipment
There are facilities/ equipment used in chicken production. These are essential and you can
make it on your own.

The following facilities and equipments are:

Brooder Box
A brooder usually refers to some type of heated enclosure for raising
baby poultry.
-Use to give artificial heat to newly hatched chicks (1watts per bir).
-Chicks stay in brooder box 1-2 weeks old or until thick feather was
developed.

Feeding trough is used in feeding, it is usuall made of

plastic. But you may also make one, using PVC pipe or a
bamboo.

Watering trough is a water drinker for

birds. Usually plastic, but you can utilize an
old or used plastic bottle.

B. DOC (Day Old Chick) Care and Management

Chicks are very sensitive specially 1-2 weeks old of chicks.

Because they can’t stand in cold for their feathers were not
yet fully developed.
- Brood the chicks 1-2 week or until feather are fully
developed. Brooding can be natural with the aid of hen
or artificial using brooder box.
- Watering and feeding trough is provided; Ensure that
the feeds and water are always clean and fresh.
- If peaking is observed, separate the injured bird and the
bird that do peaking, to avoid cannibalism.

C. Breeding Management

From the word breeding itself, this means the genetic improvement process of an animal; while
management, this includes how you would select a good quality breed and know the characteristics
of a good breeder.

The following factors are of major importance for the production of hatching eggs that produce
high quality chicks:

1. Genetic make-up of the parent stock

2. The housing of the flock
3. Flock health and applied vaccination program
4. Feed and water

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 5. Male to female ratio
6. Age of the flock
7. Flock performance

D. Laying Management

This refers to the care and management practices for the laying bird. Hens/ layers must be properly
managed in order them to produce good eggs. There are some factors to be considered in
managing laying hens.
Factors to consider in managing laying hens:

Housing
You must have a floor spacing of 1.5ft2/ 1m per bird and have an
enough ranging area too. You must also put a perching area for the
birds so that birds won’t enter the nest at night to avoid disturbance of
the laying hens.

Nest
Nest is needed if your birds are laying eggs or the purpose of your
production is egg or a dual type.
1 ft.
Why do we need this nest?
This is to ensure that hens won’t just lay egg anywhere to avoid egg
peaking of other flocks. It would also be easy to collect eggs if it is in
the nest.

Things to consider in putting a nest:

• The number of nests must be in proportion to the number of laying birds.
• It must be placed in the dark area of the house for laying birds love to lay in the dark area.
• The ration and proportion for the nest is 1:5.

Feeding and Water Management

- Feeds and water for your animals must always be ensured that it is fresh and clean, to avoid
acquiring disease from spoiled feeds and unclean drinking water.
- Give feeds and forage that are high in protein to ensure the quality of egg, you can also
incorporate a lime stone or calcium source on feeds to avoid soft shelled egg.

Light Management
- “Do not increase the light during growing stage, but do not decrease the light during laying
stage”.
- If you increase the light during growing stage, you are forcing the body of the bird to bring
its reproductive organ to maturity.
- This would cause force reproductive organ maturity of bids which tend to produce small size
eggs.

Stress Management
• During laying period of the chicken, do not disturb them, they may become restless.
• Avoid entering the poultry house during peak hour. If you hear that the hens are cackling
loudly it is an indication that they are about to lay egg, so don’t disturb them.
• To avoid stress, collect eggs 2x a day as maximum, 7-8 am and 3-4 pm is preferred for egg
collection.

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E. Incubation
This is the process where in the eggs are being brood by the hen to hatch or by the artificial means
using the incubator.

Types of Poultry Incubation

1. Natural – with the hen itself.
2. Artificial – with the use of machine called incubator.

Advantages of Artificial of Artificial Over Natural Incubation

1. There will be more production of chicks at the same time.
2. Producing of eggs of uniform age.
3. Production of chicks that are free from parasites especially ectoparasites such as lice from
the mother.

Advantages of Natural Over Artificial Incubation

1. It is economical.
2. No previous experience is necessary, its mother instinct.

Criteria in Selecting Hatching Eggs

1. Eggs must be fertile; it must come from a mated flock. Determine the unfertile egg during
the 4th to 7th of incubation, by candling. The appearance of a fertile egg has a web like blood
vessels originating from the germ spot. Absence of these means an unfertile egg, with a
very clear yolk.
2. Egg must come from a healthy vigorous hens and rooster, and then the hatchability would
be better.
3. Eggs must be properly stored. But it must not be longer than 7 days. If you have refrigerated
the egg pre-warm the eggs before putting them inside the incubator to avoid alteration,
for about 1-5 hours.
4. Egg must be free from unsoundness or defects – like cracked eggs, thin shelled eggs, off
size eggs (average size of an incubated eggs must be 50-60 grams), off-shaped eggs, off
colored eggs, and they must be free from diseases.

Factors to be Considered in Storing Eggs

1. The optimum number of days in storing eggs must be no longer than 7 days.
2. The storage room must be well ventilated, not subject to change of temperature. Maintain
temperature at about 50-55oF.
3. The relative humidity must be maintained at 80 %.
4. The position of the eggs at the trays must be large or blunt end up and pointed end down.
5. Turning of the eggs must be done 3-5 times
6. Proper handling of eggs.
7. Proper washing of the eggs because bacteria may enter into the pores.

Proper Incubation
1. Check first the incubator, the electric outlet, the temperature, the relative humidity and
the test it for 2 days.
2. Disinfect the incubator prior to setting the eggs (Creoline or Lysol). The best is fumigating
the incubator, thus creating a smoke to kill all parasites present with the use of formalin
and potassium permanganate.
3. The relative humidity must be maintained at 50-60 % and lower it at 55 % during hatching
time.

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 Detrimental effect of relative humidity
1. If the R.H is slow there will be faster evaporation within the egg thus dehydration ensues
in the developing embryo.
2. If the R.H is high – too much moisture is found in the air, which means slower evaporation
thus drowning the embryo.

Candling

Candling is the process of subjecting the eggs under the light in order
to observe the development inside.
1. 1st Candling – this is done at the 7th day of incubation. The
appearance is the formation of germ spot with radiating blood
vessels, which means the egg is fertile. Infertile eggs are clear, no
development inside.
2. 2nd Candling – this is done during the 14th day. Stale eggs (dead embryos) are considered fertile
eggs, but they fail to develop because optimum requirements were not maintained inside the
incubators.

3. 3rd Candling – this is done during the 18th day of incubation. Turning
of egg is stopped because they are already developed. Eggs are
transferred from the egg trays inside the incubator to hatchery
trays. Before transferring to their brooding pens, let the feathers
dry first and let them stand in the incubator for 1-3 days.

Calculate performance using the following formulas:

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁.𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

a. 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝑥𝑥 100
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁.𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁.𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

b. 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥 100
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁.𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁.𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

c. 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑥𝑥 100
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁.𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁.𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

d. 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑥𝑥 100
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁.𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁.𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

e. 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥 100
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁.𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

Proper Chicken Harvesting Protocol

• Avoid stressing the animals

• Harvest chicken during the night time
• Avoid stressing the animals, when transported beyond 1000km, do not feed them within 2
hours and provide drinking water with molasses
• Minimize voices and movements during harvesting

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F. Common Chicken Diseases and Treatment

VIRAL DISEASES

1. Fowl Pox
a. Causative Agent: Pox Virus
b. Age Affected: all ages of birds
c. Characterized by proliferative lesions in the skin that progress to thick scabs (cutaneous form)
and by lesions in the upper GI and respiratory tracts (diphtheritic form). Virulent strains may
cause lesions in the internal organs (systemic forms)
d. usually transmitted by contact through abrasions of the skin and vectors such us mosquitoes
and other biting insects

Explain briefly to participants the signs and symptoms of the fowl pox

• Dry/cutaneous form - nodular lesions on unfeathered skin of chickens and

on the head, upper neck and eyelids eyelids may cause complete closure of
one or both eyes.
• Wet/diphtheritic form - mucous membranes of the mouth, esophagus,
pharynx, larynx, and trachea (wet pox or fowl diphtheria)

Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease.

• use oregano

2. New Castle Disease (ND)/Avian Pest

a. Causative Agent: Paramyxovirus
b. Age Affected: all ages of birds
c. Characterized by respiratory signs often associated with nervous and digestive disorders
d. Infected birds shed virus in exhaled air, respiratory discharges, and feces

Explain briefly to participants the signs and symptoms of the new castle disease or avian pest.
• Respiratory signs - gasping, coughing, sneezing, and rales.
• Nervous signs - tremors, paralyzed wings and legs, twisted necks, circling, clonic spasms, and
complete paralysis
• Digestive - watery greenish diarrhea
• swelling of the tissues of the head and neck
• depression and in appetence
• Partial or complete cessation of egg production may occur
• Mortality is variable but can be as high as 100%

Describe the remarkable lesions.

• Petechiae on the serous membranes; hemorrhages of the
proventricular mucosa and intestinal serosa are
accompanied by multifocal, necrotic hemorrhagic areas on
the mucosal surface of the intestine, especially at lymphoid
foci such as cecal tonsils.
• Splenic necrosis and hemorrhage and edema around the
thymus may also be seen.
Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease.
• Use the natural immune booster (OHN, Herbal Extract)

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3. Avian Influenza (Fowl Plague)
a. Causative Agent: Orthomyxovirus
b. Avian influenza strains are divided into two types based on their pathogenicity: high
pathogenicity (HP) or low pathogenicity (LP).
c. Avian influenza is most often spread by contact between infected and healthy birds (secretions
from the nostrils, mouth, and eyes of infected birds as well as their droppings) though can also
be spread indirectly through contaminated equipment.
Explain briefly the signs and symptoms of Avian Influenza
• LP: sneezing, coughing, ocular and nasal
discharges, and swollen infraorbital sinuses
• HP: cyanosis and edema of the head, comb,
wattle; hemorrhagic shanks and feet; blood tinged
oral & nasal discharges; greenish diarrhea,
torticollis, paralysis and dropping wings
• Huddling

Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease

• Isolation of sick animals
• Use the natural immune booster (OHN, Herbal Extract)
• Proper hygiene and sanitation
• Note: There is no direct treatment against the disease

4. Infectious Bronchitis
a. Causative agent: Corona virus

Explain briefly the signs and symptoms.

• Chicks may cough, sneeze, and have tracheal rales for 10–14 days.
• Conjunctivitis
• Dyspnea
• facial swelling
• depressed
• Feed consumption and weight gain are reduced

Describe the remarkable lesions.

• Air sacs with foamy exudate
• Cystic oviducts
• Swollen pale kidneys

Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease

• Isolation of sick animals
• Use the natural immune booster (OHN, Herbal Extract)

BACTERIAL DISEASES

1. Infectious Coryza
a. Causative Agent: Avibacterium paragallinarum
b. Chickens of all ages are susceptible, but susceptibility increases with age
c. Transmission is by direct contact, airborne droplets, and contamination of drinking water.

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 Explain briefly the signs and symptoms of Infectious Coryza
• Mildest form - depression, a serous nasal discharge, sneezing and occasionally slight facial
swelling.
• Severe form – swelling of the face under the eyes
• Males - edema of wattles.
• Rales
• Reduced feed and water consumption
• Diarrhea

Describe the remarkable lesions.

• There is a copious, tenacious, grayish, semifluid exudate on the infraorbital sinuses (mild)
and become consolidated and turn yellowish (severe).

Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease

• “All-in/all-out” farm programs with sound management and isolation methods
• water medication

2. Fowl Cholera
a. A.K.A. as avian cholera, avian pasteurellosis, or avian hemorrhagic septicemia
b. Causative agent: Pasteurella multocida.
c. It usually occurs as a septicemia of sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality, but
chronic and asymptomatic infectious also occur.
d. Chronically infected birds are considered to be a major source of infection. Contaminated
crates, feed bags, or any equipment used previously for poultry may serve in introducing
FC into a flock.

Explain briefly the signs and symptoms.

• Protracted cases: severe depression, anorexia, Mucus
discharges from the beak, ruffled feathers, diarrhea
• Chronic cases: cyanosis, inflamed face, wattles,
sinuses or joints, tendon sheaths and footpads
• Torticollis, exudative conjunctivitis and pharyngitis

Describe the remarkable lesions.

• General passive hyperemia and congestion throughout the carcass, accompanied by
enlargement Petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages in the liver and spleen.
• Acute oophoritis with hyperemic follicles may be observed.

Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease

• Good management practices
• Use of IMO/LABS on the beddings
• Use of Natural Immune Booster

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3. Mycoplasmosis (Chronic Respiratory Disease)
a. Causative Agent: Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Secondary E. coli infection is common
b. Transmitted through the egg, airborne, droplets, or from bird to bird

Explain briefly the signs and symptoms of Avian Influenza

• Coughing
• Sneezing
• facial swelling
• nasal, discharge
• cloudy air sacs
• Deformed eggs
• drop in egg production
• Pericarditis & perihepatitis (with secondary E. coli infection)

Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease

• Strict biosecurity
• Use of Natural Immune Booster (OHN, Herbal Extract)

4. Bumblefoot (Pododermatitis)
a. Causative agent: Staphylococcus sp.
b. Characterized by an injury to the lower surface of the foot (bilateral or unilateral) and
subsequent infection with Staphylococcus bacteria
c. The entry point for bacteria can be anything from a cut, scrape, injury or even simply a
raw spot on the skin caused by walking on wet, dirty bedding.
d. Common causes of injury are rough perches, splinters, wire floors and poor litter or
bedding quality.

Explain briefly the signs and symptoms.

• Lameness
• Swelling of the foot pad
• Hard, pus‐filled abscess on foot pad

Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease

• Surgery (remove the pus)
• Soak the foot with water and Epsom salt
• Flush the pus with betadine
• Wound spray

5. Coccidiosis
a. Caused by protozoa, Eimeria sp
b. transmitted by infected droppings with the protozoal oocyst
c. E tenella infections are found only in the ceca and can be recognized by accumulation of
blood in the ceca and by bloody droppings

Explain briefly the signs and symptoms.

• Bloody diarrhea
• Pale combs and shanks
• Ruffled feathers
• Inappetence
• Egg drop production
• High mortality

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 Details per specie of Eimeria:

Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease

• Use of IMO or LABS for disinfection
• Good pasture and drainage management

6. Fowl Typhoid
a. Causative agent: Salmonella gallinarum
b. An infectious septicemic poultry disease, easily
transmitted thru egg, feed and water contaminated
with droppings, thru newly acquired birds, crates,
sacks and boxes and by wild migrating birds
c. Lesions: swollen, friable and often bile-stained liver,
with or without necrotic foci; enlarged spleen and
kidneys; anemia; and enteritis

Explain briefly the signs and symptoms.

• Droopiness
• Listlessness
• comb and wattles are pale and shrunken
• greenish diarrhea
• loss of appetite
• intense thirst

Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease

• Biosecurity
• Use of IMO or LABS for disinfection

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 7. Bacilliary White Diarrhea/Pullorum Disease
a. Causative agent: Salmonella pullorum
b. Lesions: unabsorbed yolk sac (young) and classic gray nodules in the liver, spleen, lungs,
heart, gizzard and intestine

Explain briefly the signs and symptoms.

• Droopiness
• Listlessness
• comb and wattles are pale and shrunken
• white diarrhea
• loss of appetite
• intense thirst

Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease

• Biosecurity
• Use of Natural Immune Booster (OHN, Herbal Extracts)

INTERNAL PARASITE

1. Ascariasis (Roundworm)
a. Causative Agent: Ascaridia galli - large, whitish worms can grow close to 3 inches in length.

Explain briefly the signs and symptoms.

• Diarrhea
• weight loss
• (severe infestation) masses of adult worms can
cause a blockage of the intestine
• Inflamed lining of gut

Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease

• Rotating the pen location and changing the topsoil yearly will reduce the risk of roundworm
infection in your flock.
• young coconut juice with brown sugar and salt.

2. Tapeworm Infestation
a. Causative Agent: Davaelinia proglotina - vary in length, some are 4 to 5 mm long and
others are up to 25cm long
b. It needs intermediate hosts such as flies, earthworms and snails.
c. The adult tapeworm lives in the intestines of the bird; it buries its head in the lining of the
intestines.
d. Explain briefly the signs and symptoms.
e. weight loss
f. Diarrhea (sometimes bloody diarrhea such as
with Raillietina tapeworms, that use beetles as an
intermediate host)
g. Reduced egg production.
h. Tapeworm segments or worms in droppings
i. Use crushed “bunga” added with water and fed to the animal once

Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease

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 • Controlling the number of intermediate hosts, such as the number of flies can be a useful
solution.
• Use crushed “bunga” added with water and fed to the animal once
• Deworming

3. Eyeworm Infestation
a. Causative Agent: Oxyspirura mansoni - White, ¼- to ½-inch long worms infecting the eye,
beneath the nictitating membrane
b. Left untreated eyeworm can cause your chickens to get very sick, blindness, and death in
severe cases.

Explain briefly the signs and symptoms

• Bird scratching at their eyes
• Blindness
• White substance which appears to be just inside the eye lid
• Redness and swelling around the eye

Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease

• Dewormer for eyes (drops)
• Use crushed “bunga” added with water and fed to the animal once

EXTERNAL PARASITE

1. Mite
a. Causative Agents:
- Dermanyssus gallinae (blood sucking)
- Northern Fowl Mite (Ornithonyssus bursae)
- Scaly Leg Mites and Depluming Mites
b. They can strike any hen house at any time but especially during the warmer summer
months.
c. Regular check of birds under their wings and around their vents.

Explain briefly the signs and symptoms

• Excessive preening and biting at their feathers
• (anaemia)pale comb and wattles
• Weakness
• Dullness/ruffled feather
• Reduced egg production
• Blood spots on eggs
• Staff/owner complaints of itching
• For scaly leg mite - burrows beneath the scales of the leg causing the damaged tissue of
the leg to ooze with tissue fluid on which the mites feed leading to irritation, raised scales
and crusting.

Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease

• Use dust bath (water from the boiled lemongrss and chilli)
• Natural Vitamins can also be used to aid a speedier recovery
• Use IMO or LABS as disinfectant for nest and house

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 • Spraying your coop and roosts for several days
in a row with a mixture of 2 cups water, 1 cup
cooking oil and 1 tablespoon dish washing
liquid

2. Lice
a. Causative Agent: Menophon gallinae - golden in color and are approximately 1-3mm in
length.
b. These lice are relatively fast moving, they lay their eggs (nits)
which are white, and both the nits and the lice can normally be
found around the vent, under the wings or at the base of their
feathers.
c. They tend to rapidly increase in number around the cold season
d. Lice only live a few days and are often transmitted by direct contact.

Explain briefly the signs and symptoms

• Irritation
• weight loss
• restlessness
• Reduction in the numbers of eggs laid.

Discuss the ways to prevent and control the disease

• Use IMO or LABS as disinfectant for nest and house
• Use dust bath (water from the boiled lemongrss and chilli)

Natural treatment

One important aspect in raising chickens is knowing how to care using natural remedies, although
natural treatments may not be the quickest solution. Natural treatments include using the items you
have around you to treat illness or purchasing natural treatment solutions.

• Oregano- is one of the most powerful natural antibiotic ever studied and has been found to be
superior to many of the currently used antibiotics.
• Apple Cider Vinegar or White Vinegar- the acetic acid in vinegar is the active ingredient. It
lowers the pH, which kills many pathogens. Vinegar can be used as a home remedy with
chickens to help clear the mucous in the throat of a bird that has respiratory disease.
• Molasses- works as a gentle laxative, as well as a mineral supplement- a laxative is useful if a
chicken has eaten a toxic plant or it has been scouring due to a bacterial illness.
• Sugar Solution- If you have a sickly, lethargic chicken, they need some glucose to keep their
energy up. This is helpful for newly hatched chicks if they have had a prolonged hatching or if
they have travelled a long way.
• Honey- helps to reduce swollen tissues by drawing out excess fluid. You can use it on swollen
prolapsed tissue, to shrink it enough to be gently pushed back inside the vent.

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G. Wearing of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Why use of PPE?

1. Personnel working in the poultry are permanently exposed to hazards. These have either a
physical, chemical or biological nature. Proper management is needed to avoid accidents and
to keep the staff motivated. In all cases, however, safety comes first.

2. Taking protective equipment is important for poultry workers as they are at risk of poultry
hazard. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential for preventing & controlling
diseases experienced by poultry processing workers.

When to use PPE?

• when entering the chicken house

• when holding chicken

What Are the PPE Used in Chicken Production?

• gloves
• mask
• boots
• caps/hat
• goggles
• pants and long sleeves

Lesson Ender

Title : Wala kayo sa manok ko!

Time Allotment : 10 minutes
Materials Needed : 2 live chickens
Procedure:
1. One representative per group will participate.
2. Each group will be given a live chicken.
3. Each representative must convince the audience that his/her chicken is healthy and of good
quality (physical appearance of the chicken, its management practices used in its
production, and etc.) over the other one, applying the knowledge learned from the
discussion. They may ask some ideas from group members.
4. Each group will be given 1 minute to convince the judges.

Processing:
Ask the participants the following questions:
1. How did you find the activity?
2. What are your insights from the activity?

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Key Concepts:
Good quality breed of stock is not enough. You must also consider the good and proper management
plus the environment to produce a good quality product. Good quality Product = G+E+M

Connecting/Transition Statement:
Good genetics is useless if you do not know how to properly care and manage the animals. Combine
the good genetics, good environment and good management for the animals. Surely you can get a
good quality produce.

Farming is a give and take scheme. If you give good quality management to your animals/ plants they
will pay you back with a good quality produce.

Summary of the Lesson

In selecting an area for poultry production you must consider the; location of the area, topography,
water accessibility and farm to market road.

In constructing a poultry house you should know the proper house orientation, floor spacing per bird
including the facilities and equipment to be used for the product.

Proper health care and management is important. To avoid it there must be a good sanitation and
biosecurity in the area.

Self-Assessment Question
Directions: Read each statement carefully and assess whether it is TRUE or FALSE. Write T on the space
provided for if the statement is true and F is the statement is false.

______ 1. North –South house orientation was best for chicken production.
______ 2. Chicken don’t need a perching area.
______ 3. Infectious coryza was caused by bacteria.
______ 4. Light has direct effect to laying birds.
______ 5. Good layers have a small vent.

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 Self-Assessment
Directions: Read each statement carefully and assess whether it is TRUE or FALSE. Write T on the space
provided for if the statement is true and F is the statement is false.

F 1. North –South house orientation was best for chicken production.

F 2. Free range Chicken doesn’t need a perching area.
T 3. Infectious coryza was caused by bacteria.
T 4. Light has direct, effect to laying birds.
F 5. Good layers have a small vent.

References

• https://puroxi.com/importance-of-water-for-poultry/

• https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-monitor-roof

• http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/expert_system/poultry/Poultry%20House%20Construction.ht
ml

• https://www.thespruce.com/definition-of-brooder-3016966

• https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/anr-60

• https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/content/dam/pubs_ext_vt_edu/2902/2902-1085/2902-
1085_pdf.pdf

• https://www.ajas.info/upload/pdf/18_21.pdf

• Module-FPS-FRC

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 Lesson 4:
Nutrient Management
Animals like plants need nutrients to be healthy and to survive. These nutrients are usually derived from
the feeds they take. Although at present, science has allowed the formulation of some vitamins and
minerals needed by the animal through water substrates and feed additives.

Lesson Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the participants shall be able to discuss the nutrient management needed of
chicken. Specifically, the participants should be able to:

1. discuss the different basic nutrients needed by chicken;

2. identify the source of the nutrients; and
3. explain the different feed management of chicken for different growth stages.

Time Allotment : 2 hours

Methodologies : Lecture, Demonstration, Participatory approach
Tools to use : LCD, Projector, TV, (brooder cage with chicks – optional)

Lesson Proper

A. Nutrients Needed by Chicken

Nutrient is known for its importance to an organism. It is needed in order for the chicken to grow,
survive and reproduce.

Basic Nutrients Chicken Need:

• Carbohydrates (Energy)
• Protein
• Fats
• Vitamins
• Minerals

Energy/Carbohydrates
This is the most basic of all nutrients. All activities of the body, whether physical or metabolic, require
energy.

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 Protein
Protein is made up of amino acids, body uses protein to build and repair tissues; also protein is
used to make enzymes, hormones, and other body chemicals.

Fats/Lipids
Fats/lipids must be present in the diet for poultry to
absorb the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. In addition
to its role in nutrition, fat is added to feed to reduce grain
dust. Fats addition also improves the palatability of feed
(that is, makes feed more appetizing).

Vitamins
These essential substances play important roles
in regulating many biochemical processes in the
body.
Plants (for ex. legumes, fruits and vegetables);
Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) and Fermented
Fruit Juice (FFJ).

Minerals
Minerals are essential compounds that provide
the elements used to maintain the animals’
bone structure and regulate many biochemical
processes.

Water
Water is an important part of all body functions and processes, including digestion and elimination.

B. Feed Management for Different Stages of Chickens Growth

Every stages of the life growth of an animal require different level of management including the
feeding and the type of feeds to take. The incorrect feeding management of animals may cause their
stunted growth. For chicken there are feeds given for different stages of chickens’ growth such as
chick booster, chick starter, chick grower, finisher and or laying mash (given for those commercially
grown birds intended for egg production).

Feeds for Broiler or Meat type Chicken Production

Chick Booster
Chick Booster Mash is a high-density ration with well-balanced amino acids from the highest quality
protein sources. It is designed for day old chicks up to 14 days of age. It will provide them enough
nutrients they need to boost their growth and build resistance against diseases and stress during
brooding and it contains 22% of Crude Protein.

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 Starter
Broiler starter crumbles is specifically formulated for broiler chicken to achieve fast growth and
efficient feed conversion from 2-4 weeks of age. It contains high levels of well-balanced nutrients
from choice ingredients in a narrow ratio with its metabolized energy content. It is intended to
obtain the desire body weight in the shortest period time and the minimum crude protein content
of this feed mixture is 19%.

Finisher
Broiler finisher crumbles is a high energy diet feed packed with nutrients to meet the increased
demand during the last phase of feeding broilers. It is formulated to obtain a high meat quality
carcass and contains 18% of crude protein.

For layers or Egg type chicken production

Grower Mash
Chick grower mash is designed for growing replacement pullets from 8 weeks of age until they reach
their sexual maturity at about 16 weeks of age. It is formulated to prepare the pullets for high
productivity and efficiency by meeting the desired body frame and nutrients reserve they needed
during the laying phase. This contains about 19% of crude protein in its mixture.

Layer Mash
Chicken layer mash is high quality layer feed specially designed for chickens with high egg
productivity. It contains a well-balanced amino nutrient supplemented with minerals needed for
bigger and more eggs. It contains performance enhancers to boost egg production to its maximum
potential and contains 17% of crude protein in its mixture.

Feeding System
It is the scheme used in feeding an animal for production. This is a very important tool used in
production. The use of appropriate feeding system could help the farmer reduce its feeding cost and
have a good income.

Types of Feeding System:

a. Ad libitum
• This system is also called free choice feeding or unlimited feeding.
• In this system, feed is always available and the bird can eat anytime.
• Ad libitum feeding is practiced in broiler chicken where maximum body weight is the ultimate
goal for rearing the birds.
• In this system, a bird regulates its total intake (their intake of nutrients) themselves.

b. Controlled/Restricted
• Restricted feeding during the growing period means an actual reduction of nutrient intake
below minimum requirement of birds.
• Feed intake is reduced either by limiting feed offered to 85-90% of normal fed intake or by
diluting the conventional feeding with fibrous material of low nutrient density or following
skip a day feeding.
• Pullet birds on restricted feeding require 5-10 days longer before reaching sexual maturity.
• Too fat bird can cause reduction of egg production and infertility and mortality may be
increased.
• Restricted feeding program is recommended for strains of laying chicken

c. Combination of Ad libitum and controlled/restricted

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 Days of Culture Kind of Feeds Volume/day/chick Volume/week/chick
01-07 days Chick booster 5.57g-7am 78g
5.57g-4pm

08-14 days Chick booster 8.35g-7am 117g

8.35g-4pm

15-21 days Chick booster/starter 12.57g-7am 176g

12.57g-4pm

22-28 days Chick starter 18.85g-7am 264g

18.85g-4pm

29-35 days Grower mash* 28.28 g-7am 396g

28.28g-4pm

36-42 days Grower/finisher mash 35.35g-7am 495g

35.35g-4pm

43-49 days Finisher mash 38.85g-7am 544g

38.85g-4pm

50 days onwards Finisher mash 42.85g-7am 600g

42.85g-4pm

• The kind of feeds maybe substituted with local organic formulations (like Santiago Farms
practice) as shown below.

Feed Ingredients** Quantity

Rice bran (d1) 30 kg
Hammered corn (not GMO) 20 kg
Shredded vegetables (kangkong) 15kg
Soya meal 10kg
Sea salt (rock salt) 0.5kg
Limestone 0.5kg
Water (unchlorinated) 10 liters
EM1 50ml
Molasses 50ml
Copra oil 1.5 liters

**Mix all ingredients and ferment 2 weeks in a cool dry place

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 Summary of the Lesson

Basic Nutrients Needed By Chicken:

• Carbohydrates (Energy)
• Protein
• Fats
• Vitamins
• Minerals
Feeds for Broiler or Meat type Chicken Production
1. Chick BoosterC
2. Starter
3. Finisher

Feeds for layers or Egg type chicken production

1. Grower Mash
2. Layer Mash

Types of Feeding System:

1. Ad libitum
2. Controlled/Restricted
3. Combination of Ad libitum and controlled/restricted

Self-Assessment Question

Directions: Read each statement carefully and assess whether it is TRUE or FALSE. Write T on the space
provided for if the statement is true and F is the statement is false.

______ 1. Asiatic Chicken are for egg production.

______ 2. Rhode Island Red’s originated from America and are known as a ‘dual purpose’ chickens.
______ 3. Plymouths are a large bird that is much better suited to the free range lifestyle.
______ 4. A soft belly and a clean, dry navel are important features of a healthy pullet.
______ 5. Slow moving is a sign of unhealthy chick

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 Self-Assessment Question
Answer Key

Directions: Read each statement carefully and assess whether it is TRUE or FALSE. Write T on the space
provided for if the statement is true and F is the statement is false.

___F__ 1. Asiatic Chicken is for egg production.

Answer: Mediterranean birds
___T__ 2. Rhode Island Red’s originated from America and are known as a ‘dual purpose’ chickens.
___T__ 3. Plymouths are a large bird that is much better suited to the free range lifestyle.
___F__ 4. A soft belly and a clean, dry navel are important features of a healthy pullet.
Answer: newly hatch chick
___T__ 5. Slow moving is a sign of unhealthy chick

Reference

• Module ON FPS-FRC

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 Lesson 5:
Forage Development
Feeds is one of the biggest production expenses in livestock production. Using plant-based feeds based-
feeds for animals as alternate feeds for commercial feed products can reduce feed costs. Moreover,
hens fed with forage have better hatch rate, healthier and have darker egg yolks which taste better.

Lesson Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the participants should be able to identify, establish and manage the different
forage for chicken production. Specifically, the participants should be able to:

1. identify the different forage used in chicken production;

2. discuss and illustrate forage establishment and lay-outing and planting; and
3. explain the different feed management of chicken for different growth stages.

Time Allotment : 4 hours

Methodologies : Lecture, Demonstration, Participatory approach
Tools to use : LCD, Projector

Lesson Opener
OPENER
Title : Forage Identification
Time Allotment : 20 min.
Material Needed : paper, pen, tape

Procedure:
1. Participants will be given 1 min. to paste in the board the different forages they collected (at
least 5 per group) may it be a grass or legumes, shrub or herbs.
2. Then each group will discuss what the nutrient that is rich in the particular forage.
Processing:
1. Who’s group got the highest answer?
2. What can you say about the activity?
Note: Comment on their answers.

Key Concept:
Forage has different nutrient content some are rich in protein and other micro nutrients and some are
rich in energy source nutrient. As a farmer we must know the nutrients that our animals can get from
feeding such forage.

Connecting/Transition Statement:
Now that we already share our ideas about different forages. Let’s now learn the importance of planting
forage and learn how to classify forage plants.

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 Lesson Proper
A. Forage

Forage is a plant material eaten by grazing livestock.

- The term forage has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as pasture, crop residue,
or immature cereal crops, plants cut for fodder and carried to the animals, especially as hay or
silage. Good quality forage reduces the need for more expensive concentrates.

Grasses
It is a low, green plant that grows naturally over a lot of the earth's surface, having groups of
very thin leaves that grow close together in large numbers

Napier
Pennisetum purpureum, also known as Napier grass, elephant grass is a species of perennial tropical
grass native to the African grasslands.
- Pakchong - is a hybrid Napier Grass.
- Pakchong has been proven to yield higher energy than
other types of Napier grass.
- It is an ideal feedstock for biomass power plants.
- The tissue culture of this hybrid was developed by a
scientist in Thailand.

Guinea Grass
- Leaf blades are linear to narrow.
- It normally contains 8-12% crude protein and 31% crude fiber.

Star Grass
Star grass is a member of the Bermuda grass family and is also
known as 'Giant star grass' or 'African' star grass.
- These grasses can yield about 2–2.5 T/A dry matter of good
quality forage within 60 days after planting
- It is a moderately nutritive grass, containing about
10% protein in the DM.

Para grass
Para grass is a creeping perennial grass with long, coarse stolon
and leaf sheath has a densely hairy collar.
- Para grass is a palatable species mainly used for its high
quality forage.
- Para grass has a variable nutritional value, with
protein content in the 7-10% DM range.

Legume
A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae.
- It is grown agriculturally, primarily for their food grain seed, for
livestock forage and silage, and as soil-enhancing green manure.
- these are plants that bear their fruit in pods, which are casings
with two halves, or hinges.

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Mani-mani
- 13 – 25% Crude Protein
- can be propagated through cuttings
- stoloniferous, perennial creeping herb;
- tolerant to heavy grazing and combines well with competitive
sward grasses; and
- tolerant to low fertility soil;

Indigofera
- Crude Protein = 27.6%
- Digestibility=84.8% (if harvested every 30 days)
- Calcium=2.08%
- Best for lactating animals
- Can be fed to animals in fresh or fermented form
- Propagation: Seeds

Rensoni
- Crude Protein : 20 - 22%
- Can be fed to animals in fresh form, fermented
or process into mash
- Fast-growing shrub legume for cut-and-carry
- Propagation-Seeds

Ipil-ipil

Ipil-ipil is a small tree growing up 8 meters high.

Leaves are compound, 15 to 25 centimeters long,
with hairy rachis.
Extract of seed has been reported to possess chemo-
preventive, anti-proliferative, anti-helmintic,
antidiabetic, and antibacterial properties.
- Crude Protein : 23.3%
- Commonly processed as leaf meal because of its
high nutritive value
- Can be fed to animals in fresh form, fermented
or process into mash.
- Method of propagation is by seeds.

Kakawate
Gliricidia sepium, often simply referred to as
Gliricidia. It is a medium size leguminous tree
belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is considered as
the second most important multi-purpose legume
tree, surpassed only by Leucaena leucocephala.
- Crude Protein : 22.3%
- Can be fed to animals in fresh form, fermented
or process into mash
- Method of propagation cuttings or seeds

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 Centrosema
It is known as centro or butterfly pea. A native in
Central and South America and cultivated in other
tropical areas as forage for livestock.
- It contains 12% crude protein and 33% crude
fiber.

Shrub
It is a plant with a wooden stem and many small branches that usually does not grow very tall.

Trichantera
- Also knowns as Madre de Agua
- Planting density 6000-10,000 plants/hectare
- Crude Protein = 12 - 22 %
- Can replace 20%-30% of commercial pig’s and
other livestock diet
- 6 kg of leaves consumed by pigs daily is equal to
1 kg savings on commercial feeds
- 1 meter planting distance

Herbs
Herbaceous plants are non-woody vascular plants, they include grasses and grass-like plants
grouped together as graminoids (plants with grass-like appearance), forbs (herbaceous broad
leafed plants), and ferns.

Duckweed
- Protein content : 35% to 45%
- 1 kg duckweed can fill up 1 hectare pond in 56
days
- Can double their mass in less than 2 days
- Can be fed to livestock, poultry and fish in fresh
form, fermented or process into mash
- Eaten by people in Thailand

Azolla
- Crude Protein = 25% to 30%
- Doubles its mass in 2-3 days
- Can be fed to fish, poultry and livestock in fresh or
fermented form
- Biomass = 30 to 80 kg fresh weight per hectare
- Serves as biological herbicide in rice field by
controlling sunlight penetration into the soil
preventing the germination of weeds
- Cyanobacteria, (blue-green algae), a nitrogen-
fixing bacteria lives inside the leaf cavities

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B. Forage Establishment, Lay-outing and Planting

Why we need to establish a forage area?

Forage establishment is one of the requirements in livestock production. It also helps in reducing
the feed cost. In establishing forage area, there are things to be considered such as:
a. type or kind of forage to be planted (must suite to the kind of animal one is raising);
b. space to be planted (must suite to the population of the animal so that the roughage will be
enough for all of the animals roughage requirements);
c. type of feeding and the forage management.

a. Type of Forage to be planted

The following must be considered in planting the type/ kind of forage.

- It must suite to the diet of the animal to feed since there are some livestock animals that
do not consume grasses.
- Forage has different types: It includes: grasses which are high in energy and legumes.
- Forage plants may be for grazing (all low laying plants) or for cut and carry/ silage & hay
making (plants that grow tall/ crop residues).

b. Space for planting

In planting forage, see to it that the volume of forage plant could sustain the animal
requirement and since this depends on the number of animals.
Example:
• If you have 50 heads of chicken
• If 1 chicken = 2g of roughage per day
• If you have 6 plots of forage (length 3mx 1m width) and can harvest 1 kg of roughage
per day
• So in 50 birds, you only need a hundred grams per day or roughage, your 6 plots could
sustain the need of your birds through cut and carry bases.

Things to consider for plant spacing:

• Type of forage – different forage has
different planting space requirement and
morphology; for example shrub forage
needs a 1 meter planting distance
(trichantera, rensoni, indigo)
• The size of the area – one must calculate
or estimate the area where the forage is
to be planted using the lay-outing and
SALT (Sloping Agricultural Land
Technology).

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 Lay-outing is an art used to arrange the farm structures and plants to maximize the utilization
of the area and sometimes it is called as landscaping.

Lay outing SALT (Sloping Agricultural Land Technology)

c. Type of forage feeding system

There are 3 common forage feeding systems for chicken:

- Range – the birds are allowed to roam around the
pasture area provided to them to let them eat
forage grasses and insects.

- Rotational range feeding- the process is the

same with the range feeding system. The only
difference is in rotational range feeding, birds
are pastured in a rotation manner. They move
from 1 area to another every week/month
allowing the grass to grow for the next
pasturing time and to avoid the parasite
infestation to the birds.

- Combination of range and cut and carry – In

here, birds are given a permanent ranging
area to be incorporated with the freshly cut
forage planted near the area, usually the high
yielding forage.

If one wants to establish forages from seeds, the following is needed:

- 3-5kg/ha for Guinea, Gamba, Paspalum, Humidicola, Desmanthus, Rensonii, Stylo, Ipil-ipil,
Diversifolia and Calliandra
- 6-10kg/ha for Centro
- The number of vegetative materials you need for every 10 meter row will be as follows:
- 20 pcs for grasses and shrubs, as they are planted 0.5m apart
- Hence, if the area is rectangular, calculate the number of planting materials by:
- Length (m) x width of area (m) x 4
Example:
• If you have an area that measures 50m x 2m like this:
Width = 2m
Length = 50m
• You will need 400 vegetative planting materials.

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 • This is computed using the formula,
Length (m) x width of area (m) x 4,
Where Length = 50m and Width =2m
• For tree species, one can plant 10 pieces every 10 m row, with planting distance of 1 m
between hills and rows.
• Hence, the number of planting materials in a rectangular area can be computed as:
Length (m) x width of area (m)

To have an allowance for replanting, add 30% to the planting materials that was
computed. Plant these in a separate, well-watered and protected area, reserve for replanting
in case plant will be damaged.
Example:
• Using the same sample area that measures 50m x 2m like this:
Width = 2m
Length = 50m; one will need 100 pieces of planting materials if these are planting tree
species.

C. Forage Management

Forage same as other plants needs proper management to have a good quality yield.

Things To Consider in Forage Management:

• Water management- forage plants must also be

watered every day or every other day it depends on
the area where forage plant is located. If it is in a
water log or the soil is always wet, there is no need
to water it.

• Nutrient management- forage also needs nutrients

from the soil to have a good quality yield. Organic
fertilizers, compost or animal manure can be
incorporated as fertilizers. Organic fertilizers such
as animal manure can help produce firm green
forage.

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 • Harvesting- In harvesting forage, see to it that this is not too young or old to ensure a good
quality feed for the animals. Harvesting is done regularly to maintain the growth and
firmness of the forage.

30 Best Time to Harvest

days 60
days

45 days

Lesson Ender

Title : My Farm Ville

Time Allotment : 15 min.
Materials Needed : pencil/ pen, paper, color
Procedure : Each group will make a farm lay-out of their forage area. They must arrange
properly their plants (vegetables/forage) and facilities, reflected in their farm
layouts.

Processing:
Ask the participants the following questions:
1. What can you say about the activity?
2. Do you think this activity can help you manage your chicken production?
Key Concept:

It was an opposite of being a minimalist. Here in this activity, using your creative mind you become the
engineers and landscapers of your farm. You can have an integrated farming utilizing every square foot
of your area.

Connecting/Transition Statement:

Lay-outing is very useful in farming. With the use of it, you can arrange and modify your area utilizing
every space not just for easy management but also for beautification. All you need was let your creative
and artistic mind work and be your farm becomes your greatest masterpiece.

Page 63 of 95
 Summary of the Lesson

Forage establishment is important in livestock production. It can help the farmers reduce feed cost.
There are different forages found in the Philippines. They are classified as grasses, legumes, shrub,
vines, herbs and others are trees. Forages can be fed to the animals fresh, fermented or silage.

In establishing a forage area, the following must be considered:

- Know the forage diet of the animal being raised.
- How much forage feeds the animals need per day?
- How much of forages are needed to be planted?
- Make a lay-out of the area for easy establishment.

After establishing a forage area, proper management of the plants is needed. If it is for pasture, it must
be managed properly through rotational pasturing to let the forage grow every after pasturing time.
On the other hand, if it is for cut and carry, it must be properly harvested; it must not be too young or
old. Fertilizer application to plants is also recommended with the use of compost or animal manure.
Water is essential to the plants. Watering is needed especially if the soil is dry.

Forage establishment needs compassion and patience. It takes weeks or months before one can harvest
it. Artistic and creative mind is one of the best tools in lay-outing an area. This will not only maximize
the space but also give beauty to the area by arranging the plants and or establishments.

Self-Assessment Question

Directions: Read each statement carefully and assess whether it is TRUE or FALSE. Write T on the space
provided for if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.

______ 1. Chicken don’t eat grass.

______ 2. Azolla and duckweed can be used as feeds to chicken.
______ 3. A forage plant doesn’t need proper management.
______4. The protein content of the duckweed is 35 to 40%.
______ 5. Organic fertilizers such as animal manure can
help produce firm green forage.

Page 64 of 95
 Self-Assessment Question
Answer Key

Directions: Read each statement carefully and assess whether it is TRUE or FALSE. Write T on the space
provided for if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.

F 1. Chicken don’t eat grass.

T 2. Azolla and duckweed can be used as feeds to chicken.
F 3. A forage plant doesn’t need a proper management.
__ T_4. The protein content of the duckweed is 35% to 40%.
___T_5. Organic fertilizers such as animal manure can
help produce firm green forage.

References

• http://nda.da.gov.ph/index.php/en/12-services/232-let-s-learn-grasses-and-forage

• https://www.proof.net.au/Do-chickens-eats-grass

• https://www.backyardchickens.com/articles/grass-for-chickens-taking-a-look-at-the-natural-
health-benefit-provided-by-this-everyday-green.67397/

• http://questromtech.wixsite.com/juanmagsasaka/single-post/2015/12/25/Preparations-for-
Planting-Forages-for-Goat-Feed

• https://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/centrosema-pubescens

• https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/shrub

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous_plant

Page 65 of 95
 Lesson 6:
Feed Mixing
One of the components in raising organic chicken is making your own organic feeds. It is one of the
qualification in the organic production protocol.

Lesson Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the participants shall be able to perform feed mixing. Specifically, the
participants should be able to:

1. identify the different feed stuff used in feed mixing;

2. discuss basic feed formulation; and
3. demonstrate the feed mixing.

Time Allotment : 4 hours

Methodologies : Lecture, Demonstration, Participatory approach
Tools to use : LCD, Projector

Lesson Opener
Title : Give me a piece of you (Sharing of Idea)
Time Allotment : 30 min.
Material Needed : Pen, tape, meta-cards

Procedure
Each group will write feed ingredients they know, and paste it on what feed stuff category it belongs
(energy source, protein source, mineral source and vitamin source)

Processing:
1. Are you satisfy with your answer?
2. How do you find this activity?

Key Concept:
This activity gives us an idea of possible feed ingredients we can use in making our own animal feed and
also the nutrients source of each feed ingredient.

Connecting/Transition Statement:
Now we have an idea what feed ingredients we can use in making our own animal feeds. Let’s learn the
basic concepts in making feeds or feed formulation.

Page 66 of 95
 Lesson Proper

A. Selection of Feed Stuff

Feedstuff selection is a process of priority decision-making involving at least two general conditions.
• First is the abundance of supply.
• Second is the cost efficiency of the material.

Feed ingredients are broadly classified into:

a. Cereal Grains
This includes cereal grains, cereal by-products and distiller’s dry grains with soluble (DDGS).
• used mainly to satisfy the energy requirement.
• commonly used as feed grain is corn
• the quality of cereal grains will also depend on seasonal and storage conditions.
• poor growing or storage conditions can lead to grains with a lower than expected
energy content or contamination with toxin-producing organisms such as fungi and
ergots.
• their by-products, such as wheat bran, rice bran and Distillers Dried Grains with
Soluble (DDGS), are used widely in poultry feed.
• cereal by-products are typically high in fiber which are poorly utilized in poultry and
are low in Metabolic Energy (ME).

Corn Rice bran Sorghum

b. Protein meals
Protein is provided from both vegetable and animal sources, such as oilseed meals,
legumes and abattoir and fish processing by-products.

Vegetable protein sources Soybean

• Vegetable protein sources usually come as meal or cake,
the by-product of oilseed crops such as soybean,
rapeseed/canola, sunflower, palm kernel, copra, linseed
peanut and sesame seed.
• Oil is extracted and the remaining residue is used as feed ingredient.
• Oilseed meals make up 20-30% of a poultry diet. Inclusion levels do vary among
formulations for different species and for the same species in different regions.

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 Animal protein sources
Animal protein meals provide a good source of essential amino acids and are also good
sources of energy and minerals. Animal protein sources used in poultry diets are:
• meat meal
• meat and bone meal
• fish meal
• poultry by-product meal
• blood meal, and
Fish meal Bone meal
• feather meal.

c. Fats and oils

• Fats and oils, collectedly termed lipids.
• Used in poultry feed to satisfy the energy need of
the animal as lipids have more than twice the
amount of ME compared with carbohydrates or
proteins per kg weight.
• Important carrier for fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E,
and K) as well for the provision of an essential fatty
acid, linoleic acid, in the diet.
• Fats and oils are used in feed, including lipids of
animal origins and lipids of vegetable origin.

d. Minerals and vitamins

• Minerals are vital for normal growth and development in poultry, such as bone
formation and body processes such as enzyme activation.
• Minerals such as calcium and phosphorus are required in large quantities. For
example, laying hens require between 3.5-4% calcium, 0.3-0.4% available
phosphorus and 0.2% sodium in their diets for egg production.
• While copper, iron, manganese, zinc, selenium, cobalt, iodine and molybdenum, are
required in milligram quantities but deficiency of these minerals will lead to serious
health problems in mild cases and death in severe cases.
• Some vitamins and minerals are provided by most ingredients but the requirements
for vitamins and minerals are generally met through premixes added to the diet.

In the Philippine National Standard for Organic Agriculture, the following are allowed:

Feedstuffs of mineral origin trace elements, vitamins, or provitamins, such as but not
limited to, can only be used if they are of natural origin. In case of shortage of these
substances, or in exceptional circumstances, chemically well-defined analogic
substances may be used.

2.1.1. Sodium:
• Unrefined sea salt
• Coarse rock salt
• Sodium sulphate
• Sodium carbonate
• Sodium bicarbonate
• Sodium chloride

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2.1.2. Calcium:
• Lithotamnion and marl
• Shells of aquatic animals
• (including cuttlefish bones)
• Calcium carbonate
• Calcium lactate
• Calcium gluconate

2.1.3. Phosphorus:
• bone dicalcium phosphate precipitate
• defluorinated dicalcium
• phosphate defluorinated
• monocalcium phosphate

2.1.4. Magnesium:
• anhydrous magnesia
• magnesium sulphate
• magnesium chloride
• magnesium carbonate

2.1.5. Sulphur:
• Sodium sulphate

2.1.6. Iron:
• ferrous (II) carbonate
• ferrous (II) sulphate
• monohydrate
• ferric (III) oxide

2.1.7. Iodine:
• calcium iodate, anhydrous
• calcium iodate, hexahydrate
• potassium iodide

2.1.8. Cobalt:
• cobaltous (II) sulphate
• monohydrate and/or
• heptahydrate
• basic cobaltous (II) carbonate,
• monohydrate

2.1.9. Copper:
• copper (II) oxide
• basic copper (II) carbonate,
• monohydrate
• copper (II) sulphate, pentahydrate

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 2.1.10. Manganese:
• manganese (II) carbonate
• manganese oxide and
• manganic oxide
• manganese (II) sulfate,

2.1.11. Zinc:
• zinc carbonate
• zinc oxide
• zinc sulphate mono- and/or heptahydrate

2.1.12. Molybdenum:
• ammonium molybdate
• sodium molybdate

2.1.13. Selenium:
• sodium selenate
• sodium selenite.

All farm animals generally need more common salt than is contained in their feeds, and they are
supplied with it regularly. Of the other essential minerals, phosphorus and calcium are most apt to
be lacking, because they are heavily drawn upon to produce bones, milk, and eggshells. Good
sources of calcium and phosphorus are bone meal, dicalcium phosphate, and defluorinated
phosphates. Eggshells are nearly pure calcium carbonate. Calcium may readily be supplied by
ground limestone, ground seashells, or marl, which is all high in calcium. Salt

B. Basic Feed Mixing

Feeds are one of the most expensive inputs in chicken production due to high cost of feeds in the
market. It is the common problem of the small-scale farmers, hence, most of the small scale chicken
raisers tend to stop their production once they couldn’t sustain and afford the feeds needed by
their animals.

Using this basic feed mixing, one may produce his/her own feeds with same amount of nutrients
found in commercially produced feeds with less cost. First, you must know the simple feed
formulation.

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What is feed formulation?

1. Feed formulation is the process of quantifying the

amounts of feed ingredients that need to be
combined to form a single uniform mixture (diet) for
poultry that supplies all of their nutrient requirements.
Since feed accounts for 65-75% of total live production
costs for most types of poultry throughout the world, a
simple mistake in diet formulation can be extremely
expensive for a poultry producer.

Feed formulation requires thorough understanding of:

(a) Nutrient requirements of the class of poultry (e.g., egg layers, meat chickens or breeders);
(b) Feed ingredients in terms of nutrient composition and constraints in terms of nutrition and
processing, and
(c) Cost and availability of the ingredients.

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2. Methods commonly used in computing feed formulation:

Pearson’s square

• It is a ration formulation procedure designed for simple rations. The Pearson square or box
method of balancing rations is a simple procedure that has been used for many years. It is
of greatest value when only two ingredients are to be mixed.
• It only solve for the Crude Protein % content of the feeds.

• Actual Feed Mixing using different local ingredients (from presentation) based on the
calculated feed formulation.
• Actual Feed cost calculation based from the ingredients used.
• Introduction of other feed formulation using locally available materials;
- IMO, FFJ, FPJ,FAA, OHN, EM Salad
- Kangkong, Malunggay juice and shake, azolla, tanglad, bamboo leaves (Shoot), Kamote
tops,
- Market-waste and kitchen leftover – Tomatoes, squash, eggplant and other
vegetables.

Note: Actual demonstration/preparation of IMO, FFJ, FAA, OHN, EM and other alternative
feed formulation should be done

Trial and error method

• This is the most popular method of formulating ration for the swine and poultry. It is a type
of feed formulation used in many developing nations of the world.
• As the name implies, the formulation is manipulated until the nutrient requirements of the
animals are met.
• This method makes possible the formulation of a ration that meets all the nutrient
requirements of the animal. In poultry feed formation, various cases of mineral deficiency
such as osteomalacia, rickets and soft-shell formation may not be properly addressed if
care is not taken to comprehensively analyze or calculate the level of calcium and
phosphorus of the ration in question.

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Example:
Broiler finisher ration using ground yellow corn, soybean meal, fish meal, first class rice
bran, ipil-ipil leaf meal, molasses, limestone and vitamin-mineral premix.

Step1. List down the nutrient requirements of broiler finisher.

Step2. List down the nutrient composition of ingredients to be used:

Step3. Make your own proportion on the different ingredients and calculate first for the

ME and CP contents of the ration summing up the product of each of the

ingredients.

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 Step 4. Calculate the calcium and phosphorus levels. If calcium is deficient and phosphorus
is sufficient, add limestone or oyster shell to meet the requirement. If phosphorus
is deficient, add tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate or bone meal.

Example of trial and error:

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Page 75 of 95
Page 76 of 95
 Activity 1: Feed Formulation Computation (40 minutes)

Procedure: Group the participants into 4. Each group will compute a feed formulation using either
the persons square or the trial and error. Each calculation must meet the required nutrient needed
by the chosen type of feeds for chicken. Results will be presented in a big group

Sample of Organic Feed Mixing

1. LP Farm Practice
The feeding requirements at various growth stages of chicken

Days of Culture Kind of Feeds Volume/week Volume/

/chick week/chick
O1-07 days Chick booster 5.57g-7am 78g
5.57g-4pm
08-14 days Chick booster 8.35g-7am 117g
8.35g-4pm
15-21 days Chick 12.57g-7am 176g
booster/starter 12.57g-4pm
22-28 days Chick starter 18.85g-7am 264g
18.85g-4pm
29-35 days Grower mash 28.28g-7am 396g
28.28g-4pm
36-42 days Grower/finisher 35.35g-7am 495g
mash 35.35g-4pm
43-49 days Finisher mash 38.85g-7am 544g
38.85g-4pm
50 days onward Finisher mash 42.85g-7am 600g
42.85g-4pm

 Kind of feed may be substituted with local organic formulations

Note: From day 1 to 30, commercial feeds shall be used in feeding the chicken. However,
chopped bamboo leaves and brown rice preferably grounded are given on the
first 2 days of the chick. It stretches the intestine to prepare the chicken to have
a longer absorption of nutrients from the food intake which promote faster
growth.

2. Saint Isidore Nature Farm Practice (Alangalang, Leyte)

1. Booster Feeds (Brooding Stage: 3-8 Days Old)
22.5 kg D1 Rice Bran Carbohydrates
22.5 kg Corn Bran
8 kg Copra meat/meal Fats/Lipds
40kg Soya meal/fish meal/ duckweed/ moringa Protein
2 liters FAA/FFJ/FPJ Vitamins
3 kg Carbonized Rice Hull Minerals
2 kg Rock/Sea Salt
400 ml IMO Pro-biotic
400 ml Molasses
20 liters Unchlorinated water

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2. Starter Feeds (-31 Days Old)
25 kg D1 Rice Bran Carbohydrates
25 kg Corn Bran
8 kg Copra meat/meal Fats/Lipds
35kg Soya meal/Monggo/moringa/ Duckweed/ Protein
Azolla/ Tricantera/ Indigofera
2 liters FAA/FFJ/FPJ Vitamins
3 kg Carbonized Rice Hull Minerals
2 kg Rock/Sea Salt
200 ml IMO Pro-biotic
200 ml Molasses
20 liters Unchlorinated water

3. Grower Feeds (32-60 Days Old)

25.5 kg D1 Rice Bran Carbohydrates
25.5 kg Corn Bran
8 kg Copra meat/meal Fats/Lipds
25.5 kg Soya meal/ fish meal/ moringa/ Duckweed Protein
2 liters FAA/FFJ/FPJ Vitamins
3 kg Carbonized Rice Hull Minerals
2 kg Rock/Sea Salt
200 ml IMO Pro-biotic
200 ml Molasses
20 liters Unchlorinated water

4. Layer Feeds (61 days up to the whole lifespan of the layer)

21.50 kg D1 Rice Bran Carbohydrates
21.50 kg Corn Bran
8 kg Copra meat/meal Fats/Lipds
42 kg Soya meal/Monggo/moringa/ Duckweed/ Protein
Azolla/ Tricantera/ Indigofera
2 liters FAA/FFJ/FPJ Vitamins
3 kg Carbonized Rice Hull Minerals
2 kg Rock/Sea Salt
200 ml IMO Pro-biotic
200 ml Molasses
20 liters Unchlorinated water

For Demo (7 kg formulation)

• Carbohydrates – D1 Rice Bran (1.6 kg)

Corn Grits (1.6 kg)
• Protein – Madre de agua/kangkong/malunggay/monggo/camote tops/alugbati (1.6
kg)
• Vitamins – FAA/FPJ/FFJ (112.5 ml)
• Mineral – Carbonized Rice Hull (187.5 kg)
• Pro-Biotic – IMO/LABS (25ml)
• Salt (125g)
• Unchlorinated water (1 liter)

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 Other Practices

1. Feed Ingredients for Organic Feeds

Quantity
Feed Ingredients Original Reduced by 10%
composition for demo purposes
Rice bran (d1) 30kg 3kg
Hammered corn (not GMO) 20kg 2kg
Shredded vegetables (organic in origin) 10kg 1kg
Soya meal/beans (not GMO) 10kg 1kg
Sea salt (rock salt) 0.5kg 50g
Limestone 0.5kg 50g
IMO2 50ml 5ml
Molasses 50ml 5ml
Copra meal 5 kg 500 g
Herbs (oregano, tanglad, basil) 5kg 500g
Duckweed/azolla 2.5kg 20.5g
Concoctions FFJ, FPJ, FAA, OHN1 5 liters 500ml
Charcoal 500g 50g

Note: Mix all ingredients and ferment two weeks in a cool dry place. It is not necessary
that all the ingredients will be complied depending on the availability of the
ingredients as long as the requirements were met.

In preparing your feeds for the chicken, the area must be closed to avoid
contamination from insects and other contaminants. All feeds must be placed
in close-containers

Activity 2: Organic Feed Mixing (45 minutes)

Procedure: Group the participants into 4. Each group will prepare their own fermented feeds/
organic feeds for chicken. The feeds formulated must meet the nutrient needed by the animal.

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 Lesson Ender

Title : I am an Organic Advocate, I am an innovator

Time Allotment : 10 min.
Materials Needed : Microphone, LCD, Laptop
Procedure : A farmer who have experienced making his/her own organic feeds will give/
share his/her experience and mentioned the ingredients they used. They will
give a small talk on the good benefits or effect of their own formulated feeds
to their animals.

Processing:
Ask the participants the following questions:
1. Do you have the same experience?
2. How can you relate on the activity?
3. What is your insight about the activity?

Key Concept:
Now we already know the basic concept of feed formulation and have gained some ideas on how to
make our own feeds, let us be inspired on the stories of our organic advocates who make their own
feeds for their animals, maybe it will be enough to awaken our minds, to make our own feeds too.

Connecting/Transition Statement:
Now that our heart, mind and body have been awakened and inspired by our colleagues. Maybe it’s
the time that we, too, will make our own innovation and apply all that we have learned in farming.
Today a simple and traditional way of farming is not enough. We need to apply science and art to have
a more productive farm production. Don’t just sit there and just watch others doing some innovations!
Be part of this journey; don’t waste time, be an advocate, an innovator, a scientist. Be a modern farmer!

Summary of the Lesson

Feed mixing is one of the components in organic chicken production since this is required in the organic
production protocol. It is a process of mixing feedstuff to create a type of feed for the animal, meeting
the nutrient required by the animal. In feed mixing, one must consider the nutritional aspect of the
animal/ bird. Each stages of its life growth requires different level of nutrients, such as; crude protein,
metabolic energy and etc.

Nutrient content of feeds varies depending on the type/kind of feeds and animal. There is a lot of feed
formulation method you can use, but these two formulas were commonly used; the persons square
and trial and error.

Persons square is a method that could be used in feed formulation if you are just using 2-4 type of
feedstuff to meet the CP% required in your mixture. Persons square only solves for the CP content of
the feeds.

Trial and error this method was popular in feed formulation. Using this method, you are allowed to
compute the different level of nutrients needed in your animal feed mix. Unlike he persons square, trial
and error method used to solve for the ME (metabolic energy), CP, P and etc.

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 Self-Assessment Questions
Directions: Read each statement carefully and assess whether it is TRUE or FALSE. Write T on the space
provided for if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.

______ 1. Trial and error is used in computing feed formulation.

______ 2. Persons square solves only for CP.
______ 3. Grains/cereals are the main diet of chicken.
______ 4. Feedstuff selection is a process of priority decision-making involving at least two general
conditions.
______5. Feeds is one of the cheapest inputs in chicken production.

Self-Assessment Questions
Answer Key
Directions: Read each statement carefully and assess whether it is TRUE or FALSE. Write T on the space
provided for if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.

T 1. Trial and error is used in computing feed formulation.

T 2. Persons square solves only for CP.
T 3. Grains/cereals are the main diet of chicken.
__T__4. Feedstuff selection is a process of priority decision-making involving at least two general
conditions.
___F_5. Feeds is one of the cheapest inputs in chicken production.

References

• http://www.fao.org/3/x5738e/x5738e09.htm
• http://www.poultryhub.org/nutrition/feed-ingredients/
• https://www.britannica.com/topic/feed-agriculture/Minerals
• http://www.poultryhub.org/nutrition/feed-formulation/
• https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/agriculture/formulating-rations-with-the-
pearson-square-1-618/
• https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JBAH/article/viewFile/5358/5337
• https://www.google.com/search?q=pcaarrd+standard+on+feed+ration+balancing+computati
on&oq=pc&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j35i39j0j69i60l3.369792j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
• Module-FRC

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 Lesson 7:
Basic Financial Literacy
Being financially literate is important, no matter what class in life you belong to or age. A financial
literate person knows how to manage his or her money expenditures and grow assets over liabilities.

Lesson Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the participants shall be able to discuss financial literacy. Specifically, the
participants should be able to:

1. discuss the importance of financial literacy;

2. explain the importance of record keeping; and
3. perform record keeping, farm planning and budgeting.

Time Allotment : 4 hours

Methodologies : Lecture, Demonstration, Participatory approach
Tools to use : LCD, Projector

Lesson Opener

Title : One Word Game

Time Allotment : 15 min
Material Needed : meta-cards, marker and adhesive tape
Procedure : Each group will think of a one word that would describe a business man. After
they have decided this one word, each group will paste their word in the
board and explain why they choose this word to describe a business man/
entrepreneur.

Processing:
Ask the participants the following questions:
1. How do you feel about the activity?
2. Are you holding one of the qualities of being an entrepreneur?
3. What is your insight about the activity?
Key Concept:
This activity gives us an idea about the characteristics of a businessman or entrepreneurs and how these
characteristics play an important role to achieving financial literacy.

Connecting/Transition Statement:
Now that we know the characteristics of a businessman/ entrepreneur, it is clear that, possessing these
characteristics are not enough to become financially literate. We must also learn the meaning of
financial literacy and its basics.

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 Lesson Proper

A. Financial Literacy and its Importance

Financial Literacy
This is the set of skills and knowledge that allows an individual or an organization to make an
informed and effective decisions and take practical action with respect to their financial resources.

Components of financial literacy:

a. Budgeting;
b. Savings and Investment;
c. Debt Management;
d. Financial Negotiation
e. Other Financial Services (e.g., insurance, money transfer, pre-need plans, etc.)

a. Budget
• A Financial Plan
• Involves a definite period of time (e.g., weekly,
monthly, yearly)
• Examples: (farm plan, family budget)
• Budget is also compared to income or cash inflow
to come up with a cash flow statement
• Budgeting is the act of preparing a budget
• A budget is an estimation of
of revenue and expenses over a specified future
period of time and is usually compiled and re-
evaluated on a periodic basis.
• Budgets can be made for a person, a group of
people, a business, a government, or just about
anything else that makes and spends money.

b. Savings
• Savings is the portion of income not spent on current
expenditures.
• For the future, money should be saved to pay for
unexpected events or emergencies.
• Without savings, unexpected events can become
large financial burdens.
• It helps an individual or family become financially
secure.
• Money can also be saved to purchase expensive items that are too costly to buy with
monthly income.

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c. Investment
• It is an asset or item acquired with the goal of
generating income or appreciation.
• Investment is the purchase of goods that are not
consumed today but are used in the future to create
wealth.
• Investment is a monetary asset purchased with the idea
that the asset will provide income in the future or
will later be sold at a higher price for a profit.
• Investing is putting money to work to start or
expand a project - or to purchase an asset or
interest - where those funds are then put to work,
with the goal to income and increased value over
time.
• The term was referring to any mechanism used for
generating future income.
• This includes the purchase of bonds, stocks or real
estate property among several others.

d. Debt Management
• Debt is money borrowed from an individual,
organization or financial institution that is used for a
specific purpose that is payable over a period of time
and may be charged an interest.

• Debt Management refers to properly utilizing the

proceeds from the loan and paying the amortizations
due on time.

e. Financial Negotiation
• An act of reaching an agreement on a transaction
involving money.
• Involves skills in knowing what to do, how to do it and
when to do it for financial transactions such as:
1. Buying inputs, goods or machineries;
2. Sourcing credit for personal and business needs;
3. Sourcing insurance, and
4. Other range of financial transactions.
• Financial negotiations are part of our daily lives.
• Communication with others for the purposes of reaching agreement.
• Financial negotiation involves reaching agreement about money.
• It is the way people get what they want from others.
• Negotiation occurs between those whose interests overlap but are not entirely the same.

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Importance of Financial literacy

• Financial literacy assists in the transformation of the

marginal/ subsistence farmer/fishers into entrepreneurs.

Juan Magsasaka
Nag loan na mas
malaki sa
Nag-
kooperatiba at nag-
attend ng ipon sa bangko.
Financial Kumuha ng crop
Literacy insurance at life
insurance.

Naging Juan Negosyante

• Natuto mag-ipon
• Natuto mag-budget
• Natuto mag negotiate
• ng loan at mag-fill up
• ng forms
• Naging miyembro ng
• kooperatiba

• Almost all commercial and business transactions use money as the medium of exchange, thus,
knowledge on financial transactions is needed.

Buying of Basic Goods Wholesaling Money transfer

Buying food in restaurant Buying bus ticket

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• To make efficient use of your financial resources.

From This TO This

• Invested money instead of buying things he/she wanted

• Budget money
• Prepared for the future (pre-need plans, health insurance, etc.)
• Can access credit anytime due to good track record in credit
• Learn the need to plan for our savings and investments for the future.
• Learn the options regarding savings, credit, investments and other financial services, thus, the
need to make sense of all these.

Think! Think! Think!

Buy? Sell?
What to Sell now or later?
Buy?
Buy life insurance? Sell to Whom?
Buy educ. Plan?

Buy in Cash or in installment? Location of Property?

Where to source credit?

• Knowing how to undertake financial negotiations would save you money and would benefit
your project/activity and your financial standing in the future.
Samples:
a. Knowing how to negotiate for credit.
- know the requirements;
- computing the lowest interest;
- collateral/security requirements;

b. Knowing how to buy farm inputs and machineries;

- negotiating for the lowest price for inputs by buying on bulk;
- negotiating best terms for machinery purchases and after sales service.

c. Negotiating for the best price for your agricultural produce (e.g., finding the right buyer,
selling your product to the cooperative who shall then sell the product in bulk or in volume
at a better price).

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• To be aware of money scams and fund scams that will attempt to take away your hard earned
money. There are plenty of money/fund scams and their main victims are people who are
not financially literate.
Examples:
a. Text messages saying that you have won in a raffle and that you have to send them
money to process your prize.
b. Investment schemes that offer a ridiculously high rate of returns (e.g., 10% per month
or double your investment in 3 months).

Formulating a Household Budget

Step 1:
• List down Household Expenses
• Examples of Household Expenses:
• Food, House Rental, Housing Amortization, Health Expenses, Recreation, Transportation
(e.g., gasoline for motorcycle, commuting expenses).

Step 2
On each household expense item as listed write on the right side the estimated or historical
amount of expense per month. Total the amount on the right side and you have a monthly
budget.
Sample Monthly Household Budget (Family of

Expense Item Amount (monthly)

1. Food (100.00 x 30) P3,000.00
2. Allowance for children (2 children) *20 x 2 x 20 800.00
3. Monthly amortization for housing (P1,500.00) 1,500.00
4. Gasoline for motorcycle (P50x30) 1,500.00
5. Water and electricity (1,000.00/month) 1,000.00
6. Communications (P300 x 3 cards) 900.00
7. Tuition (free but 100.00/mo. for misc. x 2) 200.00
8. Entertainment (cigarettes, alcohol, lotto, arcade) 1,000.00
9. Clothing Expenses (P300.00/mo.) 300.00
10. Groceries (coffee, sugar, rice, snacks, bread, etc.) 1,500.00
11. Health (visit to health center, once a month whole 500.00
family-transportation and medicine expenses)
12. Savings (for emergency, hospitalization, etc.) 1,000.00
13,000.00

Formulating a Household Cash Flow

Step 1:
List Down all of sources of monthly income or cash inflow. Examples of Income – Income from
farming (net), 4 Ps, Salary and etc.

Step 2
On each income source write on the right side the amount of income or cash inflow (indicate
what month/s).

Step 3
Deduct the monthly expenses (Household budget)

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 Sample Household Cash Flow

Income/ J F M A M J J A S O N D T
Cash
Inflow
1. Net 30, 30, 60,000
Income 000 000
from
Farming
2. 4 Ps 1, 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 18,000
50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0
3. Salary 6, 6,0 6,0 6,0 6,0 6,0 6,0 6,0 6,0 6,0 6,0 6,0 72,000
(wife) 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
(canteen 0
)
4. Habal- 3, 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 36,000
habal 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0
5. Others 1, 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 18,000
(e.g., 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
vending) 0
Cash 12 12, 12, 42, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 42, 12, 12, 204,000
Inflow ,0 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
00
Total 13 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 158,400
Expenses ,2 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
00
Net Cash (1 (1,2 (1,2 28, (1,2 (1,2 (1,2 (1,2 (1,2 28, (1,2 (1,2 45,600
Flow ,2 00) 00) 800 00) 00) 00) 00) 00) 800 00) 00)
00
)

B. Record Keeping

Why do some businesses and farms do not keep records?

• Some farmers didn’t know the importance of recordkeeping.
• Some don’t know how to prepare them.
• Some find it complex.
• Some don’t have enough time available.

What is a record?
• A record is written proof of what happened, what is happening, or what is anticipated to
happen.
• A record can also be a written proof of what was said, and who said it.

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Why keep records?
• It is important because you will be able to monitor how much money you are spending and
earning.
• You cannot keep everything in your head.

Advantages of record keeping

• You will know how much money you have received, how much money you have spent and how
you have spent it.
• You will know how much are the amount of inputs and materials used to grow the enterprise.
• You will know the price of produce sold and cost of inputs.
• You can calculate whether you are making a profit or a loss.
• Your will be able to make better decisions on what to buy and sell.
• You can keep records of buying and selling on credit, so that people cannot cheat you.
• You will know how much volume you produce.

Types of Farm Records

• Production Record
• Labor Record
• Inputs and Materials Record
• Cash Inflow Record
• Cash Outflow Record
• Home Consumption Record
• Profit and Loss Record
• Fixed Asset Record
• Sales Records

Production record
Entries in the production record provides information on production output

Enterprise Population Size Expected Yield/bird Total Yield (kg/bird)

Organic Chicken 50 heads 1.3 kg/bird 65kg

Labor Record
• Entries in the labor record provide information on the number of people required for each
activity and the number of hours they will take each day.

Number of Number of days Total number of

Date Activity
people working taken days taken
Jan 1, 2012 Housing construction 2 3 3
Jan 5, 2021 Purchasing of birds 2 1 1
Mar 30, 2012 Harvesting 2 2 2

Inputs and Materials Record

• Entries in the inputs and materials record provide information of the inputs (seeds, fertilizers,
etc) used in the production.

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Cash Inflow Record
• Entries here provide information on the activities that require farmers to receive money
particularly from the sales of the products of the enterprise.

Quantity
Date Sales/Output Unit Price Total Income Comments
(kg)
May 30, 2020 Chick 5 100 500
June 25, 2020 Chick 10 100 1000

Cash Outflow Record

• Provides information of all the activities that require the farmer to spend money either to buy
inputs or pay for services and operations.

Quantity of
Inputs/Materials Date Purchased Unit Unit Price Total Amount
Inputs/Materials
Wood Sept. 1, 2019 15 Pcs 200 3,000
Nails 3 Kg 80 240
Bamboo 10 Pcs 100 1,000
Net 20 M 20 400
GI 6 Pcs 120 720
Chicks Oct. 5, 2019 50 heads 45 2,250
Feeds .5 sack 700 350
water additives 1 liter 100 100
TOTAL 8,060

Unit Total
Date Particulars Quantity Comments
Price Expenses
Sept. 2, 2019 Labor 4 hours 200 800
Oct. 5, 2019 Purchased chicks 50 heads 45 2250 Bought from Pacifica
Purchased feeds 15 kg 45 675 Brought from Pacifica
Purchased water
1 btl 100 100 Brought from MP farm
additive
Mar 30, 2020 Harvesting 4 hours 200 800
TOTAL 4,625

Home Consumption Record

• The entries in the home consumption record logs produce that have been stored, consumed,
or given as gifts to relatives, friends, and family members.
• It can also log produce that is lost or spoiled after harvest.
• Provide information on the amount and the value of what the family has consumed form the
farm or has given away.

Consumed
Date Quantity Unit Price Total Value Comments
Items
May 15, 2020 Chicken 1250g 1 350 Family
July 4, 2020 Chicken 1200g 1 330 Family
TOTAL

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Profit and Loss Record
• The record help keep track of profits and losses
• Needs data on the cash inflow, cash outflow, and home consumption records.

Measuring my ONION enterprise profit for the period of Nov 2012- Jan 2013
Area/Size of enterprise: 1 hectare
Quantity Unit Price/Cost Total
Income
Sales 1500 kg 22.20 33300
Home consumption 100 kg 20 2000
Total Income (A) 35300
Expenses
Inputs and Materials
Seeds 50 kg 50 2500
Fertilizer 2 bags 700 + 3500 4200
Pesticides 1 liter 1000 1000
Field Operations
Land Preparation 4 200 800
Plowing 5 500 2500
Planting 12 300 3600
Harvesting 8 250 2000
Storage Fee 3000
Total Costs (B) 19600
PROFIT (A-B) 15700

Fixed Asset Record

• The fixed asset record helps farmers remember when and for what price they bought the
equipment
• It helps them remember when to repair or replace the item
• It helps them calculate the fixed costs for their farms when calculating the profit for the whole
farm
Purchase Life
Date Items Quantity Comments
Price (Years)
Jan 2, 2012 Hand tools 800 1 2-3 Replace in 2015
Mar 4, 2012 Knapsack sprayer 1000 1 5
Apr 4, 2012 Irrigation pipes 2000 10

Note: Records must be up to date.

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C. Farm Plan and Budget

Farm plan is a program of the total farm activity of a farmer drawn up in advance. Farm plan serves
as the basis of farm budgeting. Therefore, farm plan can be prepared without a budget but
budgeting is not possible without farm plan.

Therefore the budgeting can be defined as under:

• The expression of farm plan in monetary terms by estimation of receipts, expenses and net
income is called budgeting.
• Farm budgeting is a process of estimating costs, returns and net profit of a farm or a particular
enterprise.
• Budget is a statement of estimated income and expenditure.

Types of Farm Budgeting:

(a) Partial Budgeting
It refers to estimating costs and returns and net income of a particular enterprise. It also refers
to estimating the returns for a part of the business i.e. one or few activities

Example:
− To estimate additional cost and returns from growing one hectare of hybrid sorghum in
place of local sorghum.
− To estimate additional cost and returns by adopting foliar application of chemical fertilizers
instead of soil application.

(b) Complete Budgeting/Total Budgeting:

It refers to preparing budget for the farm as a whole. Complete budgeting considers all the
crops, livestock, methods of production and aspects of marketing in consolidated form and
estimates costs and returns for the farm as a whole. Complete budgeting can be prepared for
short run (annual budget) and for long run.

Advantages of Farm Budgeting:

− It evaluates the old plan and guides the farmers to adopt a new farm plan with advantage.
− It makes the farmer conscious of the waste (leakage) in the farm business.
− It gives comparative study of receipts, expenses and net earnings on different farms in the
same locality and in different localities for formulating national agricultural policies.
− It guides and encourages the most efficient and economical use of resources.
− It serves as valuable basis for improvements in farm management practices.

A farm plan is a document assessing site specific aspects of a property and outlining best
management practices (BMPs) identified as necessary to avoid potential negative
environmental impacts. It contains assessment of the site and outlines a series of actions
developed to meet a farmer’s goals while protecting water quality and natural resources.

Some of the inventory and resources considered in a farm plan include:

• Size of the area
• Soil types
• Proximity to streams or water bodies
• Type of livestock or crops
• Your goals
• Available resources (machinery, time, money)

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 After a free confidential assessment of your property, the Conservation District will address
potential water quality concerns by suggesting changes that can be made. Possible examples
include streamside fencing, gutters and downspouts and manure management techniques.
Then the Conservation District will look at other changes that can be made to improve farm
productivity and reduce the impact on nature.

Activity: Farm Plan and Budget (45 minutes)

Procedure: Group the participants into 4. Each group will prepare their farm plan and budget and
then present the output in the big group.

Lesson Ender
Title : Voice Play
Time Allotment : 2 min.
Materials Needed : Microphone, LCD, Projector, Laptop
Procedure : select 2 participants (male and female) to read the line of the characters.

Marsha: Juan, tagi daw ako kwarta. Mapalit la ak bag-o na bado para tak atendiran na kasal.
Juan: Waray ko didi kwarta.
Marsha: Ano?! Kababaligya la nat hin baynte ka sako nga sibuyas. Hain man ngean an kwarta?
Juan: Agi, gin bayad gad nat han utang tas gingamit naton pagpalit hin mga pasi.
Marsha: Buwaon! Ginsugal mo gad an kwarta!
Juan: Hoy! Ay ak tawaga na buwaon!

Processing:
Ask the participants on the following questions:
1. Why did Marsha doubted Juan?
2. How do you think can Juan prove that he is not lying?
3. What is your insight about the activity?

Key Concept:
The concept of this activity is that, we must practice making our own records even if it’s for the house
hold budget or your income. Having the record would help you for easy budget planning and
transparency of your income flow.

Connecting/Transition Statement:
Now that we learn the basics of financial literacy and the record keeping and its importance, we are
now like a trained army, as we are equipped with the right knowledge and skills. All we have to do now,
is to apply all we have learned. Acquiring the knowledge and skills are not enough! Apply everything
you learn in order to succeed.

Summary of the Lesson

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Financial literacy has been part of our daily lives. We might not know it but we really use it in our daily
activities in life.

Financial literacy has its components namely:

a. Budgeting;
b. Savings and Investment;
c. Debt Management;
d. Financial Negotiation
e. Other Financial Services (e.g., insurance, money transfer, pre-need plans, etc.)

Why do some business and farms do not keep records?

• Some farmers do not give importance to records.
• Some don’t know how to prepare them.
• Some find it complex.
• Some don’t have enough time available.

Types of Farm Records

• Production Record
• Labor Record
• Inputs and Materials Record
• Cash Inflow Record
• Cash Outflow Record
• Home Consumption Record
• Profit and Loss Record
• Fixed Asset Record
• Sales Records

Types of Farm Budgeting:

• Partial Budgeting
• Complete Budgeting/Total Budgeting

A farm plan is a document assessing site specific aspects of a property and outlining best
management practices (BMPs) identified as necessary to avoid potential negative environmental
impacts. The plan contains an assessment of the site and outlines a series of actions developed to
meet a farmer’s goals while protecting water quality and natural resources.

Some of the inventory and resources considered in a farm plan include:

• Acreage
• Soil types
• Proximity to streams or water bodies
• Type of livestock or crops
• Your goals
• Available resources (machinery, time, money)

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 Self-Assessment Question
Directions: Read each statement carefully and assess whether it is TRUE or FALSE.

______ 1. Financial Literacy is only for business man.

______ 2. Record keeping is not important.
______ 3. Budgeting, Savings, Investment and Debt Management are part of the components of
financial literacy.
______4. Financial Literacy is part of our daily lives.

Self-Assessment Question
Answer Key
Directions: Read each statement carefully and assess whether it is TRUE or FALSE.

F 1. Financial Literacy is only for business man.

F 2. Record keeping is not important.
T 3. Budgeting, Savings, Investment and Debt Management are part of the components of
financial literacy.
T 4. Financial Literacy is part of our daily lives.

References

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_literacy

• ACPC & ATI-RTC8– Financial Literacy training presentation

• https://financeintheclassroom.org/downloads/WhatSavingswhyimportant.pdf

• https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/investment.asp

• https://www.whatcomcd.org/sites/default/files/farm_assist/smallfarm/bmps/WhatISAFarmPl
an.pdf

• http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/accounting/budgeting-accounting/farm-budgeting-
definition-types-and-advantages-agriculture/77395

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