Scribd
Upload
577 views2 pages

Quadratic Equations - Short Notes

Uploaded by

Pranavi Muthusamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
577 views2 pages

Quadratic Equations - Short Notes

Uploaded by

Pranavi Muthusamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

CHAPTER

6 Quadratic Equations

Solution of Quadratic Equation & Relation ca ′ − c′a bc′ − b′c


Therefore,
= α =
Between Roots & Co-Efficients ab′ − a ′b a ′c − ac′
(a) The solutions of the quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 is So the condition for a common root is
−b ± b 2 − 4ac (ca′ – c′a)2 = (ab′ – a′b) (bc′ – b′c)
given by x =
2a a b c
(b) If both roots are same then = =
2
(b) The expression b – 4 ac = D is called the discriminant of the a ′ b′ c ′
quadratic equation. Roots Under Particular Cases
(c) If a & b are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = Let the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real roots and
0, then;
(a) If b = 0 ⇒ roots are of equal magnitude but of opposite sign
(i) a + b = – b/a
(ii) ab = c/a (b) If c = 0 ⇒ one roots is zero other is –b/a
(iii) |a – b| = D / | a | (c) If a = c ⇒ roots are reciprocal to each other
(d) Quadratic equation whose roots are a & b is (x – a) (x – b) a > 0 c < 0
= 0 i.e., x2 – (a + b)x + ab = 0 i.e. x2 –(sum of roots)x + (d) If  ⇒ roots are of opposite signs.
a < 0 c > 0
product of roots = 0.
a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 
Nature of Roots (e) If  ⇒ both roots are negative.
a < 0, b < 0, c < 0 
(a) Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c ∈ R
& a ≠ 0 then; a > 0, b < 0, c > 0 
(f) If  ⇒ both roots are positive.
(i) D > 0 ⇔ roots are real & distinct (unequal). a < 0, b > 0, c < 0 
(ii) D = 0 ⇔ roots are real & coincident (equal). (g) If sign of a = sign of b ≠ sign of c ⇒ Greater root in magnitude
(iii) D < 0 ⇔ roots are imaginary. is negative.
(iv) If p + i q is one root of a quadratic equation, then the (h) If sign of b = sign of c ≠ sign of a ⇒ Greater root in magnitude
other root must be the conjugate p – i q & vice versa.
is positive.
(p, q ∈ R & i = −1 ). (i) If a + b + c = 0 ⇒ one root is 1 and second root is c/a.
(b) Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
where a, b, c ∈ Q & a ≠ 0 then; Maximum & Minimum Values of
(i) If D is a perfect square, then roots are rational. Quadratic Expression
(ii) If a = p + q is one root in this case, (where p is rational Maximum & Minimum Values of expression y = ax2 + bx + c
& q is a surd) then other root will be p − q . (if a, b, −D
c are rational). Because the coefficients are real is which occurs at x = –(b/2a) according as a < 0 or a > 0.
4a
Common Roots of Two Quadratic Equations  −D   −D 
y∈ , ∞  if a > 0 & y ∈  −∞, if a < 0.
(a) Only one common root.  4a   4a 
Let a be the common root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 & a′x2
+ b′x + c′ = 0 then a a2 + b a + c = 0 & a′ a2 + b′ a + c′ = 0. Location of Roots
By Cramer’s Rule Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c ∈ R, a ≠ 0
α2 α 1 (a) Conditions for both the roots of f(x) = 0 to be greater than a

= =
bc′ − b′c a ′c − ac′ ab′ − a ′b specified number ‘d’ are D ≥ 0; a.f (d) > 0 & (–b/2a) > d.
General Quadratic Expression in two Variables
f (x, y) = ax2 + 2 hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c may be resolved into
two linear factors if;
a h g
D = abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0 OR h b f =0
(b) Conditions for the both roots of f (x) = 0 to lie on either side g f c
of the number ‘d’ in other words the number ‘d’ lies between
the roots of f (x) = 0 is a.f (d) < 0. Theory of Equations
If a1, a2, a3, ..........an are the roots of the equation; f (x)
= a0 xn + a1 xn – 1 + a2 xn – 2 + ...... + an – 1 x + an = 0 where a0, a1,
...... an are constants a0 ≠ 0 then,

a1 a a
∑α = − , ∑ α1α 2 = + 2 ,∑ α1α 2 α 3 = − 3
1
a0 a0 a0
(c) Conditions for exactly one root of f (x) = 0 to lie in the interval
(d,e) i.e., d < x < e is f (d). f (e) < 0.
Note:
(i) Every odd degree equation has at least one real root whose
sign is opposite to that of its last term, when coefficient of
highest degree term is (+)ve {If not then make it (+)ve}.

(d) Conditions that both roots of f (x) = 0 to be confined between Ex. x3 – x2 + x – 1 = 0


the numbers d & e are (here d < e). (ii) Even degree polynomial whose last term is (–)ve & coefficient

D ≥ 0; a.f (d) > 0 & af (e) > 0; d < (–b/2a) < e of highest degree term is (+)ve has atleast two real roots, one
(+)ve & one (–)ve.
(iii) If equation contains only even power of x & all coefficient are
(+)ve, then all roots are imaginary.

12 JEE (XI) Module-2 PW

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy