When the vessel is moving ahead the propeller exerts pressure on the water to create the forward

motion. Propeller slip occurs because water is not a solid medium and there is some slip related to it.

Slip may be considered as the di erence between the speed of the vessel and the speed of the engine.

It is always expressed as a percentage.

Propeller Slip = Actual forward speed/ Theoretical forward speed.

The calculated value of slip will be increased when the wind and sea are ahead and if the vessel has a

fouled bottom.

Theoretically a vessel should never have negative slip, but this may occur in one or more of the

following conditions:-- A strong following sea. A following current or a strong following wind

Engine distance

The actual distance (nautical mile) covered by the ship from noon to noon is measured using the ship’s

log.

The total revolutions of the propeller from noon to noon is obtained using the revolution counter. The

engine distance can be calculated using the pitch of the propeller provided by the manufacturer. Care

must be taken in the unit conversion of the pitch from meter to a nautical mile (in general 1 NM =

1800m).

Engine distance in nautical mile = (Pitch x revolutions per day)

Obtaining the accuracy of value in all the above calculations are always challenging onboard as the

parameters recorded are more sensitive to dynamic conditions of the ship and also depends on various

environmental factors.
1. A ywheel is a heavy mechanical device attached to the shaft to store
surplus rotational energy. It acts as a rotating reservoir which store
energy; when its available in abundance and release when most needed
much like a battery.
2. Due to its heavy weight a ywheel have very high inertia causing it to;
remain at the same speed irrespective of the opposing forces.
3. The energy stored to these ywheel are proportional to their square of
rotating speed.
4. A torque is applied to the ywheel to store rotational energy and when
needed; energy is released from ywheel in the form of torque applied on
the mechanical load.

But the big ywheels are made of cast iron or high strength steel .
Impeller

> It is a wheel or rotor which is provided with a series of backward curved blades or vanes

> It is mounted on the shaft which is coupled to a motor which impart the liquid energy to the impeller

there by making it rotate.

Casing (Volute)

> The casing contains the liquid and acts as a pressure containment vessel that directs the ow of

liquid in and out of the centrifugal pump.

> The volute is a curved funnel that increases in area as it aproches the discharge port.
Wear rings

> Wearing rings are replaceable rings that are attached to the impeller and/or the pump casing to allow

a small running clearance between the impeller and the pump casing without causing wear of the

actual impeller or pump casing material.

> To maximize the e ciency of a centrifugal pump, it is necessary to minimize the amount of liquid

leaking through this clearance from the high pressure or discharge side of the pump back to the low

pressure or suction side.

> Wearing rings are designed to be replaced periodically during the life of a pump and prevent the

more costly replacement of the impeller or the casing.

Lantern Ring

A lantern ring is a perforated hollow ring located near the center of the packing box that receives

relatively cool, clean liquid from either the discharge of the pump or from an external source and

distributes the liquid uniformly around the shaft to provide lubrication and cooling. The uid entering

the lantern ring can cool the shaft and packing,

Mechanical Seals

If packing material is not adequate for sealing the shaft. Mechanical seals are used as an alternative

method for sealing the shaft. Mechanical seals consist of two basic parts, a rotating element attached

to the pump shaft and a stationary element attached to the pump casing. Each of these elements has a

highly polished sealing surface. The polished faces of the rotating and stationary elements come into

contact with each other to form a seal that prevents leakage along the shaft.
The type of valve where the disc is not attached to the spindle is called screw down non-return valve.

This type of valves is used for preventing back ooding. The type of valve wherein the disc is attached

to the spindle is known as screw lift type valve.

1) Reduce the pressure of the refrigerant: The refrigerant leaving the condenser is

at high pressure. The pressure of the refrigerant has to be reduced so that it can

vaporize at the required temperature in the evaporator. The small opening or the

ori ce in the throttling valve reduces the pressure of the refrigerant to the level

such that vaporization of the refrigerant occurs. The refrigerant leaving the

throttling valve enters the evaporator at low pressure, low temperature and

partially liquid and vapor state.

2) Meet the refrigeration load: The throttling valve also controls the amount of the

refrigerant owing through it and to the evaporator. When there is more

refrigeration load that means the quantity of the substance stored in the freezer is

more and it is at higher temperature, more amount of heat is to be removed from

it. In such cases the throttling devise allows increased ow of the refrigerant

through it. When the refrigeration load is less that means the quantity of the

substance is less and it is at lower temperature, less amount of heat is to be

removed from it. In such cases the throttling valve allows lesser ow of the

refrigerant through it
Temperature & Pressure
1. Temperature and pressure can heavily in uence the corrosion rate both
directly, by speeding the corrosion process, and indirectly, by a ecting
scale formation, uid ow,
2. Usually, a temperature or pressure increase directly leads to a higher
corrosion rate because electrochemical reactions generally occur faster
at higher temperatures. Temperature increases add energy to the
reactions, which increases the corrosion rate. Most corrosion models are
accurate only within prescribed temperature ranges.
3. When corrosive gases such as CO2 and H2S are present, a rise in
operating pressure can increase the partial pressure of these corrosive
reactants.
RT ex uses common rail fuel injection through solinoid valves . ME uses FIVA valves to actuate

hydraullic piston for fuel injection.

RT ex uses 200 bar servo oil rail for exhaust valve actuation while ME uses FIVA\ELVA valves for

hydraulic actuator operation

RT uses conventional fuel pumps to pressurize common rail via camshaft and engine driven servo oil

pumps to operate actuator and solenoid valves. Me uses only engine driven servo oil pumps to actuate

both fuel pumps and exhaust valves

RT ex uses four electronic valves one for exhaust valve opening and other 3 for fuel injection per

cylinder.

RT ex has a small camshaft for fuel pumps while ME has no camshaft.

RT ex uses FCM 200( Flex control module) ME uses MPC

The mass percent of a solution is de ned as the ratio of the mass of
solute that is present in a solution, relative to the mass of the
solution, as a whole