CHAPTER - 9

STRAIGHT LINES

KEY POINTS
 Distance between two points A(x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) is given by
2 2
AB =  x 2 – x1  +  y 2 – y1 

 Let the vertices of a triangle ABC are A(x1, y1) B (x2, y2) and
C(x3, y3).Then area of triangle
1
ar( ABC) = x1  y 2 – y 3  + x 2  y 3 – y1   x 3  y1 – y 2 
2
Note:Area of a triangle is always positive. If the above
expression is zero, then a triangle is not possible. Thus the
points are collinear.
 LOCUS: When a variable point P(x,y) moves under certain
condition then the path traced out by the point P is called the
locus of the point.
For example: Locus of a point P, which moves such that its
distance from a fixed point C is always constant, is a circle.

CP = constant

 A line is also defined as the locus of a point satisfying the

condition ax + by + c = 0 where a, b, c are constants.
 Slope of a straight line:
If is the inclination of a line then tanis defined as slope of the
straight line L and denoted by m

m = tan,  ≠ 90°
If 0° << 90° then m > 0 and
90° << 180° then m < 0
Note-1: The slope of a line whose inclination is 90° is not
defined. Slope of x-axis is zero and slope of y-axis is not defined
Note-2: Slope of any horizontal line i.e.|| to x-axis is zero.Slope
of a vertical line i.e.|| to y-axis is not defined.

 Three points A, B and C lying in a plane are collinear, if slope of

AB = Slope of BC.

 Slope of a line through given points (x1, y1) and (x2,y2) is given
y – y1
by m = 2 .
x 2 – x1

 Interecept: There are two types of intercepts x-intercept and

y-intercept. The x-intercept is the x-coordinate of the point where
line cut x axis while y-intercept is the coordinate of the point
where line cut y axis.

 Two lines are parallel to each other if and only if their slopes are
equal.
i.e., l1 || l2  m1 = m2 .
 Two lines are perpendicular to each other if and only if their
slopes are negative reciprocal of each other.
–1
i.e., l1  l2  m1 m2 = –1  m2 = .
m

 Acute angle  between two lines, whose slopes are m 1 and m2

m – m2
is given by tan = 1 , 1 + m1m2 ≠ 0 and obtuse angle is
1+ m1m2
 = 180° –  or –

 Point slope form:

Equation of a line passing through given point (x1, y1) and
having slope m is given by y – y1 = m(x – x1)

 Two Point Form:

 Equation of a line passing through given points (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2) is given by
y 2 – y1
y – y1 =  x – x1  .
x 2 – x1

 Slope intercept form(y-intercept):

Equation of a line having slope m and y-intercept ‘c’ is given by
y = mx + c

 Slope intercept form (x-intercept):

Equation of a line having slope m and y-intercept c is given by
y = m (x–d)
 Intercept Form:
Equation of line having intercepts a and b on x-axis and y-axis
respectively is given by
x y
+ =1
a b

 General Equation of a line:

Equation of line in general form is given by Ax + By + C = 0, A, B
and C are real numbers and at least one of A or B is non-zero.
–A –C –C
Slope = and y-intercept = x-intercept = .
B B A

 Distance of a point (x1, y1) from line Ax + By + C = 0 is given by

Ax1 +By1 + C
d=
A 2 +B2

 Distance between two parallel lines Ax +

By + C1 = 0 and Ax + By + C2 = 0 is
given by
C1 – C2
d=
A 2 +B2
 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Three consecutive vertices of a parallelogram are (–2, –1), (1, 0)

and (4, 3), find the fourth vertex.
2. For what value of k are the points (8, 1), (k, –4) and (2, –5)
collinear?

3. Coordinates of centroid of ABC are (1, –1). Vertices of ABC

are A(–5, 3), B(p, –1) and C(6, q). Find p and q.
4. In what ratio y-axis divides the line segment joining the points
(3,4) and (–2, 1)?
5. Show that the points (a, 0), (0, b) and (3a,– 2b) are collinear.
6. Find the equation of straight line cutting off an intercept –1 from
y axis and being equally inclined to the axes.

7. Write the equation of a line which cuts off equal intercepts on

coordinate axes and passes through (2, 5).

8. Find k so that the line 2x + ky – 9 = 0 may be perpendicular to

2x + 3y – 1 = 0
9. Find the acute angle between lines x + y = 0 and y = 0

10. Find the angle which 3x + y +5 = 0 makes with positive direction

of x-axis.

11. Find the equation of a line with slope 1/2 and making an intercept
5 on y-axis.

12. Find Equation of line which is parallel to y-axis and at distance 5

units from y-axis.

13. Find the length of perpendicular from a point (1, 2) to a line

3x + 4y + 5 = 0.
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

14. Determine the equation of line through a point (–4, –3) and
parallel to x-axis.

 8
15. Check whether the points  0,  , (1, 3) and (82, 30) are the
 3
vertices a triangle or not?

16. If a vertex of a triangle is (1, 1) and the midpoints of two sides

through this vertex are (–1, 2) and (3, 2). Then find the centroid of
the triangle.

17. If the medians through A and B of the triangle with vertices

A(0, b), B(0, 0) and C(a, 0) are mutually perpendicular. Then show
that a2 = 2b2.

18. If the image of the point (3, 8) in the line px + 3y – 7 = 0 is the

point (–1, –4), then find the value of p.

19. Find the distance of the point (3,2) from the straight line whose
slope is 5 and is passing through the point of intersection of lines
x + 2y = 5 and x – 3y + 5 = 0

20. The line 2x – 3y = 4 is the perpendicular bisector of the line

segment AB. If coordinates of A are (–3, 1) find coordinates of B.

21. The points (1, 3) and (5, 1) are two opposite vertices of a
rectangle. The other two vertices lie on line y = 2x + c. Find c and
remaining two vertices.
22. If two sides of a square are along 5x – 12y + 26 = 0 and
5x – 12y – 65 = 0 then find its area.

23. Find the equation of a line with slope –1 and whose perpendicular
distance from the origin is equal to 5.

24. If a vertex of a square is at (1, –1) and one of its side lie along the
line 3x – 4y – 17 = 0 then find the area of the square.

25. What is the value of y so that line through (3, y) and (2, 7) is
parallel to the line through (–1, 4) and (0, 6)?

26. In what ratio, the line joining (–1, 1) and (5, 7) is divided by the
line x + y = 4?

27. Find the equation of the lines which cut-off intercepts on the axes
whose sum and product are 1 and –6 respectively.

28. Find the area of the triangle formed by the lines y = x, y = 2x,
y = 3x + 4.

29. Find the coordinates of the orthocentre of a triangle whose

vertices are (–1, 3) (2, –1) and (0, 0). [Orthocentre is the point of
concurrency of three altitudes].

30. Find the equation of a straight line which passes through the point
of intersection of 3x + 4y – 1 = 0 and 2x – 5y + 7 = 0 and which is
perpendicular to 4x – 2y + 7 = 0.

31. If the image of the point (2, 1) in a line is (4, 3) then find the
equation of line.

32. The vertices of a triangle are (6,0), (0,6) and (6,6). Find the
distance between its circumcenter and centroid.
 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

33. Find the equation of a straight line which makes acute angle with
positive direction of x–axis, passes through point(–5, 0) and is at a
perpendicular distance of 3 units from origin.

34. One side of a rectangle lies along the line 4x + 7y + 5 = 0. Two of

its vertices are (–3, 1) and (1,1). Find the equation of other three
sides.

35. If (1,2) and (3, 8) are a pair of opposite vertices of a square, find
the equation of the sides and diagonals of the square.

36. Find the equations of the straight lines which cut off intercepts on
x-axis twice that on y-axis and are at a unit distance from origin.

37. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 4x + 5y = 0 and 7x + 2y

= 0. If the equation of one of the diagonals is 11x +7y = 4, find the
equation of the other diagonal.

38. A line is such that its segment between the lines 5x – y + 4 = 0

and3x + 4y – 4 = 0 is bisected at the point (1, 5). Obtain its
equation.

39. If one diagonal of a square is along the line 8x – 15y = 0 and one
of its vertex is at (1, 2), then find the equation of sides of the
square passing through this vertex.

40. If the slope of a line passing through to point A(3, 2) is 3/4 then
find points on the line which are 5 units away from the point A.

41. Find the equation of straight line which passes through the
intersection of the straight line 3x + 2y + 4 = 0 and x – y – 2 = 0
and forms a triangle with the axis whose area is 8 sq. unit.
42. Find points on the line x + y + 3 = 0 that are at a distance of
5 units from the line x + 2y + 2 = 0

43. A straight line L is perpendicular to the line 5x – y =1. The area of

the triangle formed by the line L and the coordinate axes is 5. Find
the equation of the line L.

44. Two equal sides of an isosceles triangle are given by the equation
7x – y + 3 =0 and x + y –3 = 0 and its third side pass through the
point (1,–10). Determine the equation of the third side.

45. ABCD is a rhombus. Its diagonals AC and BD intersect at the

point M and satisfy BD = 2 AC. If the coordinates of D and M are
(1,1) and (2,–1) respectively. Then find the coordinates of A.

46. Find the area enclosed within the curve |x| + |y| = 1.

47. Find the coordinates of the circumcentre of the triangle whose

vertices are (5,7), (6,6) and (2, -2).

48. Find the equation of a straight line, which passes through the
point (a, 0) and whose  distance from the point (2a, 2a) is a.

49. Line L has intercepts a and b on the coordinate axis when the axis
are rotated through a given angle, keeping the origin fixed, the
same line L has intercepts p and q, then prove that a–2 + b–2 = p–2
+ q–2.

CASE STUDY TYPE QUESTIONS

50. A person is standing at a point A of a triangular park ABC whose
vertices are A(2, 0), B(3, 4) and C(5, 6).

Based on the above information answer the following :-

i. He wants to reach BC in least time. Find the equation of the
path he should follow.

(a) 2x + y = 3 (b) 2x + 3y = 4

(c) x + y = 2 (d) x + 4y = 7

ii. Find the shortest distance travelled by him to reach BC -

5 3
(a) 2 units (b) 2 units
2 2
4 7
(c) 2 units (d) 2 units
3 3

iii. Suppose he meets BC at a point D. Find the coordiantes of

the point D.

5 7 1 3
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
2 2 2 2

3 1 7 5
(c)  ,  (d)  , 
2 2 2 2

iv. Find the area of the triangular park ABC.

(a) 5 sq units (b) 10 sq units

(c) 3 sq units (d) None of these

 v. Find the coordinator of the centroid of the triangular park
ABC?

5 7  10 10 
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
3 3  3 3 

7 8 2 8
(c)  ,  (d)  , 
3 3 3 3

51. If A and B are two points (2, – 3) and (6, – 5) respectively. If C is

the point between A and B such that it divides the line AB in 1 : 3
ratio

Based on the above information, answer the following Questions

(i) Find the distance between A and B

(ii) Find eq of AB
(iii) What are the co-ordinates of C?
(iv) Find The Length AC
(v) Find the slope of line BC.

Multiple Choice Questions

52. The angle between the straight lines x – y 3 = 5 and 3x+ y=

7 is-
(a) 90° (b) 60°
(c) 75° (d) 30°
53. If p is the length of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to the
x y
line + = 1, then which one of the following is correct?
a b
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 2
= 2+ 2 (b) 2
= 2– 2
p a b p a b
1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) = + (d) = – .
p a b p a b
54. What is the equation of the line passing through (2, –3) and
parallel to y-axis?
(a) y = –3 (b) y=2
(c) x=2 (d) x = –3
55. If the lines 3x + 4y + 1 = 0, 5x + y + 3 = 0 and 2x + y – 1 = 0 are
concurrent, then  is equal to -
(a) –8 (b) 8
(c) 4 (d) –4.
56. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of the line 5x – 7 = 6y,
respectively are –
7 7 7 –7
(a) and (b) and
5 6 5 6
5 6 –5 6
(c) and (d) and .
7 7 7 7
57. If p be the length of the perpendicular from the origin on the
straight line x + 2y = 2q, then what is the value of q?
(a) 1/p (b) p

5p
(c) p/2 (d)
2
58. A straight line through P(1, 2) is such that its intercept between
the axes is bisected at P. Its equation is-
(a) x + y = –1 (b) x+y=3
(c) x + 2y = 5 (d) 2x + y = 4.
59. If the lines 3y + 4x = 1, y = x + 5 and 5y + bx = 3 are concurrent,
then what is the value of b?
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 6 (d) 0.
60. The triangle formed by the lines x + y = 0, 3x + y = 4 and x + 3y =
4 is -
(a) Isosceles (b) Equilateral
(c) Right angled (d) None of these.
61. What is the foot of the perpendicular from the point (2, 3) on the
line x + y – 11 = 0?
(a) (1, 10) (b) (5, 6)
(c) (6, 5) (d) (7, 4).
62. A line cutting off intercept –3 from the Y-axis and the tangent at
3
angle to the X-axis is , its
5
(a) 5y – 3x + 15 = 0 (b) 3y – 5x + 15 = 0
(c) 5y – 3x – 15 = 0 (d) None of the above
63. The equation of straight line passing throught the point (3, 2) and
perpendicular to the line y = x is
(a) x–y=5 (b) x+y=5
(c) x+y=1 (d) x–y=1
64. The tangent of angle between the line whose intercepts on the
axes are a, – b and b, – a respectively, is
a 2  b2 b2  a 2
(a) (b)
ab 2
b2  a 2
(c) (d) None of these
2ab
65. The equation of the lines which pass throught the point (3, – 2)
and are inclined at 60° to the line 3 x  y  1 is

(a) y + 2 = 0, 3x  y  2  3 3  0

(b) x  2  0, 3 x  y  2  3 3  0
 (c) 3x  y  2  3 3  0

(d) None of the above

66. The coordinates of the foot of perpendiculars from the point (2, 3)
on the line y = 3x + 4 given by
 37 1  1 37 
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
10 10 10 10

 0   2 1
(c)  , 10 (d)  ,  
37 3 3

Directions: Each of these questions contains two statements.

Assertion and Reason. Each of these questions also has four
alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have
to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct: reason is a correct
explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct
explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
67. Assertion: If  is the inclination of a line l, then the slope or
gradient of the line l is tan .
Reason: The slope of a line whose inclination is 90°, is not
defined.
68. Assertion: The inclination of the line l may be acute or obtuse.
Reason: Slope of x-axis is zero and slope of y-axis is not defined.
69. Assertion: Slope of the line passing throught the points (3, –2)
and (3, 4) is 0.
Reason: If two lines having the same slope pass throught a
common point, then these lines will coincide.
70. Assertion: If A (–2, –1), B (4, 0), C(3, 3) and D(–3, 2) are the
vertices of a parallelogram, then mid-point of AC = Mid-point of
BD
Reason: The points A, B and C are collinear  Area of ABC
= 0.
71. Assertion: Pair of lines x + 2y – 3 = 0 and – 3x – 6y + 9 = 0 are
coincident.
Reason: Two lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are
a b c
coincident if 1  1  1 .
a2 b2 c2

ANSWERS

1. (1, 2)

2. k = 3 (Use Slope formmula)

3. p = 2, q = –5 4. 3 : 2 (internally)

6. y = x – 1 and y = – x – 1. 7. x+y=7

4 
8.  9.
3 4

2 x
10. 11. y= +5
3 2
12. x=5 13. 16/5

14. y+3=0 15. No (Use slope formula)

 7
16.  1, 
 3
18. 1 (Hint: Mid-point – of a point and its image is on the line)

10
19. 20. (1, –5)
26

21. c = –4, (2,0), (4, 4) (Hint: diagonals of a rectangle bisect each

other)

22. 49 square units (Hints: given lines are parallel)

23. x + y + 5 2 = 0, x + y – 5 2 = 0 (Hints: first find slope

intercept form then convert normal form)

24. 4 square units (Hints: given vertex is not on the line)

25. y=9

26. 1 : 2 (Use section formula)

27. 2x – 3y – 6 = 0 and – 3x + 2y – 6 = 0

28. 4 square units (Hints: find vertices)

29. (–4, –3)

30. x + 2y = 1

31. x+y–5=0

32. 2 (Hints: circumcentre is the mid-point of hypotenuse of right

angle )

33. 3x – 4y + 15 = 0

34. 4x + 7y – 11 = 0, 7x – 4y + 25 = 0
7x – 4y – 3 = 0 (Hints: (–3, 1) and (1, 1) are opposite Vertices)
35. x – 2y + 3 = 0, 2x + y – 14 = 0,
x – 2y + 13 = 0, 2x + y – 4 = 0
3x – y – 1 = 0, x + 3y – 17 = 0 (Hints: angle between side and
diagonal is 45°)

36. x + 2y + 5 = 0, x + 2y – 5=0

37. x = y (Hint: Given diagonal does not passes the point of

intersection of given sides)

38. 107x – 3y – 92 = 0

39. 23x – 7y – 9 = 0 and 7x + 23y – 53 = 0

40. (–1, –1) or (7, 5)

41. x – 4y – 8 = 0 or x + 4y + 8 = 0

42. (1,–4), (–9,6)

43. x + 5y = ± 5 2

44. x – 3y – 31 = 0, 3x + y + 7 = 0

 –3   –1 
45.  1,  or  3, 
 2   2 

46. 3 (Hint: Use modulus functions property)

47. (2, 3) (Hint: Circumcentre is equidistant from the vertices of

triangle)

48. 3x – 4y – 3a = 0 and x – a = 0

50. i. (c) ii. (b) iii. (b) iv. (c) v. (b)

  7 
51. i. 2 5 ii. 2y + x + 4 = 0 iii.  3, 
 2

5 1
iv. v.
2 2

52. (a) 53. (a)

54. (c) 55. (b)

56. (b) 57. (b)

58. (d) 59. (c)

60. (a) 61. (b)

62. (a) 5y – 3x + 15 = 0

63. (b) x + y = 5

 b2  a 2 
64. (c) 
 2ab 

65. (a) y + 2 = 0, 3x  y  2  3 3  0

 1 37 
66. (b)   , 
 10 10 

67. (b)68. (b)

69. (d)

70. (b)

71. (a)
 CHAPTER - 10

CONIC SECTIONS

KEY POINTS
 The curves obtained by slicing the cone with a plane not passing
through the vertex are called conic sections or simply conics.

 Circle, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola are curves which are

obtained by intersection of a plane and cone in different
positions.

 A conic is the locus of a point which moves in a plane, so that its

distance from a fixed point bears a constant ratio to its distance
from a fixed straight line.

 The fixed point is called focus, the fixed straight line is called
directrix, and the constant ratio is called eccentricity, which is
denoted by ‘e’.

 Circle: It is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant

from a fixed point in that plane

Equation of circle: (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 where Centre (h, k),

radius = r

P(x, y)

C (h, k)
C(h, k)
CP = CONSTANT = r
 Parabola: It is the set of all points in a plane which are
equidistant from a fixed point (focus) and a fixed line (directrix) in

the plane. Fixed point does not lie on the line

Note: In the standard equation of parabola, a > 0.

y2 = 4ax y2 = -4ax x2 = 4ay x2 = -4ay

Note: In the figure above, A represents the vertex, S represents
the Focus, LL’ represents the Latus Rectum and Line MZ
represents the Directrix to the parabola.

 Latus Rectum: A chord through focus perpendicular to axis of

parabola is called its latus rectum.

 Ellipse: It is the set of points in a plane the sum of whose

distances from two fixed points in the plane is a constant and is
always greater than the distances between the fixed points.
Note: If e = 0 for an ellipse then b = a and equation of ellipse will
be converted in equation of the circle. Its eq. will be x² + y² = a².
It is called auxiliary circle. For auxiliary circle, diameter is equal
to length of major axis and e = 0.
 Latus rectum: Chord through foci perpendicular to major axis
called latus rectum.

 Hyperbola: It is the set of all points in a plane, the differences of

whose distance from two fixed points in the plane is a constant.
 STANDARD HYPERBOLA:

 STANDARD HYPERBOLACONJUGATE HYPERBOLA:

 Latus Rectum:Chord through foci perpendicular to transverse

axis is called latus rectum.
If e = 2 for hyperbola, then hyperbola is called rectangular
hyperbola.
For e = 2 then b = a and eq. of its hyperbola will be x2–y2= a2or
y2–x2= a2.
 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Find the centre of the circle 3x2 + 3y2 + 6x – 12y – 6 = 0.

2. Find the radius of the circle 3x2 + 3y2 + 6x – 12y –15 = 0.

3. Find the equation of circle whose end points of one of its

diameter are (– 2, 3) and (0, –1).

4. If parabola y2 = px passes through point (2, –3), then, find the

length of latus rectum.

5. Find the coordinates of focus of parabola 3y2 = 8x.

6. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the point
(4, 6) and has its centre at (1, 2).

7. Find the equation of the ellipse having foci (0, 3), (0, –3) and
minor axis of length 8.

8. Find the length of the latus rectum of the ellipse 3x2 + y2 = 12.

9. Find the eccentricity of the hyperbola whose latus rectum is 8

and conjugate axis is equal to half of the distance between the
foci.

10. If the lines 5x + 12y = 3 and 10x + 24y – 58 = 0 are tangents to a

circle, then find the radius of the circle.
11. Find the length of major and minor axis of the following ellipse,
16x2 + 25y2 = 400.
12. Find the eqn. of hyperbola satisfying given conditions foci (±5, 0)
and transverse axis is of length 8.

13. Find the coordinates of points on parabola y2 = 8x whose focal

distance is 4.
14. Find the distance between the directrices to the ellipse
x2 y2
+ = 1.
36 20

15. If the eccentricity of the ellipse is zero. Then show that ellipse
will be a circle.

16. If the eccentricity of the hyperbola is 2. Then find the general

equation of hyperbola.

17. A circle is circumscribed on an equilateral Triangle ABC where

AB = 6 cm. The area of the Circumcircle is Kπ cm2. Find the
value of K.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

18. Find equation of an ellipse having vertices (0, ± 5) and foci

(0, ± 4).

19. If the distance between the foci of a hyperbola is 16 and its

eccentricity is 2, then obtain the equation of a hyperbola.

20. Find the equation for the ellipse that satisfies the given condition
Major axis on the x-axis and passes through the points (4, 3)
and (6, 2).

21. If one end of a diameter of the circle x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 11 = 0 is

(3, 4), then find the coordinates of the other end of diameter.

22. Find the equation of the ellipse with foci at (± 5, 0) and x = 18 as

one of the directrices.
23. The foci of a hyperbola coincide with the foci of the ellipse
x2 y2
+ =1, find the equation of the hyperbola if its eccentricity
25 9
is 2.

x2 y2
24. Find the eccentricity of the hyperbola – =1 which passes
a2 b2
through the points (3, 0) and (3 2 , 2).

25. If the latus rectum of an ellipse is equal to half of minor axis,

then find its eccentricity.

26. Find equation of circle concentric with circle 4x2 + 4y2 – 12x –
16y – 21 = 0 and of half its area.

27. Find the equation of a circle whose centre is at (4, –2) and
3x – 4y + 5 = 0 is tangent to circle.

28. If equation of the circle is in the form of x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy +

c = 0 then prove that its centre and radius will be (–g, –f) and
g2 + f 2 – c respectively. (Hint: Complete the square and
compare with standard formula)

29. If the end points of a diameter of circle are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
then show that equation of circle will be (x – x1) (x – x2) +
(y – y1) (y – y2) = 0. (Hint: Angle in semicircle is of 90°)

30. Find the equation of the circle which touches the lines x = 0,
y = 0 and x = 2c and c > 0.

31. Find the equation of the set of all points the sum of whose
distance from A(3,0) and B(9,0) is 12 unit. Identify the curve thus
obtained.
32. Find the equation of the set of all points such that the difference
of their distance from (4,0) and (–4,0) is always equal of 2 unit.
Identify the curve thus obtained.

33. If OXPY is a square of Side 4 cm in First Quadrant, where O is

the origin. (OY and OX lie on y-axis and x-axis respectively).
Find the equation of the circle C1, C2, C3, C4and C5.

P
Y
C4 C3

C5
C1 C2

O (0, 0) X

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

34. Prove that the points (1, 2), (3, – 4), (5, – 6) and (11, – 8) are
concyclic.

35. A circle has radius 3 units and its centre lies on the line y = x –
1. If it is passes through the point (7, 3) then find the equations
of the circle.

36. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points
(20, 3), (19, 8) and (2, – 9). Find its centre and radius.

37. Find the equation of circle having centre (1, – 2) and passing
through the point of intersection of the lines 3x + y = 14 and 2x +
5y = 18.

38. Show that the points A(5,5), B(6,4), C(–2,4) and D(7,1) all lies
on the circle. Find the centre, radius and equation of circle.
39. Find the equation of the ellipse in which length of minor axis is
equal to distance between foci. If length of latus rectum is 10
unit and major axis is along the x axis.

40. Find the equation of the hyperbolas whose axes (transverse and
conjugate axis) are parallel to x axis and y axis and centre is
origin such that Length of latus rectum length is 18 unit and
distance between foci is 12 unit.

41. Prove that the line 3x + 4y + 7 = 0 touches the circle x2 + y2 – 4x

– 6y – 12 = 0. Also find the point of contact.

42. Find the equations of tangents to the circle

(a) x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 4 = 0 which are parallel to 3x – 4y – 1 = 0
(b) x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0 which are perpendicular to 4x + 3y = 7

43. Find the equation of Circle in each of the following cases:

(a) Touches both the coordinate axes in first quadrant and
having radius = 1 unit
(b) Touches both the coordinate axes in second quadrant and
having radius = 2 units
(c) Touches both the coordinate axes in third quadrant and
having radius = 3 units
(d) Touches both the coordinate axes in fourth quadrant and
having radius = 4 units
(e) Touches the x-axis at origin and having radius = 5 units
(f) Touches the y-axis at origin and having radius = 6 units

CASE STUDY TYPE QUESTIONS

44. A beam is supported at its ends by supports which are 12m
apart. Since the load is concentrated at its centre, there is a
deflection of 3 cm at the centre and the deflected beam is in the
shape of a parabola.

Based on the above information answer the following :-

i. How for from the centre is deflection of 1cm?

(a) 2 6 m (b) 3 6 m

(c) 2 3 m (d) 4 3 m

ii. What will be the equation of parabola?

(a) x2 = 240000y (b) x2 = 120000y

(c)x2 = 160000y (d) x2 = 100000y

iii. At a distance of 2m from the centre, what will be the

deflection of the beam?

3 8
(a) (b)
2 3

4 1
(c) (d)
3 5

iv. What is the length of latus rectum of the parabola?

(a) 100000 (b) 120000

(c) 130000 (d) 140000

 v. What is the difference of deflection of beam at a distance of
1m and 2m from the centre?

1 1
(a) (b)
3 5
1 3
(c) (d)
4 7
45. A window is in the shape of parabola with a triangle inscribed in
it. The triangle is formed in such a way that the verticles of
triangle coincides with vertex of parabola and end points of latus
rectum. The equation of parabola is given by x2 – 24y.

What are the vertices of triangle

i. What are the verticle of triangle

ii. Find the length of altitude of the triangle -

iii. Find the area of the triangle?

iv. Find the length of the longest side of the triangle?

v. Find the length of latus rectum of the parabola?

Multiple Choice Questions

46. The equation of the circle which passes through the points of
intersection of the circles x2 + y2 – 6x = 0 and x2 + y2 – 6y = 0
and has its centre at (3/2, 3/2) is -
(a) x2 + y2 + 3x + 3y + 9 = 0
(b) x2 + y2 + 3x + 3y = 0
(c) x2 + y2 – 3x – 3y = 0
(d) x2 + y2 – 3x – 3y + 9 = 0.

47. The centre of circle inscribed in square formed by the lines

x2– 8x + 12 = 0 andy2– 14y + 45 = 0 -
(a) (4,9) (b) (9,4)
(c) (7,4) (d) (4,7).

48. Value of p, for which the equation x2 + y2–2px + 4y– 12=0

represent a circle of radius 5 units is -
(a) 3 (b) – 3
(c) both (a) & (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b).
49. The eccentricity of the ellipse 9x2 + 25y2 = 225 is ‘e’ then the
value of ‘5e’ is -
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 2 (d) 1.
50. The centre of the circle x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 12 = 0 is (a, b) then
(2a + 3 b) is -
(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 5.
51. The radius of the circle x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 12 = 0 is -
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 5.

52. The area of the triangle formed by the lines joining the vertex of
the parabola x2 = 8y to the ends of its latus rectum is -
(a) 4 sq. units (b) 8 sq. units
(c) 12 sq. units (d) 16 sq. units.

53. Match the following:

COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2
Conic Eccentricity
A CIRCLE P e<1
B PARABOLA Q e>1
C ELLIPSE R e=0
D HYPERBOLA S e=1

Which one of the following is true?

A → P, B→ Q, C→ R, D → S
A → S, B→ Q, C→ R, D → P
A → Q, B→ S, C→ R, D → P
A → R, B→ S, C→ P, D → Q
54. At what point on the parabola x2 = 9y is the abscissa three times
that of ordinate
(a) (1, 1) (b) (3, 1)
(c) (–3, 1) (d) (–3, –3)
55. The equation of parabola with vertex at origin and axis on x-axis
and passing through point (2, 3) is
 9x
(a) y2 = 9x (b) y2 
2
2x
(c) y2 = 2x (d) y2 
9
56. If the centroid of an equilateral triangle is (1, 1) and its one
vertex is (–1, 2) then the equation of its circumcirle is
(a) x2 + y2 – 2x – 2y – 3 = 0
(b) x2 + y2 + 2x – 2y – 3 = 0
(c) x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y – 3 = 0
(d) none of these
57. If the circle x2 + y2 = a and x2 + y2 – 6x – 8y + 9 = 0 touch
externally, then a =
(a) 1 (b) –1
(c) 21 (d) 16
58. The area of the triangle formed by the line joining the vertex of
the parabola x2 = 12y to the ends of its latus rectum is
(a) 12 sq units (b) 16 sq units
(c) 18 sq units (d) 24 sq units
59. The eccentricity of the ellipse, if the distance between the foci is
equal to the length of the latus rectum is
5 1 5 1
(a) (b)
2 2
5 1
(c) (d) None of these
4
60. If e1 and e2 are respectively the eccentricities of the ellipse
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
  1 and the hyperbola   1 then, the relation
18 4 9 4
between, e1 and e2 is
(a) 3e12 + e22 = 2 (b) e12 + 2e22 = 3
(c) 2e12 + e22 = 3 (d) e12 + 3e22 + 2
Directions: Each of these questions contains two statements.
Assertion and Reason. Each of these questions also has four
alternative choices. Only one of which is the correct answer. You have
to select of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct, reason is a correct
explanation for asserction.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct, reason is not a correct
explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
61. Parabola is symmetric with respect to the axis of the parabola.
Assertion: If the equation has a term y2, then the axis of
symmetry is along the x-axis.
Reason: If the equation has a term x2, then the axis of
symmetry is along the x-axis.
62. Let the centre of an ellipse is at (0, 0)
Assertion: If major axis is on the y-axis and ellipse passes
thorught the points (3, 2) and (1, 6), then the equation of ellipse
x2 y 2
is  1
10 40
 x2 y 2
Reason:   1 is an equation of ellipse if major axis is
b2 a 2
along y-axis. (if a > b)
63. Assertion: Centre of the circle x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 12 = 0 is
(3, – 2)
Reason: The coordinates of the centre of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx
1 1
+ 2fy + c = 0 are (  coefficient of x,  coefficient of y)
2 2
9
64. Assertion: Radius of the circle 2x2 + 2y2 + 3x + 4y + = 0 is 1.
8
Reason: Radius of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
2 2
1  1 
 coeff. of x   coeff. of y  constant term
2 2

ANSWERS

1. (–1, 2) 2. 2 5 Units

3. x2 + y2 + 2x – 2y – 3 = 0 (Hint: Mid-point of diameter is center)

2 
4. 4.5 units 5.  , 0
3 

x2 y 2
6. (x – 1)2 + (y – 2)2 = 25 7.  1
16 25
4 3
8. 9. e= 2 3
3
10. 2 units (Hint: distance between two parallel tangents is the
length of diameter.)

11. Length of Major Axis = 10, Length of Major Axis = 8

x2 y2
12. – =1 13. (2, ±4)
16 9
2a
14. 18 (Hint: Distance between two directrices is )
e

16. x2 – y2 = a2 or y2 – x2 = a2 17. K = 12

x2 y2
18. + =1
9 25
19. x2 – y2 = 32 or y2 – x2 = 32

x2 y2
20. + =1 21. (1, 2)
52 13

x2 y2 x2 y2
22. + =1 23. – =1
90 65 4 12

13 3
24. e= 25. e=
3 2

26. 2x2 + 2y2 – 6x + 8y + 1 = 0

27. x2 + y2 – 8x + 4y – 5 = 0

30. x2 + y2 – 2cx ± 2cy + c2 = 0

31. 3x2 + 4y2 = 36, Ellipse

32. 15x2 – y2 = 15, Hyperbola

33. C1: (x – 1)2 + (y – 1)2 = 1

C2: (x – 3)2 + (y – 1)2 = 1
 C3: (x – 3)2 + (y – 3)2 = 1
C4: (x – 1)2 + (y – 3)2 = 1
C5: (x – 2)2 + (y – 2)2 =  2 –1 
2

35. x2 + y2 – 8x – 6y + 16 = 0 or x2 + y2 – 14x – 12y + 76 = 0

36. x² + y² – 14x – 6y – 111 = 0 Centre (7, 3), Radius = 13 units

37. (x – 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 25

38. x2 + y2 – 4x – 2y – 20 = 0 Centre(2, 1), Radius = 5 units

39. x2 + 2y2 = 100 40. 3x2 – y2 = 27

41. Point of contact = ( –1, –1)

42. (a) 3x – 4y – 10 = 0 or 3x – 4y + 20 = 0
(b) 3x – 4y + 31 = 0 or 3x – 4y – 19 = 0

43. (a) (x – 1)2 + (y – 1)2 = 1 (b) (x + 2)2 + (y – 2)2 = 4

(c) (x + 3)2 + (y + 3)2 = 9 (d) (x – 4)2 + (y + 4)2 = 16
(e) x2 + (y ± 5)2 = 25 (f) (x ± 6)2 + y2 = 36

44. i. (a) ii. (b) iii. (b) iv. (b) v. (c)

45. i. (0, 0), (±3, 6) ii. 6 units iii. 72 sq units iv. 24 units v. 24 units

46. (c) 47. (d) 48. (c) 49. (b)

50. (a) 51. (d) 52. (b) 53. (d)

54. (b) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (a)

58. (c) 59. (a) 60. (c) 61. (c)

62. (b) 63. (a) 64. (a)

 CHAPTER - 11

INTRODUCTION TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL
COORDINATE GEOMETRY

KEY POINTS
 Three mutually perpendicular lines XOX, YOY and ZOZ in
space constitute rectangular coordinate system which in turn
divide the space into eight parts known as octants and the lines
are known as Coordinate axes.

 Coordinate axes: XOX', YOY', ZOZ' are respectively called x-

axis, y-axis and z-axis.

 Coordinate planes: XOY, YOZ, ZOX or XY, YX, ZX planes

 Octants: XOYZ, X'OYZ, X'OYZ, XOY'Z, XOYZ', X'OYZ,

XOY'Z' and XOYZ' denoted as I, II, ….. VIII octant respectively.

 Coordinates of a points lying on x-axis, y-axis and z-axis are of

the form (x,0,0), (0,y,0),(0,0,z) respectively.
 The signs of coordinates in eight octants are as follows:
(i) (+ + +) (iii) (- - +) (v) (+ + -) (vii) (- - -)
(ii) (- + +) (iv) (+ - +) (vi) (- + -) (viii) (+ - -)

 Coordinates of a points lying on xy-plane, yz-plane and xz-

plane are of the form (x,y,0), (0,y,z),(x,0,z) respectively.
 The reflection of the point (x, y, z) in xy-plane, yz-plane and
xz-plane is (x, y, –z), (–x, y,z) and (x, –y, z) respectively.

 Absolute value of the Coordinates of a point P (x, y, z)

represents the perpendicular distances of point P from three
coordinate planes YZ, ZX and XY respectively.

 The distance between the point A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, z2) is
given by
AB = (x 2 – x1)2 + (y 2 – y1)2 + (z 2 – z1)2

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What will be the image of (–1, 2, –3) in XZ plane.

2. What will be the image of (–1, 2, –3) in YZ plane.

3. In which octant The Point P (–5, 4, –3), lies?

4. If a < 0, b > 0 & c < 0, in which octant the Point P (a, b, –c) lies.
5. Find the perpendicular distance of the point P(- 6, 7, –8) from
xy-plane.

6. Find the perpendicular distance of the point P(- 3, 5, –12) from

x-axis.

7. Find the perpendicular distance of the point P(- 3, 4, –5) from

z-axis.

8. Find the coordinates of foot of perpendicular from (3, 7, 9) on

y-axis.

9. If the distance between the points (a, 2, 1) and (1, –1, 1) is 5, then
find the sum of all possible value of a.
10. Name the axis formed by intersection of two planes xy-plane and
yz-plane.
11. Find Distance of the point (3, 4, 5) from the origin (0, 0, 0).
12. If (c – 1) >0, (a + 2)<0 and b > 0 then the point P(a, –b, c) lies in
which octant?

13. What are the coordinates of the vertices of a cube whose edge is
2 unit, one of whose vertices coincides with the origin and the
three edges passing through the origin coincides with the positive
direction of the axes through the origin?

14. Let A, B, C be the feet of perpendiculars from point P(1, –2, –3)
on the xy-plane, yz-plane and xz-plane respectively. Find the
coordinates of A, B, C.

15. If a parallelepiped is formed by planes drawn through the point

(5,8,10) and (3,6,8) parallel to the coordinates planes, then find
the length of the diagonal of the parallelepiped.

16. Find the length of the longest piece of a string that can be
stretched straight in a rectangular room whose dimensions are
13,10 and 8 unit.
17. Show that points (4, –3, –1), (5, –7, 6) and (3, 1, –8) are collinear.

18. Find the point on y–axis which is equidistant from the point
(3,1,2) and (5, 5, 2).

19. Determine the point in yz plane which is equidistant from three

points A(2, 0, 3), B(0, 3, 2) and C(0, 0, 1).

20. Find the length of the medians of the triangle with vertices
A(0, 0, 3), B(0, 4, 0) and C (5, 0, 0).

21. If the extremities (end points) of a diagonal of a square are

(1,– 2, 3) and (2,–3, 5) then find the length of the side of square.

22. Three consecutive vertices of a parallelogram ABCD are A(6,–2,4)

B(2, 4,–8), C(–2, 2, 4). Find the coordinates of the fourth vertex.

23. If the points A(1, 0, –6), B(3, p, q) and C(5, 9, 6) are collinear, find
the value of p and q.

24. Show that the point A(1, 3, 0), B(–5, 5,, 2), C(–9, –1, 2) and
D(–3, –3, 0) are the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD, but it is
not a rectangle. (Hint: diagonals are not equal)

25. Describe the vertices and edges of the rectangular parallelepiped

with one vertex (3, 5, 6) placed in the first octant with one vertex
at origin and edges of parallelepiped lie along x, y and z-axis.

26. Find the coordinates of the point which is equidistant from the
point (3, 2, 2), (–1, 2, 2), (4, 5, 6) and (2, 1, 2).

27. Show that the points (0, 7, 10), (-1, 6, 6) and (-4, 9, 6) form a right
angled isosceles triangle.

28. Show that the points (5, -1, 1), (7, -4, 7), (1, -6, 10) and (-1, -3, 4)
are the vertices of a rhombus.
 CASE STUDY TYPE QUESTIONS

29. Consider a ABC with vertices A(x1, y1, z1), B(x2, y2, z2) and
C(x3, y3, z3). AD, BE and CF are medians of ABC.

Median

Based on the above information, answer the following

questions:-

i. Coordinates of Point D are?

 x +x y +y z +z   x + x 3 y 2 + y 3 z 2 + z3 
(a)  1 2 , 1 2 , 1 2  (b)  2 , , 
 2 2 2   2 2 2 

 x +x y +y z +z 
(c)  3 1 , 3 1 , 3 1  (d) None of these
 2 2 2 

ii. A point G divides AD in 2 : 1, the coordinates of G are

 x + x + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 z1 + z 2 + z3 
(a)  1 2 , , 
 3 3 3 

 x + 2x 2 y1 + 2y 2 z1 + 2z 2 
(b)  1 , , 
 3 3 3 

 x + 2x1 y 2 + 2y1 z 2 + 2z1 

(c)  2 , , 
 3 3 3 

(d) None of these

 iii. For ABC, G is
(a) Incentre (b) Circumcentre
(c) Centroid (d) Orthocentre
iv. G divides BE in ratio
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
(c) 3 : 1 (d) 1 : 3

v. If ABC is equilateral, then coordinates of circumcentre are

 x1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 z1 + z 2 + z 3 
 , , 
(a)  3 3 3 

 x1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 z1 + z 2 + z 3 
 , , 
(b)  2 2 2 

 x1 + x 3 y1 + y 3 z1 + z 3 
 , , 
(c)  2 2 2 

(d) None of these

30. ABCD is a field in shape of parallelogram coordinate of A, B and C

are (3, –1, 2), (1, 2, –4) and (–1, 1, 2) resp.
A D

B C

Based on the above information answer the following :-

i Coordinates of mid point of AC be

ii. Coordinates of D be
 iii. Length of side BC is

iv. Coordinates of centroid G of ABC be

v. Length of AC is

Multiple Choice Questions

31. A point on Z-plane which is equidistant from the points (1, -1, 0),
(2, 1, 2), (3, 2, -1) is

 1 31  1 31
(a)  ,0,  (b)  10 ,0, 5 
 5 10 

 31 1   31 1
(c)  ,0,  (d)  5 ,0, 10 
 10 5 

32. Lengths of medians of triangle ABC with vertices

A(0, 0, 2), B(0, 4, 0) and C(8, 0, 0) are:

(a) 2 6, 33, 69 (b) 2, 4, 8

(c) 8, 4, 2 (d) 2 5, 10, 2 17

33. A point on y-axis which is at a distance of 10 from the point (1,

2, 3) is

(a) (2, 0, 2) (b) (0, 2, 2)

(c) (2, 2, 2) (d) (0, 2, 0)

34. The locus of a point for which y = 0, z = 0 is

(a) x-axis (b) y-axis

(c) z-axis (d) y and z-axes

35. A line is parallel to xy-plane if all points on the line have equal

(a) x-coordinates (b) y-coordinates

(c) z-coordinates (d) x and y-coordinate

36. x-axis is the intersection of two planes

(a) xy and xz (b) yz and zx

(c) xy and yz (d) none of these

37. If the distance between the points (a, 0, 1) and (0, 1, 2) is 27 ,

then the value of a is

(a) 5 (b) ±5

(c) – 5 (d) None of these

38. The point (2, 3, –4) lies in the

(a) First octant (b) Second octant

(c) Fifth octant (d) Seventh octant

39. x = a. represents a plane parallel to

(a) xy – plane (b) yz-plane

(c) xz-plane (d) none of these

40. The distance between the point (a, b, c) and (0, 0, -c) is

(a) a2  b2 (b) a2  b2  c 2

(c) a 2  b 2  2c 2 (d) a 2  b 2  4c 2
Direction: Each of these questions contains two statements, Assertion
and Reason. Each of these questions also has four alternative choices,
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select one of the
codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below:

(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a

explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct
explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.

41. Assertion: If three vertices of a parallelogram ABCD are A(3, –1,

2) B(1, 2, –4) and C(–1, 1, 2), then the fourth vertex is (1, –2, 8).

Reason: Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other and mid-

point of AC and BD coincide.

42. Assertion: The distance of a point P(x, y, z) from the origin O(0, 0,
0) is given by OP = x2  y 2  z 2 .

Reason: A point is on the x-axis. Its y-coordinate and z-

coordinate are 0 and 0 respectively.

43. Assertion: Coordinates (–1, 2, 1), (1, –2, 5), (4, –7, 8) and (2, –3,
4) are the vertices of a parallelogram.

Reason: Opposite sides of a parallelograom are equal and

diagonals are not equal.

44. Assertion: If P(x, y, z) is any point in the space, then x, y and z

are perpendicular distance from YZ, ZX and XY-planes,
respectively.