____________________________________________________________________________________________________

CITY GROUP OF COLLEGES

B.A.LL.B ( SEM -1 )
_________________________________
SOCIOLOGY
 INDEX
UNIT– 1: PAGE NO.

1. SYLLABUS
2. UNIT-WISE DEMARCATION OF PYQ.
3. LECTURE PLAN
4.UNIT 01, LEC.1, NOTES
5. UNIT 01, LEC.2, NOTES
6. UNIT 01, LEC.3, NOTES
7. UNIT 01, LEC.4, NOTES
8. UNIT 01, LEC.5, NOTES

UNIT– 2

1.UNIT 02, LEC.1, NOTES

2. UNIT 02, LEC.2, NOTES
3. UNIT 02, LEC.3, NOTES
4. UNIT 02, LEC.4, NOTES
5. UNIT 02, LEC.5, NOTES

UNIT– 3

1.UNIT 03, LEC.1, NOTES

2. UNIT 03, LEC.2, NOTES
3. UNIT 03, LEC.3, NOTES
4. UNIT 03, LEC.4, NOTES
5. UNIT 03, LEC.5, NOTES

UNIT– 4:

1.UNIT 04, LEC.1, NOTES

2. UNIT 04, LEC.2, NOTES
3. UNIT 04, LEC.3, NOTES
4. UNIT 04, LEC.4, NOTES
5. UNIT 04, LEC.5, NOTES
 LL.B. (Integrated) Five Years Degree Course
(First Year) Ist Semester
Paper Code : LB-105
Paper V : Sociology I

 Unit I : Basic Concepts :

i. Sociology, Meaning, Scope and Subject matter.
ii. Society, Community, Association, Institutes, Mores
iii. Social Group : Meaning and Classification of Social groups,
iv. Family, Traditional and Modern

 Unit II : Pioneers of Social Thought :

i. Auguste Comte : Law of three stages,
ii Positivism and Religion of humanity
iii. Emile Durkheim : Social Solidarity, The theory of Division of Labour, theory of Religion and Suicide.
iv. Karl Marx : Marxism Concept of Social change, Class struggle, Division of Labour
v. Max Weber : Sociology of Religion, The Concept of authority and the Concept of Social action

 Unit III : Social Change and Social Control :

i. Social Change, meaning, factors,
ii. Distinction between Social and Cultural Change
iii. Social Control, Meaning and importance of Social control,
iv. Means of Social Control, Public opinion and propaganda, Reward and Punishment,
v. Agencies of Social Control : Religion, Family and State

 Unit IV : Sociology of Profession :

i. Profession and Professionalisms
ii. Distinction between Profession and Occupation.
iii. Society and Professional Ethics,
iv. Sociology of Law, Relationship between Law and Society
 S0CIOLOGY ( SEM.- 1 )

 Previous Year Questions :

 Unit:1-BASIC CONCEPTS :
Q.1: Define sociology,what is the nature of sociology?{2019}

Q.2:What do you mean by social group? Distinguish between Primary and Secondary group?(2019]

Q.3: Define the concept of Family in sociology.Distinguish between Modern and Traditional Family?(2019}

Q.4:”Sociology studies each and everything under the Sun.”Discuss.{2021}

Q.5:Define Family.Discuss its importance and responsible factors to convert a traditional family to
modern.[2021)

Q.6:While family fulfils man’s need for collectivity,it also provides him emotional support.Explain.(2023}

Q.7:The feeling of ‘We’ is strong in the community .Examine critically.[2023}

 Unit:2-PIONEERS OF SOCIAL THOUGHT:

Q.8: Discuss the Comtes view on “Religion Of Humanity.{2019}

Q.9:Explain the relationship between Religion and Capatalism as elaborated by Max Weber.{2019}

Q.10:Discuss the concept of Social Action of Max Weber.{2021}

Q.11:Discuss the concept of Historical Materialism given By Karl Marx.{2021}

Q.12:Religion has developed to establish moral values and unity in society- Durkheim.clarify.{2023}

Q.13:Sociology is a science like other natural science.Comte.Explain.(2023}

Q.14:Criticallyb explain Marx’s historical socialism.{2023}

 Unit:3-SOCIAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL CONTROL:

Q.15:What do you understand by Social Change? Difference between Social and Cultural change?{2019

Q.16:Discuss the Social Control. Examine the role of Religion in social control.{2019)

Q.17:’’Social Change is a universal and compulsory phenomena.” Discuss.{2021}

Q.18:What is the meaning and definition of social control?Describe means of social control?(2021}

Q.19:The speed of social change depends on social activities.Examine.{2023}

Q.20:Social change is a universal phenomena ,it cannot be stopped.Evaluate critically.{2023}

  Unit:4-SOCIOLOGY OF PROFESSION :
Q.21: What do you understand by Professionalism?Establish a relationship between Law and Society.(2021}

Q.22:”Ethics are very important for any profession”In the light of this statement discuss society and
professional ethics.{2021}

Q.23:Law is a profession not only an occupation.In this context ,explain the characteristics of profession and
establish the law as a profession.{2022}

Q.24:What do you understand by legal sociology ?Explain the utility of sociology study in legal study.{2022}

Q.25:Define profession and describe the characteristics of Law profession.{2023}

Q.26:What do you understand by business values?Explain the professional values of legal profession.{2023}
 S0CIOLOGY ( Lecture Plan )

 Unit I : Basic Concepts :

( Lecture) ( Topic )

L. 1 ------------------- Sociology : Meaning & Subject Matter

L. 2 ------------------ Scope of Sociology
L. 3 ------------------ Society : Meaning & Characteristics
L. 4 ------------------ Community : Meaning & Elements
L. 5 ----------------- Association : Meaning & Elements :
L.6 ------------------ Institution : Meaning & Characteristics
L 7 ------------------ Social Group : Meaning & Characteristics
L. 8 ------------------ Classification of Social Group
L. 9 -------------------- Family: Traditional and Modern

 Unit II : Pioneers of Social Thought :

(Lecture) ( Topic)

L. 1 ------------------
L. 2 -----------------
L. 3 ------------------
L. 4 ------------------
L. 5 ------------------
L. 6 -------------------
 Unit III : Social Change and Social Control :
( lecture ) ( Topic )

L. 1 --------------------
L. 2 --------------------
L. 3 --------------------
L. 4 ---------------------
 Unit IV : Sociology of Profession :
( lecture ) ( Topic )

L. 1 ---------------------
L. 2 --------------------
L. 3 ----------------------
L. 4 ----------------------
SOCIOLOGY
( UNIT- 1 )
 LEC.-1: Sociology : Meaning & Subject Matter :
Q. 1A: Explain the meaning of Sociology ?
 Sociology is a discipline in social sciences concerned with the human society and human social
activities.
 It is one of the youngest social sciences.
 Auguste Comte, a French social thinker, is traditionally known as the ‘Father of Sociology’ as he
coined the term ‘Sociology’ in 1839.
 Sociology is the study of man’s behaviour in groups or of the inter-action among human beings, of
social relationships and the processes by which human group activity takes place.
 Sociology, a social science that studies human societies, their interactions, and the processes that
preserve and change them.
 Sociology is the scientific study of human society .
 It is a social science that help us to understand the world we live in .

Q.1B: Write the Definitions of Sociology ?

The following are the definitions of sociology given by various scholars—

1. According to Max Weber, "Sociology is a science which tries to give an objective (explanatory)
understanding of social action."
2. Let's see Johnson's views on Sociology, "Sociology is the science that studies social groups, their
internal forms or types of organization, the processes that attempt to maintain or change these forms
of organization, and the relationships between groups.
3. As per MacIver and Page, "MacIver and Page, "Sociology is a network of social relationships.""
4. According to Maurice Ginsberg, "Sociology studies human interactions, their states of
interactions and their consequences."
5 .Durkheim believes, "Sociology is the science of collective representation."
6. According to Auguste Comte, "Iociology is the science of social system and progress."
Q.1C: Explain the Subject Matter of Sociology ?
1. Sociology is the study of society :
 Sociology is the study of society. This means that Sociology examines the different forms of
societies.
2. Sociology is the study of social human life :
 Sociology is the study of social human life. This involves examining the different aspects of
human life that are spent in groups and influenced by culture.
3 .Sociology is the study of social institutions :
 This includes examining the various organizations that are formed to meet the basic needs of
society, such as 1.family, 2.marriage, 3.polity, 4.economy, 5.religion, 6.education, 7.law, 8.media
etc.
4. Sociology is the study of social relations :
 Sociology is the study of social relations. This means examining the social relationships that exist
between individuals, groups, and society. For example, the study of social class would examine
the different classes in a society, their relationships, and the impact of social class on individuals
and groups.

5. Sociology is the study of human behavior in groups :

 Sociology is the study of human behavior in groups. This involves understanding the root causes
of consistent behavior of an individual or group. An example of this is the study of deviant
behavior, which examines why some individuals engage in behavior that is considered deviant by
society.

6. Sociology is the study of social activities and interactions :

 Sociology is the study of social activities and interactions. This includes examining the actions and
behaviors of individuals, as well as interactions between individuals and groups. For instance, the
study of socialization would focus on how individuals learn to interact with others in a society .

7.Sociology is the study of social groups and social systems :

 Sociology is the study of social groups and social systems. This involves examining the different groups
that exist in a society, such as primary groups like family and secondary groups like schools and
political parties. An example of this is the study of social movements, which examines how groups
come together to achieve a common goal.

8.Sociology is the study of society as a whole :

 Sociology is the study of society as a whole. This means examining all factors that affect human
life in a society. For instance, the study of globalization would examine how the integration of
different societies impacts the lives of individuals and groups .
 LEC.- 2 : Scope of Sociology :
Q.-2A: Explain the Scope of Sociology ?
 If the social being etc are changing then it is difficult to find its scope.
 Due to its changing nature it is difficult to say what the scope is moreover we cannot even define
sociology.
 Scope means the subject matter or the areas of study or the boundaries of a subject. What we have
to study in a particular subject is known as its scope.
 Every science has its own field of inquiry. It becomes difficult to study a science systematically
unless its boundary or scope or boundaries. But there is no one opinion about the scope of
Sociology.
 However, there are two main schools of thought regarding the scope of Sociology:

 There is a good deal of controversy about the scope of Sociology between the two schools.
Q.-2B : Define Specialistic or Formalistic School ?
 The name is so because sociology is a special science to study society.
 The main views of the school regarding the scope of Sociology are –
1. Sociology is a specific, pure and independent social science.
2. Sociology studies the various forms of social relationships.
3. Scope of Sociology is very narrow and limited.
4. Sociology deals with specific form of human relationship .
 The supporters of this school of thought are George Simmel, Vierkandt, Max Weber, Vonwise, and F.
Tonnies .
1 Simmel’s view:
 According to Simmel, Sociology is a specific social science which describes, classifies, analyses and
delineates the forms of social relationships.
2. Vierkandt’s view:
 He defined social as ,Social is the study of the ultimate form of mental and psychic relationship which
link one to another’. He gives important to emotional relationship.
3. Max Weber’s view:
 Max Weber also makes out a definite field for Sociology. According to him, the aim of Sociology is to
interpret or understand social behavior.
 Sociology is , according to him, concerned with the analysis and classification of types of social
relationships.
4. Von Wiese’s view:
 According to Von Wiese, the scope of Sociology is the study of forms of social relationships. He has
divided these social relationships into many kinds.
5. Tonnie’s view ;
 He said that Sociology is pure and independent. He divided society into two groups 1. Society and 2.
Community. He said society is urban society whereas community is rural society.
Q.-2C: Define Synthetic School ?
 The school of thought believes that sociology should study society as a whole and not confine itself to
the study of only limited social problems.
 The synthetic school wants to make sociology a synthesis of the social sciences or a general science,
 According to this school ---
(i) Sociology is a general and systematic social science.
(ii) Scope of Sociology is very vast.
(iii) Sociology needs help from other social sciences.
(iv) It is a synthesis of social science.
(v) Sociology is closely related with other social sciences
 The supporters of synthetic school are the sociologists like Ginsberg, Durkheim, Comte, Sorokin,
Spencer, F. Ward, and L.T. Hobhouse.
1.Durkheim’s view:
"Sociology is a science of collective representation". He believes in the collection of people in society.
When there is collection there must be wider scope for collective representation there must be majority
of people hence it will be social facts.
2.Sorokin’s view:
"Sociology is the generalizing science". He is the profounder of systematic study. In his book
'contemporary sociology' he observes that social is a general science. It studies the general
characteristics of the society of the relationship of social and non-social phenomena .
3.Hobhouse’s view:
"Social is the synthesis of various social sciences". He means social is a general study which studies
society as a whole from all aspects i.e. the combination of all social sciences .
4.Ginsberg’s view:
Ginsberg has summed up the chief functions of sociology as follows. Firstly, Sociology seeks to provide a
classification of types and forms of social relationships especially of those which have come to be
defined institutions and associations Secondly, it tries to determine the relation between different parts
of factors of social life .
 Conclusion:
Thus, the scope of Sociology is very wide. It is a general science but it is also a special science. As a matter of
fact, the subject matter of all social sciences is society. What distinguishes them from one another is their
viewpoint. Green also remarks, “The focus of attention upon relationships makes Sociology a distinctive
field, however closely allied to certain others it may be.” Sociology studies all the various aspects of society
such as social traditions, social processes, social morphology, social control, social pathology, effect of extra-
social elements upon social relationships et
 LEC.-3 : Society : Meaning & Characteristics
Q.-3A: Explain the meaning of Society ?
 Society is an important basic concept of sociology. Sociology is the science of society. Hence, for proper
understanding of sociology, it is necessary to understand society. Besides, the existence of man is tied up
to that of society.
 Society is as old as human being itself. Interactions and relationships among human beings are studied
by sociology. These human interactions and relationships are taking place in society.
 The term society has been derived from the Latin word ‘Socius’ which means a companion, association
or fellowship. It is because man always lives in the company of his fellow beings. This led George Simmel
to remark that sociability is the essence of society.
 Society means-- A web of social relations
 The term Society is derived from latin word- „socius‟ , which means –companionship or friendship.
 Companionship means – Sociability .
 Society Socius Companionship Sociobility
 Man is a social animal. Man never live alone .
 Man needs society for his living, working & enjoy .

Q.-3B: Write defenitions of Society ?

1. According to Maclaver, "Society is a web of social relationships"

2. . According to C.H. Cooley, "Society is a complex of form or processes each of which is living and growing
by interaction with the others, the whole being so unified that what takes place in one part effects all the
rest."
3. According to Ginsberg, "Society is a collection of individuals united by certain relations or modes of
behavior which mark them offfrom others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them in
behavior".
4. According to Parsons, "Society may be defined as the total complex of human relationships.

Q.-3C: Explain the characteristics of Society ?

(1) Population:
A society must have population. Without a group of people no society could be formed. Of course, society r
efers not to a group of people but to system of social relationships. But for the establishment of social
relationships a group of people is necessary. This population is a self perpetuating individuals who
reproduces itselfthrough some sort of mating relationship. Hence it is the first requirement of society.
(2) Likeness :
Likeness is the most important characteristic of society. Famous sociologist MacIver opines that society
means likeness. Without a sense of likeness, there could be no mutual recognition of ‘belonging together’
and therefore no society. This sense of likeness was found in early society on kinship and in modern
societies the conditions of social likeness have broadened out into the principles of nationality. Society
consists of like bodied and likeminded individuals.
(3) Differences:
Along with likeness, differences is another important characteristic of society. Because society involves
differences and it depends on it as much as on likeness. That is why MacIver opines that “primary likeness
and secondary differences create the greatest of all institutions-the division of labour”. Because, differences
is complementary to social relationship. If people will be alike in all respect society could not be formed and
there would be little reciprocity and relationship became limited. Family as the first society based on
biological differences and differences in aptitude, interest and capacity
(4) Inter-dependence:
interdependence is another important characteristic of society. This fact of interdependence is visible in
every aspect of present day society. Famous Greek Philosopher, Aristotle remarked that ‘Man is a social
animal’. As a social animal he is dependent on others. The survival and well being of each member is very

much depended on this interdependence. No individual is self sufficient. He have to depend on others for,
shelter and security and for the fulfillment of many of his needs an others for, shelter and security and for
the fulfillment of many of his needs and necessities.
(5) Co-operation and Conflict :
Both co-operation and conflict are two another important characteristics of society. Because famous
sociologist MacIver once remarked that “Society is Co-operation crossed by conflict”. Co-operation is
essentially essential for the formation of society. Without co-operation there can be no society. People can’t
maintain a happy life without co-operation Family being the first society rests on co-operation. Co-
operation avoids mutual destructiveness and results in economy in expenditure.
(6) Society is a network or web of social relationship :
Social relationships is the foundation of society. That is why famous sociologist MacIver remarked that
society is a network of social relationship. Hence it is difficult to classify social relationships. But this social
relationship is based on mutual awareness or recognition to which Cooley call we-feeling, Giddings call
consciousness of kind and Thomas as common propensity. Without these social relationships no society
could be formed.
(7) Permanent Nature :
Permanency is another important characteristic of society. It is not a temporary organization of individuals.
Society continues to exist even after the death of individual members. Society is a co-herent organization (8)
Society is Abstract : Society is an abstract concept. As MacIver opines society is a web of social relationships.
We can’t see this relationship but we can feel it. Hence, it is an abstract concept.
(9) Society is Dynamic :
The very nature of society is dynamic and changeable. No society is static. Every society changes and
changes continuously. Old customs, traditions, folkways, more values and institutions got changed and new
customs and values takes place. Society changes from it’s traditional nature to modern nature. Community
Introduction: Man cannot live in isolation. He cannot live alone. He keeps contact with his fell.

_____________________________
 LEC.-4 : Community : Meaning & Elements :

Q.-4A: Explain the meaning of Community ?

 Man cannot live in isolation. He cannot live alone.
 He keeps contact with his fellow beings for his survival. It is not possible for him to keep contact with
all the people or to belong as a member of all the groups existing in the world.
 He establishes contact with a few people who live in close proximity or presence to him in a
particular area or locality.
 It is quite natural for people living in a particular locality for a longer period of time to develop a sort
of likeness or similarity among themselves. They develop common ideas, common customs, common
feelings, common traditions etc.
 They also develop a sense of belonging together or a sense of we-feeling. This kind of common social
living in a specific locality gives rise to the community.
 The examples of community include a village, a tribe, a city or town. For example in a village
community, all the villagers lend each other hand in the event of need in agriculture and in other
occupations.
 The word community has been derived from two words of Latin namely ‘com’ and munis. In English
‘com’ means together and ‘munis’ means to serve. Thus, community means to serve together.
 It means, the community is an organisation of human beings framed for the purpose of serving
together.
 Community is a people living within a geographical area in common inter-dependence. It exists
within the society. It is bound by the territorial units. It is a specific group while society is abstract.
“Community living is natural to man.

Q.-4B: Write defenitions of Community ?

1.Osborne and Neumeyer , “Community is a group of people living in a contiguous geographic area, having
common centres of interests and activities, and functioning together in the chief concerns of life.

2.According to Kingsley Davis, “Community is the smallest territorial group that can embrace all aspects of
social life.”

3.For Bogardus it is a social groups with some degree of “we feeling” and “living in a given area.”

4.Mannheim describes community as “any circle of people who live together and belong together in such a
way that they do not share this or that particular interest only but a whole set of interest.

Q.-4C: Explain main Elements of Community ?

According to Maclver and Page, there are two main bases or essential elements on the basis of which
community is formed --
(i) Locality:
Locality implies a particular or territorial area unless a group of people live in a particular locality; they
cannot establish relations and generate the we-feeling among themselves. Living together facilities people
to develop social contacts, give protection, safety and security. Locality continues to be a basic factor of
community life.
(ii) Community Sentiment:
Community can be formed on the basis of community sentiment. It is extremely essential. It implies ‘a
feeling of belonging together.” It is a ‘we-feeling’ among the members of a community. People living in a
 community lead a common life, speak the same language, conform to the same mores, feel almost the same
sentiment and therefore, they develop a feeling of unity among themselves. The community sentiments are
developed by we-feeling. The members of community develop we-feeling by their mutual interdependence.
 Other Elements of Community :
(i) Group of people:
Fundamentally, a community consists of a group of people. A solitary individual cannot form a community
when a group of people share the basic conditions a common life, they form community.
(ii) Naturality:
A community is not deliberately or purposively created. It is a spontaneous or natural growth. An
individual is born in a community. It is my virtue of community that he develops.
(iii) Permanence:
A community is generally not temporary or short-lived like a crowd or a revolutionary mob. It is a
permanent organisation or durable social group. This durability is evident from the age-old communities
existing in modern times. A community continues as long as members are there.
(iv) Likeness:
In a community there is a likeness or similarity in language, custom, mores, traditions etc. among the
members. So A. W. Green has rightly said, “A community is a cluster of people living within narrow
territorial radius who share a common way of life.”
(v) A Particular Name:
Every community is always known with a particular name, their immediate bases of origin give such
community a particular name. For example based on the linguistic condition people living in Orissa are
called Oriyas; living in Kashmiri culture are called Kashmiris.
(vi) Spontaneity:
Every community grows itself spontaneously. A community is not deliberately or purposively created. A
kind of natural force acts behind the origin and development of communities. Various factors like customs,
conventions, and religious beliefs bind the individuals together.
(vii) Common Life:
Some sociologists like Elwood says that the life ofthe people in a community is near about the same. There
is no epochal difference between the way of life of the individuals. Their eating pattern, dressing style,
language etc. are found to be similar. Due to their inhabitation on a particular geographical area, they
develop a kind of emotional and cultural uniformity. Community is never formed with a particular aim. But
they are the outcome of social uniformity among the individuals.
(viii) Common Interests:
In community, all the members have common and collective interests. People live in community and work
together to fulfill these interests. Thus, Newmeyer says, community is a group of people living in a delimited
geographic area, having common interests and activities and functioning together in their concern of life.

Q.-4D: Write distinction between Society and Community ?

1. Society is a web social relationships. But community consists of a group of individuals. It is a specific
group.
2. Society is abstract. Community is concrete .
3. A definite geographical area is not necessary for society. But a definite geographical area is essential for a
community. It is bound by the territorial units.
4. There can be more than one community in a society. Most societies consist of more than one community,
varying in size, physical appearance, organization and specialized functions.
 LEC.-5 : Association : Meaning & Elements :

Q.-5A: Explain the meaning of Association ?

 An association is a group of people organized for a particular purpose or a limited number of
purposes.
 To constitute an association there must be, firstly, a group of people; secondly, these people must be
organized one, i.e., there must be certain rules for their conduct in the groups, and thirdly, they must
have a common purpose of a specific nature to pursue.
 Thus, family, church, trade union, music club all are the instances of association.
 Associations may be formed on several bases, for example, on the basis of duration, i.e. temporary
or permanent like Flood Relief Association which is temporary and State which is permanent;
 or on the basis of power, i.e. sovereign like state, semi-sovereign like university and non-sovereign
like club,
 or on the basis of function, i.e. biological like family, vocational like Trade Union or Teachers’
Association, recreational like Tennis Club or Music Club, Philanthropic like charitable societies .

Q.-5B: Write defenitions of Association ?

1. According to Maclver, “An organization deliberately formed for the collective pursuit of some
interest or set of interest, which the members of it share, is termed as association.
2. Ginsberg writes, “An association is a group of social beings related to one another by the fact that
they posses or have instituted in common an organization with a view to securing specific end or
specific ends.”
3. Bogardus, “Association is usually a working together of people to achieve some purpose.
4. Gillin & Gillin,” An Association is a group of individuals united for a specific purpose or purposes.”

Q.-5C: Explain main Elements of Association ?

(1) It is a concrete form ofOrganization:

Association is a group of persons collected together with some particular aim. It is, thus, a concrete
group which can be seen; while at work. Thus, in contrary to society’ Association is a concrete form
of organization of human beings.

(2) It is established:

Like community, association does not grow spontaneously. It has no natural growth and it does not
grow itself. They are created by men to satisfy some motive or cause Rules and regulations are
formed to run a particular kind of association and the member of the association run it on the basis
ofthese rules and regulation.

(3) Its aim is determined:

 No association is formed without any aim. First, there is the problem and the solution of which,
becomes the aim of the association formed to solve such problems. For example, ifit is a dramatic
association, then its aim will naturally be to stage dramas and plays. No association can maintain its
identity without any distinct aim and object.

(4) Followers of rules and regulations are the only members:

Every association floats on the ground of certain rules and regulations. It also contains code of
conduct for the members. Those who follow the rules^ and regulations provided for and participate
in the pursuit ofthe aim ofthe association are only called as the members ofit.

(5) Its membership is voluntary:

An association is not an essential organization like State or society. Neither it is a natural

organization in which every one’s contribution can be asked for on natural grounds. Neither there is
any common instinct among the persons based on common and unified ideology to become the
member of a particular association. And, also there is no ‘whips’ from the heaven or State to every
citizen to form a association and to become its member.

(6) An association exists for its aims and objects:

The life of an association is upto the achievement of the aim for which it has been created. The
existence of association after his achievement of the aim becomes, immaterial and irrelevant. It
becomes nominal and lifeless body offormalities only. “The aim is the soul of the association.

.
 LEC. 6 : Institution : Meaning & Characteristics
Q.-6A: Explain the meaning of Institution ?
 Institutions are the established ways of doing things.
 Institution is an abstract thing which refers to those rules and regulations, norms and values
which come into being through social interaction and subsequently regulate the behaviour
pattern of the members of the society.
 It is important to remember that institutions are simply, abstract concepts of organized habits
and standardized ways of doing things.
 We cannot see institutions. What we can see are families, schools, banks, temples, hospitals etc.
 Set of rules & traditions .
 Organised for basic human needs .
 A system for manage purpose of Association.

Q.-6B: Write defenitions of Institution ?

1. According to Maclver, “An institution is a set of formal, regular and established procedures,
characteristic of a group or number of groups that perform a similar function within a society. In
short, an institution is an organized way of doing something”.
2. Ogburn & Nimcoff ,” Social Institutions are organiged and established ways of satisfying certain
basic human needs.”
Q.-6C: Explain the characteristics of Institution ?
1. Cluster of Social Usage:
Institutions are composed of customs, mores, rules organized into a functioning unit. An institution
is an organization of rules, and behaviour and is manifested through social activity and its material
products. In short, the institution functions as a unit in the cultural system viewed as a whole.
2. Relative degree of Permanence:
Our beliefs and actions are not institutionalized until they are accepted by others over a period of
time. Once these beliefs and behaviour get recognition they become the yardstick for evaluation of
the beliefs and actions of others. In short, institutions have a degree of permanence.
3. Well-defined Objectives:
Institutions have fairly well defined objectives which are in conformity with the cultural norms. The
institution of marriage has the objective of regulating the network of social relationships and the
members of the society would consciously work for the attainment of the disobjective. For example,
marriage in the same caste or class. Objective has to be differentiated from different functions to
which the members may be unaware of e.g. the function of marriage or gratification of sex urge and
to have children.
4. Cultural Objects ofUtilitarian Value:
Cultural objects help in the attainment of institutional objectives. The cultural artifacts, beliefs and
values system must help the institutions to attain their objectives. Cultural objects of utilitarian value
which are used to accomplish the purposes of the institution are usually involved –buildings, tools,
machinery, furniture and the like.
 5. Symbols are a Characteristic Feature of Institution:
A symbol may be defined as anything which depicts something else. Symbols may be either material
or non-material in form. The institutions can have permanency, identity and solidarity if they have
some symbols. The members ofthat institution feels quite closer to each other by sharing the
common symbols
6. Institutions are Transmitters ofthe Social Heritage:
Social institutions are the great conservers and transmitters of the social heritage. It is in the
institutions that individual learns basic values ofthe life. The child initially plays a role of general
receptivity in the basic and multi-functional institution of the family and in this way receives the
largest share of the social heritage. In his initial helpless state, culture is passed onto him by his
family.
7. Institutions are Resistant to Social Change:
As patterned forms of behaviour, social institutions are more resistant to social change than
behaviour where such uniformity and regularity do not apply. Institutional behaviour is by definition
behaviour invested with social sanctions and structures to carry out these sanctions.

Q.-6D : Differences between Institution and Association ?

1. Association represents human aspect. An association is a group of people organised for the pursuit
of a specific purpose. Institutions, on the other hand, are the rules of procedure. Family is an
association organised for the preparation of children, while marriage is its main institution.
2. An institution is considered as a ‘form of procedure’. It has no form and is abstract. On the other
hand, association is considered as “an organised group”. It is a group of people organised for the
purpose offulfilling a need or needs. It has form and it is concrete.
3. Institutions grow, while associations are formed deliberately.
4. Association indicates membership, while institution indicates procedure of work.
5. Every association bears a particular name, while every institution is based on cultural symbol.
6. An institution is an organised procedure, an association is organised group.
7. Institutions fulfil all the primary and basic need of people. But association is a group of people
organised for the pursuit of some specific purposes.
8. The rules of an institution are based on informal mean of social control such as customs, traditions
etc., while the laws of association are formed on the basis of formal means of social control .
 LEC. 7 : Social Groups : Meaning & Characteristics :
Q.-7A: Explain the meaning of Social Group ?
 Man is social animal. He rarely, if ever, exists alone. His daily life is made up largely of participation in
groups.
 Social group is a collection of human being. In its elementary sense, a group is a number of units of
anything in close proximity to one another.
 In the human field, by group we mean any collection of human beings who are brought into social
relationships with one another.
 Famous Sociologist H. M. Johnson remarked that, “sociology is the science that deals with social groups.”
This shows the importance of social group in sociology.
 Human beings never live in isolation. He rarely exists alone. Human life is essentially a group life.
 As a social animal he always lives in group. He begins his life as a participating member of the group i.e.
family.
 He born, live, grows and die in group.
 social group we mean a collection of human being . *social group is a collection of interaction individuals
who participate in similar activities and have a consciousness of joint interaction.

Q.-7B: Write defenitions of Social Group ?

1. According to Harry M. Johnson says that “A social group is a system of social interaction.”
2. According to Marshal Jones is of the opinion that a social group is “two or more people between whom
there is an established pattern of interaction.”
3. Ogburn and Nimkoff-"Whenever two or more individuals come together and influence one another, they
may be said to constitute a social group.”
4. Bogardus-" A social group may be thought of as a number of person, two or more, who have some
common objects of attention, who are stimulating to each other, who have common loyalty and participate
in similar activities".

Q.-7C: Write the Characteristics of Social Group ?

(1) Given number of Individual:

Without a number of individuals no social group can be formed. Two or more than that individual
are necessary to form a group. This number may vary.
2) Reciprocal Relations:

There exist reciprocal relations among the members of a social group. These reciprocal relations
among the members are the basis or foundation of social group without which social group cannot
be formed. The members must interact or inter-related with each other.
(3) Common Goals:

It is another important characteristic of a social group. The aims, objectives and ideals of the
members are common. For the fulfillment of these common goals social groups are formed. Here
individual interests are sacrificed for group interests.

(4) Sense of unity and solidarity:

Members of a social group are always tied by a sense of unity and bond of solidarity, common goals
and mutual relations strengthens this bond of unity and solidarity. This creates loyalty and sympathy
among the members of social group.

5) A strong sense of awe-feeling:

Members of a social group is characterized by a strong sense of awe-feeling. This we- feeling fosters
co-operation among members. Because of this we- feeling the members identify themselves with the
group and consider others as outsiders.

(6) Group Norms:

Every social group has its own, regulations and norms which the members are supposed to follow.
With the help of these rules and norms the group exercises control over it’s members. • These norms
may be written or unwritten. Any violation of group norms is followed by punishment. The group
norms maintain unity and integrity in the group.

(7) Similar Behavior:

Members of a social group show similar behavior. As the interests, ideals and values of a group are
common hence its members behave in a similar manner. This similar behavior helps in the
achievement of common goals.

(8) Awareness:
Members of a social group are aware about the membership which distinguishes them from others.
This is perhaps due to ‘the consciousness of kind’ as opined by Giddings.

(9) Group Control:

Social group exercises some sort of control over its members and over their activities. This control
may be direct or indirect. Of course group exercises control only over non-conformists or deviants

(10)Mutual Awareness:

The members of a social group must be mutually related to one another. A more aggregate of
individuals cannot constitute a social group unless reciprocal awareness exist among them. Mutual
attachment, is therefore, regarded as its important and distinctive feature. It forms an essential
feature of a group.
(11)One or more Common Interests :

Groups are mostly formed for the fulfillment of certain interests. The individuals who form a group
should possess one or more than one common interests and ideals. It is for the realization of
common interests that they meet together. Groups always originates, starts and proceed with a
common interests.
(12)We-feeling:

A sense of we-feeling refers to the tendency on the part of the members to identify themselves with
the group. They treat the members of their own group as friends and the members belonging to
other groups as outsiders. They cooperate with those who belong to their groups and all of them
protect their interests unitedly. We-feeling generates sympathy, loyalty and fosters cooperation
among members
LEC. 8 : Classification of Social Group :

Q.-8A : Write the Characteristics of Primary Group ?

 The concept of Primary Group is given by C.H Cooley. Primary groups have the following
characteristics:
1. There is face-to-face interaction among its members.
2. There are frequent interactions among its members.
3. The relations among the members are too personal, intimate and intense.
4. There is a sense of 'we-feeling' in the members of the group..
5. The members possess similar attributes such as language, interests, culture, religion etc.
6. There is physical proximity among the members.
7. These groups are smaller in size.
 Examples: Family, Neighborhood, Local brotherhood, Close friends and peers.
 Primary groups have great importance in our society. For instance, the family provides food, shelter
and care to a child. An individual learns his culture and develops a healthy personality within this
primary group to become a productive citizen of society.

Q.-8B : Write the Characteristics of Secondary Group ?

1. The group is formed by relations secondary to the primary group.
2. There is comparatively less face-to-face interaction.
3. There is comparatively less frequent interaction.
4. The relations among the members are impersonal and secondary. These relations are relatively
less personal, less intimate and less intense.
5. The members have specific aims or interest to achieve.
6. There is less physical proximity among the members.
7. These groups are larger in size.
 Examples: A shopkeeper-customer relation, a doctor-patient relation, an advocate- client relation, an
teacher-student relation, a candidate-voter relation. These types of relationship consitute secondary
groups.
 Q.-8C: Write the Characteristics of In Group ?
1.A group, to which we directly belong, is called our in-group.
2.It can be our own family, tribe, sex, occupation, games or interest group.
3.For example, if I am player of a cricket team, my cricket-team is an in-group for me.
4. A religious group is an in-group for its followers. A geographical community is an in-group for its
residents.
5. The term 'in- group' is used when an individual wants to identify himself with a group or show an
association with his group, such as by saying: We are Americans. We are English. We are Christians.
We are Muslims. We are students. We are doctors. We are musicians.
6.The members of an in-group have a sense of 'we-feeling' and belongingness towards their in-group.

Q.-8D: Write the Characteristics of Out Group ?

 1. A group, to which we do not belong, is called an out-group.
2. It can be any group of others (not ours) including a family, tribe, ethnicity, sex, occupations or
interest groups. For example, If I am a student of Psychology, the students of psychology are in-group
for me, but the students of any other discipline (other than psychology) are an out- group for me.
3. The term 'out-group' is used to distinguish one's identity from that of others or to compare one's
identity to that of others, such as by saying: We are Americans (in-group) and they are Indians (out-
group). We are Muslims (in-group) and they are Christians (out-group). We are doctors (in-group)
and they are engineers (out-group).
4.There is a sense of 'they-feeling' in relation to an out-group.
Q.-8E : Explain difference between Primary and Secondary Group ?
Criteria Primary Group Secondary Group
Definition A small, intimate, and long-lasting A larger, formal, and impersonal social
social group characterized by close group characterized by limited
personal relationships personal relationships
Relationship Based on strong emotional ties, trust, Based on shared interests, goals, or
and mutual support activities, rather than deep emotional
connections
Interaction Involves face-to-face and frequent Interaction may be less frequent and
interaction among members primarily based on specific roles or
activities
Duration Long-lasting and enduring Relationships may be temporary,
relationships, often formed early in life formed for specific purposes or
situations
Size Typically consists of a small number of Can be larger in size, ranging from a
members, usually in single digits few individuals to larger collectives or
organizations
Q.-8F : Explain difference between In and Out Group ?
 LEC. 9 : Family : Traditional & Modern

Q.-9A: Explain the meaning of Family ?

 Famous Greek Philosopher Aristotle opines that Man is a social animal. He neverlives alone.
 An utterly isolated individual is unthinkable.
 He begins his day as a member of a group, i.e., family.
 Hence of all human groups, the family is the most important primary group.
 No known society, ancient or modern, is free from the family system.
 Family is a unique social institution that has no substitute. It is the basic unit of social organization.
Family is the nucleus of all social structures.
 The term ‘family’ has been derived from the Roman word ‘Famulus’ which means a servant. A
family is a small group that consists of a father, mother, and children who are related to each other
by kinship ties based on marriage, blood, or adoption. A family is a biological unit that consists of
parents and children.

Q.-9B: Write defenitions of Family ?

 According to Eliot and Merrill-Family is" the biological social unit composed of husband wife and
children".
 According to Clare-Family is "a system of relationships existing between parents and childern".

Q.-9C : Write Distinctive features of the family ?

1. Emotional basis:
2. Universality:
3. Limited Size:
4. Nuclear position in social structures:
5. Social regulation:
6. Persistence and Change:
7. Responsibility of the Mem
8. Formative influence:
Q.-9D : Define the types of Family ?

Types OF Family

Traditional Modern Family/

Family/Joint Nuclear Family
Family
1. Traditional Family :
 The family in India does not consist only of husband, wife and their children but also uncles, aunts
and cousins and grandsons.
 This system called joint family or extended family system is a peculiar and characteristic to the
Indian Social life.
 A son after marriage does not usually separate himself from the parents but continues to stay with
them under the same roof messing together and holding property in common.
 The family has joint property and every person has his share in it since the time he is born.
 Definitions of joint family / traditional family :
According to Karve-"A joint family is a group of people who generally live under one roof, who eat
food cooked at one hearth, who hold property in common and who participate in common worship
and are related to each other as some particular type of kindred.
 Characteristics of Joint family-
(1)-Large size (2)-Joint Property (3)-Common Residence (4)-Co-operative organization (5)-
Common Religion (6)- A Productive Unit (7)- Mutual rights and obligations
2. Modern Family :
 Of all human groups the family is the most important primary group. It is a small social group
consisting ordinarily of a father mother and one or more children.
 The modern family is democratic based on equality between husband and wife, with consensus in
marking decision and with increasing participation by children as they grow older.
 In the modern family, marriage is in the hand of young people and selection on the basis of romance,
affection and personality adjustment to each other.
 The achievement of personal happiness desire for innovation are watch words of the modern family.
 features of modern family:
(1) Decreased Control of the Marriage Contract. (2) Changes in the relationship of man and woman.
(3) Laxity in sex relationships. (4) Economic independence.(5) Smaller family (6) Decline of
Religious control. (7)- Separation of non-essential functions. (8) Filocentric family
Q.-9E: What are differences between joint family and nuclear family?

Joint family Nuclear family

Bigger Smaller

In a nuclear family, either one or both

Usually, more than two adults work and share
parents must work to support the
financial responsibility in a joint household.
household.

There are a lot of people, which means that they

There are typically fewer disputes and
have a lot of different opinions, which could cause
personal grudges in nuclear families.
them to argue.

Lesser privacy A greater level of privacy