i

PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL

PRODUCTION OF CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES FROM CACAO POD HUSK

(Theobroma cacao) AND COCONUT HUSK (Cocos nucifera)

PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG

LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL

LUCBAN, QUEZON

SY. 2023-2024

Proponents:

Kristel M. Dean

Asiah Mae G. Deapera

Rhealene C. Dominguez

Kassandra Nicole A. Eleazar

Mourice Kate R. Flores

Vince Daryll M. Nombrefia

Kent Jamir S. Paleracio

Froilan V. Palma

Mrs. Shiela D. Oblea

Research Adviser
 ii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to give their greatest appreciation to all

wonderful individuals who shared their precious time, effort, knowledge, skills,

guidance, and help from the beginning until the completion of this research

report. Greatest acknowledgement is hereby extended first and foremost to our

Lord God Almighty, for sincerely giving his blessings and support throughout

the process to complete this study. The researchers acknowledge with sincerity

and appreciation the following:

To the PANELISTS, for sharing their ideas and giving conclusion for the

improvement of this study.

To their PARENTS, for their unconditional love and support that helped the

researchers to complete this study.

To their FRIENDS, for sharing their ideas and giving effort to reach the

completion of this study.

Specially to my closest friends; KAREL MAE S. VILLA, MEGAN GABRIELLE P.

LAYRON and EUNICE KYLE S. VERANO, who gave different information,

sharing their thoughts and giving advice through difficult times in order to

accomplish this research report.

To NEWTON FAMILY, for their comfort and help in times of trials and struggles.
 iii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Dedication

This research report is wholeheartedly dedicated first and foremost to Almighty

God, for giving his sincerest help and wisdom; our loving parents for giving

efforts, time, and endless love; our sisters and brothers, who never fails to

inspire us and gave their boundless effort in supporting us to keep on

striving in the future to reach our goals; we would like to thank Mrs.

Shiela D. Oblea for always being present in class, for guiding

the researchers from beginning to the end of their research

for the recommendations; Mr. John Bera V. Fermin for

guiding us and giving his utmost support to complete

this study; To Mr. Ronaldo C. Dominguez for

helping them in terms of lending his personal

computer to accomplish the paper works of

this research report; our classmates who

gave us comfort and never-ending care;

our friends, who provided comfort

and advice about this study.

 iv
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Table of Contents

Title Page.................................................................................................... i

Acknowledgement....................................................................................... ii

Dedication.................................................................................................... iii

Table of Contents........................................................................................ iv

Rationale............................................................................................ vi

General & Specific Objective and Hypothesis..................................... viii

Scope and Limitation & Conceptual Framework................................. ix

Related Literature................................................................................ xi

Bibliography......................................................................................... xiii

Materials and Methods........................................................................ xv

Abstract................................................................................................ xvii

Introduction.................................................................................................. xviii

Background of the Study...................................................................... xxi

General & Specific Objective and Hypothesis...................................... xxiii

Significant of the Study......................................................................... xxiv

 v
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Scope and Limitation & Conceptual Framework.................................. xxv

Definition of Terms.............................................................................. xxvi

Review of Literature..................................................................................... xxviii

Review of Related Study...................................................................... xxx

Methodology................................................................................................ xxxiii

Research Design & Data Gatherings................................................... xxxv

Statistical Treatment............................................................................. xxxvi

Results and Discussion............................................................................... xxxix

Summary of Findings............................................................................ xli

Conclusions and Recommendations........................................................... xlii

References........................................................................................... xliii

Appendices........................................................................................... xliv

Computations....................................................................................... xlvi
 vi
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
TITLE: PRODUCTION OF CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES FROM CACAO PEELS

(Theobroma cacao) AND COCONUT HUSK (Cocos nucifera)

Rationale

Some developing countries investigated the potential use of bio-briquettes

derived from waste biomass, including coconut husk (Cocos nucifera), cacao

peels (Theobroma cacao), coffee (Coffea arabica), and banana (Musa

acuminata). Consequently, poorer countries found a way to transform waste

biomass into aesthetically pleasing charcoal briquettes. Despite the fact that

humans depend on fire for survival on a daily basis, people are destroying forests

by harvesting trees for charcoal. Consequently, rather than utilizing wood that

people are chopping, the researchers will create an alternative charcoal using

coconut husk and corn cobs and mold it into briquettes. Furthermore, briquettes

are less expensive than other fossil fuels. Charcoal products such as charcoal

briquettes, which are made from the raw materials for agricultural, metallurgical,

and activated carbon, can be utilized as an alternative fuel source and

demonstrate how the carbonization rate is influenced by the quality of the

charcoal. Utilizing different fruit waste biomass types to produce solid biofuels,

such as bio-briquettes meant for direct burning, is another. The purpose of

making charcoal briquettes is to offer a variety of data for choosing the best and

most practical sources. The objective of the chemical composition was to

condense the components together and serve as significant sustainability

indicators.
 vii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
This study looked into how burning unproven feedstock materials can lead

to issues and low biofuel efficiency, which can have an adverse effect on

combustion equipment or harm the environment. A thorough examination of the

fruit waste biomasses under investigation is necessary for this experiment

(Brunerovà Anna et.al, 2017). The cacao pods husk has pyrolysis, or thermal

decomposition, a process that becomes biomass waste materials into charcoal.

Research indicates that the husk of cacao pods contains hemicellulose,

cellulose, and lignin that are essential ingredients for producing charcoal

briquettes. Although cacao pod husks have not been widely utilized in the

community, there is potential for turning them into bio charcoal briquettes. The

goal of this study is to use cacao peel to make alternative charcoal briquettes

that will enable people to purchase charcoal at a lower cost. The decreasing

availability of firewood, coupled with rising prices of cooking gas in Lucban (or

Philippines), has drawn attention before the need to consider alternative energy

sources for domestic and industrial use in the country. The study was conducted

to evaluate the combustion characteristics (volatile matter ratio, ash ratio, fixed

carbon ratio, calorific value) of briquettes produced from coconut husk and cacao

pod husk. Making charcoal briquettes out of leftover cocoa pod shells is one

approach to discover a substitute energy source that may be created on a home

scale. The research's objective is to characterize cacao pod shells and use them

to make charcoal briquettes. Two criteria were taken into consideration when

designing the research: the amount of starch used (3, 5, and 7%), and the size of

the charcoal.
 viii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
General Objective

This study aims to produce charcoal briquettes from Cacao Peels

(Theobroma cacao) and Coconut Husk (Cocos nucifera).

This study will focus on the use of cacao pod husk and coconut husk to

produce an alternative charcoal briquettes and test the Ignition Time, Burning

Time, and Ash Content.

Specific Objective

Specifically, this study aims to test the following:

1. Ignition Time

2. Burning Time

3. Ash Content

Hypothesis

H0= There is no significant difference in charcoal briquettes cacao pod

husk and coconut husk (Set A, B, and C) in terms of Ignition Time, Burning Time,

and Ash Content.

 ix
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Scope and Limitations

This research study will be conducted in 2023-2024 and it will take place

in Fairview St.Barangay Palalangan Lucban Quezon.The Researcher makes a

sample and tests it before conducting a mass production of charcoal

briquettes.The study investigated the potential of charcoal briquettes produced

from cacao and coconut husk.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Gathering
the materials
Charcoal
Briquettes
Cacao Pod
from Cacao
Husk and Producing
Pod Husk
Coconut the Charcoal
and Coconut
Husk Briquettes
Husk

Data
Analysis
 x
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
FIGURE 1: Production of Charcoal Briquettes from Cacao Pod Husk

(Theobroma cacao) and Coconut Husk (Cocos nucifera)

The Figure 1 shows that the researchers will make use of the

agricultural waste to produce charcoal briquettes. In order to create charcoal

briquettes, the researchers will accumulate and put together the natural waste

(Cacao Pod Husk and Coconut Husk). This study shows that the input of the

researchers will utilize the natural waste to produce charcoal briquettes. In order

to produce charcoal briquettes the researchers will gather and prepare the

natural waste (Cacao Pod Husk and Coconut Husk), as a result charcoal

briquettes will be created. Therefore, the result will show that charcoal briquettes

can be produced from cacao pod husk and coconut husk mixture and this

research report proved that agricultural waste like cacao pod husk and coconut

husk can be used to produce charcoal briquettes. The “Production of Charcoal

Briquettes from Cacao Pod Husk (Theobroma cacao) And Coconut Husk (Cocos

nucifera)” tested the following: Ignition Time, Burning Time, Ash Content,

Moisture Content, and Drop-Shatter Test to see the possibility of agricultural

waste to produce charcoal briquettes compacted with all-purpose flour. This

Figure consist of the Input or the raw materials to be used which is Cacao Pod

Husk (Theobroma cacao) in producing charcoal briquettes, the Process to

produce charcoal briquettes is to gather the materials, producing the charcoal

briquettes, and data analysis, and finally the charcoal briquettes from the cacao

pod husk and coconut husk or the final product.

 xi
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Review of Related Literature

One of the useful biomass waste and renewable energy sources that can

replace fuel wood as an alternative charcoal from agricultural residues such as

corn stalk, rice husk, palm kernel shells, sawdust, cotton stalk, cocoa pod,

groundnut husk, and coconut husk. Hence, using cocoa pods can reduce landfill

disposal volume and reduce pollution by converting this kind of waste into useful

resources as alternative fuel. In this case, using energy sources like cocoa pod,

coconut husk, comprise twigs, and firewood charcoal for domestic activities such

as cooking and grilling in order to save up money instead of using high

maintenance energy sources. This kind of practice can be helpful to our

environment and prevent deforestation; it provides a source of income for many

people mostly in urban areas. The other form of biomass residue which is

abundant and underutilized in the timber industry is sawdust (fine particles). This

study aims to produce and characterize the properties of cocoa pod and sawdust

as an alternative source of fuel. The outcome of this study will prove that cocoa

pod and sawdust mixture can be used as material to produce charcoal briquettes

(Ofori, P., 2020)

The demand for wood fuels in rural and some urban areas of Ghana

keeps on increasing which could lead to forest degradation. The present study

sought to produce and characterize briquettes made from cocoa pod husk and a

mixed sample which consist of a mixture of cocoa pod husk and sawdust as an

alternative source of fuel to reduce the pressure on wood fuels. Simple methods

were used to produce the briquettes for study. The physico-chemical properties
 xii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
of the briquettes were conducted at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science

and Technology (KNUST) where the proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and

calorific value of the briquettes were analyzed and compared to the controlled

sample charcoal produced from “Amire'' species (Terminalia ivorensis) using a

completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications. A survey was also

conducted to determine the usability of the briquettes using purposive sampling

technique where sixty respondents were given samples of the two different kinds

of briquettes produced to use. From the results obtained, it could be concluded

that the briquettes produced from cocoa pod husk and sawdust could help us

reduce the pressure on wood fuels, reduce deforestation and also provide

cleaner fuel for cooking (Ofori P., 2020)

On the other hand, the wastes derived from food production are generated

in elevated volumes annually. In particular, the cocoa industrial wastes represent

a source of usable biomass for the elaboration of new products such as food,

livestock feed, cosmetics, and chemical products, and they can even be used for

the generation of biofuels. The cocoa industrial wastes include cocoa pod husk,

mucilage, and bean shells which contain compounds of interest for different

industries. However, the lignocellulose content of these by-products requires a

pre-treatment to fully utilize them; thus, different biofuels can be produced,

depending on the conversion technology used to obtain the highest biomass

yield. Recent studies reported the use of cocoa industrial wastes for the

production of gaseous biofuels; nevertheless, the most common use reported is

a direct combustion source, which is used to supply the same production plants.
 xiii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Bibliography

Anggraeni, S., Hofifah, S. N., Nandiyanto, A. B. D., & Bilad, M. R. (2021). Effects of

particle size and composition of cassava peels and rice husk on the briquette

performance. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 16(1), 527-542

Athanasia K. T., Konstantinos M., Dimitrios S. T., (2024) Comparison of Modified

Peels: Natural Peels or Peels-Based Activated Carbons for the Removal

of Several Pollutants Found in Wastewaters DOI: 10.3390/c10010022

10(1):22 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378718218

B.V. Bot, P.J. Axaopoulos, O.T. Sosso, E.I. Sakellariou, J.G. Tamba. Economic

analysis of biomass briquettes made from coconut shells, rattan waste,

banana peels and sugarcane bagasse in households cooking Int. J. Energy

Environ. Eng. (2022), pp. 1-9

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235248472400026X#bib9

B.V. Bot, J.G. Tamba, and O.T. Sosso (2022) Assessment of biomass briquette

energy potential from agricultural residues in Cameroon. pp. 1-13

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235248472400026X#bib10

Jamradloudluk J.,Wiriyaumpaiwong S.,(2012)Production and characterization of

coconut husk based charcoal briquettes. https://pho1.tci-

thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/1830
 xiv
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
M. Alruqi, P. Sharma. Biomethane production from the mixture of sugarcane

vinasse, solid waste and spent tea waste: a bayesian approach for

hyperparameter optimization for gaussian process regression. Fermentation,

9 (2023), p. 120

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235248472400026X#bib4

Shinta R. Dewi, Lee A. Stevens, Amy E.P., Rebecca F., Derek J. Irvine, Eleanor R.

Binner, (2022)

Investigating the role of solvent type and microwave selective heating on the

extraction of phenolic compounds from cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) pod

husk, Food and Bioproducts Processing, Volume 134 Pages 210-222,

ISSN 0960-3085, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2022.05.011.

Yuli Y., Dwi A. M., Takdir A., Matlal F., and Rahmiana Z., Contribution of Activated

Carbon Based on Cacao Peels (Theobroma cacao L.) to Improve the Well

Water Quality (COLOR, BOD, and COD) IOP Conference Series: Materials

Science and Engineering, Volume 846, International Conference on Applied

Sciences, Information and Technology 2019 1-3 November 2019, Padang,

Indonesia DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/846/1/012003

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/846/1/012003
 xv
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Materials and Methods

The researchers used the materials, 300g of cacao pod husk and 225g

of coconut husk as the main variables to produce charcoal briquettes. As for the

container to be use are pot pestle and mortar. The materials used in cooking and

preparation are lighter, 12g Tupperware, 10g Tupperware, gas, stove, metal

drum, and phone as a timer. The materials used for compacting the charcoal

briquettes is all-purpose flour and water.

The process of producing charcoal briquettes. First, let the cacao pod

husk dry under the sun for 1-3 days and the coconut husk for 1 day or 24 hours.

Second step is to put the cacao pod husk and coconut husk in different metal

drums and after that carbonized the materials until it is fully pulverized. Third

step, put the pulverized cacao pod husk and coconut husk into the mortar and

use the pestle to refine it until it become powdered charcoal and the fourth step is

to mix the powdered variables withal-purpose flour, then mix it until it is fully

compacted as briquettes, and after that put it in the molder. Then finally, dry it

under the sun until it is fully hardened and compacted as charcoal briquettes.

Figure 1: Mixing Ratio of Materials (Cacao Pod Husk and Coconut Husk)

The study of “Production of Charcoal Briquettes from Cacao Pod Husk

(Theobroma cacao) and Coconut Husk (Cocos nucifera)” was measured

accurately to attain the good ratio proportions of the materials to be mixed and

compacted using the all-purpose flour in the Figure 2.

 xvi
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL

Materials/Content Set A Set B Set C Total Ratio/

Proportion of

Materials

Cacao Pod Husk and 20g:20g 25g:15g 15g:25g 40 grams

Coconut Husk

Figure 2: Binder of the Mixed Materials (by weight)

The all-purpose flour helps to bind the mixture of pulverized Cacao Pod

Husk (Theobroma cacao) and Coconut Husk (Cocos nucifera) to compact the

charcoal briquettes and prevent cracking and breaking up in pieces. It also

affects the weight of molded charcoal briquettes yet it is the important ingredient

to be used to mold the pulverized powder of cacao pod husk and coconut husk.

Binder Set A Set B Set C

All Purpose Flour 70g 70g 70g

 xvii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Abstract

This study entitled “Production of Charcoal Briquettes from Cacao

Pods Husk (Theobroma cacao) and Coconut Husk (Cocos nucifera)” aimed

to produce cheaper and environmental-friendly charcoal briquettes to provide

high quality fuel and determine the ability of cacao pod husk and coconut husk to

produce alternative charcoal briquettes. All-purpose flour was also used in the

mixture of cacao pod husk and coconut husk in order to compact the material

contents that is used to produce alternative charcoal briquettes. The mixture/ratio

with the all-purpose flour proved the ability of cacao pod husk and coconut husk

to produce charcoal briquettes with lesser ash content and cost-effectivity with

characteristics of being eco-friendly. This study revealed that agricultural waste

can be used to create charcoal briquettes and become a convenient resource

like charcoal briquettes. It was observed that the effectiveness of the cacao pod

husk and coconut husk is capable of producing charcoal briquettes. It was

observed that the mixture/ratio of cacao pod husk and coconut husk. This study

proved that agricultural wastes can be useful in the community by using it as a

mixture to create a convenient and cheaper charcoal briquettes to test the ability

of the cacao pod husk and coconut husk and produce alternative charcoal

briquettes compacted using the mixture of the raw materials and all-purpose

flour. Furthermore, the investigation about the ability of agricultural wastes

proves that it can be used as one of the variables in your experiments in order to

come up with other solutions in everyday needs.

 xviii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Introduction

As the population grows, so does industrial activity. Because some of

these industries dispose of their garbage directly, expansion has a negative

impact on society into waterways or sewers without first being managed.

Consequently, the water source may become contaminated due to the excessive

usage of its natural resources (Yuli, Y., 2020). The cacao industry's main waste

product, cacao pod husk (CPH), has beneficial natural antioxidants based on

phenolic compounds. The impact of extraction parameters on maximizing the

bioactive yields of CPH extract was examined in this study. In order to maximize

the total monomeric anthocyanin and antioxidant activity that may be employed

as food additives, the first extraction process was concentrated on achieving a

high total phenolic content. The most important factors in achieving the highest

phenolic yield during extraction were the choice of solvent and particle size.

Based on the Hansen Solubility parameter prediction or the experimental data, it

was determined that 50% (v/v) aqueous ethanol was the best solvent.

Concurrently, the comparison of microwaves (Shinta R. et. al., 2022). Biomass is

a promising alternative for cooking fossil and conventional fuels, offering

numerous benefits such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, providing

sustainable energy solutions, and improving people's quality of life.

Charcoal briquettes are a compacted mass of fuel materials made from a

mix of charcoal fines and binder, and molded under pressure. The production

process of charcoal briquettes from cacao and coconut husk involves

carbonization, where the raw materials are slowly burned in a low-oxygen

 xix
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
environment to remove impurities and increase their carbon content. The

charcoal fines for briquetting can come not only from wood and coconut shell but

also from coconut husk, coffee bean hull, and other non-wood biomass materials.

The first charcoal briquetting machines, studies on the production process, as

well as technology demonstrations were initiated by the Department of Science

and Technology’s Forest Products Research and Development Institute (DOST-

FPRDI) in the Philippines. Compared to plain charcoal, briquettes are less messy

and easier to handle because they are compact and uniform in size. They are

also easy to ignite, burn slowly, give more intense heat per unit volume, and are

almost smokeless when burning. Generally, the discussion about charcoal is

more about solid fuel used in developing economies rather than the material

used in barbeque in a developed country.

According to the study's findings, activated carbon made from cocoa peels

can improve the quality of the process of making activated carbon from cocoa

peels for water filtration is the main topic of this study (Alruqui, M., 2023).

Adsorbent materials that are both economical and environmentally benign can be

produced from a variety of peels, including orange, banana, pomegranate,

avocado, and kiwi. These peels can be utilized as natural adsorbents or to create

activated carbons that can be used to clean wastewater and water. This review

compiles and compares the most recent studies on the efficient modification of

these peels to remove various pollutants found in wastewaters, including anions,

dyes, heavy metals, and pharmaceuticals that are released into the waste and

harm both human and animal health. The activated carbon made from fruit peels
 xx
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
is the main topic of this review. Furthermore, there has been little usage of fruit

peels as adsorbent materials in contemporary literature if they haven't already

been turned into activated carbon (Athanashia K. T., 2024). Biomass resources

are rich, low-cost, pure, and environmentally friendly. Making biomass briquettes

for cooking has several benefits, including improved characteristics, easy

transportation, storage, and combustion. The process involves drying, grinding,

carbonizing, mixing with binder, pressing, and drying the briquettes. Briquetting is

a sustainable, cost-effective, renewable resource that is sulfur-free, making it a

cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative energy solution. It varies in

pore size that was observed on the activated carbon surface according to

morphological examination (Bot, et. al, 2022).

There are both health and environmental issues involved with the use of

charcoal as a fuel. The health issues that arise from using charcoal are the same

problems that arise from the use of other solid fuels. These health issues,

primarily due to the smoke that is produced when the charcoal is burned, include

an increased number of cases of pneumonia, stroke, heart disease, and lung

cancer. Overall, the World Health Organization estimates that there are 4 million

deaths per year that are partially caused by the use of solid fuels, including

charcoal. The shift from using wood to charcoal could have significant

environmental issues due to the process that converts wood to charcoal. One

primary, concerning aspect of charcoal is that it is produced from forest

resources resulting in the extensive use of forest biomass which could represent

a potential issue in regards to environmental harm. Deforestation could be an

 xxi
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
issue if high demand is paired with poor forest management and regulations (Jen

Boynton et.al, 2015). In this research, we will know if cacao and coconut husk

can be used in making charcoal briquettes, and here we will also know if this

research is really effective. It will also help all of us humans and nature.

Briquettes are cheaper than traditional charcoal, and burn hotter and longer. Why

are the researchers doing this, because by cutting trees called deforestation,

researchers helped our nature as well in terms of air pollution, the percentage

that can be obtained by using charcoal briquettes.

Background of the Study

According to Babagana et al. (2012), using hardwood coal for cooking at

home would not end the current energy problem; on the contrary, it will cause

deforestation or desertification, which will make the resource even more scarce.

In order to make charcoal briquettes that can contribute to improving the quality

of charcoal briquettes over hardwood charcoal, this study examines the

characteristics of cacao and coconut husks. Cacao peels, sometimes referred to

as cacao pods or peels, are waste products mostly generated by cacao harvests

that have not been fully used. Tannin is one of the polyphenol chemicals found in

cocoa peels. Coconut fiber has a high lignin content, which makes it incredibly

elastic, strong and resistant. while the cacao. Subsequently, charcoal briquettes

have traditionally been crafted from wood, leading to concerns about

deforestation. Hence, researchers have explored alternatives using agricultural

 xxii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
waste. This study aims to reuse those agricultural waste for charcoal briquette

production, offering benefits such as reduced smoke and ash compared to the

hardwood charcoal briquettes. This study intends to show that briquetting

comprises compressing a material into a solid product that has homogenous

size, shape, and composition, lower bulk density, and reduced mixture content—

properties that allow them to be used as fuel similar to wood and charcoal

(Jamradloedluk J et. al, 2014). The study delves into the innovative production of

charcoal briquettes utilizing cacao and coconut husks, offering a sustainable

alternative for cooking stoves and natural gas. By harnessing agricultural waste

in this manner, the initiative stands to yield multifaceted advantages, spanning

from facilitating the researchers' quest for novel solutions to addressing broader

community needs and bolstering the efficiency and eco-friendliness of other

producers' operations.

This endeavor underscores a commitment to environmental stewardship

and resourcefulness, paving the way for a greener, more resilient future. This

study represents a pivotal step towards empowering individuals to manufacture

charcoal briquettes that not only boast cost-efficiency but also contribute

significantly to the mitigation of deforestation. By providing a viable alternative to

traditional charcoal production methods, it enables communities to safeguard

precious forested areas while simultaneously meeting their energy needs. This

dual impact not only ensures economic sustainability but also fosters

environmental conservation efforts, aligning with global initiatives aimed at

combating climate change and preserving biodiversity for future generations.

 xxiii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL

General Objective

This study aims to produce charcoal briquettes from Cacao Peels

(Theobroma cacao) and Coconut Husk (Cocos nucifera).

This study will focus in the use of cacao and coconut husk to produce

alternative charcoal briquettes and test the product in terms of Ignition Time,

Burning Time, and Ash Content.

Specific Objective

Specifically, this study aims to test the following:

1. Ignition Time

2. Burning Time

3. Ash Content

Hypothesis

H0= There is no significant difference in charcoal briquettes from cacao

pod husk and coconut husk (Set A, B, and C) in terms of Ignition Time, Burning

Time, and Ash Content.

 xxiv
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Significant of the Study

The study entitled "Production of Charcoal Briquettes from Cacao Pod

Husk (Theobroma cacao) and Coconut Husk (Cocos nucifera) benefits the

following:

Urban Area/Country will benefit by having a less-price charcoal

briquettes to use for cooking.

Furthermore, Community will get benefits by using it for thermal

application, cooking, steam generation like boiling, heating purposes, and it is

more affordable to buy instead of gas or any hardwood coal.

Therefore, it will be safer for peoples by recycling wastes that could end

up polluting the Environment; they also burn clearer than firewood and releases

more greenhouse effect

Forest will be safer as it can prevent deforestation by using natural

wastes without cutting trees

For improving their research with the use of the variables and information.

This research study will benefit the Farmers in terms of producing it and get

more income from the charcoal briquettes by selling it as low-cost fuel than the

hardwood coal and use in their daily lives for cooking

Future Researchers can obtain significance in this study. This will also

serve as their reference for future studies and guide

 xxv
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Scope and Limitations

This research study will be conducted in 2023-2024 and it will take place

in Fairview St.Barangay Palalangan Lucban Quezon.The Researcher makes a

sample and tests it before conducting a mass production of charcoal

briquettes.The study investigated the potential of charcoal briquettes produced

from cacao and coconut husk.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Gathering
the materials
Charcoal
Briquettes
Cacao Pod
from Cacao
Husk and Producing
Pod Husk
Coconut the Charcoal
and Coconut
Husk Briquettes
Husk

Data
Analysis
 xxvi
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
FIGURE 1: Production of Charcoal Briquettes from Cacao Pod Husk

(Theobroma cacao) and Coconut Husk (Cocos nucifera)

The Figure 1 shows that the researchers will make use of the

agricultural waste to produce charcoal briquettes. In order to create charcoal

briquettes, the researchers will accumulate and put together the natural waste

(Cacao Pod Husk and Coconut Husk). This study shows that the input of the

researchers will utilize the natural waste to produce charcoal briquettes. In order

to produce charcoal briquettes the researchers will gather and prepare the

natural waste (Cacao Pod Husk and Coconut Husk), as a result charcoal

briquettes will be created. Therefore, the result will show that charcoal briquettes

can be produced from cacao pod husk and coconut husk mixture and this

research report proved that agricultural waste like cacao pod husk and coconut

husk can be used to produce charcoal briquettes. The “Production of Charcoal

Briquettes from Cacao Pod Husk (Theobroma cacao) And Coconut Husk (Cocos

nucifera)” tested the following: Ignition Time, Burning Time, Ash Content,

Moisture Content, and Drop-Shatter Test to see the possibility of agricultural

waste to produce charcoal briquettes compacted with all-purpose flour. This

Figure consist of the Input or the raw materials to be used which is Cacao Pod

Husk (Theobroma cacao) in producing charcoal briquettes, the Process to

produce charcoal briquettes is to gather the materials, producing the charcoal

briquettes, and data analysis, and finally the charcoal briquettes from the cacao

pod husk and coconut husk or the final product.

 xxvii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Definition of Terms

The words that indicate here are defined operational:

All-Purpose Flour

The material used to bind and compact the mixed pulverized cacao pod

husk and coconut husk consisting of same amount and weight applied to each

set to guarantee good and consistent results.

Cacao Pod Husk

This waste material is used to make the charcoal briquettes last longer

during the carbonization process and affects the burning time of each set in

every trial. It has the properties and characteristics in producing charcoal

briquettes, cacao pod husk is a part of cacao which is specifically the peels of the

cacao fruit.

Charcoal Briquettes

The final product/output used to test the ability of cacao pod husk and

coconut husk in term of Ignition Time, Burning Time, and Ash Content.

Coconut Husk

Waste material used to make the charcoal briquettes ignite faster. This

kind of material can affect the good properties and mixture of cacao pod husk

during the carbonization process.

 xxviii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Review of Related Literature

One of the useful biomass waste and renewable energy sources that can

replace fuel wood as an alternative charcoal from agricultural residues such as

corn stalk, rice husk, palm kernel shells, sawdust, cotton stalk, cocoa pod,

groundnut husk, and coconut husk. Hence, using cocoa pods can reduce landfill

disposal volume and reduce pollution by converting this kind of waste into useful

resources as alternative fuel. In this case, using energy sources like cocoa pod,

coconut husk, comprise twigs, and firewood charcoal for domestic activities such

as cooking and grilling in order to save up money instead of using high

maintenance energy sources. This kind of practice can be helpful to our

environment and prevent deforestation; it provides a source of income for many

people mostly in urban areas. The other form of biomass residue which is

abundant and underutilized in the timber industry is sawdust (fine particles). This

study aims to produce and characterize the properties of cocoa pod and sawdust

as an alternative source of fuel. The outcome of this study will prove that cocoa

pod and sawdust mixture can be used as material to produce charcoal briquettes

(Ofori, P., 2020)

The demand for wood fuels in rural and some urban areas of Ghana

keeps on increasing which could lead to forest degradation. The present study

sought to produce and characterize briquettes made from cocoa pod husk and a

mixed sample which consist of a mixture of cocoa pod husk and sawdust as an

alternative source of fuel to reduce the pressure on wood fuels. Simple methods

were used to produce the briquettes for study. The physico-chemical properties
 xxix
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
of the briquettes were conducted at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science

and Technology (KNUST) where the proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and

calorific value of the briquettes were analyzed and compared to the controlled

sample charcoal produced from “Amire'' species (Terminalia ivorensis) using a

completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications. A survey was also

conducted to determine the usability of the briquettes using purposive sampling

technique where sixty respondents were given samples of the two different kinds

of briquettes produced to use. From the results obtained, it could be concluded

that the briquettes produced from cocoa pod husk and sawdust could help us

reduce the pressure on wood fuels, reduce deforestation and also provide

cleaner fuel for cooking (Ofori P., 2020)

On the other hand, the wastes derived from food production are generated

in elevated volumes annually. In particular, the cocoa industrial wastes represent

a source of usable biomass for the elaboration of new products such as food,

livestock feed, cosmetics, and chemical products, and they can even be used for

the generation of biofuels. The cocoa industrial wastes include cocoa pod husk,

mucilage, and bean shells which contain compounds of interest for different

industries. However, the lignocellulose content of these by-products requires a

pre-treatment to fully utilize them; thus, different biofuels can be produced,

depending on the conversion technology used to obtain the highest biomass

yield. Recent studies reported the use of cocoa industrial wastes for the

production of gaseous biofuels; nevertheless, the most common use reported is

a direct combustion source, which is used to supply the same production plants.
 xxx
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Therefore, the objective of this work is to carry out a review on the uses of the

by-products generated from cocoa for the generation of bio-fuel as well as the

technological concept applied for the transformation. In addition, the future trends

indicate the relevance of using catalysts in production to increase reactions in the

conversion of compounds, including the use of statistical models to optimize the

processing variables.

Review of Related Study

The utilization of agricultural wastes from the production of cacao charcoal

briquetting was one way to fully utilize the wastes from cacao and provide a

substitute for wood charcoal. By using cacao charcoal briquettes instead of wood

charcoal, the negative effects of charcoal production were reduced while also

making full use of the wastes from cacao production. To develop cacao as an

environmentally friendly fuel briquettes, some residents stated that they did not

prefer wood charcoal briquettes due to the products' higher price and lack of

market availability. It also offers a more stable burn, keeping a temperature

steady for an extended period of time. An improvement over harmful wood

charcoal. Briquettes from the mixture of cacao (cocoa pod husk) and sawdust as

an alternative source of fuel to reduce pressure on wood fuel. Demand for wood

fuels are keep on increasing which could cause to forest degradation. In other

terms, briquettes produced by cacao could lead to reduce deforestation and also

provide cleaner fuel for cooking.

 xxxi
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
In traditional practice, the cacao processors prefer to collect only the

cacao beans leaving the cacao pods in the field unutilized. This generates foul

odor and becomes inoculum of black pod rot and pathogens etc. Cacao pod husk

has a high heating value, a large amount of dry matter and low ash content can

be utilized as a source of alternative energy. Converting cacao pod husk into fuel

briquettes will add value to the product and at the same time address the

problem of waste disposal. The general objective of the study was to develop

environmentally friendly fuel briquettes sufficient to resist impact during handling

and transport and produce the required heat for domestic cooking and also

industrial application. Cacao is not only about chocolate. Cacao peels, which

make up to 77% of the weight of the cacao pod after processing, are abundant

and can be utilized to make fuel briquettes. Furthermore, traditionally; the cacao

growers simply harvest the beans, discarding the husks, which produce an

unpleasant stench and act as a breeding ground for viruses and black pod rot. To

create environmentally friendly fuel briquettes from the cacao peeks, DA-

PhilMech carried out research.

An improved substitute for harmful wood charcoal. According to the paper

“Utilization of Cacao Pod Husk as Fuel Briquettes” by Andres Tuates, Jeszel

Sulligan, and Ofero Caprino, cacao pod husk has a high heating value. Cocoa

pod husk conversion into fuel briquettes encourages appropriate waste disposal

and/or recycling while adding value to the cocoa production process. The

constant increase in the demand for wood fuels in rural and certain urban areas

raises the possibility of further devastation and degradation of forests. In order to

 xxxii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
provide an alternative fuel source, the respondents used wood fuels for cooking

and heating. If they were prepared to use the new charcoal briquettes made of

waste materials that are always available everywhere, they would have used a

mixture of cocoa pod husk and coconut husk. This study aims to produce and

characterize the alternative charcoal briquette made from cocoa pod husk and

coconut husk sample (Prince O. & Osei A., 2023).

Furthermore, these briquettes exhibit eco-friendly characteristics during

use. The reduced ash simplifies post-use cleanup, making overall experience

more convenient. A notable aspect of cacao and coconut husk briquettes is the

natural aroma they emit when burned. This adds a distinctive flavor profile grilled

or smoked foods, enhancing the culinary experience. The combination of these

natural materials creates a pleasant and enticing fragrance that can be

particularly appealing or outdoor cooking and barbecues. Overall, cacao and

coconut husk charcoal briquettes offer a compelling blend of sustainability,

performance, and culinary enhancement.

 xxxiii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
METHODOLOGY

Materials and Methods

The researchers used the materials, 300g of cacao pod husk and 225g

of coconut husk as the main variables to produce charcoal briquettes. As for the

container to be use are pot pestle and mortar. The materials used in cooking and

preparation are lighter, 12g Tupperware, 10g Tupperware, Disposable Spoon,

gas, stove, metal drum, and phone as a timer. The materials used for compacting

the charcoal briquettes is all-purpose flour and water.

The process of producing charcoal briquettes. First, let the cacao pod

husk dry under the sun for 1-3 days and the coconut husk for 1 day or 24 hours.

Second step is to put the cacao pod husk and coconut husk in different metal

drums and after that carbonized the materials until it is fully pulverized. Third

step, put the pulverized cacao pod husk and coconut husk into the mortar and

use the pestle to refine it until it become powdered charcoal and the fourth step is

to mix the powdered variables with all-purpose flour, then mix it until it is fully

compacted as briquettes, and after that put it in the molder. Then finally, dry it

under the sun until it is fully hardened and compacted as charcoal briquettes.

Figure 1: Mixing Ratio of Materials (Cacao Pod Husk and Coconut Husk)

The study of “Production of Charcoal Briquettes from Cacao Pod Husk

(Theobroma cacao) and Coconut Husk (Cocos nucifera)” was measured

 xxxiv
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
accurately to attain the good ratio proportions of the materials to be mixed and

compacted using the all-purpose flour in the Figure 2.

Materials/Content Set A Set B Set C Total Ratio/

Proportion of

Materials

Cacao Pod Husk and 20g:20g 25g:15g 15g:25g 40 grams

Coconut Husk

Figure 2: Binder of the Mixed Materials (by weight)

The all-purpose flour helps to bind the mixture of pulverized Cacao Pod

Husk (Theobroma cacao) and Coconut Husk (Cocos nucifera) to compact the

charcoal briquettes and prevent cracking and breaking up in pieces. It also

affects the weight of molded charcoal briquettes yet it is the important ingredient

to be used to mold the pulverized powder of cacao pod husk and coconut husk.

Binder Set A Set B Set C

All Purpose Flour 70g 70g 70g

 xxxv
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Research Design

This study entitled “Production of Charcoal Briquettes from Cacao Pod

Husk (Theobroma cacao) and Coconut Husk (Cocos nucifera)” is an applied

research that aims to produce charcoal briquettes and prove the ability of cacao

pod husk and coconut husk in terms of; Ignition Time, Burning Time, and Ash

Content.

On the other hand, experimental research was used to conduct this study

and prove that it can be successful with the use of the instruments and materials

used to produce the charcoal briquettes. The experimental study was employed

in this study for it to aims the potential effect of cacao pod husk and coconut husk

in producing charcoal briquettes.

Data Gathering Procedures

The production of charcoal briquettes from cacao pod husk and coconut

husk proved the ability of the variables used in the study. Hence, after acquiring

the materials the researchers started the process and testing. After producing

the finished product/ charcoal briquettes from cacao pod husk and coconut husk.

The tests were performed at Fairview Street Barangay Kulapi Lucban, Quezon.

The Set A, B, and C were collected during the day of the testing. The samples

came from the carbonization process of the charcoal briquettes that the

researchers tested in their local area Fairview Street Barangay Kulapi Lucban,
 xxxvi
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Quezon where the open space is more convenient during the testing and lessens

the effects during the carbonization process.

Statistical Treatment

This Scientific Investigation utilized the ANOVA One-Way to find the F

value. Therefore, it is also used to measure the difference of the charcoal

briquettes from cacao pod husk and coconut husk in terms of Ignition Time,

Burning Time, and Ash Content.

Ignition Time and Burning Time

𝑀𝑆𝐵
𝐹=
𝑀𝑆𝑊

Where;

F= the f value or the result of comparing the three grouped data

MSB= the mean squared between each trial

MSW= the mean squared within each set of data

 xxxvii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
2 2 2
𝑠𝑤1 + 𝑠𝑤2 + 𝑠𝑤3
𝑀𝑆𝑊 =
𝑑𝑓𝑤

Where;

MSW= the mean squared within each set of data

2
𝑠𝑤1 = total squared value within the Set A

2
𝑠𝑤2 = total squared value within the Set B

2
𝑠𝑤3 = total squared value within the Set C

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = degrees of freedom within each set of data

2 2 2
𝑠𝑏1 + 𝑠𝑏2 + 𝑠𝑏3
𝑀𝑆𝐵 =
𝑑𝑓𝑏

Where;

MSB= the mean squared of each trial

2
𝑠𝑏1 = total squared value between trial 1

2
𝑠𝑏2 = total squared value between trial 2

2
𝑠𝑏3 = total squared value between trial 3

𝑑𝑓𝑏 = degrees of freedom between each trial

 xxxviii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
𝑑𝑓𝑏 = (𝑡 − 1)

Where;

𝑑𝑓𝑏 = degrees of freedom between each trial

t= total value of the mean squared between each trial

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = (𝑛 − 𝑡 − 1)

Where;

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = degrees of freedom within each set

n= total of number of data

t= total value of the mean squared within each set

Ash Content

𝑤2
𝑎= × 100%
𝑤1

Where;

a- Ash Content

w1- weight after the molding process

w2- weight of the ash

100%- total percentage of the ash content

 xxxix
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Results and Discussion

Figure 1: Ignition Time

This Figure 1 consist of the results after testing the Ignition Time of the

charcoal briquettes from cacao pod husk and coconut husk to provide the data of

how long will it take to ignite the Set A, B, and C to see the effects of each

variable in terms of igniting the charcoal briquettes.

TRIALS SET A SET B SET C

(mins:sec) (mins:sec) (mins:sec)

1 3:44 4:59 7:43

2 7:16 5:21 9:33

3 4:03 4:21 3:27

Figure 2: Burning Time

This Figure 2 consist of the results of burning time of the charcoal

briquettes from cacao pod husk and coconut husk to see how long it would last

during the carbonization process and to compare the results of burning time of

Set A, Set B, and Set C.

 xl
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
TRIALS SET A SET B SET C

(hr:mins:sec) (hr:mins:sec) (hr:mins:sec)

1 1:31:35 1:47:44 1:24:26

2 1:10:54 1:44:28 1:06:34

3 1:25:05 1:33:13 1:18:28

Figure 3: Ash Content

This Figure 3 consists of the results/weight of the ash to determine how

much ash it would leave after the carbonization process of the charcoal

briquettes from cacao pod husk and coconut husk and to measure the residue or

the ash content of Set A, Set B, and Set C.

TRIALS SET A SET B SET C

1 1 gram 1 gram 5 grams

2 4 grams 5 grams 1 gram

3 4 grams 5 grams 1 gram

 xli
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Summary of Findings

After analyzing the data gathered for the study, the researchers came up

with the following findings:

1. Based on the table presented in burning time, there are three trials and

each trial have three sets called Set A, B, and C and each set have

different ratio that is 20:20 for Set A, 25:15 for Set B, and 15:25 for Set

C. In trial 1 Set A lasted for 1:31:35, Set B lasted for 1:47:44 and Set C

lasted for 1:24:26. In trial 2 Set A lasted for 1:10:54, Set B lasted for

1:44:28, and Set C lasted for 1:18:28.

2. Based on the table presented in Ignition Time; it also used three trials

that have three sets in each. In trial 1 Set A ignites for about 3:44, Set

B ignites for 4:59 and Set C that ignites 7:43. In trial 2 Set A ignites for

about 7:16, Set B ignites for 5:21 and Set C ignites for 9:33. In trial 3

Set A ignites for about 4:03, Set B ignites in 4:21, and Set C that

ignites in 3:27. Therefore, Set B have the shortest time to ignite.

3. Based on the table presented in Ash Content, there are three trials and

each trial have three sets like in the other table. In trial 1 Set A and B

the ash content weighted 1 gram while Set C weighted 5 grams. In trial

2, Set A weighted for about 4 grams while Set B weighted 5 grams and

the Set C ash content consist of 1 gram. In trial 3 Set A weighted 4

grams while Set B weighted for about 5 grams and Set C weighted 1

gram.
 xlii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Conclusions

Based on the interpretation of data gathered the researchers concluded to

the following ideas:

1. Different ratio of materials can affect the result of the testing.

2. The consistency of fire while carbonating the charcoal briquettes can

affect the time duration or results of the Ignition and Burning Time.

3. The amount of sunlight to determine how many days will it take for the

charcoal briquettes to dry.

4. The consistency of wind should be applied to each of the testing.

5. The amount of binder can affect the weight of the final product.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusion, the researchers came up with the

following conclusions:

1. Maintain the consistency of ratio of each material to be mixed.

2. Fairly use the amount of fire while carbonizing the charcoal briquettes.

3. Determine the season to produce charcoal briquettes.

4. Maintain the consistency of wind to differentiate the results evenly.

5. Find out the fixed amount of binder to be applied to measure the

weight of charcoal briquettes properly.

 xliii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
References

Tuates Jr, Suligan, Capariño 2018 Development and optimization of cacao pod

husk as fuel briquettesphilmech.gov.ph

Ofori, P. and Akoto, O. (2020) Production and Characterisation of Briquettes from

Carbonised Cocoa Pod Husk and Sawdust Open Access Library Journal, 7:

e6029 https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106029

J. Agric. Food Eng., 1 (2022), pp. 2716-6236

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235248472400026X#bib48

P.D.C. Sanchez, M.M.T. Aspe, K.N. Sindol An overview on the production of bio-

briquettes from agricultural wastes: methods, processes, and quality

Muhammad-wiharto,mohammad-wijaya (n.d.) Characterization of Cacao Fruit Skin For

Active Carbon and Green Chemicals. State of University of Makassar Vol 2, Iss: 1,

pp 66-71 https://typeset.io/papers/characteristics-of-the-liquid-chemical-properties-

of-cocoa-3cx ft7 lec

Suprapti, Suprapti, and Sitti Ramlah. "Utilization of Cacao Pods Shells for Charcoal

Briquettes." Biopropal Industri, vol. 4, no. 2, 2013, doi:10.36974/jbi.v4i2.814.

Prince O., (n.d.) Osei Akoto Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and

Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=98551
 xliv
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Appendices

Materials

Mortar and Pestle

Disposable Spoon
 xlv
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Preparation of Materials
 xlvi
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
METHODS OF PRODUCING CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES
 xlvii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Computations

IGNITION TIME

SSB (A) A SSB (B) B SSB (C) C

13.69 3.7 25 5.0 59.29 7.7

53.29 7.3 28.09 5.3 90.25 9.5

16 4.0 18.49 4.3 20.25 4.5

𝑠𝑤1 = 15 𝑠𝑤2 = 14.6 𝑠𝑤3 = 21.7 𝑠𝑏1 = 97.98 𝑠𝑏1 = 171.63 𝑠𝑏3 = 54.74

𝑑𝑓𝑏 = (𝑡 − 1)

𝑑𝑓𝑏 = (51.3 − 1)

𝑑𝑓𝑏 = 50.3

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = (𝑛 − 𝑡 − 1)

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = (9 − 51.3 − 1)

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = (−42.3 − 1)

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = −43.3
 xlviii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
2 2 2
𝑠𝑤1 + 𝑠𝑤2 + 𝑠𝑤3
𝑀𝑆𝑊 =
𝑑𝑓𝑤

82.98 + 71.58 + 169.79

𝑀𝑆𝑊 =
−43.3

324.25
𝑀𝑆𝑊 =
−43.3

𝑀𝑆𝑊 = −7.49

2 2 2
𝑠𝑏1 + 𝑠𝑏2 + 𝑠𝑏3
𝑀𝑆𝐵 =
𝑑𝑓𝑏

97.98 + 171.63 + 54.74

𝑀𝑆𝐵 =
50.3

324.35
𝑀𝑆𝐵 =
50.3

𝑀𝑆𝐵 = 6.45

𝑀𝑆𝐵
𝐹=
𝑀𝑆𝑊

6.45
𝐹=
−7.49

𝐹 = −0.86
 xlix
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
BURNING TIME

SSB (A) A SSB (B) B SSB (C) C

13.69 3.7 25 5.0 59.29 7.7

53.29 7.3 28.09 5.3 90.25 9.5

16 4.0 18.49 4.3 20.25 4.5

𝑠𝑤1 = 20659.38 𝑠𝑤2 = 31205.78 𝑠𝑤3 = 17721.17 𝑠𝑏1 = 27113.21

𝑠𝑏2 = 20382.62 𝑠𝑏3 = 22090.5

𝑑𝑓𝑏 = (𝑡 − 1)

𝑑𝑓𝑏 = (69586.33 − 1)

𝑑𝑓𝑏 = 69585.33

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = (𝑛 − 𝑡 − 1)

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = (9 − 69586.33 − 1)

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = (−69577.33 − 1)

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = −69578.33
 l
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL

2 2 2
𝑠𝑤1 + 𝑠𝑤2 + 𝑠𝑤3
𝑀𝑆𝑊 =
𝑑𝑓𝑤

20659.38 + 31205.78 + 17721.17

𝑀𝑆𝑊 =
−43.3

69586.33
𝑀𝑆𝑊 =
−69585.33

𝑀𝑆𝑊 = −1.00

2 2 2
𝑠𝑏1 + 𝑠𝑏2 + 𝑠𝑏3
𝑀𝑆𝐵 =
𝑑𝑓𝑏

27113.21 + 20382.62 + 22090.5

𝑀𝑆𝐵 =
69585.33

69586.33
𝑀𝑆𝐵 =
69585.33

𝑀𝑆𝐵 = 1.00

𝑀𝑆𝐵
𝐹=
𝑀𝑆𝑊

1.00
𝐹=
−1.00

𝐹 = −1
 li
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
ASH CONTENT

COMPUTED PERCENTAGE OF ASH CONTENT

TRIAL 1

Ash Content of Set A

𝑤2
𝑎= × 100%
𝑤1

1𝑔
𝑎= × 100%
120𝑔

𝑎 = 0.01 × 100%

𝑎 = 0.01%

Ash Content of Set B:

𝑤2
𝑎= × 100%
𝑤1

1𝑔
𝑎= × 100%
120𝑔

𝑎 = 0.01 × 100%

𝑎 = 0.01%

Ash Content of Set C:

𝑤2
𝑎= × 100%
𝑤1

5𝑔
𝑎= × 100%
120𝑔

𝑎 = 0.04 × 100%
 lii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
𝑎 = 0.04

TRIAL 2

Ash Content of Set A

𝑤2
𝑎= × 100%
𝑤1

4𝑔
𝑎= × 100%
120𝑔

𝑎 = 0.03 × 100%

𝑎 = 0.03%

Ash Content of Set B:

𝑤2
𝑎= × 100%
𝑤1

5𝑔
𝑎= × 100%
120𝑔

𝑎 = 0.04 × 100%

𝑎 = 0.04%

Ash Content of Set C:

𝑤2
𝑎= × 100%
𝑤1

1𝑔
𝑎= × 100%
120𝑔

𝑎 = 0.01 × 100%

𝑎 = 0.01%
 liii
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
TRIAL 3

Ash Content of Set A

𝑤2
𝑎= × 100%
𝑤1

4𝑔
𝑎= × 100%
120𝑔

𝑎 = 0.03 × 100%

𝑎 = 0.03%

Ash Content of Set B:

𝑤2
𝑎= × 100%
𝑤1

5𝑔
𝑎= × 100%
120𝑔

𝑎 = 0.04 × 100%

𝑎 = 0.04%

Ash Content of Set C:

𝑤2
𝑎= × 100%
𝑤1

1𝑔
𝑎= × 100%
120𝑔

𝑎 = 0.01 × 100%

𝑎 = 0.0 1%
 liv
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
ASH CONTENT DATA TABLE

SSB (A) A SSB (B) B SSB (C) C

0.0001 0.01 0.01 0.0001 0.0004 0.04

0.0003 0.03 0.04 0.0004 0.0001 0.01

0.0003 0.03 0.04 0.0004 0.0001 0.01

𝑠𝑤1 = 0.0007 𝑠𝑤2 = 0.0009 𝑠𝑤3 = 0.0006 𝑠𝑏1 = 0.0006 𝑠𝑏1 = 0.0008 𝑠𝑏3 = 0.0008

𝑑𝑓𝑏 = (𝑡 − 1)

𝑑𝑓𝑏 = (0.0022 − 1)

𝑑𝑓𝑏 = 0.0021

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = (𝑛 − 𝑡 − 1)

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = (9 − 0.0022 − 1)

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = (8.10 − 1)

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = 7.10
 lv
PAARALANG SEKUNDARYA NG LUCBAN INTEGRATED SCHOOL
2 2 2
𝑠𝑤1 + 𝑠𝑤2 + 𝑠𝑤3
𝑀𝑆𝑊 =
𝑑𝑓𝑤

0.0007 + 0.0009 + 0.0006

𝑀𝑆𝑊 =
7.10

0.0022
𝑀𝑆𝑊 =
7.10

𝑀𝑆𝑊 = 3.10

2 2 2
𝑠𝑏1 + 𝑠𝑏2 + 𝑠𝑏3
𝑀𝑆𝐵 =
𝑑𝑓𝑏

0.0006 + 0.0008 + 0.0008

𝑀𝑆𝐵 =
0.0021

0.0022
𝑀𝑆𝐵 =
0.0021

𝑀𝑆𝐵 = 1.05

𝑀𝑆𝐵
𝐹=
𝑀𝑆𝑊

1.05
𝐹=
3.10

𝐹 = 0.34