Part 107 Certification

Exam Details
● Multiple choice, 65 questions, 2 hrs, 70% to pass

Terms
● UA: unmanned aircraft
● CG: center of gravity
● ATC: air traffic control
● PIC: remote pilot in command
● SFC: surface
● MOA: military operation area
● NOTAM: notice to airmen (to check: 1800WXBrief.com)
● TAF: terminal aerodrome forecast
● FAA: Federal Aviation Adminstration

Laws
● Minimum UAS = 0.55lbs (incl. battery, etc.) - drone under this weight no registration
● Maximum UAS = 55lbs
● Age to register = 13yrs
● Age to test = 14yrs
● Age to receive cert = 16yrs
● Months valid (pilot renewal) = 24 months
● Drone registration renewal = 3 yrs
● Ft agl = 400 ft (above ground/building)
● Ft below clouds = 500ft
● Ft horizontal clouds = 2000ft
● Ft horizontal wires = 2000ft
● Max speed = 100mph
● SM visibility = 3mi
● Hrs w/out alcohol = 8
● Blood alcohol level = 0.04
● Yrs after narcotic consumption = 1yr
● Flying sunrise/sunset = 30 mins (to fly before/past this time need anti collision lights)
● Min damage for FAA report = $500
● Days to file FAA report = 10
● Part 107 applies to small civil UAS operations

Airspace Rules
● Class A
○ 18,000ft MSL and Up
● Class B {blue line}
○ SFC to 10,000 MSL
○ Big airports (JFK, LAX, Boston, etc.)
 ● Class C {purple line}
○ SFC to 4,000 MSL
○ Small regional airports
● Class D {blue dotted line}
○ SFC to 2,500 MSL
○ Really small airport
● Class G is uncontrolled airspace
● Remote pilots need prior authorization from ATC to enter A-D airspace, request 90 days
in advance
● Categories of airspace: regulatory and nonregulatory

Radio Frequencies
EX: 127.25*C ATIS 126.35
Number to the LEFT of C is the CTAF frequency
● CTAF: pilot announcement
● Multicom: reserved frequency for pilots 122.9/122.95 (small airports will use this)
● Unicom: similar to CTAF
● AWOS: weather broadcast
alpha bravo charlie delta echo foxtrot golf hotel india juliett kilo lima mike november oscar papa
quebec romeo sierra tango uniform victor whisky xray yankee zulu

Airplane Physics
● Stalls: occurs when the plane exceeds critical angle of attack
○ Angle of attack: angle between wing line of chord and relative wind
● Load factor: increases during turns
○ The excess load an airplane wing can carry depends on airplane speed
● Center of gravity: will cause the plane to lean forward/back
● Scanning the sky should be done in 2-3s increments

Sectional Charts
● [25]: ceiling of class D airspace (ex: 2500ft MSL)
● 70/30: upper limit of airspace ‘ceiling’ (7000ft), lower limit of airspace ‘floor’ (3000ft)
○ #’s are always above sea level MSL
● 513: altitude above sea level (513ft)
(233): altitude above ground level (ex: 233ft)
● Flag: indicates visual flight rules or checkpoint, there might be planes in this area
● Parachute: indicates skydiving in the area
● Blue highlighted routes: indicate frequent flight paths

Prohibited Areas/Restricted Areas

● Shown by blue line/enclosed circle

Military Operations Areas

 ● Shown by purple area line/enclosed circle

Military Training Routes

● MTR/IR/VFR
● Ex: IRV07 or VR on a map

Latitude/Longitude
● LAT = like climbing a ladder, increases going north
● LONG = increases going west
● True north: follows the equator
● Magnetic north: follows the north pole
● each big line is 10min (6 lines to go bt degrees ex: 48 -> 47), each little line is 1min

Airports
● Not allowed to fly drones near airports

Runway Patterns
● Planes take off and land into the wind
● Planes usually take off and circle to the left
● Helicopters tends to take off to the right

Runway Markings
● 0: north (ex: runway 0 is north)
● 90: east (ex: runway 9 is east)
● 180: south (ex: runway 18 is south)
● 270: west (ex: runway 27 is west)

METAR

METAR K.GGG 16.1753.Z

Type of report airport code (ex:ggg airport) day of month (16), time of day (5:53pm), zulu utc time

AUTO 140.21.G26KT
Auto generated wind speed: 140 SE 21 knots gusting to 26 knots

BKN008 18/17 VRB05KT 3/4SM

broken clouds at 800ft temp C, dew point C variable winds ¾ miles of visibility

+TSRA BR
(heavy) thunderstorms/rain showers, mist

TAF
TAF KPIR 11.1130.Z
Type of report airport code (ex:pir airport) day of month (11), time of day (11:30am), zulu utc time

1112/1212 TEMPO 1112/1114 55M BR

How long TAF is valid for temp conditions cond for period of time visibility mist

FM1500 160.15G25KT P6SM

From 3pm wind speed: 160SE 15 knots gusting to 25 knots visibility

SCT040 BKN250 FM120000

desc of clouds: scatt clouds at 4000ft broken clouds at 2500ft from month december 12pm till midnight

TSRA
thunderstorms/rain
***if you read it in a METAR or TAF report it must be TRUE, if you hear it MAGNETIC**

Weather

● Density altitude
○ High density altitude = thin air = low performance
○ Low density altitude = dense air = high performance
○ ^T vD
● Fronts
○ Weather fronts divide weather patterns
○ Zone between different humidity, wind, and temperature
● Wind Shear
○ Any drastic changes in wind speed
○ Can happen at any altitude
● Structural Icing
○ Ice forming on wings of a plane
○ Critical in-flight condition for structural icing formation is visible moisture
● Frost Formation
○ Surface temp is below freezing, air temp is below freezing
 ● Fog
○ fog forms when warm moist air moves over cold ground
○ advection = wind; fog/cloud/dew formation happen when water vapor is absent
● Thunderstorms/ Lightning
○ squal line thunderstorms are the most dangerous; lightning dangerous
○ thunderstorms are associated with wind-shear turbulence
● sea level standard pressure = 29.92 Hg; sea level standard temp = 15C
● standard briefings for complete weather overview

TS Lifecycle
1. Cumulus: clouds that could become thunderclouds
2. Matre: most dangerous/intense, participation starting to fall from cloud base
3. Dissipating: starts to disappear, downdrafts

Humidity
● Less visibility, more efficient

Unstable Air
● Good visibility, showery (hot & humid); rough air

Turbulence
● Unstable air/showery

Stable Air
● Poor visibility, stable rain; fog, smooth air

Nimbus = big heavy clouds

Stratus = high wispy clouds

Team
● VO: visual observer
● PIC: remote pilot in command
● CRM: crew research management
○ Needs to be integrate in all phases of the operation for flying
 ○ The effective use of all available resources such as human, hardware,
information, prior to and during flight to ensure the successful outcome of the
operation

Risk
● Hyperventilation: breathing too much
● Alcohol: bad
● Hangover: still under the influence of alcohol
Scanning the Sky
● Systematically focus on a different segment of the sky for short intervals

Bad Traits
● Macho
● Impulsivity
● Invulnerability
● Resignation
● anti-authority

More Notes
● Additional information can be found in the Chart Supplements U.S.
● Additional information for active MOAs can be found in the special US airspace ph #
● Temporary flight restrictions (TFR) is used to protect public dignitaries
● Remote pilots are not allowed to fly aircrafts through a restricted area
● Runway hold positions indicate the entrance to runway from taxiway
● Runway hold position markings are used to hold aircrafts short of the runway
● Majority of midair collision accidents happen during clear days

(Refer to FAA-CT-8080-2H, Figure 26, area 2) While monitoring the Cooperstown CTAF you hear an aircraft announce that
they are midfield left downwind to RWY 13. Where would the aircraft be relative to the runway?

A) The aircraft is East.

B) The aircraft is South.
C) The aircraft is West.

The runway is facing 130degrees, SE. So now that you know which direction the runway is facing, you need to
know what “midfield left downwind” means.Every active runway at an airport has a traffic pattern. Think of this as an
imaginary “roadway” in the sky, shaped like a box around the runway. There are several different “legs” of the traffic pattern
and each traffic pattern will be “right traffic” or “left traffic”. Left traffic patterns mean that the aircraft will be making a series of
left turns as it flies through the traffic pattern.In a traffic pattern, the “downwind” leg is parallel with the runway. If the aircraft
is “midfield” on the the left downwind leg, that means they are about halfway through the downwind leg in a left traffic
pattern.
(Refer to FAA-CT-8080-2H, Figure 22, area 1) What is the floor of controlled airspace around Sandpoint airport?

A) 700 feet MSL

B) 2,831 feet MSL
C) 2,131 feet AGL

we will need to know what type of airspace surrounds the airport, along with the elevation of the airport. We can see that a shaded
magenta ring surrounds Sandpoint airport, meaning that Class E airspace begins (the floor) is at 700 feet AGL. We can
look at the answer choices and see that 700 feet AGL is not an option, so we will need to figure out what that altitude is in
MSL at Sandpoint airport.

If you look at the airport information on the sectional chart for Sandpoint, you’ll see that the airfield is at 2,131 feet MSL. If
we add 700 feet to this, we will get 2,831 feet MSL.