CHAPTER – 2

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

q
Acids Bases
– Sour in taste – Bitter in taste
– Change the blue litmus to red – Change red litmus to blue
– eg. HydrochloricAcid HCl eg. Sodium hydroxide NaOH
– SulphuricAcid H2SO4 Potassium hydroxide KOH
– Nitric Acid HNO3 Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
– Acetic Acid CH3 COOH – Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH

q Some Naturally occuring acids

Vinegar – Acetic Acid
Orange – Citric Acid
Lemon – Citric Acid
Tamarind – Tartaric Acid
Tomato – Oxalic Acid
Sour milk (Curd) – Lactic Acid
Ant and Nettle sting – Methanoic Acid
q Acid – Base Indicators – Indicate the presence of an acid or base in a
solution.
q Litmus solution – It is a natural indicator. It is a purple day extracted from
Lichens. Other examples are Red Cabbage and coloured petals of Petunia
and turmeric.
q Olfactory indicators – Show odour changes in acidic or basic media. eg.
onion and clove.

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q Acid – Base Indicators

S. No. Name of the Colour Change Colour Change

Indicator with Acid with Base
A. Blue litmus solution To red No change
B. Red litmus solution No change To blue
C. Turmeric No change To red
D. Methyl orange To red To yellow
E. Phenolphthalein (colourless) No change To pink
q Dilute Acid : Contains only a small amounts of acid and a large amount of
water.
q Concentrated Acid : A concentrated acid contains a large amount of acid and
a small amount of water.
q Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
(Refer activity 2.3 on page No. 19 of NCERT Book)
2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2

2HNO3 + Zn → Zn (NO3)2 + H2

H2SO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + H2

2CH3COOH + Zn → (CH3COO)2 Zn + H2

q Pop test : When a buring candle is brought near a test tube containing
hydrogen gas it burns with a ‘Pop’ sound. This test is conducted for examining
the presence of hydrogen gas.
q Base + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 + H2
Sodium Zincate
Note – Such reactions are not possible with all the metals.

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q Action of Acids with metal Carbonates and metal bicarbonates
Metal Carbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbondioxide + Water
Na2CO3 + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(s)
Metal bicarbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbondioxide + Water
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + CO2 + H2O
q Lime water Test : On passing the CO2 gas evolved through lime water,
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
Lime water White precipitate
On passing excess CO2 the following reaction takes place
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) → Ca(HCO3)2 aq
Soluble in water
q Neutralisation Reactions
Base + Acid → Salt + Water

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Neutralisation reacton takes place when the effect of a base is nullified by
an acid and vice versa to give salt and water.
q Reactions of metal oxides with acids
Metal Oxide + Acid → Salt + Water
CuO + HCl → CuCl2 + H2O
Copperoxide Hydrochloric Copper + Water
acid chloride

Note : Appearance of blue green colour of the solution because of formation

of CuCl2.
Metallic oxides are said to be basic oxides because they give salt and water
on reacting with acids.
q Reaction of Non Metallic Oxide with Base
Non metallic oxide + Base → Salt + Water
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
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 Note : Non Metallic oxides are said to be acidic in nature because on reacting
with a base they produce Salt and Water.
q All acidic solutions conduct electricity
Refer activity 2.3 on page 22 of NCERT Book
– Glowing of bulb indicates that there is a flow of electric current through the
solution.
q Acids or bases in a Water Solution
Acids produce H+ions in the presence of water
HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl–
H3O+ – Hydronium ion.
– H+ion cannot exist alone. It exists as H+(aq) or (H3O+) hydronium ion.
H+ + H2O → H3O+
– Bases provide (OH–) ions in the presence of water
H2O
NaOH(s)  + –
→ Na (aq) + OH (aq)
H2O
KOH(s)  + –
→ K (aq) + OH (aq)
H2O
Mg(OH)2(s)  2+ –
→ Mg (aq) + 2OH (aq)
q Alkalis
All bases donot dissolve in water. An alkali is a base that dissolves in water.
Common alkalis are
NaOH Sodium hydroxide
KOH Potassium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide
NH4OH : Ammonium hydroxide
Note : All alkalis are bases but all bases are not alkalis.
q Precaution must be taken while mixing acid or base with water. The acid must
always be added to water with constant stirring as it is highly exothermic
reaction.

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 When an acid or a base is mixed with water they become dilute. This results
in the decrease in the concentration of H3O+ or OH– per unit volume in acids
and bases respectively.
q Strength of an Acid or Base
Strength of acids and bases depends on the no. of H+ions and OH–ions
produced respectively.
With the help of a universal indicator we can find the strength of an acid or
base. This indicator is called PH scale.
pH = Potenz in German means power.
This scale measures from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline) 7 Neutral
(water in Neutral).
pH paper : Is a paper which is used for measuring PH.
Variation of PH

S. PH Colour of the Nature of H+ion O H –i o n

No. Value pH Paper Solution Conc. Conc.
1. 0 Dark red Highly acidic very high very low
2. 4 Orange or yellow Acidic high low
3. 7: Green Neutral Equal Equal
4. 10 Bluish green or blue Alkaline low high
5. 14 Dark blue or voilet highly basic very low very high
– strong Acids give rise to more H+ions.
eg. HCl, H2SO4 and HNO3.
– Weak Acids give rise to less H+ ions
eg. CH3 COOH, H2 CO3 (Carbonic acid)
– Strong Bases – Strong bases give rise to more OH– ions.
eg. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2
– Weak Bases : give rise to less OH– ions.
eg. NH4OH

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q More about Salts
Salts and their derivation

S. No. Name of Salt Formula Derived from Derived from

1. Potassium Sulphate K2 SO4 KOH H2SO4
2. Sodium Sulphate Na2SO4 NaOH H2SO4
3. Sodium Chloride NaCl NaOH HCl
4. Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl NH4OH HCl
Note : NaCl and Na2 SO4 belong to the family of sodium salts as they have
the same radicals. Similarly NaCl and KCl belong to the family of chloride
salts.
Importance of pH in our daily life
q Importance of pH in our digestive system – pH level of our body regulates
our digestive system. In case of indigestion our stomach produces acid in a
very large quantity because of which we feel pain and irritation in our stomach.
To get relief from this pain antacids are used. These antacids neutralises the
excess acid and we get relief.
q pH of Acid Rain : When pH of rain water is less than 5.6 it is called Acid
Rain.When this acidic rain flows into rivers these also get acidic, which causes
a threat to the survival of aquatic life.
q pH of Soil : Plants require a specific range of pH for their healthy growth. If
pH of soil of any particular place is less or more than normal than the farmers
add suitable fertilizers to it.
q Our body functions between the range of 7.0 to 7.8 living organisms can
survive only in the narrow range of pH change.
q Tooth decay and pH : Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by
degredation of sugar and food particles remaining in the mouth. Using toothpaste
which is generally basic can neutralise the excess acid and prevent tooth
decay.
q Bee sting or Nettle sting contains methanoic acid which causes pain and
irritation. When we use a weak base like baking soda on it we get relief.

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 Neutral Salts : Strong Acid + Strong base
pH value is 7
eg. NaCl, CaSO4
Acidic Salts : Strong Acid + weak base
pH value is less than 7
eq. NH4Cl, NH4 NO3
Basic Salts : Strong base + weak acid
pH value is more than 7
eg. CaCO3, CH3 COONa
q Chemicals from Common Salt
– Sodium chloride is called as common salt used in our food. It is derived
from seawater.
– Rock Salt is the brown coloured large crystals. This s mined like coal.
– Common Salt is an important raw material for many materials of daily use
such as.
Sodium hydroxide
Washing Soda
Bleaching Power.
q Sodium Hydroxide
Preparation : Prepared by the method called chlor-alkali
Called chlor-alkali because we get chlorine and a base in this.
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)

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q Bleaching Power
Preparation → Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
calcium hydroxide chlorine bleaching water
power

uses in textile, factories and laundry, used as disinfectant

q Baking Soda
– Common name – Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate

Preparation NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 → NH4Cl + NaHCO3

Sodium Water Carbon Ammonia Sodium hydrogen
chloride dioxide carbonate

On heating NaHCO3 produces :

NaHCO3 Heat →
 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
CO2 produced causes dough to rise and make cakes, pastries spongy.
Uses : In household, ingredients of antacid
In making baking power
On heating baking powder produces
NaHCO3 + H+ → CO2 + H2O + Sodium Salt of acid
q Washing Soda
Preparation : Recrystallisation of sodium carbonate
Na2CO3 + 10H2O Heat →
 Na2CO3. 10H2O
Uses
– Used in glass, soap and paper industry
– Cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
– Removal of hardness of water.
– Manufacturere of borax.
q Water of crystallisation : Fixed no. of water molecules present in one formula
unit of a salt.
– On heating copper sulphate crystals water droplets appear, formula of
hydrated copper sulphate – CuSO4. 5H2O.

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 – gypsum also contains water of crystallisation.
– Formula of gypsum – CaSO4.2H2O
– On heating gypsum at 373k it becomes CaSO4.½H2O is plaster of
paris.
– Plaster of Paris is used as plaster for fractured bones.
– When plaster of Paris is mixed with water it changes to gypsum.
CaSO4.½ H2O + 1½ H2O → CaSO4.2H2O
Uses of plaster of Paris : Making toys, decorative material and smooth surfaces.

EXERCISE
(Question Bank)
Very Short answer type questions (1 mark)
1. Two solution have pH number 4 and 9 respectively which solution has more
H+ ion concentration?
2. Why should cured and sour substances not be kept in brass and copper
vessel?
3. What is the chemical name of bleaching powder?
4. Write down the molecular formula for one strong and one weak acid.
5. Explain why plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture proof container?
6. Name the gas evolved when dil. sulphuric acid acts on sodium carbonate.
7. What is the use of common salt in soap industry?
8. What do you observe when a buring candle is brought near the testube
containing hydrogen gas?
9. Name the indicator used to measure pH values over the whole range.
10. Write the formula of washing powder.
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks)
1. Write two physical properties of an acid
2. Complete the reaction CaCO3 + H2O → name the products formed.
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3. A testtube contains solution of NaOH and Phenolphthalein. Why the colour
of the solution changes when HCl in added to it.
4. Why metallic oxides are called as basic oxides and non-metallic oxides are
calles acidic oxides?
5. In a beakey a solution of HCl is poured and an electric circuit containing bulb
is placed systemtically. What happens to the bulb and why?
What will happen if HCl is repplaced by NaOH?
6, Identify the type of reaction
H X + M OH → MX + HOH
7. Why all bases are not alkalies but all alkalis are bases?
Answer the following questions in detail (3 marks)
1. What is acid rain? What is its pH? How does it affect the aquatic life?
2. What happens when a metal react with dilute hydrochloric acid? Write the
reaction
© NaOH + Zn → _________ + _________.
3. What happens when an acid or a base is added to the water? Why does the
beaker appear warm? Why should we always add acid or base to the water
and not water to the acid or base.
Answer the following question in detail (5 marks)
1. (a) Write down five products formed with the help of common salt on
industrial level.
(b) Write down the chemical name of these compounds and one use of
each of them.
2. Fill in the blanks
a) Acid + ______ → Salt + Water..
b) _____ + Metal → Salt + _____
c) Metal carbonate / metal hydrogen carbonate + acid
 → _______ + _______ + _______.

d) NaOH 
H2 O
→ _______ + _______
e) Na2CO3 + 10H2O → _______.

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 Acids, Bases and Salts

NCERT SOLUTIONS

Acids, Bases and Salts

 Acids, Bases and Salts

IN CHAPTER QUESTIONS

PART - 1

Q1. You have been provided with three test tubes. One of them contains distilled water and the other
two contain an acidic solution and a basic solution, respectively. If you are given only red litmus
paper, how will you identify the contents of each test tube?

Ans. Step 1- Let us mark the three test tubes as A, B and C.

Step 2- A drop of the solution in test tube A is put on the red litmus paper. Same is repeated
with solution B and C. If either of them changes colour to blue, then it is basic. Therefore, out
of three, one is eliminated.
Step 3- Out of the remaining two, any one can be acidic or neutral. Now a drop of basic solution
is mixed with a drop of each of the remaining two solutions separately and then a drop of each
solution is put on the red litmus paper.
If the colour of red litmus turns blue, then that solution is neutral and if there is no change in
colour, then that solution is acidic.
This is because acidic and basic solutions neutralise each other. Hence, we can distinguish between
the three types of solutions.

PART - 2

Q1. Why should curd and sour substances not be kept in brass and copper vessels?

Ans. Curd and other sour substances contain acids. Therefore, when they are kept in brass and copper
vessels, the metal reacts with the acid to liberate hydrogen gas and harmful products, thereby
spoiling the food.

Q2. Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate with an example.
How will you test for the presence of this gas ?

Ans. Hydrogen gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal.
Example,
Step 1- Take few pieces of zinc granules and add 5 ml of dilute H2SO4.
Step 2 - Shake it and pass the gas produced into a soap solution. The bubbles are formed in
the soap solution. These soap bubbles contain hydrogen gas.
Test for hydrogen gas. The evolved hydrogen gas can be tested by bringing a burning candle
near the soap bubbles. Hydrogen gas burns with a pop sound. (Refer Active Chemistry 2.3).

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 Acids, Bases and Salts

Q3. Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence.
The gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction
if one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride.
Ans. CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(s) + CO2(g) + H2O()

PART - 3

Q1. Why do HCl, HNO3, etc., show acidic character in aqueous solution while solutions of compounds
like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character?
Ans. HCl and HNO3 dissociate in the presence of water to form hydrogen or hydronium ions.
Although aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol contain hydrogen, these cannot dissociate
in water to form hydrogen or hydronium ions. Hence, they do not show acidic character.

Q2. Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity?

Ans. Acids dissociate in aqueous solutions to form ions. These ions are responsible for conduction
of electricity.

Q3. Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper ?
Ans. Acid do not ionize in the absence of water to liberate H3O+ which shows acidic nature of a solution.
Therefore, dry HCl gas does not change the colour of the dry litmus paper because it does not
contain H+ ions.

Q4. While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water and not
water to the acid ?
Ans. It is recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to the acid because the
process of dissolving an acid in water is exothermic.If water is added to acid, since large amount
of acid is present, a large amount of heat is generated, therefore, the mixture splashes out and
causes burns.

Q5. How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) affected when a solution of an acid is diluted
?
Ans. When an acid is diluted, the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) per unit volume decreases.
This means that the strength of the acid decreases.

Q6. How is the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) affected when excess base is dissolved in
a solution of sodium hydroxide ?
Ans. The concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) would increase when excess base is dissolved in
a solution of sodium hydroxide.

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 Acids, Bases and Salts

PART - 4

Q1. You have two solutions, A and B. The pH of solution A is 6 and pH of solution B is 8.
Which solution has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of this is acidic and which one
is basic ?

Ans. A pH value of less than 7 indicates an acidic solution, while greater than 7 indicates a basic
solution. Therefore, the solution with pH = 6 is acidic and has more hydrogen ion concentration
than the solution of pH = 8 which is basic.

Q2. What effect does the concentration of H+(aq) ions have on the nature of the solution ?

Ans. If the concentration of H+ ions is increased, the solution becomes more acidic. If the concentration
of H+ ions is decreased, the solution becomes less acidic or more basic.

Q3. Do basic solutions also have H+(aq) ions ? If yes, then why are these basic ?

Ans. Yes, a basic solution also has H+(aq) ions. However, their concentration is less as compared to
the concentration of OH–(aq) ions which makes the solution basic.

Q4. Under what soil condition do you think a farmer would treat the soil of his fields with quick
lime (calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or chalk (calcium carbonate) ?

Ans. If the soil is acidic and improper for cultivation, then to neutralise the acidity of the soil, the
farmer would treat the soil with quick lime or slaked lime or chalk.

PART - 5

Q1. What is the common name of the compound CaOCl2?

Ans. The common name of the compound CaOCl2 is bleaching powder.

Q2. Name the substance which on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching powder ?

Ans. Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], on treatment with chlorine, yields bleaching powder.

Q3. Name the sodium compound which is used for softening hard water.

Ans. Washing soda (Na2CO3.10 H2O) is used for softening hard water.

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 Acids, Bases and Salts

Q4. What will happen if a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated? Give the equation of
the reaction involved.

Ans. When a solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate is heated, sodium carbonate and water are formed
with the evolution of carbon dioxide gas.
2NaHCO3 

 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 
Sodium Sodium Water Carbon
hydrogen carbonate carbonat dioxide

Q5. Write an equation to show the reaction between Plaster of Paris and water.

Ans. The chemical equation for the reaction of Plaster of Paris and water can be represented as-
1 1
CaSO4. H2O + 1 H2O  CaSO4.2H2O
2 2
Plaster of Paris Water Gypsum

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 Acids, Bases and Salts

EXERCISES
Q1. A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be
(1) 1 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 10

Ans. (4) 10

Q2. A solution reacts with crushed egg-shells to give a gas that turns lime-water milky. The solution
contains
(1) NaCl (2) HCl (3) LiCl (4) KCl

Ans. (2) HCl

Q3. 10 mL of a solution of NaOH is found to be completely neutralised by 8 mL of a given solution

of HCl. If we take 20 mL of the same solution of NaOH, the amount of HCl solution (the same
solution as before) required to neutralise it will be
(1) 4 mL (2) 8mL (3) 12 mL (4) 16 mL

Ans. (4) 16 mL

Q4. Which one of the following types of medicines is used for treating indigestion ?
(1) Antibiotic (2) Analgesic (3) Antacid (4) Antiseptic

Ans. (3) Antacid

Q5. Write word equations and then balanced equations for the reaction taking place when -
(1) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules.
(2) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon.
(3) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder.
(4) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron filings.

Ans. (1) Sulphuric acid + Zinc  Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen

H2SO4 (aq) + Zn(s)  ZnSO4 (aq) + H2(g)

(2) Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium  Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen

2HCl (aq) + Mg (s)  MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

(3)Sulphuric acid + Aluminium  Aluminium sulphate + Hydrogen

3H2SO4 (aq) + 2Al(s)  Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 3H2(g)

(4)Hydrochloric acid + Iron  Ferric chloride + Hydrogen

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 Acids, Bases and Salts

Q6. Compounds such as alcohols and glucose also contain hydrogen but are not categorized as acids.
Describe an activity to prove it.

Ans. Acitivity
Step 1- Two nails are fitted on a cork and are kept it in a 100 mL beaker.
Step 2- The nails are then connected to the two terminals of a 6-volt battery through a bulb and
a switch.
Step 3- Some dilute HCl is poured in the beaker and the current is switched on.
Step 4- The same experiment is then performed with glucose solution and alcohol solution.

Observations : It will be observed that the bulb glows in the HCl solution and does not glow
in the glucose solution and alcohol solution.
Result : HCl dissociates into H+ (aq) and Cl–(aq) ions. These ions conduct electricity in the solution
which results in the glowing of the bulb. On the other hand, the glucose solution and alcohol
solution does not dissociate into ions. Therefore, it does not conduct electricity. (Refer Active
Chemistry 3.8 for figure).
Conclusion : From this activity, it can be concluded that all acids contain hydrogen but not all
compounds containing hydrogen are acids.
That is why, though alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen, they are not categorised as acids.

Q7. Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rain water does?

Ans. Distilled water is a pure form of water and is devoid of any ionic species. Therefore, it does
not conduct electricity. Rain water, being an impure form of water, contains many ionic species
such as acids and therefore it conducts electricity.

Q8. Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water ?

Ans. Acids do not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water because there are no hydrogen ions
available for conduction of electricity. Acids dissociate in the presence of water to give free
hydrogen ions. It is the hydrogen ions that are responsible for the acidic behaviour.

Q9. Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with universal indicator showed pH as 4, 1, 11,
7 and 9, respectively. Which solution is
(a) neutral ? (b) strongly alkaline ?
(c) strongly acidic ? (d) weakly acidic ?
(e) weakly alkaline ?
Arrange the pH in increasing order of hydrogen-ion concentration.

Ans. (a) Neutral – Solution D with pH 7

(b) Strongly alkaline – Solution C with pH 11
(c) Strongly acidic – Solution B with pH 1
(d) Weakly acidic – Solution A with pH 4
(e) Weakly alkaline – Solution E with pH 9
The pH can be arranged in the increasing order of the concentration of hydrogen ions as -
11 < 9 < 7 < 4 < 1.

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 Acids, Bases and Salts

Q10. Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes A and B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
is added to test tube A, while acetic acid (CH3COOH) is added to test tube B. In which test
tube will the fizzing occur more vigorously and why ?

Ans. The fizzing will occur strongly in test tube A, in which hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added. This
is because HCl is a stronger acid than CH3COOH and therefore produces hydrogen gas at a faster
speed due to which fizzing occurs.

Q11. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change as it turns into curd ? Explain
your answer.

Ans. The pH of milk is 6. As it changes to curd, the pH will reduce because curd is acidic in nature.
The acids present in it decrease the pH.

Q12. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
(a)Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(b)Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?

Ans. (a) The milkman shifts the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline because in
alkaline condition, milk does not set as curd easily.
(b) Since this milk is slightly basic than usual milk, acids produced to set the curd are
neutralised by the base. Therefore, it takes a longer time for the curd to set.

Q13. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container. Explain why?

Ans. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container because Plaster of Paris, a powdery
mass, absorbs water (moisture) to form a hard solid known as gypsum.

Q14. What is a neutralisation reaction ? Give two examples.

Ans. A reaction in which an acid and base react with each other to give a salt and water is termed
as neutralisation reaction. In this reaction, energy is evolved in the form of heat.
For example,
(i) NaOH +HCl  NaCl + H2O
Base Acid Salt Water
(ii) During indigestion (caused due to the production of excess of hydrochloric acid in the
stomach),we administer an antacid (generally milk of magnesia, Mg(OH)2 which is basic
in nature). The antacid neutralises the excess of acids and thus gives relief from
indigestion.
Mg(OH)2 + 2 HCl  MgCl2 + 2H2O

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 Acids, Bases and Salts

Q15. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda.

Ans. Two important uses of washing soda and baking soda are as follows-
(1) Washing soda-
(a) It is used in glass, soap, and paper industries.
(b) It is used to remove permanent hardness of water.
(2) Baking soda-
(a) It is used as baking powder. Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and a mild
acid known as tartaric acid. When it is heated or mixed in water, it releases CO2 gas
that makes bread or cake fluffy.
(b)It is used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.

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NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA SAMITI, NOIDA
E-CONTENT FOR CLASS X SCIENCE
ACIDS BASES AND SALTS (CHAPTER-2)

Prepared by
LIGI V VASUDEVAN, PGT CHEMISTRY
JNV IDUKK
INTRODUCTION
• ACIDS are
- Sour in taste
-Changes the blue colour of blue litmus to red
- Common examples are citric acid, lactic acid
• BASES are
- bitter in taste & soapy to touch
- Changes the blue colour of red litmus to blue
- Common examples are washing soda, baking soda
 INDICATORS AND THEIR COLOUR CHANGES
SAMPLE SOLUTIONS LITMUS PHENOPHTHALEIN METHYL ORANGE

ACID BLUE TO RED COLOURLESS RED

BASE RED TO BLUE PINK YELLOW

OLFACTORY INDICATORS
• Substances whose odour (smell) changes in acidic or basic media are
called olfactory indicators. The common olfactory indicators are
onion cloves vanilla
How do acids and bases react with metals?
• Acids react with metals to form salt and hydrogen gas
• ACID + METAL--------------🡪 SALT + HYDROGEN
• eg:- Zn + 2HCl---------------🡪 ZnCl2 + H2
• Fe + H2SO4-----------🡪 FeSO4 +H2
• Bases also react with metal to form hydrogen
• BASE + METAL--------------🡪 SALT + HYDROGEN
• Eg:- 2NaOH +Zn -------------🡪 Na2ZnO2 +H2
Hydrogen gas burns with a pop sound
How do metal carbonates & bicarbonates react
with acids?
Metal carbonates/Bicarbonates + Acid -----🡪Salt +Water+ Carbon dioxide
• Na2CO3 + 2HCl----------------🡪 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
• NaHCO3 +HCl-----------------🡪 NaCl + H2O + CO2
Detection of carbon dioxide
•Carbon dioxide turns lime water milky due to the formation
of calcium carbonate
•Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) -------------🡪 CaCO3 (s) +H2O (l)
•On passing excess carbon dioxide the milkiness disappear
due to the formation of soluble calcium bicarbonate
•CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g) -------------🡪 Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)
(soluble in water)
How do acids and bases react with each other?

•The effect of an acid is nullified by a base and vice versa

•Acid and base react with each other to form salt and water.
This reaction is called NEUTRALISATION REACTION
•Example NaOH + HCl -------------🡪 NaCl + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 ------------🡪 CaSO4 + 2 H2O
General Equation:- Acid + Base ------------🡪 Salt + Water
 Reaction of metallic oxide with acids
• Why do we use tamarind, lemon etc to clean metal vessels?
• The coating over the metal vessels (metal oxide) reacts with acid
and get dissolved forming salt and water
• METAL OXIDE + ACID --------🡪 SALT + WATER
• This is similar to reaction of a base
• So metal oxides are BASIC in nature.
Reaction of non metallic oxides with base
• Non metal oxide react with base to form salt and water just like
acids
• Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) -------------🡪 CaCO3 (s) +H2O (l)
base non metaloxide salt water
This reaction shows that non metallic oxides are ACIDIC in
nature.
What do all acids have in common?
• All acids produce hydrogen ion (H+) or hydronium ion(H3O+)in
the presence of water
• HCl +H2O --------------🡪 Cl- + H3O+
• H+/H3O+ is responsible for the electrical conductivity of acidic
solutions
• Some substances do not form H+ ions in aqueous solution even
though element hydrogen is present in the compound. They are
not acids. Example glucose, alcohol etc
What have all bases in common?
•All bases produce hydroxide ion (OH-) or hydroxyl ion in
the presence of water
•NaOH(aq) --------------🡪 OH-(aq) + Na+(aq)
•Ca(OH)2(aq) ------------🡪 2OH-(aq) +Ca2+ (aq)
•Hydroxide ion is responsible for the electrical
conductivity of basic solutions
 Dilution of acids
• Acid must be slowly added to water, Since dilution is
exothermic
• Otherwise it may cause burns due to acid splash and can cause
breakage of glass containers.
• Mixing an acid or base with water decreases the
concentration of ions per unit volume
 pH scale
• It is a scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
Importance of pH in everyday life
• Our body pH is 7.0 to 7.8
• When rain water has pH less than 5.6 it is acid rain
• Plants need a specific pH for the growth. So we need to check
the soil pH
• Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid. Too much of acid
causes
indigestion, pain and irritation.
To get rid of the acidity bases called ANTACIDS are used.eg:-milk
of magnesia.
• Tooth enamel (calcium phosphate) gets corroded by acids
produced by bacteria which acts on food particles remaining in
our mouth.
• To prevent this we use tooth pastes which are basic
• Bees and ants inject acid when they sting. So a mild base on
the stung area gives relief. You can use soap / tooth paste/
baking soda
Some naturally occurring acids
 pH of salts
• An acid is formed by the reaction between an acid and a base.
• The pH of salts depends on the strength of original acid and base
 Chemicals from common salt
• Common salt( Sodium chloride) is an important raw material for
substances like sodium hydroxide, bleaching powder, baking
soda, washing soda and many more
 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
• When electricity is passed through brine(aq solution of sodium chloride), chlorine
is formed at cathode and hydrogen at anode. NaOH is formed near cathode. This
process is known as CHLOR-ALKALI process.
• 2NaCl +2H2O----------------🡪 2NaOH + H2+Cl2
Bleaching powder- calcium oxy chloride- CaOCl2
• It is formed by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime
• Ca(OH) 2 + Cl2--------------🡪 CaOCl2 + H2O
• Uses
• For bleaching cotton, linen, wood pulp
• As an oxidizing agent
• For disinfecting
 Baking soda- sodium bicarbonate- NaHCO3
• Preparation : NaCl +H2O +NH3 +CO2----------------🡪NH4Cl +
NaHCO3
• On heating it produces large amount of carbon dioxide
2NaHCO3 ----------------------🡪 Na2CO3 +H2O +CO2
Uses
For making baking powder (a mixture of baking soda + edible acid
like tartaric acid) .
 Uses of baking soda
• Cake becomes soft and spongy because baking powder when
mixed in water or heated the following reaction takes place
• NaHCO3 + H+----------------🡪 CO2 +H2O + sodium salt of acid
• As an antacid against acidity
• In fire extinguishers
Washing soda- Sodium carbonate deca hydrate
Na2CO3 10 H2O
• Preparation : Recrystallisation of sodium carbonate
• Na2CO3 +10 H2O -------------🡪 Na2CO310H2O
• Uses
• In the manufacture of glass, cement, soap, borax
• Cleaning agent
• For removing permanent hardness of water
 Are the crystals of salts really dry?
• Water of crystallization is fixed number of water molecules
chemically attached to each formula unit of a salt

• Blue Copper sulphate crystals (CuSO4.5H2O)

seems to be dry contain water of crystallization
On heating, water is removed and it turns
White.(CuSO4)
Plaster of Paris- Calcium sulphate hemihydrate
- CaSO4 1/2H2O or (CaSO4) 2H2O
• On mixing with water Plaster of Paris becomes hard solid mass
of gypsum
• CaSO4 1/2H2O +3/2H2O-------------🡪 CaSO42H2O (gypsum)
• One molecule of water is shared by 2 water molecules in POP
• Uses
• In making toys, decoration materials
• In making surface smooth
• For immobilizing broken bone
IMPORTANT LINKS FOR RESOURCE
MATERIALS
• https://diksha.gov.in/play/collection/do_31289123241963520013913?cont
entType=TextBook
• https://bit.ly/term-10science
• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class-10-chemistry-india/x87
dd2847d57ee419:in-in-acids-bases-and-salts
• https://nroer.gov.in/55ab34ff81fccb4f1d806025/file/56cd6fbb81fccb5422
3d832f
• https://nroer.gov.in/55ab34ff81fccb4f1d806025/page/58870b46472d4a1f
ef810919
• https://nroer.gov.in/55ab34ff81fccb4f1d806025/file/5886e852472d4a1fef
80f9cd
Assignment questions
• Define olfactory indicators. Give example
• What is neutralization reaction?
• Why do acids not show acidic behavior in the absence of water?
• Why does distilled water not conduct electricity where as rain water
does?
• What do you mean by water of crystallization?
• Write the equation of “chlor alkali “ process.
• What happens when a solution of sodium bicarbonate is heated?
Thank you
 CHAPTER-2
ACIDS,BASES AND SALTS
 Common Acids :

1.Acetic acid
1.Hydrochloric
(CH3COOH) acid (HCl)
2.Citric acid 2.Sulphuric acid
(C6H8O7) (H2SO4)
3.Formic acid 3.Nitric acid
(HCOOH) (HNO3)
TYPES OF INDICATORS:
(i) Indicators showing different colours in acidic and
basic medium------

(a)Natural indicator-Litmus paper, Red

cabbage

(b)Synthetic indicator-Phenolphthalein,Methyl
orange
(ii) Indicators giving different odours in acidic and
basic medium(olfactory indicator)--onion,clove oil
 REACTION OF METALS WITH ACIDS AND BASES:

(a) WITH ACIDS------

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

(a) WITH BASES-----

Zn+NaOH→Na2ZnO2+H2
 REACTION OF ACIDCS AND BASES WITH
METAL CARBONATES AND BICARBONATES:

Na2CO3+ 2HCl------->2NaCl+ H2O+CO2

NaHCO3 +HCl-------->NaCl+H2O +CO2

TEST FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

Ca(OH)2 +CO2------->CaCO3 +H2O
lime water (insoluble in water)

CaCO3 +H2O+CO2------> Ca(HCO3)2

(soluble in water)
4

REACTION OF ACIDS WITH BASES:

Neutrilisation reaction :

NaOH +HCl---->NaCl +H2O

H2SO4 +2NaOH---->Na2SO4 +2H2O

Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids :
Al2O3 +6HCl---> AlCl3 +3H2O

ZnO+ H2SO4--->ZnSO4 +H2O

Reaction of non-metallic
oxide with base :

CO2 +Ca(OH)2---> CaCO3 +H2O

 Chemicals fron Common Salt

NaOH
(Caustic
Soda)
CaOCl2
(Bleaching NaHCO3
powder) (Baking Soda) Na2CO3.10H2O
(Washing Soda)
 Preparation
NaOH

2NaCl +2H2O 2NaOH+H +Cl 2 2

CHLOR-ALKALI PROCESS
(Electrolysis of Brine Solution)
 Uses Of NaOH Uses of Chlorine
1. soaps and detergent 1. As disinfectant
2.paper industry 2. making PVC(polymer)
3.as a laboratory reagent 3. CFC,DDT

Uses of H2
1.hydrogenation of vegetable oil
2.As a fuel
 Preparation

Bleaching Powder

chemical name: Calcium oxy chloride

Ca(OH)2 +Cl2 CaOCl2+H2O

Uses of Bleaching Powder

1. Textile industry for bleaching cotton

and linen
2. Paper industry for bleaching wood
pulp
3. As a disinfectant
 Preparation
NaHCO3 -SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE
[BAKING SODA]

2NaCl +2H2O+NH3+CO2-------🡪 NaHCO3+NH Cl

4
USES OF BAKING SODA
● 1.AS ANTACIDS AGAINST ACIDITY
● 2. IN SODA ACID FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
● 3. ALONG WITH EDIBLE ACIDS LIKE TARTARIC ACID IT IS USED FOR
MAKING BREADS AND CAKES SOFT AND SPONGY

● ON HEATING 2NaHCO3-----------🡪 Na2CO3 +H2O +CO2

WASHING SODA Na2CO310H2O
SODIUM CARBONATE DECA HYDRATE
● PREPARED BY RECRYSTALLISATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE
● Na2CO3 +10H2O-----------------------🡪 Na2CO310H2O
● USES
● 1.AS CLEANING AGENT IN DOMESTIC PURPOSES
● 2. IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS, SOAP,BORAX
&PAPER
● 3.FOR REMOVING PERMANENT HARDNESS
WATER OF CRYSTALLISATION

● WATER OF CRYSTALLISATION IS STHE FIXED NUMBER OF WATER

MOLECULES CHEMICALLY ATTACHED TO EACH FORMULA UNIT OF
A SALT IN ITS CRYSTALLINE FORM
● EXAMPLE BLUE COLOURED COPPER SULPHATE CRYSTALS
● GREEN COLOURED FERROUS SULPHATE CRYSTALS
PLASTER OF PARIS –CaSO4 ½ H2O
Calcium sulphate hemi hydrate
● TWO CALCIUM SULPHATE UNITS SHARE ONE MOLECULE OF
WATER
● IT IS PREPARED BY HEATING GYPSUM

● IT BECOMES HARD ON CONTACT WITH MOISTURE

● CaSO4 ½ H2O +1 ½ H2O ---------------🡪 CaSO4 2 H2O

USES
● FOR MAKING DECORATIVE ITEMS, TOYS

● MAKING SURFACE SMOOTH

● SUPPORTING FRACTURED BONES

THANK YOU