Chemistry Unit 1

Slides Table of
Contents
1.1 - What is Matter?
1.2 - Atomic Models
1.3 - Mass Number
1.4 - Isotopes - LAB 1
1.5 - Atomic Mass
1.6 - Electrons & Bohr
1.7 - Electron Mini Labs
CHEMISTRY?
CLASSROOM EXPECTATIONS

Respect
yourself,
everybody,
and
everything
in this
room.
CLASSROOM EXPECTATIONS
Follow proper
Lab Safety
Procedures
whenever you
are in our
classroom.
This Year in Chemistry...

1. Atoms, Elements, and Electrons

2. The Periodic Table of Elements

3. Chemical Bonding and Moles

4. Matter and Change

5. Mixtures and Solutions

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------

6. Chemical Reactions and

Stoichiometry
7. Kinetics and Equilibrium

8. Acids, Bases, and Salts

9. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

10.Organic Chemistry

11.Nuclear Chemistry
 MATERIALS
Folder - brought
to class
EVERYDAY
Binder - can be
left in the lab
Pen/Pencil
EVERYDAY
Seriously...
LABS
 Major Assessments: tests, lab reports,
projects (40%)
Homework & Grades Minor Assessments: quizzes, lab write
ups (20%)
Classwork: warm ups, exit tickets,
notebook checks, participation (25%)
Homework: worksheets; weekly Castle
Learning (15%)

Some assignments will have a percentage

grade. Others will have a
✔+ (100%) ✔+/✔ (90%) ✔
(80%) ✔/✔- (70%) ✔- (65%)
X (55%)
CHEMISTRY?
Menti Meter
Chemistry is the study of
Matter
Matter is anything that hasMASS
________ and
SPACE
takes up __________.

In other words, Chemistry is the study

of...
A substance made
of ONE type of
ATOM.
ATOMS?
On the back of your warm up,
draw what comes to mind when
you hear the word “Atom.”
ATO
MS?
ATOMS
The building
blocks of all
forms of matter.
History of the Atom Gallery Walk

Your mission:
Travel through history
with your infographic
to explore and record
the key developments
in Atomic Theory.
Pause...
HOMEWORK

Signed Syllabus
Due By the end of next week
“Why Should I Study Chemistry?”
Reading and Questions
Due Next Class
Get folder and binder as soon as
possible
Let me know if you need one
 Answer Exit Ticket question
on the back of your warm up
sheet.
BEFORE YOU LEAVE
CLEAN UP YOUR
AREA
a.
Turn in
a. What is matter? Worksheet
b. What is one thing Warm Up/Exit
you are excited to Ticket
learn about in Collect a
chemistry? Homework
assignment from
bin on your way
out.
 BOHR MODEL WAVE-
MECHANICAL
MODEL

Dalton revived a forgotten ancient Thomson discovered electrons using Rutherford, Thomson’s student, Bohr wanted to know more about the Shrödinger, along with other
Greek theory about atoms. The word the Cathode Ray Tube experiment, discovered the nucleus of the atom. electrons and discovered that the physicists and chemists, discovered
atom comes from the Greek word for which he won the Nobel Prize. He He used an experiment called the each electron moves around the the electrons do not follow strict
“atomos” meaning indivisible, first named this atomic model the plum Gold Foil Experiment in which he nucleus in a specific path with a paths around the nucleus. They
theorized by Greek philosopher pudding model after a common fired positively charged alpha specific amount of energy. He discovered that it is impossible to
Democritus in 4000 BCE. Dalton’s dessert (sort of like a round chocolate particles into a very thin sheet of described this electron path like know the exact location of an
atomic theory describes atoms as chip cookie) where the cake was gold foil. Surprisingly some particles planets orbiting the sun. He electron at a specific time. Instead,
hard indivisible spheres that could positively-charged “stuff” and the were deflected or even bounced back discovered that if you add energy to they defined an orbital as the most
combine to form different compounds raisins were negatively charged leading Rutherford to discover that the electrons, they can jump to a likely location of electron. These
based on the original atoms. particles, which he called electrons. most of the atom is empty space with shell further away from the nucleus orbitals look like clouds around the
an extremely dense and positively for a short amount of time. nucleus, so another common name is
charged center. the Electron Cloud Model.
ATOMS
The building
blocks of all
forms of matter.
Democritus – 400 BCE
Thought that if you kept
breaking something
down into smaller
pieces, you would end
up with the same
INDIVISIBLE particles
called “ATOMOS.”
Had no experimental
evidence to support his
claim, only his thoughts
and ideas.
Aristotle – 346 BCE
Thought that everything was
made of a mixture of 4 main
elements:
Earth, Air, Fire, & Water
Was a very popular philosopher
who tutored Alexander the
Great
His ideas were thought to be
true for over 2000 years,
because some sort of evidence
could be seen at the time,
unlike Democritus.
(we can see his elements)
John Dalton – 1800 ACE
Billiard Ball Model
1.

1. All matter is made of Atoms.

2. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
3. Compounds are formed by a combination of
two or more different kinds of atoms.
4. A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of
atoms
5. Atoms cannot be created nor destroyed.
John Dalton essentially confirmed
Democritus’ theory from 2000 years
before.
 Dalton revived a forgotten ancient
Greek theory about atoms. The
word atom comes from the Greek
word “atomos” meaning
indivisible, first theorized by Greek
philosopher Democritus in 4000
BCE. Dalton’s atomic theory
describes atoms as hard indivisible
spheres that could combine to
form different compounds based on
the original atoms.

ATOMS EXIST!

Atoms are not the

smallest particles
JJ Thomson – 1906 ACE
Cathode Ray Tube
experiment
Discovered
ELECTRONS
Negatively charged
particles in an
atom.
Plum Pudding
Model
 Plum Pudding Model
The majority of the
atom is positively
charged, with
negative particles
scattered throughout.
 Thomson discovered electrons
using the Cathode Ray Tube
experiment, for which he won the
Nobel Prize. He named this atomic
model the plum pudding model
after a common dessert (sort of
like a round chocolate chip cookie)
where the cake was positively-
charged “stuff” and the raisins
were negatively charged particles,
which he called electrons.
ELECTRONS EXIST!
And they have a negative
charge.

Didn’t know what the

Positive “Stuff” was.
Subatomic Particles

Electron
-

e
Symbol: Symbol: Symbol:

Location: Location: Location:

Charge: Charge: Charge: -1

Mass: Mass: Mass:

Subatomic Particles

Electron
-

e
Symbol: Symbol: Symbol:

Location: Location: Location:

Charge: Charge: Charge:

-1

Mass: Mass: Mass:

Ernst Rutherford – 1908 ACE
Rutherford was a
student of JJ
Thomson who
wanted to confirm
the structure of the
atom.
Using his famous
Gold Foil
Experiment, he
disproved the plum
pudding model, and
discovered the
NUCLEUS of the
atom.
http://highered.mheducation.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf:
:480::550::/sites/dl/free/0072402334/89595/rutherfords_experime
nt.swf::Rutherfords%20experiment
Ernst Rutherford
Planetary Model
Based on the results
of his experiment,
Rutherford concluded
that there is a DENSE,
POSITIVELY CHARGED
center to the atom,
which he called the
Nucleus.
The rest of the atom
was mostly empty
space with tiny
electrons flying
around.
discovered the nucleus of the atom. He
used an experiment called the Gold Foil
Experiment in which he fired positively
charged alpha particles into a very thin
sheet of gold foil. Surprisingly some
particles were deflected or even
bounced back leading Rutherford to
discover that most of the atom is
empty space with an extremely dense
and positively charged center.

THE NUCLEUS
EXISTS! It is where most
of the mass is and has a
positive charge.

Didn’t know exactly what

the electrons were doing
OUTSIDE of the nucleus.
 Subatomic Particles

Nucleus Electron

Dense, e
-

positively Symbol: Symbol: Symbol:

charged Orbiting the
Location: Location: nucleus
Location:
center of
-1
an atom Charge: Charge: Charge:
(The rest is
mostly empty
Mass: Mass: Mass:
space)
More Rutherford & Chadwick
 Subatomic Particles

Nucleus Proton Neutron Electron

Dense,
0

Symbol: +
Symbol: n Symbol:
p
-

e
positively
Location:nucleus Location: nucleus Location:
Orbiting the
charged
nucleus
center of Charge: +1 Charge: 0 Charge:
-1
an atom
(The rest is Mass: Mass: Mass:
mostly empty
1amu 1amu 0amu
space)
Neils Bohr – 1920 ACE
As a physicists, Bohr set
out to study more about Bohr Model
the electrons. In doing
so he discovered that
electrons are not all
created equal.
Bohr discovered that
electrons each have a
specific amount of
energy and depending
on that energy they
would be found
ORBITING in SHELLS
around the nucleus.
 Bohr wanted to know more about
the electrons and discovered that
the each electron moves around
the nucleus in a specific path with
a specific amount of energy. He
BOHR MODEL described this electron path like
planets orbiting the sun. He
discovered that if you add energy
to the electrons, they can jump to
a shell further away from the
nucleus for a short amount of time.
Electrons orbit the
nucleus in different
energy levels/shells.

They don’t orbit in perfect

circular pathways
 Wave Mechanical Model Late
1920s → Today
After Bohr’s
discovery, there has
been extensive
research on the
located and activity
of electrons in
individual atoms.
Many scientists
contributed to the
Wave Mechanical
Model also known as
the Electron Cloud
Model.
 Wave Mechanical Model
The main difference from Bohr’s Model is that electrons
are not found orbiting in exact paths around the nucleus,
but rather in Orbitals - areas around the nucleus
where electrons are most likely to be found.
 Shrödinger, along with other
physicists and chemists, discovered
the electrons do not follow strict
paths around the nucleus. They
discovered that it is impossible to
know the exact location of an
WAVE
electron at a specific time. Instead,
MECHANICAL they defined an orbital as the most
MODEL likely location of electron. These
orbitals look like clouds around the
nucleus, so another common name is
the Electron Cloud Model.

ORBITALS are where

electrons are MOST
LIKELY to be found.

We can’t predict exactly

where electrons will be.
 BOHR MODEL WAVE-
MECHANICAL
MODEL

Dalton revived a forgotten ancient Thomson discovered electrons using Rutherford, Thomson’s student, Bohr wanted to know more about the Shrödinger, along with other
Greek theory about atoms. The word the Cathode Ray Tube experiment, discovered the nucleus of the atom. electrons and discovered that the physicists and chemists, discovered
atom comes from the Greek word for which he won the Nobel Prize. He He used an experiment called the each electron moves around the the electrons do not follow strict
“atomos” meaning indivisible, first named this atomic model the plum Gold Foil Experiment in which he nucleus in a specific path with a paths around the nucleus. They
theorized by Greek philosopher pudding model after a common fired positively charged alpha specific amount of energy. He discovered that it is impossible to
Democritus in 4000 BCE. Dalton’s dessert (sort of like a round chocolate particles into a very thin sheet of described this electron path like know the exact location of an
atomic theory describes atoms as chip cookie) where the cake was gold foil. Surprisingly some particles planets orbiting the sun. He electron at a specific time. Instead,
hard indivisible spheres that could positively-charged “stuff” and the were deflected or even bounced back discovered that if you add energy to they defined an orbital as the most
combine to form different compounds raisins were negatively charged leading Rutherford to discover that the electrons, they can jump to a likely location of electron. These
based on the original atoms. particles, which he called electrons. most of the atom is empty space with shell further away from the nucleus orbitals look like clouds around the
an extremely dense and positively for a short amount of time. nucleus, so another common name is
charged center. the Electron Cloud Model.
 Subatomic Particles
Nucleus Proton Neutron Electron

Dense,
0
+
n
p
-

e
Symbol: Symbol: Symbol:
positively nucleus
nucleus Orbiting the
charged Location: Location: Location:
nucleus
center of +1 0 -1
an atom Charge: Charge: Charge:
(The rest is
mostly empty Mass:
1amu Mass: 1amu Mass: 0amu
space)
 How would you calculate the mass
of an atom?

This is called the _________ ______________ and your

Mass Number

units will be ________, which stands for Atomic Mass Unit,

amu

or simply ___.amu
Ex: What is the mass of an atom with 12 protons, 11
neutrons, and 13 electrons? 23 amu
How many neutrons are found in an atom with 6 protons, 5
electrons, and a mass number of 13? 7 neutrons
NEUTRO
N (no charge
& in the NUCLEUS
nucleus)
(Center of the
PROTON atom with p+
(POSITIVE and n0)
charge & in the
nucleus) ELECTRO
N (negative
charge &
OUTSIDE the
nucleus)
VOCABULARY

ELEMENT
ATOMIC
A PURE NUMBER
The number of
PROTONS in an
substance atom. This

made of
IDENTIFIES the
element. All atoms of
ONE type the same
of atom. element will
have the
same
PROTONS
 The mass of an atom is
equal to the number of
Mass Number protons plus the
Remember… number of neutrons.
Mass # = p+ + n0
Particle Mass

p+ 1u
n° 1u
99.99% of the
e- 0u mass of an atom
is in the
nucleus….
 Example:
An atom with 5p+,
6n0, and 5e- has a
mass number
equal to 11 amu
______.
ATOMIC # Atomic
(EQUAL to the # of
protons)
Mass*

ATOMIC
Element
SYMBOL
Name

How many ____________

neutrons
are in an atom of
Carbon if the mass number is ______?
12 Answer: 6 neutrons
According to Periodic Table, Carbon’s atomic number is ________.
This6is equal to the number of __________. protons
Example 2:
Identify the element that has an atom with a
mass number equal to ______ and has ______
27 14
neutrons.

To figure out the element: In this case:

1. Find the number of protons 1. 27-14= 13 protons
2. Use your periodic table 2. Number 13 on the PT is:
3. The element with that number 3. Element: Aluminum
is the correct element.
Nuclear Symbols
1005
MASS NUMBER →
ATOMIC NUMBER →
1
Sb
What are the nuclear symbols for examples 1 and 2 on the
front of this worksheet?
Example 1: Example 2:
Warm Up 1. Take out your
notes/homework
2. Take out your

Periodic Table (your

going to do this
everyday)
3. Complete 2

questions on
handout.
Determine the total number What is the mass number of an
of neutrons in an atom of Si atom with 7 protons, 8
with a mass of 29amu. Show neutrons, and 7 electrons?
your work for full credit.

State, in terms of
subatomic particles
The nucleus of an atom of (protons, neutrons, &
electrons), how an atom of
Gold-198 has _____ Carbon with a mass of
protons and ______ 13amu is different from an
neutrons. atom of Carbon with a mass
of 12amu.
 Atomic Atomic Number Number of Mass Nuclear
Element
Symbol Number of Protons Neutrons Number Symbol

Hydrogen 3
N 8
15 32
5 6
Boron 10
BORON 5 5 5 6 11 11
5B

Boron 5 5 5 5 10 10
5B
Isotope
Isotopes are atoms of the same
element with Different Mass
Numbers.

In other words, atoms with the

same number of ________
protons
but
different numbers of ________.
neutrons
Example: Isotopes of Carbon

# p+ # p+ # p+

# n0 # n0 # n0
Isotopic Notation
There are several ways to indicate what isotope
you are dealing with. Below are the four most
common isotopic notations. You need to know
how to read, write, and interpret all of them.

Isotope of Carbon with a Mass Number equal to

14
12
C C-12 Carbon-12
Atomic
Mass
As the size of the nucleus increases and/or the
ratio of protons to neutrons changes, the atom
UNSTABLE
becomes _________________which could lead
RADIOACTIVE
it to become ________________________.
These types of atoms with naturally decay, so
they aren’t found in nature that often.
Atomic Mass
Atomic Mass is the
WEIGHTED AVERAGE
of the Mass Numbers
of an element’s
naturally occurring
Isotopes. *this is the value
seen on your periodic table
Most common Isotopes
You can use the value
given on the periodic
table to predict the most
common isotope in nature
byROUNDING
_______________.

What is the most common isotope of Carbon?

Atomic Mass ____________
12.0107_______________________
Most common Isotope? amu
Carbon-12
What is the most common
isotope of Oxygen?
Atomic Mass 15.9994 am
Most common Isotope?
O-16 is the
most common
isotope
If the Average Atomic Mass of an element with 5
protons is 10.81amu, what is the most common
isotope of this element?
This element ha
Therefore the ele
The most common isot
of round
Isotopes of
Pennium
Isotopes of Pennium

Pe-O
Before 1982

Pe-N
After 1982
 Part 1
EVERYONE counts/sorts the pennies

Part 2a Part 2a
TWO PEOPLE mass 5 of each REST OF GROUP shows work
type of penny and calculate percent
*bring your handout with you! abundance of each Isotope

Part 2b
EVERYONE calculates mass number for both
isotopes using a normal average

Part 3
EVERYONE copies data from Part 1 and Part 2 into data table
and uses it to solve for Average Atomic Mass using a
WEIGHTED Average.
 Calculating a Weighted Average Example

A student is calculating their final grade for the

Marking Period. Their grade breakdown is as
follows:
Category Grade Weight
Major
86 40%
Assessments
Minor
80 20%
Assessments
Homework 72 15%
Classwork 95 25%
Calculating a Regular Average

Category Grade
86 + 80 + 72 + 95
Major
86 4
Assessments
333
Minor
Assessments
80 4
Homework 72 83.25
Classwork 95
 Calculating a WEIGHTED
Average
Category Grade Weight
Major
86 40%
Assessments
Minor
80 20%
Assessments
Homework 72 15%
Classwork 95 25%
Step 1: ALWAYS Convert Percentages
into Decimals
A Weighted Average Grade Weight
86 40%
80 20%
34.4 72 15%
95 25%
+ 16
+ 10.8
+ 23.77
84.95
 Normal Average vs. Weighted Average
83.25 84.95

Category Grade Weight Why is the

weighted average
Major higher for this
86 40%
Assessments
student?
Minor What would
80 20%
Assessments happen if the
Homework 72 15% Major Assessment
and Homework
Classwork 95 25%
grades were
switched?
 Calculating Atomic Mass
(% abundance of isotope 1 in decimal form) x (mass # of
isotope 1) (% abundance of isotope 2 in decimal form) x (mass
# of isotope 2) + (% abundance of isotope 3 in decimal form) x
(mass # of isotope 3)Atomic Mass of the Element
 Atomic Mass Calculations
Chlorine has two naturally
occurring isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-
37. In the atmosphere, 32.51% of
the chlorine is Cl-37, and 67.49%
is Cl-35. What is the atomic mass
of Chlorine?

+
35.65 amu
Complete the practice problem looking at Carbon
on your notes. We will go over it as a class once
everybody attempts the problem.
Continue on the rest of the practice problems until
we start our first lab.

**Don’t forget to convert % to decimals first!**

 Subatomic Particles

PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Symbol: Symbol: Symbol:

Location: Location: Location:

Charge: Charge: Charge:

Mass: Mass: Mass:

 A Little Background
When Ernest Rutherford
discovered the Nucleus
of the atom, the next
step was to develop an
understanding of where
and what electrons were
doing in their spots
around the nucleus.
This is where Neils Bohr
made his largest
contributions to the
world of chemistry.
 Bohr’s Atomic Model
Instructions:
Independently Read and Annotate your
article
Underline any words that you think will be
vocabulary words.
Circle any words that you do not know.
Answer the questions at the end, using as
many vocabulary words as you can.
Bohr’s Methods
Using a variety of methods and
experiments, Bohr was able to
discover that NOT ALL ELECTRONS
ARE THE SAME.
In fact, each electron has a very
specific amount of ENERGY which
can be used to determine where it
is located around the nucleus.
Specific Energy Levels
Depending on the amount of
energy an electron has, it can
either be closer or further away
from the nucleus.
Bohr called these different areas
ELECTRON SHELLS or Energy
Levels.

Inner Shells = Energy Levels Closer to the

Nucleus have ____________ energy.
low
Outer Shells = Energy Levels Further from the
Nucleus have _________ energy.
hi
Neutral Atoms

#p = #e
+ -
Shell 1 can hold a maximum of ___
electrons.
Hydrogen
1

..
____p+
____e-
1

Electron
Configuration

1
Shell 1 can hold a maximum of _2_
electrons.

Helium

....
____p+
2
____e-
2

Electron
Configuration
2
Shell 2 can hold a maximum of ____
8
electrons.

Oxygen

..
.........
8 ____p+
____e-
8

..
Electron
Configuration
2-6
Shell 2 can hold a maximum of 8 electrons.
Fluorine
...
.
9 ____p+
9

.... .
____e-

Electron
9+
Configuration

2-7
Shell 3 can hold a maximum of _8 or 18__
electrons.

**In Regents Chemistry we

will only be dealing with
elements where Shell 3 can
only hold ____
8 electrons**
 Shell 3 can hold a maximum of **8**
electrons.
Calcium
20 ____p+
20 ____e -

Electron
Configuration

2-8-8-2
Just in case you were wondering….
Within the shells there are
4 possible sub-shells called
s-, p-, d-, and f- orbitals
This is why certain
elements can only hold 8
electrons in shell 3 instead
of 18.
Shells 4 and above can
hold a maximum of 32
electrons, but we will not
be looking closely at
elements that have that
many shells
Shell 3 can hold a maximum of **8** electrons.

Argon
____p+
____e-

Electron
Configuration
Ne Ne Ne

GAINS ENERGY RELEASES ENERGY

Excited Electrons& the
Bright Line Emission
Spectra
ETHS Chemistry
Excited Electrons& the
Bright Line Emission
Spectra
ETHS Chemistry
 Sodium Atom
Na0
____p+
____e-

Electron
Configuration
 Ground State vs. Excited State
Ground State Excited State

**Remember that electrons in shells further away

from the nucleus have a ____________________
amount of energy
Neon in its Ground State

Electron
Configuration
Neon in an Excited State

Electron
Configuration

Ne

GAINS ENERGY
Neon Returning to the Ground State

Electron
Configuration

Ne

RELEASES ENERGY
Ne Ne Ne

GAINS ENERGY RELEASES ENERGY

Sodium Ground State vs. Excited State

Na Na

e- config: 2 - 8 - 1 e- config:
 Electron
Ground State or
Configuratio Element?
Excited State?
n
2-1
2-0-1
2-7-3
2-8-2
2-8-8-1
2-8-7-2
2-6-8-1
Excited Electrons
When an electron in an atom
gains a specific amount of energy,
the electron is at a higher energy
state known as the Excited State.
In other words, when an electron Be
gains energy, it can
_____________ from its ground
state to a higher energy
level/shell.
This is a ___________________
situation. It doesn’t last long.
De-excited Electrons
When an electron returns
from a higher energy state to
a lower energy state, a
specific amount of energy is
emitted (released) usually in
the form of light. Be
This release of energy is
called a _________________.
The emitted energy can be
used to identify an element.

For example…..
 Bright Line Emission Spectra
When an electron become De-excited and it loses
energy to return back from its HIGHER energy
Excited State to is LOWER energy Ground state.
The energy that is lost is almost always in the form of
light energy, and depending of the color of the light,
chemists are able to identify what element was being
used.
“The four outer planets are all gas giants
made primarily of hydrogen and helium.”
Question:
How do we know what elements are on
planets and stars far away from earth?
This type of study is called spectroscopy.
The science of spectroscopy is quite sophisticated. From
spectral lines astronomers can determine not only the
element, but the temperature and density of that element in
the star. The spectral line also can tell us about any magnetic
field of the star.
What element is not part of the mixture?
A. Lithium

B. Cadmium

C. Strontium

D. They are all part of the mixture

 PRACTICE
Excited Electrons Regents
Questions
We will go over these in class
so please do your best!